1
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Martin-Geary AC, Blakes AJM, Dawes R, Findlay SD, Lord J, Walker S, Talbot-Martin J, Wieder N, D’Souza EN, Fernandes M, Hilton S, Lahiri N, Campbell C, Jenkinson S, DeGoede CGEL, Anderson ER, Burge CB, Sanders SJ, Ellingford J, Baralle D, Banka S, Whiffin N. Systematic identification of disease-causing promoter and untranslated region variants in 8,040 undiagnosed individuals with rare disease. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.09.12.23295416. [PMID: 37745552 PMCID: PMC10516070 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.12.23295416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Background Both promoters and untranslated regions (UTRs) have critical regulatory roles, yet variants in these regions are largely excluded from clinical genetic testing due to difficulty in interpreting pathogenicity. The extent to which these regions may harbour diagnoses for individuals with rare disease is currently unknown. Methods We present a framework for the identification and annotation of potentially deleterious proximal promoter and UTR variants in known dominant disease genes. We use this framework to annotate de novo variants (DNVs) in 8,040 undiagnosed individuals in the Genomics England 100,000 genomes project, which were subject to strict region-based filtering, clinical review, and validation studies where possible. In addition, we performed region and variant annotation-based burden testing in 7,862 unrelated probands against matched unaffected controls. Results We prioritised eleven DNVs and identified an additional variant overlapping one of the eleven. Ten of these twelve variants (82%) are in genes that are a strong match to the individual's phenotype and six had not previously been identified. Through burden testing, we did not observe a significant enrichment of potentially deleterious promoter and/or UTR variants in individuals with rare disease collectively across any of our region or variant annotations. Conclusions Overall, we demonstrate the value of screening promoters and UTRs to uncover additional diagnoses for previously undiagnosed individuals with rare disease and provide a framework for doing so without dramatically increasing interpretation burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra C Martin-Geary
- Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Alexander J M Blakes
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Ruebena Dawes
- Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Scott D Findlay
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA
| | | | | | | | - Nechama Wieder
- Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Elston N D’Souza
- Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Maria Fernandes
- Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Sarah Hilton
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Health Innovation Manchester, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
| | - Nayana Lahiri
- St George’s, University of London & St George’s University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Institute of Molecular and Clinical Sciences, London, SW17 0QT, UK
| | - Christopher Campbell
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Health Innovation Manchester, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
| | - Sarah Jenkinson
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Health Innovation Manchester, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
| | - Christian G E L DeGoede
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, Clinical research Facility, Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust
- Manchester Metropolitan University
| | - Emily R Anderson
- Liverpool Centre for Genomic Medicine, Liverpool Women’s Hospital, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Stephan J Sanders
- Institute of Developmental and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7TY, UK
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- New York Genome Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jamie Ellingford
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Health Innovation Manchester, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
| | - Diana Baralle
- School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Siddharth Banka
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Health Innovation Manchester, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
| | - Nicola Whiffin
- Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, UK
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
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2
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Abstract
Tissue repair in adult mammals lacks the regenerative ability of many tissues in other adult organisms like axolotl and newts. In this issue of Cell Stem Cell, Mascharak et al. use multi-omics approaches to identify an essential role for the transcription factor Trps1 in Yap-inhibited fibroblasts' tissue regenerative responses in murine skin.
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3
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Mascharak S, Talbott HE, Januszyk M, Griffin M, Chen K, Davitt MF, Demeter J, Henn D, Bonham CA, Foster DS, Mooney N, Cheng R, Jackson PK, Wan DC, Gurtner GC, Longaker MT. Multi-omic analysis reveals divergent molecular events in scarring and regenerative wound healing. Cell Stem Cell 2022; 29:315-327.e6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2021.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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4
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Saxena N, Mok KW, Rendl M. An updated classification of hair follicle morphogenesis. Exp Dermatol 2020; 28:332-344. [PMID: 30887615 DOI: 10.1111/exd.13913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hair follicle (HF) formation in developing embryonic skin requires stepwise signalling between the epithelial epidermis and mesenchymal dermis, and their specialized derivatives, the placode/germ/peg and dermal condensate/papilla, respectively. Classically, distinct stages of HF morphogenesis have been defined, in the mouse model, based on (a) changes in cell morphology and aggregation; (b) expression of few known molecular markers; (c) the extent of follicle downgrowth; and (d) the presence of differentiating cell types. Refined genetic strategies and recent emerging technologies, such as live imaging and transcriptome analyses of isolated cell populations or single cells, have enabled a closer dissection of the signalling requirements at different stages of HF formation, particularly early on. They have also led to the discovery of precursor cells for placode, dermal condensate and future bulge stem cells that, combined with molecular insights into their fate specification and subsequent formation, serve as novel landmarks for early HF morphogenetic events and studies of the signalling networks mediating these processes. In this review, we integrate the emergence of HF precursor cell states and novel molecular markers of fate and formation to update the widely used 20-year-old seminal classification guide of HF morphogenetic stages by Paus et al. We then temporally describe the latest insights into the early cellular and molecular events and signalling requirements for HF morphogenesis in relation to one another in a holistic manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nivedita Saxena
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.,Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.,Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Ka-Wai Mok
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.,Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Michael Rendl
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.,Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.,Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.,Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
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5
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Nakamichi R, Kurimoto R, Tabata Y, Asahara H. Transcriptional, epigenetic and microRNA regulation of growth plate. Bone 2020; 137:115434. [PMID: 32422296 PMCID: PMC7387102 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Endochondral ossification is a critical event in bone formation, particularly in long shaft bones. Many cellular differentiation processes work in concert to facilitate the generation of cartilage primordium to formation of trabecular structures, all of which occur within the growth plate. Previous studies have revealed that the growth plate is tightly regulated by various transcription factors, epigenetic systems, and microRNAs. Hence, understanding these mechanisms that regulate the growth plate is crucial to furthering the current understanding on skeletal diseases, and in formulating effective treatment strategies. In this review, we focus on describing the function and mechanisms of the transcription factors, epigenetic systems, and microRNAs known to regulate the growth plate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Nakamichi
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, MBB-102, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Ryota Kurimoto
- Department of Systems Biomedicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Yusuke Tabata
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8603, Japan
| | - Hirosi Asahara
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, MBB-102, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Systems Biomedicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan.
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6
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Genomic Evidence for Local Adaptation of Hunter-Gatherers to the African Rainforest. Curr Biol 2019; 29:2926-2935.e4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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7
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Dillon S, Staines KA, Millán JL, Farquharson C. How To Build a Bone: PHOSPHO1, Biomineralization, and Beyond. JBMR Plus 2019; 3:e10202. [PMID: 31372594 PMCID: PMC6659447 DOI: 10.1002/jbm4.10202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Since its characterization two decades ago, the phosphatase PHOSPHO1 has been the subject of an increasing focus of research. This work has elucidated PHOSPHO1's central role in the biomineralization of bone and other hard tissues, but has also implicated the enzyme in other biological processes in health and disease. During mineralization PHOSPHO1 liberates inorganic phosphate (Pi) to be incorporated into the mineral phase through hydrolysis of its substrates phosphocholine (PCho) and phosphoethanolamine (PEA). Localization of PHOSPHO1 within matrix vesicles allows accumulation of Pi within a protected environment where mineral crystals may nucleate and subsequently invade the organic collagenous scaffold. Here, we examine the evidence for this process, first discussing the discovery and characterization of PHOSPHO1, before considering experimental evidence for its canonical role in matrix vesicle–mediated biomineralization. We also contemplate roles for PHOSPHO1 in disorders of dysregulated mineralization such as vascular calcification, along with emerging evidence of its activity in other systems including choline synthesis and homeostasis, and energy metabolism. © 2019 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Dillon
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Midlothian UK
| | | | - José Luis Millán
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla CA USA
| | - Colin Farquharson
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Midlothian UK
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8
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Quantitative Trait Locus and Integrative Genomics Revealed Candidate Modifier Genes for Ectopic Mineralization in Mouse Models of Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum. J Invest Dermatol 2019; 139:2447-2457.e7. [PMID: 31207231 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2019.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Pseudoxanthoma elasticum, a prototype of heritable multisystem ectopic mineralization disorders, is caused by mutations in the ABCC6 gene encoding a putative efflux transporter, ABCC6. The phenotypic spectrum of pseudoxanthoma elasticum varies, and the correlation between genotype and phenotype has not been established. To identify genetic modifiers, we performed quantitative trait locus analysis in inbred mouse strains that carry the same hypomorphic allele in Abcc6 yet with highly variable ectopic mineralization phenotypes of pseudoxanthoma elasticum. Abcc6 was confirmed as a major determinant for ectopic mineralization in multiple tissues. Integrative analysis using functional genomics tools that included GeneWeaver, String, and Mouse Genome Informatics identified a total of nine additional candidate modifier genes that could influence the organ-specific ectopic mineralization phenotypes. Integration of the candidate genes into the existing ectopic mineralization gene network expands the current knowledge on the complexity of the network that, as a whole, governs ectopic mineralization in soft connective tissues.
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9
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Zhang Y, Nakamura T, Furukawa F, Muragaki Y. Trps1-deficient transplanted skin gave rise to a substantial amount of hair: Trps1 is unnecessary for hair development. Dermatol Reports 2019; 11:7853. [PMID: 30815242 PMCID: PMC6371061 DOI: 10.4081/dr.2019.7853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Trps1 is considered as an important gene involved in the interactions between the epithelial and mesenchymal cells during hair follicle morphogenesis. The number of hair follicles in Trps1 Knockout (KO) newborn mouse skin was significantly lower than that in wild-type (WT) newborn skin. To gain insight into the functional role of Trps1 in hair development, we transplanted Trps1 KO newborn mouse skin on the backs of nude mice and examined hair growth at day 42 after transplantation. Surprisingly, transplanted skin from Trps1 KO newborn mice gave rise to a substantial amount of hair, although the hair was softer than that of WT mice. Histological examination revealed that the diameter of both hair follicles and hair shafts were significantly lower, whereas the density of hair follicles showed no significant difference between the Trps1 KO and WT mice. We introduce mouse hair follicles as a fascinating model to study the functions of Trps1 in mouse hair growth and pathology. This model suggests that the function of Trps1 is unnecessary for the development of normal hair follicles and hair shafts, although the loss of Trps1 affects the diameters of hair follicles and hair shaft.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tomoyuki Nakamura
- Department of Dermatology, Wakayama Medical University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Fukumi Furukawa
- Department of Dermatology, Wakayama Medical University School of Medicine, Japan
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10
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Mok KW, Saxena N, Heitman N, Grisanti L, Srivastava D, Muraro MJ, Jacob T, Sennett R, Wang Z, Su Y, Yang LM, Ma'ayan A, Ornitz DM, Kasper M, Rendl M. Dermal Condensate Niche Fate Specification Occurs Prior to Formation and Is Placode Progenitor Dependent. Dev Cell 2019; 48:32-48.e5. [PMID: 30595537 PMCID: PMC6370312 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2018.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cell fate transitions are essential for specification of stem cells and their niches, but the precise timing and sequence of molecular events during embryonic development are largely unknown. Here, we identify, with 3D and 4D microscopy, unclustered precursors of dermal condensates (DC), signaling niches for epithelial progenitors in hair placodes. With population-based and single-cell transcriptomics, we define a molecular time-lapse from pre-DC fate specification through DC niche formation and establish the developmental trajectory as the DC lineage emerges from fibroblasts. Co-expression of downregulated fibroblast and upregulated DC genes in niche precursors reveals a transitory molecular state following a proliferation shutdown. Waves of transcription factor and signaling molecule expression then coincide with DC formation. Finally, ablation of epidermal Wnt signaling and placode-derived FGF20 demonstrates their requirement for pre-DC specification. These findings uncover a progenitor-dependent niche precursor fate and the transitory molecular events controlling niche formation and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ka-Wai Mok
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Atran Building AB7-10C, Box 1020, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Atran Building AB7-10C, Box 1020, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Nivedita Saxena
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Atran Building AB7-10C, Box 1020, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Atran Building AB7-10C, Box 1020, New York, NY 10029, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Atran Building AB7-10C, Box 1020, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Nicholas Heitman
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Atran Building AB7-10C, Box 1020, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Atran Building AB7-10C, Box 1020, New York, NY 10029, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Atran Building AB7-10C, Box 1020, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Laura Grisanti
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Atran Building AB7-10C, Box 1020, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Atran Building AB7-10C, Box 1020, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Devika Srivastava
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Atran Building AB7-10C, Box 1020, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Atran Building AB7-10C, Box 1020, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Mauro J Muraro
- Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute-KNAW (Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences), and University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht 3584 CT, the Netherlands
| | - Tina Jacob
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition and Center for Innovative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge 141 83, Sweden
| | - Rachel Sennett
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Atran Building AB7-10C, Box 1020, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Atran Building AB7-10C, Box 1020, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Zichen Wang
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Mount Sinai Center for Bioinformatics, BD2K-LINCS Data Coordination and Integration Center, Knowledge Management Center for Illuminating the Druggable Genome (KMC-IDG), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Yutao Su
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Lu M Yang
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Avi Ma'ayan
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Mount Sinai Center for Bioinformatics, BD2K-LINCS Data Coordination and Integration Center, Knowledge Management Center for Illuminating the Druggable Genome (KMC-IDG), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - David M Ornitz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Maria Kasper
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition and Center for Innovative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge 141 83, Sweden
| | - Michael Rendl
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Atran Building AB7-10C, Box 1020, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Atran Building AB7-10C, Box 1020, New York, NY 10029, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Atran Building AB7-10C, Box 1020, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Atran Building AB7-10C, Box 1020, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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11
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Yu Z, Jiang K, Xu Z, Huang H, Qian N, Lu Z, Chen D, Di R, Yuan T, Du Z, Xie W, Lu X, Li H, Chai R, Yang Y, Zhu B, Kunieda T, Wang F, Chen T. Hoxc-Dependent Mesenchymal Niche Heterogeneity Drives Regional Hair Follicle Regeneration. Cell Stem Cell 2018; 23:487-500.e6. [PMID: 30122476 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2018.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal niche cells instruct activity of tissue-resident stem and progenitor cell populations. Epithelial stem cells in hair follicles (HFs) have region-specific activity, which may arise from intrinsic cellular heterogeneity within mesenchymal dermal papilla (DP) cells. Here we show that expression of Hoxc genes is sufficient to reprogram mesenchymal DP cells and alter the regenerative potential of epithelial stem cells. Hoxc gene expression in adult skin dermis closely correlates with regional HF regeneration patterns. Disrupting the region-specific expression patterns of Hoxc genes, by either decreasing their epigenetic repression via Bmi1 loss or inducing ectopic interactions of the Hoxc locus with an active epigenetic region, leads to precocious HF regeneration. We further show that a single Hoxc gene is sufficient to activate dormant DP niches and promote regional HF regeneration through canonical Wnt signaling. Altogether, these results reveal that Hoxc genes bestow mesenchymal niches with tissue-level heterogeneity and plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Yu
- Peking University-Tsinghua University-National Institute of Biological Sciences Joint Graduate Program, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100871, China; National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Kaiju Jiang
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Zijian Xu
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Huanwei Huang
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Nannan Qian
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Zhiwei Lu
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Daoming Chen
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Ruonan Di
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Tianyi Yuan
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Zhenhai Du
- Tsinghua University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wei Xie
- Tsinghua University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiaoling Lu
- ENT Institute and Otorhinolaryngology Department of Affiliated Eye and ENT Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Huawei Li
- ENT Institute and Otorhinolaryngology Department of Affiliated Eye and ENT Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Renjie Chai
- Key Laboratory for Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Yong Yang
- Department of Dermatology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis on Dermatoses, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Bing Zhu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Tetsuo Kunieda
- Okayama University, Faculty of Agriculture Tsushima-naka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Fengchao Wang
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China.
| | - Ting Chen
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China.
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12
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Hayashi R, Yoshida K, Abe R, Niizeki H, Shimomura Y. First Japanese case of congenital generalized hypertrichosis with a copy number variation on chromosome 17q24. J Dermatol Sci 2016; 85:63-65. [PMID: 27780627 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2016.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Hayashi
- Division of Dermatology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Kazue Yoshida
- Department of Dermatology, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Riichiro Abe
- Division of Dermatology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Hironori Niizeki
- Department of Dermatology, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yutaka Shimomura
- Division of Dermatology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan.
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13
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Reddy Kundoor VK, Maloth KN, Kesidi S, Moni T. Ambras Syndrome with Gingival Hyperplasia: A Rare Entity. Int J Trichology 2016; 8:81-3. [PMID: 27601862 PMCID: PMC4989393 DOI: 10.4103/0974-7753.188036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Ambras syndrome is a rare and special form of congenital hypertrichosis, characterized by dysmorphic facial features and familial pattern of inheritance. It is rarely associated with gingival hyperplasia. We report such a rare entity in a 38-year-old female patient with a history of consanguinity and positive family history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinay Kumar Reddy Kundoor
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Mamata Dental College and Hospital, Khammam, Telangana, India
| | - Kotya Naik Maloth
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Mamata Dental College and Hospital, Khammam, Telangana, India
| | - Sunitha Kesidi
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Mamata Dental College and Hospital, Khammam, Telangana, India
| | - Thakur Moni
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Mamata Dental College and Hospital, Khammam, Telangana, India
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Nomir AG, Takeuchi Y, Fujikawa J, El Sharaby AA, Wakisaka S, Abe M. Fate mapping of Trps1 daughter cells during cardiac development using novel Trps1-Cre mice. Genesis 2016; 54:379-88. [PMID: 27257806 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.22951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Tricho-rhino-phalangeal syndrome (TRPS) is a rare congenital disorder that is characterized by abnormal hair growth and skeletal deformities. These result in sparse hair, short stature, and early onset of joint problems. Recent reports have shown that a relatively high proportion of patients with TRPS exhibit a broad range of congenital heart defects. To determine the regulation of Trps1 transcription in vivo, we generated novel transgenic mice, which expressed Cre recombinase under the murine Trps1 proximal promoter sequence (Trps1-Cre). We crossed these mice with Cre reporter mice to identify Trps1 daughter cells. Labeled cells were observed in the appendicular joint tissue, dermal papilla of the hair follicles, cardiac valves, aortic sinus, atrial walls, and the interventricular septum. In situ analysis showed restricted Trps1 expression, which was observed in endocardial cushions of the outflow tract, and in leaflets of all mature cardiac valves. These results suggest that the Trps1 proximal promoter sequence contains some of the tissue-specific Trps1 regulatory region. Further, our findings partially explain why patients with TRPS show a broad range of congenital cardiac defects, although Trps1 expression is observed in a more restricted fashion. genesis 54:379-388, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed G Nomir
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damnhour University, Egypt
| | - Yuto Takeuchi
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Orthodontics, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Junji Fujikawa
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ashraf A El Sharaby
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damnhour University, Egypt
| | - Satoshi Wakisaka
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Makoto Abe
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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15
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Tomann P, Paus R, Millar SE, Scheidereit C, Schmidt-Ullrich R. Lhx2 is a direct NF-κB target gene that promotes primary hair follicle placode down-growth. Development 2016; 143:1512-22. [PMID: 26952977 DOI: 10.1242/dev.130898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In the epidermis of mice lacking transcription factor nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) activity, primary hair follicle (HF) pre-placode formation is initiated without progression to proper placodes. NF-κB modulates WNT and SHH signaling at early stages of HF development, but this does not fully account for the phenotypes observed upon NF-κB inhibition. To identify additional NF-κB target genes, we developed a novel method to isolate and transcriptionally profile primary HF placodes with active NF-κB signaling. In parallel, we compared gene expression at the same developmental stage in NF-κB-deficient embryos and controls. This uncovered novel NF-κB target genes with potential roles in priming HF placodes for down-growth. Importantly, we identify Lhx2 (encoding a LIM/homeobox transcription factor) as a direct NF-κB target gene, loss of which replicates a subset of phenotypes seen in NF-κB-deficient embryos. Lhx2 and Tgfb2 knockout embryos exhibit very similar abnormalities in HF development, including failure of the E-cadherin suppression required for follicle down-growth. We show that TGFβ2 signaling is impaired in NF-κB-deficient and Lhx2 knockout embryos and that exogenous TGFβ2 rescues the HF phenotypes in Lhx2 knockout skin explants, indicating that it operates downstream of LHX2. These findings identify a novel NF-κB/LHX2/TGFβ2 signaling axis that is crucial for primary HF morphogenesis, which may also function more broadly in development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Tomann
- Department of Signal Transduction in Tumor Cells, Max-Delbrück-Center (MDC) for Molecular Medicine, Berlin 13092, Germany
| | - Ralf Paus
- Department of Dermatology, University of Münster, Münster 48149, Germany Dermatological Science Research Group, Centre for Dermatology Research, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Sarah E Millar
- Departments of Dermatology and Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Claus Scheidereit
- Department of Signal Transduction in Tumor Cells, Max-Delbrück-Center (MDC) for Molecular Medicine, Berlin 13092, Germany
| | - Ruth Schmidt-Ullrich
- Department of Signal Transduction in Tumor Cells, Max-Delbrück-Center (MDC) for Molecular Medicine, Berlin 13092, Germany
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16
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Bubna AK, Veeraraghavan M, Anandan S, Rangarajan S. Congenital Generalized Hypertrichosis, Gingival Hyperplasia, a Coarse Facies with Constriction Bands: A Rare Association. Int J Trichology 2015; 7:67-71. [PMID: 26180451 PMCID: PMC4502477 DOI: 10.4103/0974-7753.160113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital generalized hypertrichosis terminalis is a rare primary hypertrichotic condition, of unknown etiology presenting in the pediatric population. Though benign in nature, there is considerable psychosocial trauma attached to this, owing to the cosmetic disfigurement it produces. The association of gingival fibromatosis and a coarse facies could further worsen the cosmesis. Thus, a multidisciplinary approach involving a psychologist, a dentist apart from the dermatologist would be mandatory. We present this rare syndrome with the purpose of getting a better insight regarding the inheritance, the clinical features and the best available treatment modalities, especially the modern and novel techniques of hair removal that could be utilized to manage such individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Kumar Bubna
- Department of Dermatology, Sri Ramachandra University, Porur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | | | - Sudha Rangarajan
- Department of Dermatology, Sri Ramachandra University, Porur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Abstract
The skin is composed of a variety of cell types expressing specific molecules and possessing different properties that facilitate the complex interactions and intercellular communication essential for maintaining the structural integrity of the skin. Importantly, a single mutation in one of these molecules can disrupt the entire organization and function of these essential networks, leading to cell separation, blistering, and other striking phenotypes observed in inherited skin diseases. Over the past several decades, the genetic basis of many monogenic skin diseases has been elucidated using classical genetic techniques. Importantly, the findings from these studies has shed light onto the many classes of molecules and essential genetic as well as molecular interactions that lend the skin its rigid, yet flexible properties. With the advent of the human genome project, next-generation sequencing techniques, as well as several other recently developed methods, tremendous progress has been made in dissecting the genetic architecture of complex, non-Mendelian skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina M DeStefano
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032
| | - Angela M Christiano
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032 Department of Dermatology, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032
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18
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Kuzynski M, Goss M, Bottini M, Yadav MC, Mobley C, Winters T, Poliard A, Kellermann O, Lee B, Millan JL, Napierala D. Dual role of the Trps1 transcription factor in dentin mineralization. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:27481-93. [PMID: 25128529 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.550129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
TRPS1 (tricho-rhino-phalangeal syndrome) is a unique GATA-type transcription factor that acts as a transcriptional repressor. TRPS1 deficiency and dysregulated TRPS1 expression result in skeletal and dental abnormalities implicating TRPS1 in endochondral bone formation and tooth development. Moreover, patients with tricho-rhino-phalangeal syndrome frequently present with low bone mass indicating TRPS1 involvement in bone homeostasis. In addition, our previous data demonstrated accelerated mineralization of the perichondrium in Trps1 mutant mice and impaired dentin mineralization in Col1a1-Trps1 transgenic mice, implicating Trps1 in the mineralization process. To understand the role of Trps1 in the differentiation and function of cells producing mineralized matrix, we used a preodontoblastic cell line as a model of dentin mineralization. We generated both Trps1-deficient and Trps1-overexpressing stable cell lines and analyzed the progression of mineralization by alkaline phosphatase and alizarin red staining. As predicted, based on our previous in vivo data, delayed and decreased mineralization of Trps1-overexpressing odontoblastic cells was observed when compared with control cells. This was associated with down-regulation of genes regulating phosphate homeostasis. Interestingly, Trps1-deficient cells lost the ability to mineralize and demonstrated decreased expression of several genes critical for initiating the mineralization process, including Alpl and Phospho1. Based on these data, we have concluded that Trps1 serves two critical and context-dependent functions in odontoblast-regulated mineralization as follows: 1) Trps1 is required for odontoblast maturation by supporting expression of genes crucial for initiating the mineralization process, and 2) Trps1 represses the function of mature cells and, consequently, restricts the extent of extracellular matrix mineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Kuzynski
- From the Institute of Oral Health Research, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294
| | - Morgan Goss
- From the Institute of Oral Health Research, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294
| | - Massimo Bottini
- the Sanford Children's Health Research Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, the Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133Rome, Italy
| | - Manisha C Yadav
- the Sanford Children's Health Research Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Callie Mobley
- From the Institute of Oral Health Research, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294
| | - Tony Winters
- From the Institute of Oral Health Research, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294
| | - Anne Poliard
- the EA2496 UFR d'Odontologie, Université Paris Descartes, 92120 Montrouge, France
| | - Odile Kellermann
- INSERM UMR-S 1124, Université René Descartes Paris 5, Centre Universitaire des Saints-Pères, 75270 Paris Cedex 06, France
| | - Brendan Lee
- the Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Jose Luis Millan
- the Sanford Children's Health Research Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Dobrawa Napierala
- From the Institute of Oral Health Research, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294,
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19
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Su P, Hu J, Zhang H, Jia M, Li W, Jing X, Zhou G. Association of TRPS1 gene with different EMT markers in ERα-positive and ERα-negative breast cancer. Diagn Pathol 2014; 9:119. [PMID: 24934762 PMCID: PMC4069092 DOI: 10.1186/1746-1596-9-119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease consisting of different subtypes. Trichorhinophalangeal syndrome type 1 (TRPS1) gene, a GATA-type transcription factor, has been found to be highly expressed in breast cancer. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is known to play an important role in tumour invasion and metastasis. Our objective was to elucidate the different roles and clinical relevance of TRPS1 in different estrogen receptor (ER) expression subtypes of breast cancer. Methods An immunohistochemical study was performed. The correlation between clinicopathological features and other biomarker profiles were analysed statistically. Result TRPS1 expression was correlated with the patients’ age (P = 0.017). It was positively related with ERα (P < 0.001), progesterone receptor (PR) (P < 0.001) and ERβ (P = 0.001) status, but negatively associated with Ki67 (P = 0.002) and HER2 (P = 0.025) status. In ERα-positive breast cancer, TRPS1 expression was positively associated with the expression of E-cadherin (P < 0.001), β-catenin(P = 0.001), ERβ (P = 0.03), and p53 (P = 0.002) status, while in ERα-negative breast cancer, TRPS1 expression was correlated with slug (P = 0.004), vimentin (P = 0.003), smooth muscle actin (SMA) (P = 0.031), and IMP3 (P = 0.005) expression. Conclusions Based on our findings, we conclude that TRPS1 is positively associated with E-cadherin and β-catenin status in ERα-positive breast cancer cells, while it is also significantly associated with mesenchymal markers of EMT in ERα-negative breast cancer cells. TRPS1 can be a prognostic marker depending on the type of breast cancer. Virtual Slides The virtual slide(s) for this article can be found here: http://www.diagnosticpathology.diagnomx.eu/vs/8686515681264281
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Gengyin Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Shandong University School of Medicine, 44#, Wenhua Xi Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, P,R, China.
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20
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DeStefano GM, Kurban M, Anyane-Yeboa K, Dall'Armi C, Di Paolo G, Feenstra H, Silverberg N, Rohena L, López-Cepeda LD, Jobanputra V, Fantauzzo KA, Kiuru M, Tadin-Strapps M, Sobrino A, Vitebsky A, Warburton D, Levy B, Salas-Alanis JC, Christiano AM. Mutations in the cholesterol transporter gene ABCA5 are associated with excessive hair overgrowth. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004333. [PMID: 24831815 PMCID: PMC4022463 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Inherited hypertrichoses are rare syndromes characterized by excessive hair growth that does not result from androgen stimulation, and are often associated with additional congenital abnormalities. In this study, we investigated the genetic defect in a case of autosomal recessive congenital generalized hypertrichosis terminalis (CGHT) (OMIM135400) using whole-exome sequencing. We identified a single base pair substitution in the 5' donor splice site of intron 32 in the ABC lipid transporter gene ABCA5 that leads to aberrant splicing of the transcript and a decrease in protein levels throughout patient hair follicles. The homozygous recessive disruption of ABCA5 leads to reduced lysosome function, which results in an accumulation of autophagosomes, autophagosomal cargos as well as increased endolysosomal cholesterol in CGHT keratinocytes. In an unrelated sporadic case of CGHT, we identified a 1.3 Mb cryptic deletion of chr17q24.2-q24.3 encompassing ABCA5 and found that ABCA5 levels are dramatically reduced throughout patient hair follicles. Collectively, our findings support ABCA5 as a gene underlying the CGHT phenotype and suggest a novel, previously unrecognized role for this gene in regulating hair growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina M. DeStefano
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Mazen Kurban
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Kwame Anyane-Yeboa
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Claudia Dall'Armi
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Gilbert Di Paolo
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Heather Feenstra
- St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Nanette Silverberg
- St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Luis Rohena
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | | | - Vaidehi Jobanputra
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Katherine A. Fantauzzo
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Maija Kiuru
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Marija Tadin-Strapps
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Antonio Sobrino
- New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Anna Vitebsky
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Dorothy Warburton
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Brynn Levy
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | | | - Angela M. Christiano
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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21
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Esplin ED, Li B, Slavotinek A, Novelli A, Battaglia A, Clark R, Curry C, Hudgins L. Nine patients with Xp22.31 microduplication, cognitive deficits, seizures, and talipes anomalies. Am J Med Genet A 2014; 164A:2097-103. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Edward D. Esplin
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics; Stanford University School of Medicine; Stanford California
| | - Ben Li
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics; University of California San Francisco; San Francisco California
| | - Anne Slavotinek
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics; University of California San Francisco; San Francisco California
| | - Antonio Novelli
- Mendel Laboratory, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza Hospital; San Giovanni Rotondo (FG) Italy
| | - Agatino Battaglia
- The Stella Maris Clinical Research Institute for Child and Adolescent Neurology and Psychiatry; Calambrone (Pisa) Italy
| | - Robin Clark
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics; Loma Linda University; Loma Linda California
| | - Cynthia Curry
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics; UCSF Fresno; Fresno California
| | - Louanne Hudgins
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics; Stanford University School of Medicine; Stanford California
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22
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Johansson JA, Headon DJ. Regionalisation of the skin. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2013; 25-26:3-10. [PMID: 24361971 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2013.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Revised: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The skin displays marked anatomical variation in thickness, colour and in the appendages that it carries. These regional distinctions arise in the embryo, likely founded on a combinatorial positional code of transcription factor expression. Throughout adult life, the skin's distinct anatomy is maintained through both cell autonomous epigenetic processes and by mesenchymal-epithelial induction. Despite the readily apparent anatomical differences in skin characteristics across the body, several fundamental questions regarding how such regional differences first arise and then persist are unresolved. However, it is clear that the skin's positional code is at the molecular level far more detailed than that discernible at the phenotypic level. This provides a latent reservoir of anatomical complexity ready to surface if perturbed by mutation, hormonal changes, ageing or experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanette A Johansson
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Denis J Headon
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, United Kingdom.
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23
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Duverger O, Morasso MI. To grow or not to grow: hair morphogenesis and human genetic hair disorders. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2013; 25-26:22-33. [PMID: 24361867 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2013.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Revised: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Mouse models have greatly helped in elucidating the molecular mechanisms involved in hair formation and regeneration. Recent publications have reviewed the genes involved in mouse hair development based on the phenotype of transgenic, knockout and mutant animal models. While much of this information has been instrumental in determining molecular aspects of human hair development and cycling, mice exhibit a specific pattern of hair morphogenesis and hair distribution throughout the body that cannot be directly correlated to human hair. In this mini-review, we discuss specific aspects of human hair follicle development and present an up-to-date summary of human genetic disorders associated with abnormalities in hair follicle morphogenesis, structure or regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Duverger
- Laboratory of Skin Biology, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States.
| | - Maria I Morasso
- Laboratory of Skin Biology, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States.
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24
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Frank J, Poblete-Gutiérrez P, Giehl K. [Genetic hair diseases. An update]. Hautarzt 2013; 64:830-42. [PMID: 24177665 DOI: 10.1007/s00105-013-2578-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Patients suffering from hair loss or undesirable excessive hair growth are a challenge for dermatologists because the pathogenesis of most hair diseases is not well understood and therapeutic options are limited. This particularly holds true for genetic hair disorders, in which all current treatment attempts are unsuccessful. Furthermore, these diseases also pose a diagnostic challenge due to a broad range of clinical and genetic heterogeneity. However, the enormous progress in molecular biology over the past 20 years, in particular the availability of different new techniques such as whole exome and genome sequencing, has enabled us to elucidate the genetic basis of most monogenic hair disorders, given the availability of suitable index patients and families as well as adequate technical equipment and sufficient financial resources. In this review we provide an update on clinical and genetic aspects of selected monogenic and polygenic hair diseases manifesting with hypertrichosis and hypotrichosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Frank
- Hautklinik und Sektion für Genodermatosen, Medizinische Fakultät, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Deutschland,
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25
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Co-segregation of trichorhinophalangeal syndrome with a t(8;13)(q23.3;q21.31) familial translocation that appears to increase TRPS1 gene expression. Hum Genet 2013; 132:1287-99. [DOI: 10.1007/s00439-013-1333-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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26
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Position effect on FGF13 associated with X-linked congenital generalized hypertrichosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:7790-5. [PMID: 23603273 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1216412110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
X-linked congenital generalized hypertrichosis (Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man 307150) is an extremely rare condition of hair overgrowth on different body sites. We previously reported linkage in a large Mexican family with X-linked congenital generalized hypertrichosis cosegregating with deafness and with dental and palate anomalies to Xq24-27. Using SNP oligonucleotide microarray analysis and whole-genome sequencing, we identified a 389-kb interchromosomal insertion at an extragenic palindrome site at Xq27.1 that completely cosegregates with the disease. Among the genes surrounding the insertion, we found that Fibroblast Growth Factor 13 (FGF13) mRNA levels were significantly reduced in affected individuals, and immunofluorescence staining revealed a striking decrease in FGF13 localization throughout the outer root sheath of affected hair follicles. Taken together, our findings suggest a role for FGF13 in hair follicle growth and in the hair cycle.
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27
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Rice RH, Bradshaw KM, Durbin-Johnson BP, Rocke DM, Eigenheer RA, Phinney BS, Sundberg JP. Differentiating inbred mouse strains from each other and those with single gene mutations using hair proteomics. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51956. [PMID: 23251662 PMCID: PMC3522583 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Accepted: 11/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutant laboratory mice with distinctive hair phenotypes are useful for identifying genes responsible for hair diseases. The work presented here demonstrates that shotgun proteomic profiling can distinguish hair shafts from different inbred mouse strains. For this purpose, analyzing the total hair shaft provided better discrimination than analyzing the isolated solubilized and particulate (cross-linked) fractions. Over 100 proteins exhibited significant differences among the 11 strains and 5 mutant stocks across the wide spectrum of strains surveyed. Effects on the profile of single gene mutations causing hair shaft defects were profound. Since the hair shaft provides a discrete sampling of the species proteome, with constituents serving important functions in epidermal appendages and throughout the body, this work provides a foundation for non-invasive diagnosis of genetic diseases of hair and perhaps other tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert H Rice
- Department of Environmental Toxicology and Forensic Science Graduate Program, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA.
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28
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29
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Fantauzzo KA, Kurban M, Levy B, Christiano AM. Trps1 and its target gene Sox9 regulate epithelial proliferation in the developing hair follicle and are associated with hypertrichosis. PLoS Genet 2012; 8:e1003002. [PMID: 23133399 PMCID: PMC3486859 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2011] [Accepted: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hereditary hypertrichoses are a group of hair overgrowth syndromes that are extremely rare in humans. We have previously demonstrated that a position effect on TRPS1 is associated with hypertrichosis in humans and mice. To gain insight into the functional role of Trps1, we analyzed the late morphogenesis vibrissae phenotype of Trps1Δgt mutant mice, which is characterized by follicle degeneration after peg downgrowth has been initiated. We found that Trps1 directly represses expression of the hair follicle stem cell regulator Sox9 to control proliferation of the follicle epithelium. Furthermore, we identified a copy number variation upstream of SOX9 in a family with hypertrichosis that significantly decreases expression of the gene in the hair follicle, providing new insights into the long-range regulation of SOX9. Our findings uncover a novel transcriptional hierarchy that regulates epithelial proliferation in the developing hair follicle and contributes to the pathology of hypertrichosis. The various ectodermal appendages found in nature have evolved over time to allow organisms to better adapt to their environment. These include hair, feathers, scales, nails, teeth, beaks, horns, and a wide array of eccrine glands. The hair follicle is an ectodermal appendage unique to mammals that serves a wide array of functions, including thermoregulation, sensation, and communication. Hair follicle formation begins during embryogenesis through a series of interactions between adjacent epithelial and mesenchymal tissues. The mechanisms by which the diverse cells types of the hair follicle arise and the contribution of progenitor cells to the processes of growth and differentiation are not completely understood. Here, we have identified the transcription factor Trps1 as a novel regulator of epithelial proliferation in the developing hair follicle, through its control of Sox9, a gene known to regulate hair follicle stem cells. Moreover, we demonstrate that duplicated genetic material upstream of SOX9, which alters expression of the gene, results in a rare form of hereditary hair overgrowth syndrome in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A. Fantauzzo
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Mazen Kurban
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Brynn Levy
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Angela M. Christiano
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Napierala D, Sun Y, Maciejewska I, Bertin TK, Dawson B, D'Souza R, Qin C, Lee B. Transcriptional repression of the Dspp gene leads to dentinogenesis imperfecta phenotype in Col1a1-Trps1 transgenic mice. J Bone Miner Res 2012; 27:1735-45. [PMID: 22508542 PMCID: PMC3399940 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.1636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Dentinogenesis imperfecta (DGI) is a hereditary defect of dentin, a calcified tissue that is the most abundant component of teeth. Most commonly, DGI is manifested as a part of osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) or the phenotype is restricted to dental findings only. In the latter case, DGI is caused by mutations in the DSPP gene, which codes for dentin sialoprotein (DSP) and dentin phosphoprotein (DPP). Although these two proteins together constitute the majority of noncollagenous proteins of the dentin, little is known about their transcriptional regulation. Here we demonstrate that mice overexpressing the Trps1 transcription factor (Col1a1-Trps1 mice) in dentin-producing cells, odontoblasts, present with severe defects of dentin formation that resemble DGI. Combined micro-computed tomography (µCT) and histological analyses revealed tooth fragility due to severe hypomineralization of dentin and a diminished dentin layer with irregular mineralization in Col1a1-Trps1 mice. Biochemical analyses of noncollagenous dentin matrix proteins demonstrated decreased levels of both DSP and DPP proteins in Col1a1-Trps1 mice. On the molecular level, we demonstrated that sustained high levels of Trps1 in odontoblasts lead to dramatic decrease of Dspp expression as a result of direct inhibition of the Dspp promoter by Trps1. During tooth development Trps1 is highly expressed in preodontoblasts, but in mature odontoblasts secreting matrix its expression significantly decreases, which suggests a Trps1 role in odontoblast development. In these studies we identified Trps1 as a potent inhibitor of Dspp expression and the subsequent mineralization of dentin. Thus, we provide novel insights into mechanisms of transcriptional dysregulation that leads to DGI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dobrawa Napierala
- Institute of Oral Health Research, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-0007, USA.
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Díaz-Castillo C, Ranz JM. Recent progress on the identity and characterization of factors that shape gene organization during eukaryotic evolution. Fly (Austin) 2012; 6:158-61. [PMID: 22722673 DOI: 10.4161/fly.20861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Comparative genomics has identified regions of chromosomes susceptible to participate in rearrangements that modify gene order and genome architecture. Additionally, despite the high levels of genome rearrangement, unusually large regions that remain unaffected have also been uncovered. Functional constraints, such as long-range enhancers or local coregulation of neighboring genes, are thought to explain the maintenance of gene order (i.e., collinearity conservation) among distantly related species since the disruption of these protected regions would cause detrimental misregulation of gene expression. Local enrichment of certain genetic elements in regions of conserved collinearity has been used to support the existence of regulatory-based constraints, although the evidence is largely circumstantial. Indeed, a mechanism of chromosome evolution based only on the existence of fragile regions (i.e., those more susceptible to breaks) can also give rise to extended collinearity conservation, making it difficult to determine whether conserved gene organization is actually caused by functional constraints. Chromosome engineering coupled with genome wide expression profiling and phenotypic assays can provide unambiguous evidence for the presence of functional constraints acting on particular genomic regions. We have recently used this integrated approach to evaluate the presence and nature of putative constraints acting on one of the largest chromosomal regions conserved across nine species of Drosophila. We propose that regulatory-based constraints might not suffice to explain the maintenance of gene organization of some chromosome domains over evolutionary time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Díaz-Castillo
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA USA.
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Kurban M, Kim CA, Kiuru M, Fantauzzo K, Cabral R, Abbas O, Levy B, Christiano AM. Copy number variations on chromosome 4q26-27 are associated with Cantu syndrome. Dermatology 2012; 223:316-20. [PMID: 22310962 DOI: 10.1159/000333800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2011] [Accepted: 09/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cantu syndrome is a rare condition which is characterized clinically by hypertrichosis, cardiomegaly and bone abnormalities. Inherited hypertrichoses are very rare human disorders whose incidence has been estimated as low as 1 in 1 billion. The genetic basis of hypertrichosis is largely unknown, and currently no single gene has been directly implicated in its pathogenesis, although position effects have been reported. METHODS We analyzed the DNA of a patient with Cantu syndrome on the Affymetrix Cytogenetics Whole-Genome 2.7M array for copy number variations (CNVs). We then performed genomic copy number quantification using qPCR, and finally we performed gene expression analysis in the hair follicle for the genes lying within and around the region of the duplication. RESULTS We identified a 375 kb duplication on chromosome 4q26-27. The duplication region encompassed three genes, which included MYOZ2, USP53 and FABP2. MYOZ2 and USP53 are known to be highly expressed in the cardiac muscle, and we found that USP53 is expressed in the hair follicle. CONCLUSION We propose that CNVs involving chromosome 4q26-27 may be associated with Cantu syndrome. CNVs spanning several genes may help define the molecular basis of syndromes which have unrelated clinical features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazen Kurban
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
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Unveiling the roots of monogenic genodermatoses: genotrichoses as a paradigm. J Invest Dermatol 2011; 132:906-14. [PMID: 22170492 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2011.408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The past two decades have seen significant and unprecedented progress in human genetics owing to the advent of novel molecular biological technologies and major developments in computational methods. Dermatology has benefited from and, in some cases, led these advances. In this article, we review major discoveries in the field of inherited hair diseases, which illustrate the changes that genodermatology has undergone in recent years from a mostly descriptive discipline through the elucidation of the molecular basis of numerous disorders, up to the first attempts at translating these new findings into novel preventive and therapeutic tools to the benefit of our patients.
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Fantauzzo KA, Christiano AM. Trps1 activates a network of secreted Wnt inhibitors and transcription factors crucial to vibrissa follicle morphogenesis. Development 2011; 139:203-14. [PMID: 22115758 DOI: 10.1242/dev.069971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in TRPS1 cause trichorhinophalangeal syndrome types I and III, which are characterized by sparse scalp hair in addition to craniofacial and skeletal abnormalities. Trps1 is a vertebrate transcription factor that contains nine zinc-finger domains, including a GATA-type zinc finger through which it binds DNA. Mice in which the GATA domain of Trps1 has been deleted (Trps1(Δgt/Δgt)) have a reduced number of pelage follicles and lack vibrissae follicles postnatally. To identify the transcriptional targets of Trps1 in the developing vibrissa follicle, we performed microarray hybridization analysis, comparing expression patterns in the whisker pads of wild-type versus Trps1(Δgt/Δgt) embryos. We identified a number of transcription factors and Wnt inhibitors among transcripts downregulated in the mutant embryos and several extracellular matrix proteins that were upregulated in the mutant samples, and demonstrated that target gene expression levels were altered in vivo in Trps1(Δgt/Δgt) vibrissae. Unexpectedly, we discovered that Trps1 can directly bind the promoters of its target genes to activate transcription, expanding upon its established role as a transcriptional repressor. Our findings identify Trps1 as a novel regulator of the Wnt signaling pathway and of early hair follicle progenitors in the developing vibrissa follicle.
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Zhu H, Shang D, Sun M, Choi S, Liu Q, Hao J, Figuera L, Zhang F, Choy K, Ao Y, Liu Y, Zhang XL, Yue F, Wang MR, Jin L, Patel P, Jing T, Zhang X. X-linked congenital hypertrichosis syndrome is associated with interchromosomal insertions mediated by a human-specific palindrome near SOX3. Am J Hum Genet 2011; 88:819-826. [PMID: 21636067 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2011] [Revised: 04/22/2011] [Accepted: 05/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
X-linked congenital generalized hypertrichosis (CGH), an extremely rare condition characterized by universal overgrowth of terminal hair, was first mapped to chromosome Xq24-q27.1 in a Mexican family. However, the underlying genetic defect remains unknown. We ascertained a large Chinese family with an X-linked congenital hypertrichosis syndrome combining CGH, scoliosis, and spina bifida and mapped the disease locus to a 5.6 Mb critical region within the interval defined by the previously reported Mexican family. Through the combination of a high-resolution copy-number variation (CNV) scan and targeted genomic sequencing, we identified an interchromosomal insertion at Xq27.1 of a 125,577 bp intragenic fragment of COL23A1 on 5q35.3, with one X breakpoint within and the other very close to a human-specific short palindromic sequence located 82 kb downstream of SOX3. In the Mexican family, we found an interchromosomal insertion at the same Xq27.1 site of a 300,036 bp genomic fragment on 4q31.2, encompassing PRMT10 and TMEM184C and involving parts of ARHGAP10 and EDNRA. Notably, both of the two X breakpoints were within the short palindrome. The two palindrome-mediated insertions fully segregate with the CGH phenotype in each of the families, and the CNV gains of the respective autosomal genomic segments are not present in the public database and were not found in 1274 control individuals. Analysis of control individuals revealed deletions ranging from 173 bp to 9104 bp at the site of the insertions with no phenotypic consequence. Taken together, our results strongly support the pathogenicity of the identified insertions and establish X-linked congenital hypertrichosis syndrome as a genomic disorder.
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Cooper DN, Chen JM, Ball EV, Howells K, Mort M, Phillips AD, Chuzhanova N, Krawczak M, Kehrer-Sawatzki H, Stenson PD. Genes, mutations, and human inherited disease at the dawn of the age of personalized genomics. Hum Mutat 2010; 31:631-55. [PMID: 20506564 DOI: 10.1002/humu.21260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The number of reported germline mutations in human nuclear genes, either underlying or associated with inherited disease, has now exceeded 100,000 in more than 3,700 different genes. The availability of these data has both revolutionized the study of the morbid anatomy of the human genome and facilitated "personalized genomics." With approximately 300 new "inherited disease genes" (and approximately 10,000 new mutations) being identified annually, it is pertinent to ask how many "inherited disease genes" there are in the human genome, how many mutations reside within them, and where such lesions are likely to be located? To address these questions, it is necessary not only to reconsider how we define human genes but also to explore notions of gene "essentiality" and "dispensability."Answers to these questions are now emerging from recent novel insights into genome structure and function and through complete genome sequence information derived from multiple individual human genomes. However, a change in focus toward screening functional genomic elements as opposed to genes sensu stricto will be required if we are to capitalize fully on recent technical and conceptual advances and identify new types of disease-associated mutation within noncoding regions remote from the genes whose function they disrupt.
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Affiliation(s)
- David N Cooper
- Institute of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Shimomura
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
| | - Angela M. Christiano
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032;
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Kim J, Lee G, Choi JR, Kurban M, Christiano AM, Levy B, Kim JH, Ma SH, Lee KA. Ambras syndrome in a Korean patient with balanced pericentric inversion (8)(p11.2q24.2). J Dermatol Sci 2010; 59:204-6. [PMID: 20696554 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2010.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2010] [Revised: 07/06/2010] [Accepted: 07/08/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Gautier M, Flori L, Riebler A, Jaffrézic F, Laloé D, Gut I, Moazami-Goudarzi K, Foulley JL. A whole genome Bayesian scan for adaptive genetic divergence in West African cattle. BMC Genomics 2009; 10:550. [PMID: 19930592 PMCID: PMC2784811 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-10-550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2009] [Accepted: 11/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The recent settlement of cattle in West Africa after several waves of migration from remote centres of domestication has imposed dramatic changes in their environmental conditions, in particular through exposure to new pathogens. West African cattle populations thus represent an appealing model to unravel the genome response to adaptation to tropical conditions. The purpose of this study was to identify footprints of adaptive selection at the whole genome level in a newly collected data set comprising 36,320 SNPs genotyped in 9 West African cattle populations. RESULTS After a detailed analysis of population structure, we performed a scan for SNP differentiation via a previously proposed Bayesian procedure including extensions to improve the detection of loci under selection. Based on these results we identified 53 genomic regions and 42 strong candidate genes. Their physiological functions were mainly related to immune response (MHC region which was found under strong balancing selection, CD79A, CXCR4, DLK1, RFX3, SEMA4A, TICAM1 and TRIM21), nervous system (NEUROD6, OLFM2, MAGI1, SEMA4A and HTR4) and skin and hair properties (EDNRB, TRSP1 and KRTAP8-1). CONCLUSION The main possible underlying selective pressures may be related to climatic conditions but also to the host response to pathogens such as Trypanosoma(sp). Overall, these results might open the way towards the identification of important variants involved in adaptation to tropical conditions and in particular to resistance to tropical infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Gautier
- INRA, UMR de Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Laurence Flori
- INRA, UMR de Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Andrea Riebler
- University of Zurich, Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Florence Jaffrézic
- INRA, UMR de Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Denis Laloé
- INRA, UMR de Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Ivo Gut
- CEA, Centre National de Génotypage, 91057 Evry, France
| | | | - Jean-Louis Foulley
- INRA, UMR de Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
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Katayama K, Miyamoto S, Furuno A, Akiyama K, Takahashi S, Suzuki H, Tsuji T, Kunieda T. Characterization of the chromosomal inversion associated with the Koa mutation in the mouse revealed the cause of skeletal abnormalities. BMC Genet 2009; 10:60. [PMID: 19772620 PMCID: PMC2758895 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2156-10-60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2009] [Accepted: 09/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Koala (Koa) is a dominant mutation in mice causing bushy muzzle and pinna, and is associated with a chromosomal inversion on the distal half of chromosome 15. To identify the gene responsible for the Koa phenotypes, we investigated phenotypes of Koa homozygous mice and determined the breakpoints of the inversion with a genetic method using recombination between two different chromosomal inversions. RESULTS Skeletal preparation of Koa homozygotes showed marked deformity of the ribs and a wider skull with extended zygomatic arches, in addition to a general reduction in the lengths of long bones. They also had open eyelids at birth caused by a defect in the extension of eyelid anlagen during the embryonic stages. The proximal and distal breakpoints of the Koa inversion were determined to be 0.8-Mb distal to the Trsps1 gene and to 0.1-Mb distal to the Hoxc4 gene, respectively, as previously reported. The phenotypes of mice with the recombinant inverted chromosomes revealed the localization of the gene responsible the Koa phenotype in the vicinity of the proximal recombinant breakpoint. Expression of the Trsps1 gene in this region was significantly reduced in the Koa homozygous and heterozygous embryos. CONCLUSION While no gene was disrupted by the chromosomal inversion, an association between the Koa phenotype and the proximal recombinant breakpoint, phenotypic similarities with Trps1-deficient mice or human patients with TRSP1 mutations, and the reduced expression of the Trsps1 gene in Koa mice, indicated that the phenotypes of the Koa mice are caused by the altered expression of the Trps1 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Katayama
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan.
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Sun M, Li N, Dong W, Chen Z, Liu Q, Xu Y, He G, Shi Y, Li X, Hao J, Luo Y, Shang D, Lv D, Ma F, Zhang D, Hua R, Lu C, Wen Y, Cao L, Irvine AD, McLean WHI, Dong Q, Wang MR, Yu J, He L, Lo WHY, Zhang X. Copy-number mutations on chromosome 17q24.2-q24.3 in congenital generalized hypertrichosis terminalis with or without gingival hyperplasia. Am J Hum Genet 2009; 84:807-13. [PMID: 19463983 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2009.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2009] [Revised: 04/17/2009] [Accepted: 04/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital generalized hypertrichosis terminalis (CGHT) is a rare condition characterized by universal excessive growth of pigmented terminal hairs and often accompanied with gingival hyperplasia. In the present study, we describe three Han Chinese families with autosomal-dominant CGHT and a sporadic case with extreme CGHT and gingival hyperplasia. We first did a genome-wide linkage scan in a large four-generation family. Our parametric multipoint linkage analysis revealed a genetic locus for CGHT on chromosome 17q24.2-q24.3. Further two-point linkage and haplotyping with microsatellite markers from the same chromosome region confirmed the genetic mapping and showed in all the families a microdeletion within the critical region that was present in all affected individuals but not in unaffected family members. We then carried out copy-number analysis with the Affymetrix Genome-Wide Human SNP Array 6.0 and detected genomic microdeletions of different sizes and with different breakpoints in the three families. We validated these microdeletions by real-time quantitative PCR and confirmed their perfect cosegregation with the disease phenotype in the three families. In the sporadic case, however, we found a de novo microduplication. Two-color interphase FISH analysis demonstrated that the duplication was inverted. These copy-number variations (CNVs) shared a common genomic region in which CNV is not reported in the public database and was not detected in our 434 unrelated Han Chinese normal controls. Thus, pathogenic copy-number mutations on 17q24.2-q24.3 are responsible for CGHT with or without gingival hyperplasia. Our work identifies CGHT as a genomic disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Sun
- McKusick-Zhang Center for Genetic Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Wuelling M, Kaiser FJ, Buelens LA, Braunholz D, Shivdasani RA, Depping R, Vortkamp A. Trps1, a regulator of chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation, interacts with the activator form of Gli3. Dev Biol 2009; 328:40-53. [PMID: 19389374 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2009.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2008] [Revised: 12/11/2008] [Accepted: 01/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Trps1, the gene mutated in human Tricho-Rhino-Phalangeal syndrome, represents an atypical member of the GATA-family of transcription factors. Here we show that Trps1 interacts with Indian hedgehog (Ihh)/Gli3 signaling and regulates chondrocyte differentiation and proliferation. We demonstrate that Trps1 specifically binds to the transactivation domain of Gli3 in vitro and in vivo, whereas the repressor form of Gli3 does not interact with Trps1. A domain of 185aa within Trps1, containing three predicted zinc fingers, is sufficient for interaction with Gli3. Using different mouse models we find that in distal chondrocytes Trps1 and the repressor activity of Gli3 are required to expand distal cells and locate the expression domain of Parathyroid hormone related peptide. In columnar proliferating chondrocytes Trps1 and Ihh/Gli3 have an activating function. The differentiation of columnar and hypertrophic chondrocytes is supported by Trps1 independent of Gli3. Trps1 seems thus to organize chondrocyte differentiation interacting with different subsets of co-factors in distinct cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Wuelling
- Center for Medical Biotechnology, Department of Developmental Biology, University Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany
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