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Poelmann RE, Jongbloed MRM, DeRuiter MC. Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connections, Human Genetics. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1441:593-598. [PMID: 38884735 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-44087-8_33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Partial anomalous pulmonary venous connections (PAVC) have been found after abnormal gene expressions involving several syndromes. Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection (TAPVC) is found in conjunction with heterotaxia syndrome as well as several other syndromes. It has been reported with an autosomal dominance with variable expression and incomplete penetrance. The occurrence is also related to environmental factors which may superimpose on a familial susceptibility for TAPVC. Many pathways are involved in the normal development of the pulmonary venous connections and as a consequence disturbance of many genetic and epigenetic pathways lead to partial or total pulmonary venous misconnections. In this chapter, an overview of current knowledge regarding human genetics of anomalous venous connections is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Poelmann
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - M R M Jongbloed
- Department Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department Anatomy & Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - M C DeRuiter
- Department Anatomy & Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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2
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Poelmann RE, Jongbloed MRM, DeRuiter MC. TAPVR: Molecular Pathways and Animal Models. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1441:599-614. [PMID: 38884736 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-44087-8_34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
The venous pole of the heart where the pulmonary veins will develop encompasses the sinus venosus and the atrium. In the fourth week of development, the sinus venosus consists of a left and a right part receiving blood from the common cardinal vein, the omphalomesenteric and umbilical veins. Asymmetrical expansion of the common atrium corresponds with a rightward shift of the connection of the sinus to the atrium. The right-sided part of the sinus venosus including its tributing cardinal veins enlarges to form the right superior and inferior vena cava that will incorporate into the right atrium. The left-sided part in human development largely obliterates and remodels to form the coronary sinus in adults. In approximately the same time window (4th-fifth weeks), a splanchnic vascular plexus surrounds the developing lung buds (putative lungs) with a twofold connection. Of note, during early developmental stages, the primary route of drainage from the pulmonary plexus is toward the systemic veins and not to the heart. After lumenization of the so-called mid-pharyngeal endothelial strand (MPES), the first anlage of the pulmonary vein, the common pulmonary vein can be observed in the dorsal mesocardium, and the primary route of drainage will gradually change toward a cardiac drainage. The splanchnic pulmonary venous connections with the systemic cardinal veins will gradually disappear during normal development. In case of absence or atresia of the MPES, the pulmonary-to-systemic connections will persist, clinically resulting in total anomalous pulmonary venous return (TAPVR). This chapter describes the developmental processes and molecular pathways underlying anomalous pulmonary venous connections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Poelmann
- Department of Integrative Zoology, Institute of Biology, University of Leiden, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Monique R M Jongbloed
- Department Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marco C DeRuiter
- Department Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Zhu W, Lo CW. Insights into the genetic architecture of congenital heart disease from animal modeling. Zool Res 2023; 44:577-590. [PMID: 37147909 PMCID: PMC10236297 DOI: 10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2022.463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Congenital heart disease (CHD) is observed in up to 1% of live births and is one of the leading causes of mortality from birth defects. While hundreds of genes have been implicated in the genetic etiology of CHD, their role in CHD pathogenesis is still poorly understood. This is largely a reflection of the sporadic nature of CHD, as well as its variable expressivity and incomplete penetrance. We reviewed the monogenic causes and evidence for oligogenic etiology of CHD, as well as the role of de novo mutations, common variants, and genetic modifiers. For further mechanistic insight, we leveraged single-cell data across species to investigate the cellular expression characteristics of genes implicated in CHD in developing human and mouse embryonic hearts. Understanding the genetic etiology of CHD may enable the application of precision medicine and prenatal diagnosis, thereby facilitating early intervention to improve outcomes for patients with CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjuan Zhu
- Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Kunming Institute of Zoology-Chinese University of Hong Kong (KIZ-CUHK) Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research of Common Diseases, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Cecilia W Lo
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15201 USA. E-mail:
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Li T, Wu Y, Chen WC, Xue X, Suo MJ, Li P, Sheng W, Huang GY. Functional analysis of HECA variants identified in congenital heart disease in the Chinese population. J Clin Lab Anal 2022; 36:e24649. [PMID: 35949005 PMCID: PMC9459261 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.24649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Congenital heart disease (CHD) is a class of cardiovascular defects that includes septal defects, outflow tract abnormalities, and valve defects. Human homolog of Drosophila headcase (HECA) is a novel cell cycle regulator whose role in CHD has not been elucidated. This is the first study to determine the frequency of HECA mutations in patients with CHD and the association between HECA variants and CHD. Methods In this study, we identified a candidate gene, HECA, by whole‐exome sequencing of an atrial septal defect family. To investigate the association between HECA variants and CHD risk, targeted exon sequencing was conducted in 689 individuals with sporadic CHD. We further analyzed the effect of HECA gene abnormalities on cardiomyocyte phenotype behavior and related signaling pathways by Western blotting, reverse transcription‐quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and scratch assay. Results We found a novel de novo mutation, c.409_410insA (p. W137fs), in the HECA gene and identified five rare deleterious variants that met the filtering criteria in 689 individuals with sporadic CHD. Fisher's exact test revealed a significant association between HECA variations and CHD compared with those in gnomADv2‐East Asians(p = 0.0027). Further functional analysis suggested that the variant p. W137fs resulted in a deficiency of the normal HECA protein, and HECA deficiency altered AC16 cell cycle progression, increased cell proliferation, and migration, and promoted the activation of the PDGF‐BB/PDGFRB/AKT pathway. Conclusions Our study identified HECA and its six rare variants, expanding the spectrum of genes associated with CHD pathogenesis in the Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Li
- Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Birth Defects, Shanghai, China
| | - Yao Wu
- Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei-Cheng Chen
- Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Birth Defects, Shanghai, China
| | - Xing Xue
- Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Birth Defects, Shanghai, China
| | - Mei-Jiao Suo
- Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Birth Defects, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Li
- Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Birth Defects, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Sheng
- Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Birth Defects, Shanghai, China
| | - Guo-Ying Huang
- Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Birth Defects, Shanghai, China.,Research Unit of Early Intervention of Genetically Related Childhood Cardiovascular Diseases(2018RU002), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
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Zhou WZ, Zeng Z, Shen H, Chen W, Li T, Ma B, Sun Y, Yang F, Zhang Y, Li W, Han B, Liu X, Yuan M, Zhang G, Yang Y, Liu X, Pang KJ, Li SJ, Zhou Z. Association of PLXND1 with a novel subtype of anomalous pulmonary venous return. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 31:1443-1452. [PMID: 34791216 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddab331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Anomalous pulmonary venous return (APVR) is a potentially lethal congenital heart disease. Elucidating the genetic etiology is crucial for understanding its pathogenesis and improving clinical practice, while its genetic basis remains largely unknown due to complex genetic etiology. We thus performed whole-exome sequencing for 144 APVR patients and 1636 healthy controls and report a comprehensive atlas of APVR-related rare genetic variants. Novel singleton, loss-of-function and deleterious missense variants (DVars) were enriched in patients, particularly for genes highly-expressed in the developing human heart at the critical time point for pulmonary veins draining into the left atrium. Notably, PLXND1, encoding a receptor for semaphorins, represents a strong candidate gene of APVR (adjusted P = 1.1e-03, OR: 10.9-69.3), accounting for 4.17% of APVR. We further validated this finding in an independent cohort consisting of 82 case-control pairs. In these two cohorts, eight DVars were identified in different patients, which convergently disrupt the GTPase-activating protein-related domain of PLXND1. All variant carriers displayed strikingly similar clinical features, in that all anomalous drainage of pulmonary vein(s) occurred on the right side and incorrectly connected to the right atrium, may representing a novel subtype of APVR for molecular diagnosis. Studies in Plxnd1 knockout mice further revealed the effects of PLXND1 deficiency on severe heart and lung defects and cellular abnormalities related to APVR such as abnormal migration and vascular formation of vascular endothelial cells. These findings indicate the important role of PLXND1 in APVR pathogenesis, providing novel insights into the genetic etiology and molecular subtyping for APVR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Zhen Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Beijing Key Laboratory for Molecular Diagnostics of Cardiovascular Diseases, Center of Laboratory Medicine, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Ziyi Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Beijing Key Laboratory for Molecular Diagnostics of Cardiovascular Diseases, Center of Laboratory Medicine, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Huayan Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Beijing Key Laboratory for Molecular Diagnostics of Cardiovascular Diseases, Center of Laboratory Medicine, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Wen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Beijing Key Laboratory for Molecular Diagnostics of Cardiovascular Diseases, Center of Laboratory Medicine, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Tianjiao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Beijing Key Laboratory for Molecular Diagnostics of Cardiovascular Diseases, Center of Laboratory Medicine, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Baihui Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Beijing Key Laboratory for Molecular Diagnostics of Cardiovascular Diseases, Center of Laboratory Medicine, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Yang Sun
- Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Fangfang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Beijing Key Laboratory for Molecular Diagnostics of Cardiovascular Diseases, Center of Laboratory Medicine, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Yujing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Beijing Key Laboratory for Molecular Diagnostics of Cardiovascular Diseases, Center of Laboratory Medicine, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Wenke Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Beijing Key Laboratory for Molecular Diagnostics of Cardiovascular Diseases, Center of Laboratory Medicine, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Bianmei Han
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Beijing Key Laboratory for Molecular Diagnostics of Cardiovascular Diseases, Center of Laboratory Medicine, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Xuewen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Beijing Key Laboratory for Molecular Diagnostics of Cardiovascular Diseases, Center of Laboratory Medicine, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Meng Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Beijing Key Laboratory for Molecular Diagnostics of Cardiovascular Diseases, Center of Laboratory Medicine, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100037, China
| | | | - Yang Yang
- Megagenomics Corporation, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Xiaoshuang Liu
- Megagenomics Corporation, Beijing, 100875, China.,Ping An Healthcare Technology, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Kun-Jing Pang
- Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Shou-Jun Li
- Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Zhou Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Beijing Key Laboratory for Molecular Diagnostics of Cardiovascular Diseases, Center of Laboratory Medicine, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100037, China
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Yasuhara J, Garg V. Genetics of congenital heart disease: a narrative review of recent advances and clinical implications. Transl Pediatr 2021; 10:2366-2386. [PMID: 34733677 PMCID: PMC8506053 DOI: 10.21037/tp-21-297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most common human birth defect and remains a leading cause of mortality in childhood. Although advances in clinical management have improved the survival of children with CHD, adult survivors commonly experience cardiac and non-cardiac comorbidities, which affect quality of life and prognosis. Therefore, the elucidation of genetic etiologies of CHD not only has important clinical implications for genetic counseling of patients and families but may also impact clinical outcomes by identifying at-risk patients. Recent advancements in genetic technologies, including massively parallel sequencing, have allowed for the discovery of new genetic etiologies for CHD. Although variant prioritization and interpretation of pathogenicity remain challenges in the field of CHD genomics, advances in single-cell genomics and functional genomics using cellular and animal models of CHD have the potential to provide novel insights into the underlying mechanisms of CHD and its associated morbidities. In this review, we provide an updated summary of the established genetic contributors to CHD and discuss recent advances in our understanding of the genetic architecture of CHD along with current challenges with the interpretation of genetic variation. Furthermore, we highlight the clinical implications of genetic findings to predict and potentially improve clinical outcomes in patients with CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yasuhara
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA.,Heart Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Vidu Garg
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA.,Heart Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.,Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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Frank DB, Levy PT, Stiver CA, Boe BA, Baird CW, Callahan RM, Smith CV, Vanderlaan RD, Backes CH. Primary pulmonary vein stenosis during infancy: state of the art review. J Perinatol 2021; 41:1528-1539. [PMID: 33674714 DOI: 10.1038/s41372-021-01008-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Primary pulmonary vein stenosis (PPVS) is an emerging problem among infants. In contrast to acquired disease, PPVS is the development of stenosis in the absence of preceding intervention. While optimal care approaches remain poorly characterized, over the past decade, understanding of potential pathophysiological mechanisms and development of novel therapeutic strategies are increasing. A multidisciplinary team of health care providers was assembled to review the available evidence and provide a common framework for the diagnosis, management, and treatment of PPVS during infancy. To address knowledge gaps, institutional and multi-institutional approaches must be employed to generate knowledge specific to ex-premature infants with PPVS. Within individual institutions, creation of a team comprised of dedicated health care providers from diverse backgrounds is critical to accelerate clinical learning and provide care for infants with PPVS. Multi-institutional collaborations, such as the PVS Network, provide the infrastructure and statistical power to advance knowledge for this rare disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Frank
- Division of Cardiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Philip T Levy
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Corey A Stiver
- The Heart Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Brian A Boe
- The Heart Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Christopher W Baird
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ryan M Callahan
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Charles V Smith
- Center for Developmental Therapeutics, Seattle Children's Research Institute, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Rachel D Vanderlaan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, New York Presbyterian Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Carl H Backes
- The Heart Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA.
- Division of Neonatology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA.
- Center for Perinatal Research, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA.
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8
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Vanderlaan RD, Caldarone CA. Pulmonary Vein Stenosis: Incremental Knowledge Gains to Improve Outcomes. CHILDREN-BASEL 2021; 8:children8060481. [PMID: 34200142 PMCID: PMC8229191 DOI: 10.3390/children8060481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary vein stenosis remains a considerable clinical challenge, with high mortality still present in children with progressive disease. In this review, we discuss the clinical spectrum of pulmonary vein stenosis and what is known about the etiology and potential modifying and contributing factors in progressive pulmonary vein stenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel D. Vanderlaan
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-416-813-1500
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9
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Xiao WL, Yu G, Zhao N. Development and gene expression of C57BL/6 mouse embryo palate shelves in rotary organ culture. Exp Ther Med 2020; 19:1235-1242. [PMID: 32010294 PMCID: PMC6966210 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.8354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to improve methods for the suspension culture of mouse palatal shelves by comparing the expression of platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR)-α in palatal shelves in vivo, to that in vitro. The palatal shelves of C57BL/6 mouse embryos were obtained on gestation days (GDs) 13.5, 14.5, 15.0 and 15.5 for in vivo experiments. The palatal shelves were removed and observed under a stereomicroscope to investigate palatal development. For in vitro experiments, the palatal shelves were dissected under a stereomicroscope on GD 13.5 and then subjected to rotary culture for 0, 24, 36 or 48 h. The expression of PDGFR-α at different time points was detected by immunohistochemical staining and western blot analysis. Both methods of analysis displayed PDGFR-α expression in mesenchymal and epithelial cells at GD 13.5, 14.5, 15.0 and 15.5, in vivo and in vitro. The level of PDGFR-α expression peaked on GD 14.5. The expression of PDGFR-α in palatal shelves in in vitro rotary culture was consistent with that in vivo. Therefore, the novel technique of palatal rotary organ culture presented in the current study could provide a good model for studying the mechanism of pathological palatal fusion in vitro. Additionally, the present study further confirmed that PDGFR-α gene expression was associated with the development of palatal shelves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Lin Xiao
- Department of Stomatology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266555, P.R. China.,School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China
| | - Guo Yu
- Department of Stomatology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266555, P.R. China.,School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China
| | - Ning Zhao
- School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China
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Shi X, Lu Y, Sun K. Research Progress in Pathogenesis of Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connection. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2204:173-178. [PMID: 32710324 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0904-0_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Congenital heart defect (CHD) is one of the most common birth defects and the leading course of infant mortality. Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection (TAPVC) is a rare type of cyanotic which accounting for approximately 1-3% of congenital heart disease cases. Based on where the anomalous veins drain, TAPVC can be divided into four subtypes: supracardiac, cardiac, infracardiac, and mixed. In TAPVC, all pulmonary veins fail to link to the left atrium correctly but make abnormal connections to the right atrium or systemic venous system. The mortality of TAPVC patients without proper intervention is nearly 80% in the first year of life and 50% of them died within 3 months after birth. However, the pathogenesis and mechanism of TAPVC remains elusive. In this chapter, we systematically review the epidemiology, anatomy, and pathophysiology of TAPVC and give an overview of the research progress of TAPVC pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Shi
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Xin Hua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanan Lu
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Xin Hua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Kun Sun
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Xin Hua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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11
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Pierpont ME, Brueckner M, Chung WK, Garg V, Lacro RV, McGuire AL, Mital S, Priest JR, Pu WT, Roberts A, Ware SM, Gelb BD, Russell MW. Genetic Basis for Congenital Heart Disease: Revisited: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Circulation 2019; 138:e653-e711. [PMID: 30571578 DOI: 10.1161/cir.0000000000000606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 328] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This review provides an updated summary of the state of our knowledge of the genetic contributions to the pathogenesis of congenital heart disease. Since 2007, when the initial American Heart Association scientific statement on the genetic basis of congenital heart disease was published, new genomic techniques have become widely available that have dramatically changed our understanding of the causes of congenital heart disease and, clinically, have allowed more accurate definition of the pathogeneses of congenital heart disease in patients of all ages and even prenatally. Information is presented on new molecular testing techniques and their application to congenital heart disease, both isolated and associated with other congenital anomalies or syndromes. Recent advances in the understanding of copy number variants, syndromes, RASopathies, and heterotaxy/ciliopathies are provided. Insights into new research with congenital heart disease models, including genetically manipulated animals such as mice, chicks, and zebrafish, as well as human induced pluripotent stem cell-based approaches are provided to allow an understanding of how future research breakthroughs for congenital heart disease are likely to happen. It is anticipated that this review will provide a large range of health care-related personnel, including pediatric cardiologists, pediatricians, adult cardiologists, thoracic surgeons, obstetricians, geneticists, genetic counselors, and other related clinicians, timely information on the genetic aspects of congenital heart disease. The objective is to provide a comprehensive basis for interdisciplinary care for those with congenital heart disease.
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12
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Feldkamp ML, Krikov S, Gardner J, Madsen MJ, Darlington T, Sargent R, Camp NJ. Shared genomic segments in high‐risk multigenerational pedigrees with gastroschisis. Birth Defects Res 2019; 111:1655-1664. [DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcia L. Feldkamp
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of PediatricsUniversity of Utah School of Medicine Salt Lake City Utah
| | - Sergey Krikov
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of PediatricsUniversity of Utah School of Medicine Salt Lake City Utah
| | - John Gardner
- Department of Internal Medicine and Huntsman Cancer InstituteUniversity of Utah School of Medicine Salt Lake City Utah
| | - Myke J. Madsen
- Department of Internal Medicine and Huntsman Cancer InstituteUniversity of Utah School of Medicine Salt Lake City Utah
| | | | - Rob Sargent
- Department of Internal Medicine and Huntsman Cancer InstituteUniversity of Utah School of Medicine Salt Lake City Utah
| | - Nicola J. Camp
- Department of Internal Medicine and Huntsman Cancer InstituteUniversity of Utah School of Medicine Salt Lake City Utah
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13
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Poelmann RE, Gittenberger-de Groot AC. Development and evolution of the metazoan heart. Dev Dyn 2019; 248:634-656. [PMID: 31063648 PMCID: PMC6767493 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms of the evolution and development of the heart in metazoans are highlighted, starting with the evolutionary origin of the contractile cell, supposedly the precursor of cardiomyocytes. The last eukaryotic common ancestor is likely a combination of several cellular organisms containing their specific metabolic pathways and genetic signaling networks. During evolution, these tool kits diversified. Shared parts of these conserved tool kits act in the development and functioning of pumping hearts and open or closed circulations in such diverse species as arthropods, mollusks, and chordates. The genetic tool kits became more complex by gene duplications, addition of epigenetic modifications, influence of environmental factors, incorporation of viral genomes, cardiac changes necessitated by air‐breathing, and many others. We evaluate mechanisms involved in mollusks in the formation of three separate hearts and in arthropods in the formation of a tubular heart. A tubular heart is also present in embryonic stages of chordates, providing the septated four‐chambered heart, in birds and mammals passing through stages with first and second heart fields. The four‐chambered heart permits the formation of high‐pressure systemic and low‐pressure pulmonary circulation in birds and mammals, allowing for high metabolic rates and maintenance of body temperature. Crocodiles also have a (nearly) separated circulation, but their resting temperature conforms with the environment. We argue that endothermic ancestors lost the capacity to elevate their body temperature during evolution, resulting in ectothermic modern crocodilians. Finally, a clinically relevant paragraph reviews the occurrence of congenital cardiac malformations in humans as derailments of signaling pathways during embryonic development. The cardiac regulatory toolkit contains many factors including epigenetic, genetic, viral, hemodynamic, and environmental factors, but also transcriptional activators, repressors, duplicated genes, redundancies and dose‐dependancies. Numerous toolkits regulate mechanisms including cell‐cell interactions, EMT, mitosis patterns, cell migration and differentiation and left/right sidedness involved in the development of endocardial cushions, looping, septum complexes, pharyngeal arch arteries, chamber and valve formation and conduction system. Evolutionary development of the yolk sac circulation likely preceded the advent of endothermy in amniotes. Parallel evolutionary traits regulate the development of contractile pumps in various taxa often in conjunction with the gut, lungs and excretory organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Poelmann
- Institute of Biology, Department of Animal Sciences and Health, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Burns TA, Deepe RN, Bullard J, Phelps AL, Toomer KA, Hiriart E, Norris RA, Haycraft CJ, Wessels A. A Novel Mouse Model for Cilia-Associated Cardiovascular Anomalies with a High Penetrance of Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2019; 302:136-145. [PMID: 30289203 PMCID: PMC6312498 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Primary cilia are small organelles projecting from the cell surface of many cell types. They play a crucial role in the regulation of various signaling pathway. In this study, we investigated the importance of cilia for heart development by conditionally deleting intraflagellar transport protein Ift88 using the col3.6-cre mouse. Analysis of col3.6;Ift88 offspring showed a wide spectrum of cardiovascular defects including double outlet right ventricle and atrioventricular septal defects. In addition, we found that in the majority of specimens the pulmonary veins did not properly connect to the developing left atrium. The abnormal connections found resemble those seen in patients with total anomalous pulmonary venous return. Analysis of mutant hearts at early stages of development revealed abnormal development of the dorsal mesocardium, a second heart field-derived structure at the venous pole intrinsically related to the development of the pulmonary veins. Data presented support a crucial role for primary cilia in outflow tract development and atrioventricular septation and their significance for the formation of the second heart field-derived tissues at the venous pole including the dorsal mesocardium. Furthermore, the results of this study indicate that proper formation of the dorsal mesocardium is critically important for the development of the pulmonary veins. Anat Rec, 302:136-145, 2019. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara A. Burns
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, USA
| | - Raymond N. Deepe
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, USA
| | - John Bullard
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, USA
| | - Aimee L. Phelps
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, USA
| | - Katelynn A. Toomer
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, USA
| | - Emilye Hiriart
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, USA
| | - Russell A. Norris
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, USA
| | - Courtney J. Haycraft
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi College, 200 S Capitol St, Clinton, Mississippi 39058, USA
| | - Andy Wessels
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, USA
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15
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Shi X, Huang T, Wang J, Liang Y, Gu C, Xu Y, Sun J, Lu Y, Sun K, Chen S, Yu Y. Next-generation sequencing identifies novel genes with rare variants in total anomalous pulmonary venous connection. EBioMedicine 2018; 38:217-227. [PMID: 30448225 PMCID: PMC6306349 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection (TAPVC) is recognized as a rare congenital heart defect (CHD). With a high mortality rate of approximately 80%, the survival rate and outcomes of TAPVC patients are not satisfactory. However, the genetic aetiology and mechanism of TAPVC remain elusive. This study aimed to investigate the underlying genomic risks of TAPVC through next-generation sequencing (NGS). Methods Rare variants were identified through whole exome sequencing (WES) of 78 sporadic TAPVC cases and 100 healthy controls using Fisher's exact test and gene-based burden test. We then detected candidate gene expression patterns in cells, pulmonary vein tissues, and embryos. Finally, we validated these genes using target sequencing (TS) in another 100 TAPVC cases. Findings We identified 42 rare variants of 7 genes (CLTCL1, CST3, GXYLT1, HMGA2, SNAI1, VAV2, ZDHHC8) in TAPVC cases compared with controls. These genes were highly expressed in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), mouse pulmonary veins and human embryonic hearts. mRNA levels of these genes in human pulmonary vein samples were significantly different between cases and controls. Through network analysis and expression patterns in zebrafish embryos, we revealed that SNAI1, HMGA2 and VAV2 are the most important genes for TAPVC. Interpretation Our study identifies novel candidate genes potentially related to TAPVC and elucidates the possible molecular pathogenesis of this rare congenital birth defect. Furthermore, SNAI1, HMGA2 and VAV2 are novel TAPVC candidate genes that have not been reported previously in either humans or animals. Fund National Natural Science Foundation of China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Shi
- Department of Pediatric Cardiovascular, Xin Hua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Tao Huang
- Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Pediatric Cardiovascular, Xin Hua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yulai Liang
- Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Chang Gu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tong Ji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yuejuan Xu
- Department of Pediatric Cardiovascular, Xin Hua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Jing Sun
- Department of Pediatric Cardiovascular, Xin Hua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yanan Lu
- Department of Pediatric Cardiovascular, Xin Hua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Kun Sun
- Department of Pediatric Cardiovascular, Xin Hua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Sun Chen
- Department of Pediatric Cardiovascular, Xin Hua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Yu Yu
- Department of Pediatric Cardiovascular, Xin Hua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200092, China.
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16
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Poelmann RE, Gittenberger-de Groot AC. Hemodynamics in Cardiac Development. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2018; 5:jcdd5040054. [PMID: 30404214 PMCID: PMC6306789 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd5040054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 11/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The beating heart is subject to intrinsic mechanical factors, exerted by contraction of the myocardium (stretch and strain) and fluid forces of the enclosed blood (wall shear stress). The earliest contractions of the heart occur already in the 10-somite stage in the tubular as yet unsegmented heart. With development, the looping heart becomes asymmetric providing varying diameters and curvatures resulting in unequal flow profiles. These flow profiles exert various wall shear stresses and as a consequence different expression patterns of shear responsive genes. In this paper we investigate the morphological alterations of the heart after changing the blood flow by ligation of the right vitelline vein in a model chicken embryo and analyze the extended expression in the endocardial cushions of the shear responsive gene Tgfbeta receptor III. A major phenomenon is the diminished endocardial-mesenchymal transition resulting in hypoplastic (even absence of) atrioventricular and outflow tract endocardial cushions, which might be lethal in early phases. The surviving embryos exhibit several cardiac malformations including ventricular septal defects and malformed semilunar valves related to abnormal development of the aortopulmonary septal complex and the enclosed neural crest cells. We discuss the results in the light of the interactions between several shear stress responsive signaling pathways including an extended review of the involved Vegf, Notch, Pdgf, Klf2, eNos, Endothelin and Tgfβ/Bmp/Smad networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Poelmann
- Department of Animal Sciences and Health, Institute of Biology, Sylvius Laboratory, University of Leiden, Sylviusweg 72, 2333BE Leiden, The Netherlands.
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 20, 2300RC Leiden, The Netherlands.
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17
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Maternal Obesity as a Risk Factor for the Development of Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connection in Their Offspring. Arch Med Res 2018; 49:109-113. [PMID: 29907426 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of total anomalous pulmonary venous connection (TAPVC) in the Caucasian population is 2.5/100,000 live births (LB), and the incidence in the Hispanic population is 19.8/100,000 LB. Without knowing the exact etiology for the development of congenital heart disease, our objective was to determine the maternal factors associated with the development of TAPVC. METHODS 55 mother-child binomials with isolated TAPVC (group I) and 152 healthy mother-child binomials (group II) were included. Both groups had no maternal history of addiction, pre-eclampsia, or type 1, 2 or gestational diabetes mellitus. Complete clinical histories were obtained for the women in both groups and perinatal and birth data were recorded. In addition, genealogies across three generations were constructed to determine affected first- or second-degree relatives with complex congenital heart disease. RESULTS Among the maternal characteristics analyzed, women in group I had a higher number of pregnancies before gestation of the index case (p = <0.05), and the Body Mass Index (BMI) before pregnancy was higher compared to Group II (p < 0.05), with an adjusted risk of OR = 3.6 (p = 0.011). The family history showed a higher prevalence in the group of patients with TAPVC compared to healthy children (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Maternal obesity before pregnancy is a risk factor for the development of CATVP in children in the Mexican population.
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18
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Li J, Yang S, Pu Z, Dai J, Jiang T, Du F, Jiang Z, Cheng Y, Dai G, Wang J, Qi J, Cao L, Cheng X, Ren C, Li X, Qin Y. Whole-exome sequencing identifies SGCD and ACVRL1 mutations associated with total anomalous pulmonary venous return (TAPVR) in Chinese population. Oncotarget 2018; 8:27812-27819. [PMID: 28412737 PMCID: PMC5438610 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
As a rare type of Congenital Heart Defects (CHD), the genetic mechanism of Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return (TAPVR) remains unknown, although previous studies have revealed potential disease-driving regions/genes. Blood samples collected from the 6 sporadic TAPVR cases and 81 non-TAPVR controls were subjected to whole exome sequencing. All detected variations were confirmed by direct Sanger sequencing. Here, we identified 2 non-synonymous missense mutations: c.C652T, p.R218W in activin A receptor type II-like 1 (ACVRL1), c.C717G, p.D239E in sarcoglycan delta (SGCD). Our results offered the landscape of mutations for TAPVR in Chinese population firstly and are valuable in the mutation-based pre- and post-natal screening and genetic diagnosis for TAPVR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- Department of Cardiology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Shiwei Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Zhening Pu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Juncheng Dai
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Fangzhi Du
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Zhu Jiang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Yue Cheng
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Genyin Dai
- Department of Cardiology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Jirong Qi
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Liming Cao
- Department of Cardiology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Xueying Cheng
- Department of Cardiology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Cong Ren
- Department of Cardiology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Xinli Li
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Yuming Qin
- Department of Cardiology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210008, China
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19
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Vanderlaan RD, Caldarone CA. Surgical Approaches to Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connection. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg Pediatr Card Surg Annu 2018; 21:83-91. [PMID: 29425529 DOI: 10.1053/j.pcsu.2017.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection (TAPVC) constitutes a spectrum of congenital lesions whereby the pulmonary veins remain connected to systemic venous vessels or aberrantly connect to the right atrium. Definitive management requires surgical intervention and, in patients with obstruction to pulmonary venous flow, urgent operation is required. Use of temporizing catheter-based interventions allow for optimization in hemodynamically unstable neonates. Overall, survival has significantly improved over the past decades through better perioperative management and evolution of surgical approaches to minimize post-repair pulmonary vein stenosis, which persists as a major determinant of long-term outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel D Vanderlaan
- University of Toronto, Division of Cardiac Surgery, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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20
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Duplication and Deletion of 22q11 Associated with Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connection. Pediatr Cardiol 2018; 39:585-590. [PMID: 29279955 DOI: 10.1007/s00246-017-1794-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Anomalous pulmonary venous connection (APVC) is an uncommon congenital anomaly in which pulmonary venous blood flows directly into the right side of the heart or into the systemic veins. To identify whether there is any association between 22q11 CNVs and APVC, we analyzed the clinical data of 86 APVC patients and then studied the CNVs of 22q11 in 86 sporadic APVC patients by multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification. The results showed that two patients carried the CNVs of 22q11, one patient had the deletion of 22q11 and the other had the duplication of 22q11. The incidence was significantly higher than that in the normal population (P < 0.01) that suggests a possible etiologic association between the duplication or deletion of 22q11 and the APVC in our patients.
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21
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Carmona R, Ariza L, Cañete A, Muñoz-Chápuli R. Comparative developmental biology of the cardiac inflow tract. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2018; 116:155-164. [PMID: 29452155 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The vertebrate heart receives the blood through the cardiac inflow tract. This area has experienced profound changes along the evolution of vertebrates; changes that have a reflection in the cardiac ontogeny. The development of the inflow tract involves dynamic changes due to the progressive addition of tissue derived from the secondary heart field. The inflow tract is the site where oxygenated blood coming from lungs is received separately from the systemic return, where the cardiac pacemaker is established and where the proepicardium develops. Differential cell migration towards the inflow tract breaks the symmetry of the primary heart tube and determines the direction of the cardiac looping. In air-breathing vertebrates, an inflow tract reorganization is essential to keep separate blood flows from systemic and pulmonary returns. Finally, the sinus venosus endocardium has recently been recognized as playing a role in the constitution of the coronary vasculature. Due to this developmental complexity, congenital anomalies of the inflow tract can cause severe cardiac diseases. We aimed to review the recent literature on the cellular and molecular mechanisms that regulate the morphogenesis of the cardiac inflow tract, together with comparative and evolutionary details, thus providing a basis for a better understanding of these mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Carmona
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Málaga, Andalusian Center for Nanomedicine and Biotechnology (BIONAND), 29071 Málaga (Spain), Spain
| | - Laura Ariza
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Málaga, Andalusian Center for Nanomedicine and Biotechnology (BIONAND), 29071 Málaga (Spain), Spain
| | - Ana Cañete
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Málaga, Andalusian Center for Nanomedicine and Biotechnology (BIONAND), 29071 Málaga (Spain), Spain
| | - Ramón Muñoz-Chápuli
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Málaga, Andalusian Center for Nanomedicine and Biotechnology (BIONAND), 29071 Málaga (Spain), Spain.
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22
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Stage specific requirement of platelet-derived growth factor receptor-α in embryonic development. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184473. [PMID: 28934221 PMCID: PMC5608218 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRα) is a cell-surface receptor tyrosine kinase for platelet-derived growth factors. Correct timing and level of Pdgfra expression is crucial for embryo development, and deletion of Pdgfra caused developmental defects of multiple endoderm and mesoderm derived structures, resulting in a complex phenotypes including orofacial cleft, spina bifida, rib deformities, and omphalocele in mice. However, it is not clear if deletion of Pdgfra at different embryonic stages differentially affects these structures. PURPOSE To address the temporal requirement of Pdgfra in embryonic development. METHODS We have deleted the Pdgfra in Pdgfra-expressing tissues at different embryonic stages in mice, examined and quantified the developmental anomalies. RESULTS Current study showed that (i) conditional deletion of Pdgfra at different embryonic days (between E7.5 and E10.5) resulted in orofacial cleft, spina bifida, rib cage deformities, and omphalocele, and (ii) the day of Pdgfra deletion influenced the combinations, incidence and severities of these anomalies. Deletion of Pdgfra caused apoptosis of Pdgfra-expressing tissues, and developmental defects of their derivatives. CONCLUSION Orofacial cleft, spina bifida and omphalocele are among the commonest skeletal and abdominal wall defects of newborns, but their genetic etiologies are largely unknown. The remarkable resemblance of our conditional Pdgfra knockout embryos to theses human congenital anomalies, suggesting that dysregulated PDGFRA expression could cause these anomalies in human. Future work should aim at defining (a) the regulatory elements for the expression of the human PDGFRA during embryonic development, and (b) if mutations / sequence variations of these regulatory elements cause these anomalies.
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El-Rass S, Eisa-Beygi S, Khong E, Brand-Arzamendi K, Mauro A, Zhang H, Clark KJ, Ekker SC, Wen XY. Disruption of pdgfra alters endocardial and myocardial fusion during zebrafish cardiac assembly. Biol Open 2017; 6:348-357. [PMID: 28167492 PMCID: PMC5374395 DOI: 10.1242/bio.021212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac development in vertebrates is a finely tuned process regulated by a set
of conserved signaling pathways. Perturbations of these processes are often
associated with congenital cardiac malformations. Platelet-derived growth factor
receptor α (PDGFRα) is a highly conserved tyrosine kinase
receptor, which is essential for development and organogenesis. Disruption of
Pdgfrα function in murine models is embryonic lethal
due to severe cardiovascular defects, suggesting a role in cardiac development,
thus necessitating the use of alternative models to explore its precise
function. In this study, we generated a zebrafish pdgfra mutant
line by gene trapping, in which the Pdgfra protein is truncated and fused with
mRFP (Pdgfra-mRFP). Our results demonstrate that pdgfra mutants
have defects in cardiac morphology as a result of abnormal fusion of myocardial
precursors. Expression analysis of the developing heart at later stages
suggested that Pdgfra-mRFP is expressed in the endocardium. Further examination
of the endocardium in pdgfra mutants revealed defective
endocardial migration to the midline, where cardiac fusion eventually occurs.
Together, our data suggests that pdgfra is required for proper
medial migration of both endocardial and myocardial precursors, an essential
step required for cardiac assembly and development. Summary: The molecular mechanisms regulating cardiac fusion are not
well understood. Here, we show that platelet-derived growth factor receptor
alpha is essential for normal endocardial and myocardial fusion during zebrafish
development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzan El-Rass
- Zebrafish Centre for Advanced Drug Discovery & Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5B 1T8.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8.,Collaborative Program in Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3E2
| | - Shahram Eisa-Beygi
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center. Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran 16635-148, Iran
| | - Edbert Khong
- Zebrafish Centre for Advanced Drug Discovery & Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5B 1T8
| | - Koroboshka Brand-Arzamendi
- Zebrafish Centre for Advanced Drug Discovery & Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5B 1T8
| | - Antonio Mauro
- Zebrafish Centre for Advanced Drug Discovery & Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5B 1T8.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8.,Collaborative Program in Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3E2
| | - Haibo Zhang
- Zebrafish Centre for Advanced Drug Discovery & Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5B 1T8.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8.,Collaborative Program in Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3E2.,Department of Medicine & Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8
| | - Karl J Clark
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA
| | - Stephen C Ekker
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA
| | - Xiao-Yan Wen
- Zebrafish Centre for Advanced Drug Discovery & Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5B 1T8 .,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8.,Collaborative Program in Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3E2.,Department of Medicine & Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8
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24
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Xie HM, Werner P, Stambolian D, Bailey-Wilson JE, Hakonarson H, White PS, Taylor DM, Goldmuntz E. Rare copy number variants in patients with congenital conotruncal heart defects. Birth Defects Res 2017; 109:271-295. [PMID: 28398664 PMCID: PMC5407323 DOI: 10.1002/bdra.23609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies using different cardiac phenotypes, technologies and designs suggest a burden of large, rare or de novo copy number variants (CNVs) in subjects with congenital heart defects. We sought to identify disease-related CNVs, candidate genes, and functional pathways in a large number of cases with conotruncal and related defects that carried no known genetic syndrome. METHODS Cases and control samples were divided into two cohorts and genotyped to assess each subject's CNV content. Analyses were performed to ascertain differences in overall CNV prevalence and to identify enrichment of specific genes and functional pathways in conotruncal cases relative to healthy controls. RESULTS Only findings present in both cohorts are presented. From 973 total conotruncal cases, a burden of rare CNVs was detected in both cohorts. Candidate genes from rare CNVs found in both cohorts were identified based on their association with cardiac development or disease, and/or their reported disruption in published studies. Functional and pathway analyses revealed significant enrichment of terms involved in either heart or early embryonic development. CONCLUSION Our study tested one of the largest cohorts specifically with cardiac conotruncal and related defects. These results confirm and extend previous findings that CNVs contribute to disease risk for congenital heart defects in general and conotruncal defects in particular. As disease heterogeneity renders identification of single recurrent genes or loci difficult, functional pathway and gene regulation network analyses appear to be more informative. Birth Defects Research 109:271-295, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo M Xie
- The Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Petra Werner
- Division of Cardiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Dwight Stambolian
- Department of Ophthalmology and Human Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Joan E Bailey-Wilson
- Statistical Genetics Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Hakon Hakonarson
- The Center for Applied Genomics, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Peter S White
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Deanne M Taylor
- The Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Elizabeth Goldmuntz
- Division of Cardiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Bloomekatz J, Singh R, Prall OW, Dunn AC, Vaughan M, Loo CS, Harvey RP, Yelon D. Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) signaling directs cardiomyocyte movement toward the midline during heart tube assembly. eLife 2017; 6:21172. [PMID: 28098558 PMCID: PMC5298878 DOI: 10.7554/elife.21172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Communication between neighboring tissues plays a central role in guiding organ morphogenesis. During heart tube assembly, interactions with the adjacent endoderm control the medial movement of cardiomyocytes, a process referred to as cardiac fusion. However, the molecular underpinnings of this endodermal-myocardial relationship remain unclear. Here, we show an essential role for platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (Pdgfra) in directing cardiac fusion. Mutation of pdgfra disrupts heart tube assembly in both zebrafish and mouse. Timelapse analysis of individual cardiomyocyte trajectories reveals misdirected cells in zebrafish pdgfra mutants, suggesting that PDGF signaling steers cardiomyocytes toward the midline during cardiac fusion. Intriguingly, the ligand pdgfaa is expressed in the endoderm medial to the pdgfra-expressing myocardial precursors. Ectopic expression of pdgfaa interferes with cardiac fusion, consistent with an instructive role for PDGF signaling. Together, these data uncover a novel mechanism through which endodermal-myocardial communication can guide the cell movements that initiate cardiac morphogenesis. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.21172.001 In the growing embryo, the heart initially develops in the form of a simple tube. Its outer layer is made up of muscular cells, called myocardial cells, that pump blood through the tube. Before the heart tube develops, two groups of myocardial cells exist – one on each side of the embryo. To assemble the heart, these two populations of cells must move as a group to the middle of the embryo, where they meet and merge through a process called cardiac fusion. This movement of myocardial cells toward the middle of the embryo depends upon interactions with a neighboring tissue called the endoderm. How the endoderm directs the movement of the myocardial cells was not well understood. The PDGF signaling pathway guides the movement of several different types of cells in the body, but it had not been previously linked to the early stages of heart tube assembly. In this pathway, a molecule called platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) binds to PDGF receptors that sit on the surface of cells. Using microscopy and genetic analysis to study zebrafish and mouse embryos, Bloomekatz et al. now show that embryos that carry mutations in a gene that encodes a PDGF receptor suffer from defects in heart tube assembly. Further examination of the mutant zebrafish embryos revealed that the myocardial cells were not properly directed toward the middle of the embryo. In fact, many of these cells appeared to move away from the midline. Bloomekatz et al. also observed that, in normal embryos, the endoderm cells that lie adjacent to the myocardial cells produce PDGF. Therefore, it appears that PDGF produced by the endoderm could interact with PDGF receptors on the myocardial cells to direct these cells toward the middle of the embryo. The next step will be to figure out how this signaling influences the machinery inside the myocardial cells that controls their movement. Ultimately, this knowledge could lead to new ways to identify and treat congenital heart diseases. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.21172.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Bloomekatz
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, United States
| | - Reena Singh
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Australia.,St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Australia
| | - Owen Wj Prall
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Australia.,Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ariel C Dunn
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, United States
| | - Megan Vaughan
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, United States
| | - Chin-San Loo
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, United States
| | - Richard P Harvey
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Australia.,St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Australia.,School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Science, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Australia
| | - Deborah Yelon
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, United States
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Burns T, Yang Y, Hiriart E, Wessels A. The Dorsal Mesenchymal Protrusion and the Pathogenesis of Atrioventricular Septal Defects. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2016; 3. [PMID: 28133602 PMCID: PMC5267359 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd3040029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital heart malformations are the most common type of defects found at birth. About 1% of infants are born with one or more heart defect on a yearly basis. Congenital Heart Disease (CHD) causes more deaths in the first year of life than any other congenital abnormality, and each year, nearly twice as many children die in the United States from CHD as from all forms of childhood cancers combined. Atrioventricular septal defects (AVSD) are congenital heart malformations affecting approximately 1 in 2000 live births. Babies born with an AVSD often require surgical intervention shortly after birth. However, even after successful surgery, these individuals typically have to deal with lifelong complications with the most common being a leaky mitral valve. In recent years the understanding of the molecular etiology and morphological mechanisms associated with the pathogenesis of AVSDs has significantly changed. Specifically, these studies have linked abnormal development of the Dorsal Mesenchymal Protrusion (DMP), a Second Heart Field-derived structure, to the development of this congenital defect. In this review we will be discuss some of the latest insights into the role of the DMP in the normal formation of the atrioventricular septal complex and in the pathogenesis of AVSDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara Burns
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (T.B.); (Y.Y.); (E.H.)
| | - Yanping Yang
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (T.B.); (Y.Y.); (E.H.)
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Shanxi Medical University, No 56 Xin Jian Nan Road, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Emilye Hiriart
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (T.B.); (Y.Y.); (E.H.)
| | - Andy Wessels
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (T.B.); (Y.Y.); (E.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-843-792-8183
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Regional differences in WT-1 and Tcf21 expression during ventricular development: implications for myocardial compaction. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136025. [PMID: 26390289 PMCID: PMC4577115 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Morphological and functional differences of the right and left ventricle are apparent in the adult human heart. A differential contribution of cardiac fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells (populations of epicardium-derived cells) to each ventricle may account for part of the morphological-functional disparity. Here we studied the relation between epicardial derivatives and the development of compact ventricular myocardium. RESULTS Wildtype and Wt1CreERT2/+ reporter mice were used to study WT-1 expressing cells, and Tcf21lacZ/+ reporter mice and PDGFRα-/-;Tcf21LacZ/+ mice to study the formation of the cardiac fibroblast population. After covering the heart, intramyocardial WT-1+ cells were first observed at the inner curvature, the right ventricular postero-lateral wall and left ventricular apical wall. Later, WT-1+ cells were present in the walls of both ventricles, but significantly more pronounced in the left ventricle. Tcf21-LacZ + cells followed the same distribution pattern as WT-1+ cells but at later stages, indicating a timing difference between these cell populations. Within the right ventricle, WT-1+ and Tcf21-lacZ+ cell distribution was more pronounced in the posterior inlet part. A gradual increase in myocardial wall thickness was observed early in the left ventricle and at later stages in the right ventricle. PDGFRα-/-;Tcf21LacZ/+ mice showed deficient epicardium, diminished number of Tcf21-LacZ + cells and reduced ventricular compaction. CONCLUSIONS During normal heart development, spatio-temporal differences in contribution of WT-1 and Tcf21-LacZ + cells to right versus left ventricular myocardium occur parallel to myocardial thickening. These findings may relate to lateralized differences in ventricular (patho)morphology in humans.
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28
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Nash D, Arrington CB, Kennedy BJ, Yandell M, Wu W, Zhang W, Ware S, Jorde LB, Gruber PJ, Yost HJ, Bowles NE, Bleyl SB. Shared Segment Analysis and Next-Generation Sequencing Implicates the Retinoic Acid Signaling Pathway in Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return (TAPVR). PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131514. [PMID: 26121141 PMCID: PMC4485409 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Most isolated congenital heart defects are thought to be sporadic and are often ascribed to multifactorial mechanisms with poorly understood genetics. Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return (TAPVR) occurs in 1 in 15,000 live-born infants and occurs either in isolation or as part of a syndrome involving aberrant left-right development. Previously, we reported causative links between TAVPR and the PDGFRA gene. TAPVR has also been linked to the ANKRD1/CARP genes. However, these genes only explain a small fraction of the heritability of the condition. By examination of phased single nucleotide polymorphism genotype data from 5 distantly related TAPVR patients we identified a single 25 cM shared, Identical by Descent genomic segment on the short arm of chromosome 12 shared by 3 of the patients and their obligate-carrier parents. Whole genome sequence (WGS) analysis identified a non-synonymous variant within the shared segment in the retinol binding protein 5 (RBP5) gene. The RBP5 variant is predicted to be deleterious and is overrepresented in the TAPVR population. Gene expression and functional analysis of the zebrafish orthologue, rbp7, supports the notion that RBP5 is a TAPVR susceptibility gene. Additional sequence analysis also uncovered deleterious variants in genes associated with retinoic acid signaling, including NODAL and retinol dehydrogenase 10. These data indicate that genetic variation in the retinoic acid signaling pathway confers, in part, susceptibility to TAPVR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin Nash
- Department of Pediatrics (Division of Cardiology), University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
| | - Cammon B. Arrington
- Department of Pediatrics (Division of Cardiology), University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
| | - Brett J. Kennedy
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
| | - Mark Yandell
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
- USTAR Center for Genetic Discovery, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
| | - Wilfred Wu
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
| | - Wenying Zhang
- The Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Stephanie Ware
- The Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Lynn B. Jorde
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
| | - Peter J. Gruber
- Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
| | - H. Joseph Yost
- Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
| | - Neil E. Bowles
- Department of Pediatrics (Division of Cardiology), University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
- * E-mail: (NEB); (SBB)
| | - Steven B. Bleyl
- Department of Pediatrics (Division of Cardiology), University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
- Clinical Genetic Institute, Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
- * E-mail: (NEB); (SBB)
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29
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Kim HS, Jeong K, Cho HJ, Choi WY, Choi YE, Ma JS, Cho YK. Total anomalous pulmonary venous return in siblings. J Cardiovasc Ultrasound 2014; 22:213-9. [PMID: 25580197 PMCID: PMC4286644 DOI: 10.4250/jcu.2014.22.4.213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Revised: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Total anomalous pulmonary venous return (TAPVR) is a rare and critical congenital vascular anomaly that requires an early operation. However, initial symptoms of TAPVR may be non-specific, and cardiovascular findings may be minimal. The heart may not be enlarged and there is often no cardiac murmur. Without cardiac murmur, these symptoms are similar to those of respiratory distress syndrome in newborns. Therefore, a high degree of suspicion and an early diagnosis of TAPVR are important. This condition generally occurs without a family history and has a low recurrence rate, but several familial cases, including siblings, have been reported worldwide. Additionally, several chromosomal or gene abnormalities associated with TAPVR have been reported. In the case presented here, two brothers with a 6-year age gap were diagnosed with TAPVR. Surgery was performed without cardiac or neurological complications. This is the first report on TAPVR in siblings in Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho-Sung Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Chonnam National University Medical School, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Kumi Jeong
- Department of Pediatrics, Chonnam National University Medical School, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Hwa-Jin Cho
- Department of Pediatrics, Chonnam National University Medical School, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Woo-Yeon Choi
- Department of Pediatrics, Chonnam National University Medical School, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Young Earl Choi
- Department of Pediatrics, Chonnam National University Medical School, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Jae Sook Ma
- Department of Pediatrics, Chonnam National University Medical School, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Young Kuk Cho
- Department of Pediatrics, Chonnam National University Medical School, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Korea
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30
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Gittenberger-de Groot AC, Calkoen EE, Poelmann RE, Bartelings MM, Jongbloed MRM. Morphogenesis and molecular considerations on congenital cardiac septal defects. Ann Med 2014; 46:640-52. [PMID: 25307363 DOI: 10.3109/07853890.2014.959557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary unseptated heart tube undergoes extensive remodeling including septation at the atrial, atrioventricular, ventricular, and ventriculo-arterial level. Alignment and fusion of the septal components is required to ensure full septation of the heart. Deficiencies lead to septal defects at various levels. Addition of myocardium and mesenchymal tissues from the second heart field (SHF) to the primary heart tube, as well as a population of neural crest cells, provides the necessary cellular players. Surprisingly, the study of the molecular background of these defects does not show a great diversity of responsible transcription factors and downstream gene pathways. Epigenetic modulation and mutations high up in several transcription factor pathways (e.g. NODAL and GATA4) may lead to defects at all levels. Disturbance of modulating pathways, involving primarily the SHF-derived cell populations and the genes expressed therein, results at the arterial pole (e.g. TBX1) in a spectrum of ventricular septal defects located at the level of the outflow tract. At the venous pole (e.g. TBX5), it can explain a variety of atrial septal defects. The various defects can occur as isolated anomalies or within families. In this review developmental, morphological, genetic, as well as epigenetic aspects of septal defects are discussed.
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31
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Andrae J, Gouveia L, He L, Betsholtz C. Characterization of platelet-derived growth factor-A expression in mouse tissues using a lacZ knock-in approach. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105477. [PMID: 25166724 PMCID: PMC4148317 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of the platelet-derived growth factor A-chain gene (Pdgfa) occurs widely in the developing mouse, where it is mainly localized to various epithelial and neuronal structures. Until now, in situ mRNA hybridization (ISH) has been the only reliable method to identify Pdgfa expression in tissue sections or whole mount preparations. Validated protocols for in situ detection of PDGF-A protein by immunohistochemistry is lacking. In particular, this has hampered understanding of Pdgfa expression pattern in adult tissues, where ISH is technically challenging. Here, we report a gene targeted mouse Pdgfa allele, Pdgfaex4COIN, which is a combined conditional knockout and reporter allele. Cre-mediated inversion of the COIN cassette inactivates Pdgfa coding while simultaneously activating a beta-galactosidase (lacZ) reporter under endogenous Pdgfa transcription control. The generated Pdgfaex4COIN-INV-lacZ allele can next be used to identify cells carrying a Pdgfa null allele, as well as to map endogenous Pdgfa expression. We evaluated the Pdgfaex4COIN-INV-lacZ allele as a reporter for endogenous Pdgfa expression patterns in mouse embryos and adults. We conclude that the expression pattern of Pdgfaex4COIN-INV-lacZ recapitulates known expression patterns of Pdgfa. We also report on novel embryonic and adult Pdgfa expression patterns in the mouse and discuss their implications for Pdgfa physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Andrae
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Leonor Gouveia
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Liqun He
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Christer Betsholtz
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Vascular Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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32
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Lalani SR, Belmont JW. Genetic basis of congenital cardiovascular malformations. Eur J Med Genet 2014; 57:402-13. [PMID: 24793338 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2014.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular malformations are a singularly important class of birth defects and due to dramatic improvements in medical and surgical care, there are now large numbers of adult survivors. The etiologies are complex, but there is strong evidence that genetic factors play a crucial role. Over the last 15 years there has been enormous progress in the discovery of causative genes for syndromic heart malformations and in rare families with Mendelian forms. The rapid characterization of genomic disorders as major contributors to congenital heart defects is also notable. The genes identified encode many transcription factors, chromatin regulators, growth factors and signal transduction proteins- all unified by their required roles in normal cardiac development. Genome-wide sequencing of the coding regions promises to elucidate genetic causation in several disorders affecting cardiac development. Such comprehensive studies evaluating both common and rare variants would be essential in characterizing gene-gene interactions, as well as in understanding the gene-environment interactions that increase susceptibility to congenital heart defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema R Lalani
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - John W Belmont
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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Kurtenbach S, Kurtenbach S, Zoidl G. Gap junction modulation and its implications for heart function. Front Physiol 2014; 5:82. [PMID: 24578694 PMCID: PMC3936571 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Gap junction communication (GJC) mediated by connexins is critical for heart function. To gain insight into the causal relationship of molecular mechanisms of disease pathology, it is important to understand which mechanisms contribute to impairment of gap junctional communication. Here, we present an update on the known modulators of connexins, including various interaction partners, kinases, and signaling cascades. This gap junction network (GJN) can serve as a blueprint for data mining approaches exploring the growing number of publicly available data sets from experimental and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Kurtenbach
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health, York University Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sarah Kurtenbach
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health, York University Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Georg Zoidl
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health, York University Toronto, ON, Canada ; Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, York University Toronto, ON, Canada ; Center for Vision Research, York University Toronto, ON, Canada
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34
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Andersen TA, Troelsen KDLL, Larsen LA. Of mice and men: molecular genetics of congenital heart disease. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 71:1327-52. [PMID: 23934094 PMCID: PMC3958813 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1430-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Revised: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Congenital heart disease (CHD) affects nearly 1 % of the population. It is a complex disease, which may be caused by multiple genetic and environmental factors. Studies in human genetics have led to the identification of more than 50 human genes, involved in isolated CHD or genetic syndromes, where CHD is part of the phenotype. Furthermore, mapping of genomic copy number variants and exome sequencing of CHD patients have led to the identification of a large number of candidate disease genes. Experiments in animal models, particularly in mice, have been used to verify human disease genes and to gain further insight into the molecular pathology behind CHD. The picture emerging from these studies suggest that genetic lesions associated with CHD affect a broad range of cellular signaling components, from ligands and receptors, across down-stream effector molecules to transcription factors and co-factors, including chromatin modifiers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Troels Askhøj Andersen
- Wilhelm Johannsen Centre for Functional Genome Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
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35
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Arrington CB, Bleyl SB, Brunelli L, Bowles NE. Family-based studies to identify genetic variants that cause congenital heart defects. Future Cardiol 2013; 9:507-18. [PMID: 23834692 DOI: 10.2217/fca.13.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital heart defects (CHDs) are the most common congenital abnormalities. Analysis of large multigenerational families has led to the identification of a number of genes for CHDs. However, identifiable variations in these genes are the cause of a small proportion of cases of CHDs, suggesting significant genetic heterogeneity. In addition, large families with CHDs are rare, making the identification of additional genes difficult. Next-generation sequencing technologies will provide an opportunity to identify more genes in the future. However, the significant genetic variation between individuals will present a challenge to distinguish between 'pathogenic' and 'benign' variants. We have demonstrated that the analysis of multiple individuals in small families using combinations of algorithms can reduce the number of candidate variants to a small, manageable number. Thus, the analysis of small nuclear families or even distantly related 'sporadic' cases may begin to uncover the 'dark matter' of CHD genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cammon B Arrington
- Department of Pediatrics (Cardiology) University of Utah School of Medicine, Eccles Institute of Human Genetics, 15 North 2030 East, Room 7110B, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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36
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Degenhardt K, Singh MK, Aghajanian H, Massera D, Wang Q, Li J, Li L, Choi C, Yzaguirre AD, Francey LJ, Gallant E, Krantz ID, Gruber PJ, Epstein JA. Semaphorin 3d signaling defects are associated with anomalous pulmonary venous connections. Nat Med 2013; 19:760-5. [PMID: 23685842 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection (TAPVC) is a potentially lethal congenital disorder that occurs when the pulmonary veins do not connect normally to the left atrium, allowing mixing of pulmonary and systemic blood. In contrast to the extensive knowledge of arterial vascular patterning, little is known about the patterning of veins. Here we show that the secreted guidance molecule semaphorin 3d (Sema3d) is crucial for the normal patterning of pulmonary veins. Prevailing models suggest that TAPVC occurs when the midpharyngeal endothelial strand (MES), the precursor of the common pulmonary vein, does not form at the proper location on the dorsal surface of the embryonic common atrium. However, we found that TAPVC occurs in Sema3d mutant mice despite normal formation of the MES. In these embryos, the maturing pulmonary venous plexus does not anastomose uniquely with the properly formed MES. In the absence of Sema3d, endothelial tubes form in a region that is normally avascular, resulting in aberrant connections. Normally, Sema3d provides a repulsive cue to endothelial cells in this area, establishing a boundary. Sequencing of SEMA3D in individuals with anomalous pulmonary veins identified a phenylalanine-to-leucine substitution that adversely affects SEMA3D function. These results identify Sema3d as a crucial pulmonary venous patterning cue and provide experimental evidence for an alternate developmental model to explain abnormal pulmonary venous connections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Degenhardt
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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37
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Briggs LE, Phelps AL, Brown E, Kakarla J, Anderson RH, van den Hoff MJB, Wessels A. Expression of the BMP receptor Alk3 in the second heart field is essential for development of the dorsal mesenchymal protrusion and atrioventricular septation. Circ Res 2013; 112:1420-32. [PMID: 23584254 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.112.300821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The dorsal mesenchymal protrusion (DMP) is a prong of mesenchyme derived from the second heart field (SHF) located at the venous pole of the developing heart. Recent studies have shown that perturbation of its development is associated with the pathogenesis of atrioventricular (AV) septal defect. Although the importance of the DMP to AV septation is now established, the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying its development are far from fully understood. Prior studies have demonstrated that bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling is essential for proper formation of the AV endocardial cushions and the cardiac outflow tract. A role for BMP signaling in regulation of DMP development remained to be elucidated. OBJECTIVE To determine the role of BMP signaling in DMP development. METHODS AND RESULTS Conditional deletion of the BMP receptor Alk3 from venous pole SHF cells leads to impaired formation of the DMP and a completely penetrant phenotype of ostium primum defect, a hallmark feature of AV septal defects. Analysis of mutants revealed decreased proliferative index of SHF cells and, consequently, reduced number of SHF cells at the cardiac venous pole. In contrast, volume and expression of markers associated with proliferation and active BMP/transforming growth factor β signaling were not significantly altered in the AV cushions of SHF-Alk3 mutants. CONCLUSIONS BMP signaling is required for expansion of the SHF-derived DMP progenitor population at the cardiac venous pole. Perturbation of Alk3-mediated BMP signaling from the SHF results in impaired development of the DMP and ostium primum defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Briggs
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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Lin CJ, Lin CY, Chen CH, Zhou B, Chang CP. Partitioning the heart: mechanisms of cardiac septation and valve development. Development 2012; 139:3277-99. [PMID: 22912411 DOI: 10.1242/dev.063495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Heart malformations are common congenital defects in humans. Many congenital heart defects involve anomalies in cardiac septation or valve development, and understanding the developmental mechanisms that underlie the formation of cardiac septal and valvular tissues thus has important implications for the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of congenital heart disease. The development of heart septa and valves involves multiple types of progenitor cells that arise either within or outside the heart. Here, we review the morphogenetic events and genetic networks that regulate spatiotemporal interactions between the cells that give rise to septal and valvular tissues and hence partition the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Jung Lin
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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39
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Normal and abnormal development of the cardiac conduction system; implications for conduction and rhythm disorders in the child and adult. Differentiation 2012; 84:131-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2012.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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40
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VanDusen NJ, Firulli AB. Twist factor regulation of non-cardiomyocyte cell lineages in the developing heart. Differentiation 2012; 84:79-88. [PMID: 22516205 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2012.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2011] [Revised: 02/14/2012] [Accepted: 03/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The heart is a complex organ that is composed of numerous cell types, which must integrate their programs for proper specification, differentiation and cardiac morphogenesis. During cardiogenesis members of the Twist-family of basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors play distinct roles within cardiac lineages such as the endocardium and extra-cardiac lineages such as the cardiac neural crest (cNCC) and epicardium. While the study of these cell populations is often eclipsed by that of cardiomyocytes, the contributions of non-cardiomyocytes to development and disease are increasingly being appreciated as both dynamic and essential. This review summarizes what is known regarding Twist-family bHLH function in extra-cardiac cell populations and the endocardium, with a focus on regulatory mechanisms, downstream targets, and expression profiles. Improving our understanding of the molecular pathways that Twist-family bHLH factors mediate in these lineages will be necessary to ascertain how their dysfunction leads to congenital disease and adult pathologies such as myocardial infarctions and cardiac fibroblast induced fibrosis. Indeed, this knowledge will prove to be critical to clinicians seeking to improve current treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan J VanDusen
- Riley Heart Research Center, Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana Medical School, 1044 W. Walnut St., Indianapolis, IN 46202-5225, USA
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Abstract
Isolated cleft palate (CP) is common in humans and has complex genetic etiologies. Many genes have been found to contribute to CP, but the full spectrum of genes remains unknown. PCR-sequencing of the entire coding regions and the 3' untranslated region (UTR) of the platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRa) and the microRNA (miR), miR-140 identified seven novel single base-pair substitutions in the PDGFRa in 9/102 patients with CP (8.8%), compared with 5/500 ethnic-matched unaffected controls (1%) (the two-tailed P-value<0.0001). Of these seven, four were missense mutations in the coding regions and three in the 3'UTR. Frequencies of four changes (three in coding, one in 3'UTR) were statistically different from those of controls (P-value<0.05). The c.*34G>A was identified in 1/102 cases and 0/500 controls. This position is conserved in primates and located 10 bp away from a predicted binding site for the miR-140. Luciferase assay revealed that, in the presence of miR-140, the c.*34G>A significantly repressed luciferase activity compared with that of the wild type, suggesting functional significance of this variant. This is the first study providing evidence supporting a role of PDGFRa in human CP.
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Jongbloed MRM, Vicente-Steijn R, Douglas YL, Wisse LJ, Mori K, Yokota Y, Bartelings MM, Schalij MJ, Mahtab EA, Poelmann RE, Gittenberger-De Groot AC. Expression of Id2 in the second heart field and cardiac defects in Id2 knock-out mice. Dev Dyn 2012; 240:2561-77. [PMID: 22012595 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The inhibitor of differentiation Id2 is expressed in mesoderm of the second heart field, which contributes myocardial and mesenchymal cells to the primary heart tube. The role of Id2 in cardiac development is insufficiently known. Heart development was studied in sequential developmental stages in Id2 wildtype and knockout mouse embryos. Expression patterns of Id2, MLC-2a, Nkx2.5, HCN4, and WT-1 were analyzed. Id2 is expressed in myocardial progenitor cells at the inflow and outflow tract, in the endocardial and epicardial lineage, and in neural crest cells. Id2 knockout embryos show severe cardiac defects including abnormal orientation of systemic and pulmonary drainage, abnormal myocardialization of systemic and pulmonary veins, hypoplasia of the sinoatrial node, large interatrial communications, ventricular septal defects, double outlet right ventricle, and myocardial hypoplasia. Our results indicate a role for Id2 in the second heart field contribution at both the arterial and the venous poles of the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R M Jongbloed
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
Ten years ago, a population of cardiac progenitor cells was identified in pharyngeal mesoderm that gives rise to a major part of the amniote heart. These multipotent progenitor cells, termed the second heart field (SHF), contribute progressively to the poles of the elongating heart tube during looping morphogenesis, giving rise to myocardium, smooth muscle, and endothelial cells. Research into the mechanisms of SHF development has contributed significantly to our understanding of the properties of cardiac progenitor cells and the origins of congenital heart defects. Here recent data concerning the regulation, clinically relevant subpopulations, evolution and lineage relationships of the SHF are reviewed. Proliferation and differentiation of SHF cells are controlled by multiple intercellular signaling pathways and a transcriptional regulatory network that is beginning to be elucidated. Perturbation of SHF development results in common forms of congenital heart defects and particular progenitor cell subpopulations are highly relevant clinically, including cells giving rise to myocardium at the base of the pulmonary trunk and the interatrial septum. A SHF has recently been identified in amphibian, fish, and agnathan embryos, highlighting the important contribution of these cells to the evolution of the vertebrate heart. Finally, SHF-derived parts of the heart share a lineage relationship with craniofacial skeletal muscles revealing that these progenitor cells belong to a broad cardiocraniofacial field of pharyngeal mesoderm. Investigation of the mechanisms underlying the dynamic process of SHF deployment is likely to yield further insights into cardiac development and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert G Kelly
- Developmental Biology Institute of Marseilles-Luminy, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS UMR 7288, Marseilles, France
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Breckpot J, Thienpont B, Arens Y, Tranchevent L, Vermeesch J, Moreau Y, Gewillig M, Devriendt K. Challenges of Interpreting Copy Number Variation in Syndromic and Non-Syndromic Congenital Heart Defects. Cytogenet Genome Res 2011; 135:251-9. [DOI: 10.1159/000331272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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Feldkamp ML, Carey JC, Pimentel R, Krikov S, Botto LD. Is gastroschisis truly a sporadic defect? Familial cases of gastroschisis in Utah, 1997 to 2008. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 91:873-8. [DOI: 10.1002/bdra.22844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2011] [Revised: 06/03/2011] [Accepted: 06/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Abstract
Activation of platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) receptors causes context-dependent cellular responses, including proliferation and migration, and studies in model organisms have demonstrated that this receptor family (PDGFRα and PDGFRβ) is required in many mesenchymal and migratory cell populations during embryonic development. One of these migratory cell populations is the neural crest, which forms cranial bone and mesenchyme, sympathetic neurons and ganglia, melanocytes, and smooth muscle. Mice with disruption of PDGF signaling exhibit defects in some of these neural crest derivatives including the palate, aortic arch, salivary gland, and thymus. Although many of these neural crest defects were identified many years ago, the mechanism of action of PDGF in neural crest remains controversial. In this review, we examine the current knowledge of PDGF function during neural crest cell (NCC) development, focusing on its role in the formation of different neural crest-derived tissues and the implications for PDGF receptors in NCC-related human birth defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher L Smith
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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Urness LD, Bleyl SB, Wright TJ, Moon AM, Mansour SL. Redundant and dosage sensitive requirements for Fgf3 and Fgf10 in cardiovascular development. Dev Biol 2011; 356:383-97. [PMID: 21664901 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2011.05.671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2010] [Revised: 05/06/2011] [Accepted: 05/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Heart development requires contributions from, and coordinated signaling interactions between, several cell populations, including splanchnic and pharyngeal mesoderm, postotic neural crest and the proepicardium. Here we report that Fgf3 and Fgf10, which are expressed dynamically in and near these cardiovascular progenitors, have redundant and dosage sensitive requirements in multiple aspects of early murine cardiovascular development. Embryos with Fgf3(-/+);Fgf10(-/-), Fgf3(-/-);Fgf10(-/+) and Fgf3(-/-);Fgf10(-/-) genotypes formed an allelic series of increasing severity with respect to embryonic survival, with double mutants dead by E11.5. Morphologic analysis of embryos with three mutant alleles at E11.5-E13.5 and double mutants at E9.5-E11.0 revealed multiple cardiovascular defects affecting the outflow tract, ventricular septum, atrioventricular cushions, ventricular myocardium, dorsal mesenchymal protrusion, pulmonary arteries, epicardium and fourth pharyngeal arch artery. Assessment of molecular markers in E8.0-E10.5 double mutants revealed abnormalities in each progenitor population, and suggests that Fgf3 and Fgf10 are not required for specification of cardiovascular progenitors, but rather for their normal developmental coordination. These results imply that coding or regulatory mutations in FGF3 or FGF10 could contribute to human congenital heart defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa D Urness
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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Gittenberger-de Groot AC. The development of the pulmonary vein revisited. Int J Cardiol 2011; 147:463-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2011.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2010] [Accepted: 01/03/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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49
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Human balanced translocation and mouse gene inactivation implicate Basonuclin 2 in distal urethral development. Eur J Hum Genet 2011; 19:540-6. [PMID: 21368915 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2010.245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied a man with distal hypospadias, partial anomalous pulmonary venous return, mild limb-length inequality and a balanced translocation involving chromosomes 9 and 13. To gain insight into the etiology of his birth defects, we mapped the translocation breakpoints by high-resolution comparative genomic hybridization (CGH), using chromosome 9- and 13-specific tiling arrays to analyze genetic material from a spontaneously aborted fetus with unbalanced segregation of the translocation. The chromosome 13 breakpoint was ∼400 kb away from the nearest gene, but the chromosome 9 breakpoint fell within an intron of Basonuclin 2 (BNC2), a gene that encodes an evolutionarily conserved nuclear zinc-finger protein. The BNC2/Bnc2 gene is abundantly expressed in developing mouse and human periurethral tissues. In all, 6 of 48 unrelated subjects with distal hypospadias had nine novel nonsynonymous substitutions in BNC2, five of which were computationally predicted to be deleterious. In comparison, two of 23 controls with normal penile urethra morphology, each had a novel nonsynonymous substitution in BNC2, one of which was predicted to be deleterious. Bnc2(-/-) mice of both sexes displayed a high frequency of distal urethral defects; heterozygotes showed similar defects with reduced penetrance. The association of BNC2 disruption with distal urethral defects and the gene's expression pattern indicate that it functions in urethral development.
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50
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Normal and abnormal development of pulmonary veins: State of the art and correlation with clinical entities. Int J Cardiol 2011; 147:13-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2010.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2010] [Revised: 06/17/2010] [Accepted: 07/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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