1
|
Lin CH, Chen YC, Chan SP, Ou CY. TIAM-1 differentially regulates dendritic and axonal microtubule organization in patterning neuronal development through its multiple domains. PLoS Genet 2022; 18:e1010454. [PMID: 36223408 PMCID: PMC9612824 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Axon and dendrite development require the cooperation of actin and microtubule cytoskeletons. Microtubules form a well-organized network to direct polarized trafficking and support neuronal processes formation with distinct actin structures. However, it is largely unknown how cytoskeleton regulators differentially regulate microtubule organization in axon and dendrite development. Here, we characterize the role of actin regulators in axon and dendrite development and show that the RacGEF TIAM-1 regulates dendritic patterns through its N-terminal domains and suppresses axon growth through its C-terminal domains. TIAM-1 maintains plus-end-out microtubule orientation in posterior dendrites and prevents the accumulation of microtubules in the axon. In somatodendritic regions, TIAM-1 interacts with UNC-119 and stabilizes the organization between actin filaments and microtubules. UNC-119 is required for TIAM-1 to control axon growth, and its expression levels determine axon length. Taken together, TIAM-1 regulates neuronal microtubule organization and patterns axon and dendrite development respectively through its different domains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Hsien Lin
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Chun Chen
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Peng Chan
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chan-Yen Ou
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mumford P, Tosh J, Anderle S, Gkanatsiou Wikberg E, Lau G, Noy S, Cleverley K, Saito T, Saido TC, Yu E, Brinkmalm G, Portelius E, Blennow K, Zetterberg H, Tybulewicz V, Fisher EMC, Wiseman FK. Genetic Mapping of APP and Amyloid-β Biology Modulation by Trisomy 21. J Neurosci 2022; 42:6453-6468. [PMID: 35835549 PMCID: PMC9398545 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0521-22.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals who have Down syndrome (DS) frequently develop early onset Alzheimer's disease (AD), a neurodegenerative condition caused by the buildup of aggregated amyloid-β (Aβ) and tau proteins in the brain. Aβ is produced by amyloid precursor protein (APP), a gene located on chromosome 21. People who have DS have three copies of chromosome 21 and thus also an additional copy of APP; this genetic change drives the early development of AD in these individuals. Here we use a combination of next-generation mouse models of DS (Tc1, Dp3Tyb, Dp(10)2Yey and Dp(17)3Yey) and a knockin mouse model of Aβ accumulation (AppNL-F ) to determine how chromosome 21 genes, other than APP, modulate APP/Aβ in the brain when in three copies. Using both male and female mice, we demonstrate that three copies of other chromosome 21 genes are sufficient to partially ameliorate Aβ accumulation in the brain. We go on to identify a subregion of chromosome 21 that contains the gene(s) causing this decrease in Aβ accumulation and investigate the role of two lead candidate genes, Dyrk1a and Bace2 Thus, an additional copy of chromosome 21 genes, other than APP, can modulate APP/Aβ in the brain under physiological conditions. This work provides critical mechanistic insight into the development of disease and an explanation for the typically later age of onset of dementia in people who have AD in DS, compared with those who have familial AD caused by triplication of APP SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Trisomy of chromosome 21 is a commonly occurring genetic risk factor for early-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD), which has been previously attributed to people with Down syndrome having three copies of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) gene, which is encoded on chromosome 21. However, we have shown that an extra copy of other chromosome 21 genes modifies AD-like phenotypes independently of APP copy number (Wiseman et al., 2018; Tosh et al., 2021). Here, we use a mapping approach to narrow down the genetic cause of the modulation of pathology, demonstrating that gene(s) on chromosome 21 decrease Aβ accumulation in the brain, independently of alterations to full-length APP or C-terminal fragment abundance and that just 38 genes are sufficient to cause this.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paige Mumford
- The UK Dementia Research Institute, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom
| | - Justin Tosh
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom
| | - Silvia Anderle
- The UK Dementia Research Institute, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom
| | - Eleni Gkanatsiou Wikberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg S-431 80, Sweden
| | - Gloria Lau
- The UK Dementia Research Institute, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom
| | - Sue Noy
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom
| | - Karen Cleverley
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom
| | - Takashi Saito
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako-shi, Saitama Japan, 351-0198
| | - Takaomi C Saido
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako-shi, Saitama Japan, 351-0198
| | - Eugene Yu
- Genetics and Genomics Program and Department of Cancer Genetics and Genomics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Children's Guild Foundation Down Syndrome Research Program, Buffalo, New York NY 14263
| | - Gunnar Brinkmalm
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg S-431 80, Sweden
| | - Erik Portelius
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg S-431 80, Sweden
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg S-431 80, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal S-43180, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- The UK Dementia Research Institute, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg S-431 80, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal S-43180, Sweden
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom
- Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hong Kong, China
| | - Victor Tybulewicz
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, United Kingdom
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College, London, W12 0NN, United Kingdom
- LonDownS: London Down Syndrome Consortium
| | - Elizabeth M C Fisher
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom
- LonDownS: London Down Syndrome Consortium
| | - Frances K Wiseman
- The UK Dementia Research Institute, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom
- LonDownS: London Down Syndrome Consortium
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ahmed MM, Wang ACJ, Elos M, Chial HJ, Sillau S, Solano DA, Coughlan C, Aghili L, Anton P, Markham N, Adame V, Gardiner KJ, Boyd TD, Potter H. The innate immune system stimulating cytokine GM-CSF improves learning/memory and interneuron and astrocyte brain pathology in Dp16 Down syndrome mice and improves learning/memory in wild-type mice. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 168:105694. [PMID: 35307513 PMCID: PMC9045510 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is characterized by chronic neuroinflammation, peripheral inflammation, astrogliosis, imbalanced excitatory/inhibitory neuronal function, and cognitive deficits in both humans and mouse models. Suppression of inflammation has been proposed as a therapeutic approach to treating DS co-morbidities, including intellectual disability (DS/ID). Conversely, we discovered previously that treatment with the innate immune system stimulating cytokine granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), which has both pro- and anti-inflammatory activities, improved cognition and reduced brain pathology in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease (AD), another inflammatory disorder, and improved cognition and reduced biomarkers of brain pathology in a phase II trial of humans with mild-to-moderate AD. To investigate the effects of GM-CSF treatment on DS/ID in the absence of AD, we assessed behavior and brain pathology in 12-14 month-old DS mice (Dp[16]1Yey) and their wild-type (WT) littermates, neither of which develop amyloid, and found that subcutaneous GM-CSF treatment (5 μg/day, five days/week, for five weeks) improved performance in the radial arm water maze in both Dp16 and WT mice compared to placebo. Dp16 mice also showed abnormal astrocyte morphology, increased percent area of GFAP staining in the hippocampus, clustering of astrocytes in the hippocampus, and reduced numbers of calretinin-positive interneurons in the entorhinal cortex and subiculum, and all of these brain pathologies were improved by GM-CSF treatment. These findings suggest that stimulating and/or modulating inflammation and the innate immune system with GM-CSF treatment may enhance cognition in both people with DS/ID and in the typical aging population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Md Mahiuddin Ahmed
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; University of Colorado Alzheimer's and Cognition Center, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Athena Ching-Jung Wang
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; University of Colorado Alzheimer's and Cognition Center, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Mihret Elos
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; University of Colorado Alzheimer's and Cognition Center, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Heidi J Chial
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; University of Colorado Alzheimer's and Cognition Center, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Stefan Sillau
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; University of Colorado Alzheimer's and Cognition Center, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - D Adriana Solano
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; University of Colorado Alzheimer's and Cognition Center, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Christina Coughlan
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; University of Colorado Alzheimer's and Cognition Center, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Leila Aghili
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; University of Colorado Alzheimer's and Cognition Center, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Paige Anton
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; University of Colorado Alzheimer's and Cognition Center, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Neil Markham
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; University of Colorado Alzheimer's and Cognition Center, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Vanesa Adame
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; University of Colorado Alzheimer's and Cognition Center, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Katheleen J Gardiner
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Timothy D Boyd
- University of Colorado Alzheimer's and Cognition Center, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Huntington Potter
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; University of Colorado Alzheimer's and Cognition Center, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Farrell C, Mumford P, Wiseman FK. Rodent Modeling of Alzheimer's Disease in Down Syndrome: In vivo and ex vivo Approaches. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:909669. [PMID: 35747206 PMCID: PMC9209729 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.909669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
There are an estimated 6 million people with Down syndrome (DS) worldwide. In developed countries, the vast majority of these individuals will develop Alzheimer's disease neuropathology characterized by the accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques and tau neurofibrillary tangles within the brain, which leads to the early onset of dementia (AD-DS) and reduced life-expectancy. The mean age of onset of clinical dementia is ~55 years and by the age of 80, approaching 100% of individuals with DS will have a dementia diagnosis. DS is caused by trisomy of chromosome 21 (Hsa21) thus an additional copy of a gene(s) on the chromosome must cause the development of AD neuropathology and dementia. Indeed, triplication of the gene APP which encodes the amyloid precursor protein is sufficient and necessary for early onset AD (EOAD), both in people who have and do not have DS. However, triplication of other genes on Hsa21 leads to profound differences in neurodevelopment resulting in intellectual disability, elevated incidence of epilepsy and perturbations to the immune system. This different biology may impact on how AD neuropathology and dementia develops in people who have DS. Indeed, genes on Hsa21 other than APP when in three-copies can modulate AD-pathogenesis in mouse preclinical models. Understanding this biology better is critical to inform drug selection for AD prevention and therapy trials for people who have DS. Here we will review rodent preclinical models of AD-DS and how these can be used for both in vivo and ex vivo (cultured cells and organotypic slice cultures) studies to understand the mechanisms that contribute to the early development of AD in people who have DS and test the utility of treatments to prevent or delay the development of disease.
Collapse
|
5
|
Mouse models of aneuploidy to understand chromosome disorders. Mamm Genome 2021; 33:157-168. [PMID: 34719726 PMCID: PMC8913467 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-021-09930-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
An organism or cell carrying a number of chromosomes that is not a multiple of the haploid count is in a state of aneuploidy. This condition results in significant changes in the level of expression of genes that are gained or lost from the aneuploid chromosome(s) and most cases in humans are not compatible with life. However, a few aneuploidies can lead to live births, typically associated with deleterious phenotypes. We do not understand why phenotypes arise from aneuploid syndromes in humans. Animal models have the potential to provide great insight, but less than a handful of mouse models of aneuploidy have been made, and no ideal system exists in which to study the effects of aneuploidy per se versus those of raised gene dosage. Here, we give an overview of human aneuploid syndromes, the effects on physiology of having an altered number of chromosomes and we present the currently available mouse models of aneuploidy, focusing on models of trisomy 21 (which causes Down syndrome) because this is the most common, and therefore, the most studied autosomal aneuploidy. Finally, we discuss the potential role of carrying an extra chromosome on aneuploid phenotypes, independent of changes in gene dosage, and methods by which this could be investigated further.
Collapse
|
6
|
Ahmed MM, Johnson NR, Boyd TD, Coughlan C, Chial HJ, Potter H. Innate Immune System Activation and Neuroinflammation in Down Syndrome and Neurodegeneration: Therapeutic Targets or Partners? Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:718426. [PMID: 34603007 PMCID: PMC8481947 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.718426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immune system activation and inflammation are associated with and may contribute to clinical outcomes in people with Down syndrome (DS), neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), and normal aging. In addition to serving as potential diagnostic biomarkers, innate immune system activation and inflammation may play a contributing or causal role in these conditions, leading to the hypothesis that effective therapies should seek to dampen their effects. However, recent intervention studies with the innate immune system activator granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in animal models of DS, AD, and normal aging, and in an AD clinical trial suggest that activating the innate immune system and inflammation may instead be therapeutic. We consider evidence that DS, AD, and normal aging are accompanied by innate immune system activation and inflammation and discuss whether and when during the disease process it may be therapeutically beneficial to suppress or promote such activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Md. Mahiuddin Ahmed
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
- University of Colorado Alzheimer’s and Cognition Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Noah R. Johnson
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
- University of Colorado Alzheimer’s and Cognition Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Timothy D. Boyd
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
- University of Colorado Alzheimer’s and Cognition Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
- Partner Therapeutics, Inc., Lexington, MA, United States
| | - Christina Coughlan
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
- University of Colorado Alzheimer’s and Cognition Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Heidi J. Chial
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
- University of Colorado Alzheimer’s and Cognition Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Huntington Potter
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
- University of Colorado Alzheimer’s and Cognition Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ahmed MM, Carrel AJ, Cruz Del Angel Y, Carlsen J, Thomas AX, González MI, Gardiner KJ, Brooks-Kayal A. Altered Protein Profiles During Epileptogenesis in the Pilocarpine Mouse Model of Temporal Lobe Epilepsy. Front Neurol 2021; 12:654606. [PMID: 34122302 PMCID: PMC8194494 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.654606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is characterized by recurrent, spontaneous seizures and is a major contributor to the global burden of neurological disease. Although epilepsy can result from a variety of brain insults, in many cases the cause is unknown and, in a significant proportion of cases, seizures cannot be controlled by available treatments. Understanding the molecular alterations that underlie or are triggered by epileptogenesis would help to identify therapeutics to prevent or control progression to epilepsy. To this end, the moderate throughput technique of Reverse Phase Protein Arrays (RPPA) was used to profile changes in protein expression in a pilocarpine mouse model of acquired epilepsy. Levels of 54 proteins, comprising phosphorylation-dependent and phosphorylation-independent components of major signaling pathways and cellular complexes, were measured in hippocampus, cortex and cerebellum of mice at six time points, spanning 15 min to 2 weeks after induction of status epilepticus. Results illustrate the time dependence of levels of the commonly studied MTOR pathway component, pS6, and show, for the first time, detailed responses during epileptogenesis of multiple components of the MTOR, MAPK, JAK/STAT and apoptosis pathways, NMDA receptors, and additional cellular complexes. Also noted are time- and brain region- specific changes in correlations among levels of functionally related proteins affecting both neurons and glia. While hippocampus and cortex are primary areas studied in pilocarpine-induced epilepsy, cerebellum also shows significant time-dependent molecular responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Md Mahiuddin Ahmed
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Alzheimer's and Cognition Center, Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Andrew J Carrel
- Division of Neurology and Translational Epilepsy Research Program, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Yasmin Cruz Del Angel
- Division of Neurology and Translational Epilepsy Research Program, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Jessica Carlsen
- Division of Neurology and Translational Epilepsy Research Program, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Ajay X Thomas
- Division of Neurology and Translational Epilepsy Research Program, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States.,Section of Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.,Section of Child Neurology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Marco I González
- Division of Neurology and Translational Epilepsy Research Program, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Katheleen J Gardiner
- Department of Pediatrics, Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Amy Brooks-Kayal
- Division of Neurology and Translational Epilepsy Research Program, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States.,Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States.,Department of Neurology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Signalling pathways contributing to learning and memory deficits in the Ts65Dn mouse model of Down syndrome. Neuronal Signal 2021; 5:NS20200011. [PMID: 33763235 PMCID: PMC7955101 DOI: 10.1042/ns20200011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is a genetic trisomic disorder that produces life-long changes in physiology and cognition. Many of the changes in learning and memory seen in DS are reminiscent of disorders involving the hippocampal/entorhinal circuit. Mouse models of DS typically involve trisomy of murine chromosome 16 is homologous for many of the genes triplicated in human trisomy 21, and provide us with good models of changes in, and potential pharmacotherapy for, human DS. Recent careful dissection of the Ts65Dn mouse model of DS has revealed differences in key signalling pathways from the basal forebrain to the hippocampus and associated rhinal cortices, as well as changes in the microstructure of the hippocampus itself. In vivo behavioural and electrophysiological studies have shown that Ts65Dn animals have difficulties in spatial memory that mirror hippocampal deficits, and have changes in hippocampal electrophysiological phenomenology that may explain these differences, and align with expectations generated from in vitro exploration of this model. Finally, given the existing data, we will examine the possibility for pharmacotherapy for DS, and outline the work that remains to be done to fully understand this system.
Collapse
|
9
|
Lanzillotta C, Di Domenico F. Stress Responses in Down Syndrome Neurodegeneration: State of the Art and Therapeutic Molecules. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11020266. [PMID: 33670211 PMCID: PMC7916967 DOI: 10.3390/biom11020266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is the most common genomic disorder characterized by the increased incidence of developing early Alzheimer’s disease (AD). In DS, the triplication of genes on chromosome 21 is intimately associated with the increase of AD pathological hallmarks and with the development of brain redox imbalance and aberrant proteostasis. Increasing evidence has recently shown that oxidative stress (OS), associated with mitochondrial dysfunction and with the failure of antioxidant responses (e.g., SOD1 and Nrf2), is an early signature of DS, promoting protein oxidation and the formation of toxic protein aggregates. In turn, systems involved in the surveillance of protein synthesis/folding/degradation mechanisms, such as the integrated stress response (ISR), the unfolded stress response (UPR), and autophagy, are impaired in DS, thus exacerbating brain damage. A number of pre-clinical and clinical studies have been applied to the context of DS with the aim of rescuing redox balance and proteostasis by boosting the antioxidant response and/or inducing the mechanisms of protein re-folding and clearance, and at final of reducing cognitive decline. So far, such therapeutic approaches demonstrated their efficacy in reverting several aspects of DS phenotype in murine models, however, additional studies aimed to translate these approaches in clinical practice are still needed.
Collapse
|
10
|
Cheng J, Scala F, Blanco FA, Niu S, Firozi K, Keehan L, Mulherkar S, Froudarakis E, Li L, Duman JG, Jiang X, Tolias KF. The Rac-GEF Tiam1 Promotes Dendrite and Synapse Stabilization of Dentate Granule Cells and Restricts Hippocampal-Dependent Memory Functions. J Neurosci 2021; 41:1191-1206. [PMID: 33328293 PMCID: PMC7888217 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3271-17.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The dentate gyrus (DG) controls information flow into the hippocampus and is critical for learning, memory, pattern separation, and spatial coding, while DG dysfunction is associated with neuropsychiatric disorders. Despite its importance, the molecular mechanisms regulating DG neural circuit assembly and function remain unclear. Here, we identify the Rac-GEF Tiam1 as an important regulator of DG development and associated memory processes. In the hippocampus, Tiam1 is predominantly expressed in the DG throughout life. Global deletion of Tiam1 in male mice results in DG granule cells with simplified dendritic arbors, reduced dendritic spine density, and diminished excitatory synaptic transmission. Notably, DG granule cell dendrites and synapses develop normally in Tiam1 KO mice, resembling WT mice at postnatal day 21 (P21), but fail to stabilize, leading to dendrite and synapse loss by P42. These results indicate that Tiam1 promotes DG granule cell dendrite and synapse stabilization late in development. Tiam1 loss also increases the survival, but not the production, of adult-born DG granule cells, possibly because of greater circuit integration as a result of decreased competition with mature granule cells for synaptic inputs. Strikingly, both male and female mice lacking Tiam1 exhibit enhanced contextual fear memory and context discrimination. Together, these results suggest that Tiam1 is a key regulator of DG granule cell stabilization and function within hippocampal circuits. Moreover, based on the enhanced memory phenotype of Tiam1 KO mice, Tiam1 may be a potential target for the treatment of disorders involving memory impairments.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The dentate gyrus (DG) is important for learning, memory, pattern separation, and spatial navigation, and its dysfunction is associated with neuropsychiatric disorders. However, the molecular mechanisms controlling DG formation and function remain elusive. By characterizing mice lacking the Rac-GEF Tiam1, we demonstrate that Tiam1 promotes the stabilization of DG granule cell dendritic arbors, spines, and synapses, whereas it restricts the survival of adult-born DG granule cells, which compete with mature granule cells for synaptic integration. Notably, mice lacking Tiam1 also exhibit enhanced contextual fear memory and context discrimination. These findings establish Tiam1 as an essential regulator of DG granule cell development, and identify it as a possible therapeutic target for memory enhancement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinxuan Cheng
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Federico Scala
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Francisco A Blanco
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
- Integrative Molecular and Biomedical Science Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Sanyong Niu
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Karen Firozi
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Laura Keehan
- Department of Biosciences, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005
| | - Shalaka Mulherkar
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | | | - Lingyong Li
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Joseph G Duman
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Xiaolong Jiang
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Kimberley F Tolias
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Best J, Duncan W, Sadre-Marandi F, Hashemi P, Nijhout HF, Reed M. Autoreceptor control of serotonin dynamics. BMC Neurosci 2020; 21:40. [PMID: 32967609 PMCID: PMC7509944 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-020-00587-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that has been linked to a wide variety of behaviors including feeding and body-weight regulation, social hierarchies, aggression and suicidality, obsessive compulsive disorder, alcoholism, anxiety, and affective disorders. Full understanding involves genomics, neurochemistry, electrophysiology, and behavior. The scientific issues are daunting but important for human health because of the use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and other pharmacological agents to treat disorders. This paper presents a new deterministic model of serotonin metabolism and a new systems population model that takes into account the large variation in enzyme and transporter expression levels, tryptophan input, and autoreceptor function. RESULTS We discuss the steady state of the model and the steady state distribution of extracellular serotonin under different hypotheses on the autoreceptors and we show the effect of tryptophan input on the steady state and the effect of meals. We use the deterministic model to interpret experimental data on the responses in the hippocampus of male and female mice, and to illustrate the short-time dynamics of the autoreceptors. We show there are likely two reuptake mechanisms for serotonin and that the autoreceptors have long-lasting influence and compare our results to measurements of serotonin dynamics in the substantia nigra pars reticulata. We also show how histamine affects serotonin dynamics. We examine experimental data that show very variable response curves in populations of mice and ask how much variation in parameters in the model is necessary to produce the observed variation in the data. Finally, we show how the systems population model can potentially be used to investigate specific biological and clinical questions. CONCLUSIONS We have shown that our new models can be used to investigate the effects of tryptophan input and meals and the behavior of experimental response curves in different brain nuclei. The systems population model incorporates individual variation and can be used to investigate clinical questions and the variation in drug efficacy. The codes for both the deterministic model and the systems population model are available from the authors and can be used by other researchers to investigate the serotonergic system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janet Best
- Department of Mathematics, The Ohio State University, 231 W 18th Ave., Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - William Duncan
- Department of Mathematics, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708 USA
| | | | - Parastoo Hashemi
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College, London, SW7 2AZ UK
| | | | - Michael Reed
- Department of Mathematics, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708 USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Dierssen M, Fructuoso M, Martínez de Lagrán M, Perluigi M, Barone E. Down Syndrome Is a Metabolic Disease: Altered Insulin Signaling Mediates Peripheral and Brain Dysfunctions. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:670. [PMID: 32733190 PMCID: PMC7360727 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is the most frequent chromosomal abnormality that causes intellectual disability, resulting from the presence of an extra complete or segment of chromosome 21 (HSA21). In addition, trisomy of HSA21 contributes to altered energy metabolism that appears to be a strong determinant in the development of pathological phenotypes associated with DS. Alterations include, among others, mitochondrial defects, increased oxidative stress levels, impaired glucose, and lipid metabolism, finally resulting in reduced energy production and cellular dysfunctions. These molecular defects seem to account for a high incidence of metabolic disorders, i.e., diabetes and/or obesity, as well as a higher risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease (AD) in DS. A dysregulation of the insulin signaling with reduced downstream pathways represents a common pathophysiological aspect in the development of both peripheral and central alterations leading to diabetes/obesity and AD. This is further strengthened by evidence showing that the molecular mechanisms responsible for such alterations appear to be similar between peripheral organs and brain. Considering that DS subjects are at high risk to develop either peripheral or brain metabolic defects, this review will discuss current knowledge about the link between trisomy of HSA21 and defects of insulin and insulin-related pathways in DS. Drawing the molecular signature underlying these processes in DS is a key challenge to identify novel drug targets and set up new prevention strategies aimed to reduce the impact of metabolic disorders and cognitive decline.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mara Dierssen
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.,Human Pharmacology and Clinical Neurosciences Research Group, Neurosciences Research Program, Hospital Del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Fructuoso
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - María Martínez de Lagrán
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marzia Perluigi
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi-Fanelli", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Eugenio Barone
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi-Fanelli", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Criscitiello MF, Kraev I, Petersen LH, Lange S. Deimination Protein Profiles in Alligator mississippiensis Reveal Plasma and Extracellular Vesicle-Specific Signatures Relating to Immunity, Metabolic Function, and Gene Regulation. Front Immunol 2020; 11:651. [PMID: 32411128 PMCID: PMC7198796 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alligators are crocodilians and among few species that endured the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction event. With long life spans, low metabolic rates, unusual immunological characteristics, including strong antibacterial and antiviral ability, and cancer resistance, crocodilians may hold information for molecular pathways underlying such physiological traits. Peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs) are a group of calcium-activated enzymes that cause posttranslational protein deimination/citrullination in a range of target proteins contributing to protein moonlighting functions in health and disease. PADs are phylogenetically conserved and are also a key regulator of extracellular vesicle (EV) release, a critical part of cellular communication. As little is known about PAD-mediated mechanisms in reptile immunology, this study was aimed at profiling EVs and protein deimination in Alligator mississippiensis. Alligator plasma EVs were found to be polydispersed in a 50-400-nm size range. Key immune, metabolic, and gene regulatory proteins were identified to be posttranslationally deiminated in plasma and plasma EVs, with some overlapping hits, while some were unique to either plasma or plasma EVs. In whole plasma, 112 target proteins were identified to be deiminated, while 77 proteins were found as deiminated protein hits in plasma EVs, whereof 31 were specific for EVs only, including proteins specific for gene regulatory functions (e.g., histones). Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis revealed KEGG pathways specific to deiminated proteins in whole plasma related to adipocytokine signaling, while KEGG pathways of deiminated proteins specific to EVs included ribosome, biosynthesis of amino acids, and glycolysis/gluconeogenesis pathways as well as core histones. This highlights roles for EV-mediated export of deiminated protein cargo with roles in metabolism and gene regulation, also related to cancer. The identification of posttranslational deimination and EV-mediated communication in alligator plasma revealed here contributes to current understanding of protein moonlighting functions and EV-mediated communication in these ancient reptiles, providing novel insight into their unusual immune systems and physiological traits. In addition, our findings may shed light on pathways underlying cancer resistance, antibacterial and antiviral resistance, with translatable value to human pathologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael F. Criscitiello
- Comparative Immunogenetics Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Igor Kraev
- Electron Microscopy Suite, Faculty of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics, Open University, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom
| | - Lene H. Petersen
- Department of Marine Biology, Texas A&M University at Galvestone, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Sigrun Lange
- Tissue Architecture and Regeneration Research Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Tramutola A, Lanzillotta C, Di Domenico F, Head E, Butterfield DA, Perluigi M, Barone E. Brain insulin resistance triggers early onset Alzheimer disease in Down syndrome. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 137:104772. [PMID: 31987911 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.104772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of insulin signaling pathway with reduced downstream neuronal survival and plasticity mechanisms is a fundamental abnormality observed in Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain. This phenomenon, known as brain insulin resistance, is associated with poor cognitive performance and is driven by the uncoupling of insulin receptor (IR) from its direct substrate (IRS1). Considering that Down syndrome (DS) and AD neuropathology share many common features, we investigated metabolic aspects of neurodegeneration, i.e., brain insulin resistance, in DS and whether it would contribute to early onset AD in DS population. Changes of levels and activation of main brain proteins belonging to the insulin signaling pathway (i.e., IR, IRS1, PTEN, GSK3β, PKCζ, AS160, GLUT4) were evaluated. Furthermore, we analyzed whether changes of these proteins were associated with alterations of: (i) proteins regulating brain energy metabolism; (ii) APP cleavage; and (ii) regulation of synaptic plasticity mechanisms in post-mortem brain samples collected from people with DS before and after the development of AD pathology (DSAD) compared with their age-matched controls. We found that DS cases were characterized by key markers of brain insulin resistance (reduced IR and increased IRS1 inhibition) early in life. Furthermore, downstream from IRS1, an overall uncoupling among the proteins of insulin signaling was observed. Dysregulated brain insulin signaling was associated with reduced hexokinase II (HKII) levels and proteins associated with mitochondrial complexes levels as well as with reduced levels of syntaxin in DS cases. Tellingly, these alterations precede the development of AD neuropathology and clinical presentations in DS. We propose that markers of brain insulin resistance rise earlier with age in DS compared with the general population and may contribute to the cognitive impairment associated with the early development of AD in DS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Tramutola
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi-Fanelli", Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Chiara Lanzillotta
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi-Fanelli", Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Fabio Di Domenico
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi-Fanelli", Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Elizabeth Head
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - D Allan Butterfield
- Department of Chemistry, Markey Cancer Center, Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0055, USA
| | - Marzia Perluigi
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi-Fanelli", Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy.
| | - Eugenio Barone
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi-Fanelli", Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Hamlett ED, Hjorth E, Ledreux A, Gilmore A, Schultzberg M, Granholm AC. RvE1 treatment prevents memory loss and neuroinflammation in the Ts65Dn mouse model of Down syndrome. Glia 2020; 68:1347-1360. [PMID: 31944407 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation can be resolved by pro-homeostatic lipids called specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs) upon activation of their receptors. Dysfunctional inflammatory resolution is now considered as a driver of chronic neuroinflammation and Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. We have previously shown that SPM levels were reduced and also that SPM-binding receptors were increased in patients with AD compared to age-matched controls. Individuals with Down syndrome (DS) exhibit accelerated acquisition of AD neuropathology, dementia, and neuroinflammation at an earlier age than the general population. Beneficial effects of inducing resolution in DS have not been investigated previously. The effects of the SPM resolvin E1 (RvE1) in a DS mouse model (Ts65Dn) were investigated with regard to inflammation, neurodegeneration, and memory deficits. A moderate dose of RvE1 for 4 weeks in middle-aged Ts65Dn mice elicited a significant reduction in memory loss, along with reduced levels of serum pro-inflammatory cytokines, and reduced microglial activation in the hippocampus of Ts65Dn mice but had no effects in age-matched normosomic mice. There were no observable adverse side effects in Ts65Dn or in normosomic mice. These findings suggest that SPMs may represent a novel drug target for individuals with DS and others at risk of developing AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric D Hamlett
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Erik Hjorth
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Aurélie Ledreux
- Knoebel Institute for Healthy Aging and the Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado
| | - Anah Gilmore
- Knoebel Institute for Healthy Aging and the Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado
| | - Marianne Schultzberg
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ann Charlotte Granholm
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Knoebel Institute for Healthy Aging and the Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Effects of a Tripeptide on Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase and Glycogen Synthase Kinase Activation in a Cell Line Derived from the Foetal Hippocampus of a Trisomy 16 Mouse: an Animal Model of Down Syndrome. Neurotox Res 2019; 37:714-723. [PMID: 31802378 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-019-00130-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is a developmental disorder that results from the trisomy of chromosome 21. DS patients show several abnormalities including cognitive deficits. Here, we show enhanced activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), a kinase that critically regulates synaptic plasticity and memory, in a hippocampal cell line derived from trisomy 16 mouse foetus. In addition, these cells show enhanced activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK). The hyper-activation of ERK and p38 MAPK is significantly reduced by a small peptide, Gly-Pro-Glu (GPE), derived from insulin-like growth factor-1. In addition, the trisomic cells show reduced level of inhibitory phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β), which is enhanced by GPE. Furthermore, the trisomic cells do not show ERK activation in response to KCl depolarization or forskolin treatment. Importantly, ERK activation by these stimuli is observed after GPE treatment of the cells. These results suggest that GPE may help reduce aberrant signalling in the trisomic neurons by affecting MAPK and GSK-3β activation.
Collapse
|
17
|
Muñiz Moreno MDM, Brault V, Birling MC, Pavlovic G, Herault Y. Modeling Down syndrome in animals from the early stage to the 4.0 models and next. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2019; 251:91-143. [PMID: 32057313 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2019.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The genotype-phenotype relationship and the physiopathology of Down Syndrome (DS) have been explored in the last 20 years with more and more relevant mouse models. From the early age of transgenesis to the new CRISPR/CAS9-derived chromosomal engineering and the transchromosomic technologies, mouse models have been key to identify homologous genes or entire regions homologous to the human chromosome 21 that are necessary or sufficient to induce DS features, to investigate the complexity of the genetic interactions that are involved in DS and to explore therapeutic strategies. In this review we report the new developments made, how genomic data and new genetic tools have deeply changed our way of making models, extended our panel of animal models, and increased our understanding of the neurobiology of the disease. But even if we have made an incredible progress which promises to make DS a curable condition, we are facing new research challenges to nurture our knowledge of DS pathophysiology as a neurodevelopmental disorder with many comorbidities during ageing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Del Mar Muñiz Moreno
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, INSERM, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France
| | - Véronique Brault
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, INSERM, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France
| | - Marie-Christine Birling
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, INSERM, PHENOMIN Institut Clinique de la Souris, Illkirch, France
| | - Guillaume Pavlovic
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, INSERM, PHENOMIN Institut Clinique de la Souris, Illkirch, France
| | - Yann Herault
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, INSERM, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, INSERM, PHENOMIN Institut Clinique de la Souris, Illkirch, France.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Kelley CM, Ginsberg SD, Alldred MJ, Strupp BJ, Mufson EJ. Maternal Choline Supplementation Alters Basal Forebrain Cholinergic Neuron Gene Expression in the Ts65Dn Mouse Model of Down Syndrome. Dev Neurobiol 2019; 79:664-683. [PMID: 31120189 PMCID: PMC6756931 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS), trisomy 21, is marked by intellectual disability and a premature aging profile including degeneration of the basal forebrain cholinergic neuron (BFCN) projection system, similar to Alzheimer's disease (AD). Although data indicate that perinatal maternal choline supplementation (MCS) alters the structure and function of these neurons in the Ts65Dn mouse model of DS and AD (Ts), whether MCS affects the molecular profile of vulnerable BFCNs remains unknown. We investigated the genetic signature of BFCNs obtained from Ts and disomic (2N) offspring of Ts65Dn dams maintained on a MCS diet (Ts+, 2N+) or a choline normal diet (ND) from mating until weaning, then maintained on ND until 4.4-7.5 months of age. Brains were then collected and prepared for choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) immunohistochemistry and laser capture microdissection followed by RNA extraction and custom-designed microarray analysis. Findings revealed upregulation of select transcripts in classes of genes related to the cytoskeleton (Tubb4b), AD (Cav1), cell death (Bcl2), presynaptic (Syngr1), immediate early (Fosb, Arc), G protein signaling (Gabarap, Rgs10), and cholinergic neurotransmission (Chrnb3) in Ts compared to 2N mice, which were normalized with MCS. Moreover, significant downregulation was seen in select transcripts associated with the cytoskeleton (Dync1h1), intracellular signaling (Itpka, Gng3, and Mlst8), and cell death (Ccng1) in Ts compared to 2N mice that was normalized with MCS. This study provides insight into genotype-dependent differences and the effects of MCS at the molecular level within a key vulnerable cell type in DS and AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christy M. Kelley
- Department of Neurobiology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Stephen D. Ginsberg
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, NYU Langone School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Neuroscience & Physiology, NYU Langone School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- NYU Neuroscience Institute, NYU Langone School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Melissa J. Alldred
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, NYU Langone School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Barbara J. Strupp
- Division of Nutritional Sciences and Department of Psychology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Elliott J. Mufson
- Department of Neurobiology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Granno S, Nixon-Abell J, Berwick DC, Tosh J, Heaton G, Almudimeegh S, Nagda Z, Rain JC, Zanda M, Plagnol V, Tybulewicz VLJ, Cleverley K, Wiseman FK, Fisher EMC, Harvey K. Downregulated Wnt/β-catenin signalling in the Down syndrome hippocampus. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7322. [PMID: 31086297 PMCID: PMC6513850 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43820-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathological mechanisms underlying Down syndrome (DS)/Trisomy 21, including dysregulation of essential signalling processes remain poorly understood. Combining bioinformatics with RNA and protein analysis, we identified downregulation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in the hippocampus of adult DS individuals with Alzheimer's disease and the 'Tc1' DS mouse model. Providing a potential underlying molecular pathway, we demonstrate that the chromosome 21 kinase DYRK1A regulates Wnt signalling via a novel bimodal mechanism. Under basal conditions, DYRK1A is a negative regulator of Wnt/β-catenin. Following pathway activation, however, DYRK1A exerts the opposite effect, increasing signalling activity. In summary, we identified downregulation of hippocampal Wnt/β-catenin signalling in DS, possibly mediated by a dose dependent effect of the chromosome 21-encoded kinase DYRK1A. Overall, we propose that dosage imbalance of the Hsa21 gene DYRK1A affects downstream Wnt target genes. Therefore, modulation of Wnt signalling may open unexplored avenues for DS and Alzheimer's disease treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simone Granno
- Department of Pharmacology, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Jonathon Nixon-Abell
- Department of Pharmacology, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
- Cell Biology Section, Neurogenetics Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Daniel C Berwick
- Department of Pharmacology, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
- School of Health, Life and Chemical Sciences, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes, MK6 7AA, UK
| | - Justin Tosh
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - George Heaton
- Department of Pharmacology, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Sultan Almudimeegh
- Department of Pharmacology, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Zenisha Nagda
- Department of Pharmacology, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Jean-Christophe Rain
- Hybrigenics Services - Fondation Jérôme Lejeune, 3-5 Impasse Reille, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Manuela Zanda
- UCL Genetics Institute, Darwin Building, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Vincent Plagnol
- UCL Genetics Institute, Darwin Building, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Victor L J Tybulewicz
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Rd, Kings Cross, London, NW1 1AT, UK
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College, London, W12 0NN, UK
- London Down Syndrome Consortium (LonDownS), London, UK
| | - Karen Cleverley
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Frances K Wiseman
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
- London Down Syndrome Consortium (LonDownS), London, UK
| | - Elizabeth M C Fisher
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
- London Down Syndrome Consortium (LonDownS), London, UK
| | - Kirsten Harvey
- Department of Pharmacology, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Nijhout HF, Best JA, Reed MC. Systems biology of robustness and homeostatic mechanisms. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-SYSTEMS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2018; 11:e1440. [DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Janet A. Best
- Department of Mathematics Ohio State University Columbus Ohio
| | - Michael C. Reed
- Department of Mathematics Duke University Durham North Carolina
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Herault Y, Delabar JM, Fisher EMC, Tybulewicz VLJ, Yu E, Brault V. Rodent models in Down syndrome research: impact and future opportunities. Dis Model Mech 2018; 10:1165-1186. [PMID: 28993310 PMCID: PMC5665454 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.029728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome is caused by trisomy of chromosome 21. To date, a multiplicity of mouse models with Down-syndrome-related features has been developed to understand this complex human chromosomal disorder. These mouse models have been important for determining genotype-phenotype relationships and identification of dosage-sensitive genes involved in the pathophysiology of the condition, and in exploring the impact of the additional chromosome on the whole genome. Mouse models of Down syndrome have also been used to test therapeutic strategies. Here, we provide an overview of research in the last 15 years dedicated to the development and application of rodent models for Down syndrome. We also speculate on possible and probable future directions of research in this fast-moving field. As our understanding of the syndrome improves and genome engineering technologies evolve, it is necessary to coordinate efforts to make all Down syndrome models available to the community, to test therapeutics in models that replicate the whole trisomy and design new animal models to promote further discovery of potential therapeutic targets. Summary: Mouse models have boosted therapeutic options for Down syndrome, and improved models are being developed to better understand the pathophysiology of this genetic condition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yann Herault
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch, France .,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, Illkirch, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, 67404 Illkirch, France.,T21 Research Society, Brain and Spine Institute (ICM), 75013 Paris
| | - Jean M Delabar
- T21 Research Society, Brain and Spine Institute (ICM), 75013 Paris.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, UMR8251, CNRS, 75205 Paris, France.,INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et la Moelle épinière, ICM, 75013 Paris, France.,Brain and Spine Institute (ICM) CNRS UMR7225, INSERM UMRS 975, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Elizabeth M C Fisher
- T21 Research Society, Brain and Spine Institute (ICM), 75013 Paris.,Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK.,LonDownS Consortium, London, W1T 7NF UK
| | - Victor L J Tybulewicz
- T21 Research Society, Brain and Spine Institute (ICM), 75013 Paris.,LonDownS Consortium, London, W1T 7NF UK.,The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK.,Department of Medicine, Imperial College, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Eugene Yu
- T21 Research Society, Brain and Spine Institute (ICM), 75013 Paris.,The Children's Guild Foundation Down Syndrome Research Program, Department of Cancer Genetics and Genetics Program, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Roswell Park Division of Graduate School, Genetics, Genomics and Bioinformatics Program, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Veronique Brault
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, Illkirch, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, 67404 Illkirch, France
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Ranjitha Dhanasekaran A, Gardiner KJ. RPPAware: A software suite to preprocess, analyze and visualize reverse phase protein array data. J Bioinform Comput Biol 2018; 16:1850001. [PMID: 29478376 DOI: 10.1142/s0219720018500014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Reverse Phase Protein Arrays (RPPA) is a high-throughput technology used to profile levels of protein expression. Handling the large datasets generated by RPPA can be facilitated by appropriate software tools. Here, we describe RPPAware, a free and intuitive software suite that was developed specifically for analysis and visualization of RPPA data. RPPAware is a portable tool that requires no installation and was built using Java. Many modules of the tool invoke R to utilize the statistical features. To demonstrate the utility of RPPAware, data generated from screening brain regions of a mouse model of Down syndrome with 62 antibodies were used as a case study. The ease of use and efficiency of RPPAware can accelerate data analysis to facilitate biological discovery. RPPAware 1.0 is freely available under GNU General Public License from the project website at http://downsyndrome.ucdenver.edu/iddrc/rppaware/home.htm along with a full documentation of the tool.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Ranjitha Dhanasekaran
- * Rocky Mountain Alzheimer's Disease Center, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
- † Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
- ‡ Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
| | - Katheleen J Gardiner
- ‡ Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
- § Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
- ¶ Human Medical Genetics and Genomics and Neuroscience Programs, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Naert G, Ferré V, Keller E, Slender A, Gibbins D, Fisher EMC, Tybulewicz VLJ, Maurice T. In vivo and ex vivo analyses of amyloid toxicity in the Tc1 mouse model of Down syndrome. J Psychopharmacol 2018; 32:174-190. [PMID: 29215943 PMCID: PMC5815426 DOI: 10.1177/0269881117743484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The prevalence of Alzheimer's disease is increased in people with Down syndrome. The pathology appears much earlier than in the general population, suggesting a predisposition to develop Alzheimer's disease. Down syndrome results from trisomy of human chromosome 21, leading to overexpression of possible Alzheimer's disease candidate genes, such as amyloid precursor protein gene. To better understand how the Down syndrome context results in increased vulnerability to Alzheimer's disease, we analysed amyloid-β [25-35] peptide toxicity in the Tc1 mouse model of Down syndrome, in which ~75% of protein coding genes are functionally trisomic but, importantly, not amyloid precursor protein. RESULTS Intracerebroventricular injection of oligomeric amyloid-β [25-35] peptide in three-month-old wildtype mice induced learning deficits, oxidative stress, synaptic marker alterations, activation of glycogen synthase kinase-3β, inhibition of protein kinase B (AKT), and apoptotic pathways as compared to scrambled peptide-treated wildtype mice. Scrambled peptide-treated Tc1 mice presented high levels of toxicity markers as compared to wildtype mice. Amyloid-β [25-35] peptide injection in Tc1 mice induced significant learning deficits and enhanced glycogen synthase kinase-3β activity in the cortex and expression of apoptotic markers in the hippocampus and cortex. Interestingly, several markers, including oxidative stress, synaptic markers, glycogen synthase kinase-3β activity in the hippocampus and AKT activity in the hippocampus and cortex, were unaffected by amyloid-β [25-35] peptide injection in Tc1 mice. CONCLUSIONS Tc1 mice present several toxicity markers similar to those observed in amyloid-β [25-35] peptide-treated wildtype mice, suggesting that developmental modifications in these mice modify their response to amyloid peptide. However, amyloid toxicity led to severe memory deficits in this Down syndrome mouse model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gaëlle Naert
- INSERM U1198, Montpellier, France
- EPHE, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Tangui Maurice
- INSERM U1198, Montpellier, France
- EPHE, Paris, France
- Tangui Maurice, INSERM U1198, University of Montpellier, CC105, Place Eugene Bataillon, Montpellier Cedex 5, 34095, France.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Block A, Ahmed M, Rueda N, Hernandez MC, Martinez-Cué C, Gardiner K. The GABA A α5-selective Modulator, RO4938581, Rescues Protein Anomalies in the Ts65Dn Mouse Model of Down Syndrome. Neuroscience 2018; 372:192-212. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
25
|
Ahmed MM, Block A, Tong S, Davisson MT, Gardiner KJ. Age exacerbates abnormal protein expression in a mouse model of Down syndrome. Neurobiol Aging 2017. [PMID: 28641136 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2017.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The Ts65Dn is a popular mouse model of Down syndrome (DS). It displays DS-relevant features of learning/memory deficits and age-related loss of functional markers in basal forebrain cholinergic neurons. Here we describe protein expression abnormalities in brain regions of 12-month-old male Ts65Dn mice. We show that the magnitudes of abnormalities of human chromosome 21 and non-human chromosome 21 orthologous proteins are greater at 12 months than at ∼6 months. Age-related exacerbations involve the number of components affected in the mechanistic target of rapamycin pathway, the levels of components of the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway, and proteins associated with Alzheimer's disease. Among brain regions, the number of abnormalities in cerebellum decreased while the number in cortex greatly increased with age. The Ts65Dn is being used in preclinical evaluations of drugs for cognition in DS. Most commonly, drug evaluations are tested in ∼4- to 6-month-old mice. Data on age-related changes in magnitude and specificity of protein perturbations can be used to understand the molecular basis of changes in cognitive ability and to predict potential age-related specificities in drug efficacies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Aaron Block
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Suhong Tong
- School of Public Health, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | | | - Katheleen J Gardiner
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, Aurora, CO, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA; Human Medical Genetics and Genomics, and Neuroscience Programs, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Do C, Xing Z, Yu YE, Tycko B. Trans-acting epigenetic effects of chromosomal aneuploidies: lessons from Down syndrome and mouse models. Epigenomics 2016; 9:189-207. [PMID: 27911079 PMCID: PMC5549717 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2016-0138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
An important line of postgenomic research seeks to understand how genetic factors can influence epigenetic patterning. Here we review epigenetic effects of chromosomal aneuploidies, focusing on findings in Down syndrome (DS, trisomy 21). Recent work in human DS and mouse models has shown that the extra chromosome 21 acts in trans to produce epigenetic changes, including differential CpG methylation (DS-DM), in specific sets of downstream target genes, mostly on other chromosomes. Mechanistic hypotheses emerging from these data include roles of chromosome 21-linked methylation pathway genes (DNMT3L and others) and transcription factor genes (RUNX1, OLIG2, GABPA, ERG and ETS2) in shaping the patterns of DS-DM. The findings may have broader implications for trans-acting epigenetic effects of chromosomal and subchromosomal aneuploidies in other human developmental and neuropsychiatric disorders, and in cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Do
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Zhuo Xing
- The Children's Guild Foundation Down Syndrome Research Program, Genetics Program & Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Y Eugene Yu
- The Children's Guild Foundation Down Syndrome Research Program, Genetics Program & Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Benjamin Tycko
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.,Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's disease & the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.,Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.,Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Sullivan KD, Lewis HC, Hill AA, Pandey A, Jackson LP, Cabral JM, Smith KP, Liggett LA, Gomez EB, Galbraith MD, DeGregori J, Espinosa JM. Trisomy 21 consistently activates the interferon response. eLife 2016; 5:e16220. [PMID: 27472900 PMCID: PMC5012864 DOI: 10.7554/elife.16220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although it is clear that trisomy 21 causes Down syndrome, the molecular events acting downstream of the trisomy remain ill defined. Using complementary genomics analyses, we identified the interferon pathway as the major signaling cascade consistently activated by trisomy 21 in human cells. Transcriptome analysis revealed that trisomy 21 activates the interferon transcriptional response in fibroblast and lymphoblastoid cell lines, as well as circulating monocytes and T cells. Trisomy 21 cells show increased induction of interferon-stimulated genes and decreased expression of ribosomal proteins and translation factors. An shRNA screen determined that the interferon-activated kinases JAK1 and TYK2 suppress proliferation of trisomy 21 fibroblasts, and this defect is rescued by pharmacological JAK inhibition. Therefore, we propose that interferon activation, likely via increased gene dosage of the four interferon receptors encoded on chromosome 21, contributes to many of the clinical impacts of trisomy 21, and that interferon antagonists could have therapeutic benefits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kelly D Sullivan
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, United States
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, United States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, United States
| | - Hannah C Lewis
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, United States
| | - Amanda A Hill
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, United States
| | - Ahwan Pandey
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, United States
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, United States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, United States
| | - Leisa P Jackson
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, United States
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, United States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, United States
| | - Joseph M Cabral
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, United States
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, United States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, United States
| | - Keith P Smith
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, United States
| | - L Alexander Liggett
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, United States
| | - Eliana B Gomez
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, United States
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, United States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, United States
| | - Matthew D Galbraith
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, United States
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, United States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, United States
| | - James DeGregori
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, United States
- Integrated Department of Immunology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, United States
- Section of Hematology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, United States
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, United States
| | - Joaquín M Espinosa
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, United States
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, United States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, United States
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Hamlett ED, Boger HA, Ledreux A, Kelley CM, Mufson EJ, Falangola MF, Guilfoyle DN, Nixon RA, Patterson D, Duval N, Granholm ACE. Cognitive Impairment, Neuroimaging, and Alzheimer Neuropathology in Mouse Models of Down Syndrome. Curr Alzheimer Res 2016; 13:35-52. [PMID: 26391050 PMCID: PMC5034871 DOI: 10.2174/1567205012666150921095505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Revised: 08/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is the most common non-lethal genetic condition that affects approximately 1 in 700 births in the United States of America. DS is characterized by complete or segmental chromosome 21 trisomy, which leads to variable intellectual disabilities, progressive memory loss, and accelerated neurodegeneration with age. During the last three decades, people with DS have experienced a doubling of life expectancy due to progress in treatment of medical comorbidities, which has allowed this population to reach the age when they develop early onset Alzheimer's disease (AD). Individuals with DS develop cognitive and pathological hallmarks of AD in their fourth or fifth decade, and are currently lacking successful prevention or treatment options for dementia. The profound memory deficits associated with DS-related AD (DS-AD) have been associated with degeneration of several neuronal populations, but mechanisms of neurodegeneration are largely unexplored. The most successful animal model for DS is the Ts65Dn mouse, but several new models have also been developed. In the current review, we discuss recent findings and potential treatment options for the management of memory loss and AD neuropathology in DS mouse models. We also review agerelated neuropathology, and recent findings from neuroimaging studies. The validation of appropriate DS mouse models that mimic neurodegeneration and memory loss in humans with DS can be valuable in the study of novel preventative and treatment interventions, and may be helpful in pinpointing gene-gene interactions as well as specific gene segments involved in neurodegeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ann-Charlotte E Granholm
- Department Neurosciences, Director, Center on Aging, Medical Univ. South Carolina, Basic Science Bldg, Room 403, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Block A, Ahmed MM, Dhanasekaran AR, Tong S, Gardiner KJ. Sex differences in protein expression in the mouse brain and their perturbations in a model of Down syndrome. Biol Sex Differ 2015; 6:24. [PMID: 26557979 PMCID: PMC4640233 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-015-0043-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background While many sex differences in structure and function of the mammalian brain have been described, the molecular correlates of these differences are not broadly known. Also unknown is how sex differences at the protein level are perturbed by mutations that lead to intellectual disability (ID). Down syndrome (DS) is the most common genetic cause of ID and is due to trisomy of human chromosome 21 (Hsa21) and the resulting increased expression of Hsa21-encoded genes. The Dp(10)1Yey mouse model (Dp10) of DS is trisomic for orthologs of 39 Hsa21 protein-coding genes that map to mouse chromosome 10 (Mmu10), including four genes with known sex differences in functional properties. How these genes contribute to the DS cognitive phenotype is not known. Methods Using reverse phase protein arrays, levels of ~100 proteins/protein modifications were measured in the hippocampus, cerebellum, and cortex of female and male controls and their trisomic Dp10 littermates. Proteins were chosen for their known roles in learning/memory and synaptic plasticity and include components of the MAPK, MTOR, and apoptosis pathways, immediate early genes, and subunits of ionotropic glutamate receptors. Protein levels were compared between genotypes, sexes, and brain regions using a three-level mixed effects model and the Benjamini-Hochberg correction for multiple testing. Results In control mice, levels of approximately one half of the proteins differ significantly between females and males in at least one brain region; in the hippocampus alone, levels of 40 % of the proteins are significantly higher in females. Trisomy of the Mmu10 segment differentially affects female and male profiles, perturbing protein levels most in the cerebellum of female Dp10 and most in the hippocampus of male Dp10. Cortex is minimally affected by sex and genotype. Diverse pathways and processes are implicated in both sex and genotype differences. Conclusions The extensive sex differences in control mice in levels of proteins involved in learning/memory illustrate the molecular complexity underlying sex differences in normal neurological processes. The sex-specific abnormalities in the Dp10 suggest the possibility of sex-specific phenotypic features in DS and reinforce the need to use female as well as male mice, in particular in preclinical evaluations of drug responses. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13293-015-0043-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Block
- Department of Pediatrics, Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, Aurora, USA
| | - Md Mahiuddin Ahmed
- Department of Pediatrics, Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, Aurora, USA
| | | | - Suhong Tong
- Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, USA
| | - Katheleen J Gardiner
- Department of Pediatrics, Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, Aurora, USA ; Human Medical Genetics and Genomics, and Neuroscience Programs, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, 12700 E 19th Avenue, Mail Stop 8608, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Involvement of Potassium and Cation Channels in Hippocampal Abnormalities of Embryonic Ts65Dn and Tc1 Trisomic Mice. EBioMedicine 2015; 2:1048-62. [PMID: 26501103 PMCID: PMC4588457 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2015.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) mouse models exhibit cognitive deficits, and are used for studying the neuronal basis of DS pathology. To understand the differences in the physiology of DS model neurons, we used dissociated neuronal cultures from the hippocampi of Ts65Dn and Tc1 DS mice. Imaging of [Ca2+]i and whole cell patch clamp recordings were used to analyze network activity and single neuron properties, respectively. We found a decrease of ~ 30% in both fast (A-type) and slow (delayed rectifier) outward potassium currents. Depolarization of Ts65Dn and Tc1 cells produced fewer spikes than diploid cells. Their network bursts were smaller and slower than diploids, displaying a 40% reduction in Δf / f0 of the calcium signals, and a 30% reduction in propagation velocity. Additionally, Ts65Dn and Tc1 neurons exhibited changes in the action potential shape compared to diploid neurons, with an increase in the amplitude of the action potential, a lower threshold for spiking, and a sharp decrease of about 65% in the after-hyperpolarization amplitude. Numerical simulations reproduced the DS measured phenotype by variations in the conductance of the delayed rectifier and A-type, but necessitated also changes in inward rectifying and M-type potassium channels and in the hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels. We therefore conducted whole cell patch clamp measurements of M-type potassium currents, which showed a ~ 90% decrease in Ts65Dn neurons, while HCN measurements displayed an increase of ~ 65% in Ts65Dn cells. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis indicates overexpression of 40% of KCNJ15, an inward rectifying potassium channel, contributing to the increased inhibition. We thus find that changes in several types of potassium channels dominate the observed DS model phenotype. Down syndrome model neurons display altered action potential shape, are less excitable and have decreased potassium currents. The data is accurately described by a numerical simulation that changes conductance of four potassium and the HCN currents. Measurements of the currents related to these four channels, and RT-pcr for a fifth (KCNJ15), confirm the numerical model.
In Down syndrome (DS) cognitive function is impaired, leading us to use cultured hippocampal neuronal networks to investigate the cellular basis of its pathology. DS mouse model neurons are less excitable, produce fewer spikes and generate less network activity. Alterations in several types of potassium currents were detected in these neurons. Numerical simulation of a DS neuron successfully reproduced the experimental results. Beyond extending our understanding of neuronal function and pathology, the alterations in channel conductance can now be targeted with specific drugs so as to point to new directions in therapy of cognitive disabilities of DS.
Collapse
Key Words
- 1D, one-dimensional
- 2D, two-dimensional
- DC, direct current
- DS, Down syndrome
- Down syndrome
- EPSC, excitatory post synaptic current
- GABA, gamma-aminobutyric acid
- GIRK, G protein-coupled inwardly-rectifying potassium channels
- HCN, hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated
- Hippocampus
- Inward rectifiers
- Potassium channels
- Potassium currents
- ROI, region of interest
- RT-PCR, real time polymerase chain reaction
- Reduced excitability
- SEM, standard error of mean
- TTX, tetrodotoxin
- Tc1
- Ts65Dn
- WT, wild type
Collapse
|
31
|
Higuera C, Gardiner KJ, Cios KJ. Self-Organizing Feature Maps Identify Proteins Critical to Learning in a Mouse Model of Down Syndrome. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0129126. [PMID: 26111164 PMCID: PMC4482027 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is a chromosomal abnormality (trisomy of human chromosome 21) associated with intellectual disability and affecting approximately one in 1000 live births worldwide. The overexpression of genes encoded by the extra copy of a normal chromosome in DS is believed to be sufficient to perturb normal pathways and normal responses to stimulation, causing learning and memory deficits. In this work, we have designed a strategy based on the unsupervised clustering method, Self Organizing Maps (SOM), to identify biologically important differences in protein levels in mice exposed to context fear conditioning (CFC). We analyzed expression levels of 77 proteins obtained from normal genotype control mice and from their trisomic littermates (Ts65Dn) both with and without treatment with the drug memantine. Control mice learn successfully while the trisomic mice fail, unless they are first treated with the drug, which rescues their learning ability. The SOM approach identified reduced subsets of proteins predicted to make the most critical contributions to normal learning, to failed learning and rescued learning, and provides a visual representation of the data that allows the user to extract patterns that may underlie novel biological responses to the different kinds of learning and the response to memantine. Results suggest that the application of SOM to new experimental data sets of complex protein profiles can be used to identify common critical protein responses, which in turn may aid in identifying potentially more effective drug targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clara Higuera
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Inteligencia Artificial e Ingeniería del Software, Facultad de Informática, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Katheleen J Gardiner
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Human Medical Genetics and Genomics, and Neuroscience Programs, University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Krzysztof J Cios
- Department of Computer Science, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America; IITiS, Polish Academy of Sciences, Gliwice, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Ahmed MM, Dhanasekaran AR, Block A, Tong S, Costa ACS, Stasko M, Gardiner KJ. Protein dynamics associated with failed and rescued learning in the Ts65Dn mouse model of Down syndrome. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119491. [PMID: 25793384 PMCID: PMC4368539 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is caused by an extra copy of human chromosome 21 (Hsa21). Although it is the most common genetic cause of intellectual disability (ID), there are, as yet, no effective pharmacotherapies. The Ts65Dn mouse model of DS is trisomic for orthologs of ∼55% of Hsa21 classical protein coding genes. These mice display many features relevant to those seen in DS, including deficits in learning and memory (L/M) tasks requiring a functional hippocampus. Recently, the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, memantine, was shown to rescue performance of the Ts65Dn in several L/M tasks. These studies, however, have not been accompanied by molecular analyses. In previous work, we described changes in protein expression induced in hippocampus and cortex in control mice after exposure to context fear conditioning (CFC), with and without memantine treatment. Here, we extend this analysis to Ts65Dn mice, measuring levels of 85 proteins/protein modifications, including components of MAP kinase and MTOR pathways, and subunits of NMDA receptors, in cortex and hippocampus of Ts65Dn mice after failed learning in CFC and after learning was rescued by memantine. We show that, compared with wild type littermate controls, (i) of the dynamic responses seen in control mice in normal learning, >40% also occur in Ts65Dn in failed learning or are compensated by baseline abnormalities, and thus are considered necessary but not sufficient for successful learning, and (ii) treatment with memantine does not in general normalize the initial protein levels but instead induces direct and indirect responses in approximately half the proteins measured and results in normalization of the endpoint protein levels. Together, these datasets provide a first view of the complexities associated with pharmacological rescue of learning in the Ts65Dn. Extending such studies to additional drugs and mouse models of DS will aid in identifying pharmacotherapies for effective clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Md. Mahiuddin Ahmed
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Denver, Mail Stop 8608, 12700 E 19th Avenue, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States of America
| | - A. Ranjitha Dhanasekaran
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Denver, Mail Stop 8608, 12700 E 19th Avenue, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States of America
| | - Aaron Block
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Denver, Mail Stop 8608, 12700 E 19th Avenue, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States of America
| | - Suhong Tong
- Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Denver, Mail Stop A036-B065 TCH, 12700 E 19th Avenue, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States of America
| | - Alberto C. S. Costa
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Mail Stop RBC 6090, Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve School of Medicine, Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106–6090, United States of America
| | - Melissa Stasko
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Mail Stop RBC 6090, Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve School of Medicine, Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106–6090, United States of America
| | - Katheleen J. Gardiner
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Denver, Mail Stop 8608, 12700 E 19th Avenue, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Denver, Mail Stop 8608, 12700 E 19th Avenue, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States of America
- Human Medical Genetics and Genomics, and Neuroscience Programs, University of Colorado Denver, Mail Stop 8608, 12700 E 19th Avenue, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Nosheny RL, Belichenko PV, Busse BL, Weissmiller AM, Dang V, Das D, Fahimi A, Salehi A, Smith SJ, Mobley WC. Increased cortical synaptic activation of TrkB and downstream signaling markers in a mouse model of Down Syndrome. Neurobiol Dis 2015; 77:173-90. [PMID: 25753471 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2015.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Revised: 02/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Down Syndrome (DS), trisomy 21, is characterized by synaptic abnormalities and cognitive deficits throughout the lifespan and with development of Alzheimer's disease (AD) neuropathology and progressive cognitive decline in adults. Synaptic abnormalities are also present in the Ts65Dn mouse model of DS, but which synapses are affected and the mechanisms underlying synaptic dysfunction are unknown. Here we show marked increases in the levels and activation status of TrkB and associated signaling proteins in cortical synapses in Ts65Dn mice. Proteomic analysis at the single synapse level of resolution using array tomography (AT) uncovered increased colocalization of activated TrkB with signaling endosome related proteins, and demonstrated increased TrkB signaling. The extent of increases in TrkB signaling differed in each of the cortical layers examined and with respect to the type of synapse, with the most marked increases seen in inhibitory synapses. These findings are evidence of markedly abnormal TrkB-mediated signaling in synapses. They raise the possibility that dysregulated TrkB signaling contributes to synaptic dysfunction and cognitive deficits in DS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R L Nosheny
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - P V Belichenko
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - B L Busse
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - A M Weissmiller
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - V Dang
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford Medical School, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, 3801 Miranda Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - D Das
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford Medical School, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, 3801 Miranda Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - A Fahimi
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford Medical School, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, 3801 Miranda Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - A Salehi
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford Medical School, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, 3801 Miranda Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - S J Smith
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - W C Mobley
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Gardiner KJ. Pharmacological approaches to improving cognitive function in Down syndrome: current status and considerations. Drug Des Devel Ther 2014; 9:103-25. [PMID: 25552901 PMCID: PMC4277121 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s51476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS), also known as trisomy 21, is the most common genetic cause of intellectual disability (ID). Although ID can be mild, the average intelligence quotient is in the range of 40-50. All individuals with DS will also develop the neuropathology of Alzheimer's disease (AD) by the age of 30-40 years, and approximately half will display an AD-like dementia by the age of 60 years. DS is caused by an extra copy of the long arm of human chromosome 21 (Hsa21) and the consequent elevated levels of expression, due to dosage, of trisomic genes. Despite a worldwide incidence of one in 700-1,000 live births, there are currently no pharmacological treatments available for ID or AD in DS. However, over the last several years, very promising results have been obtained with a mouse model of DS, the Ts65Dn. A diverse array of drugs has been shown to rescue, or partially rescue, DS-relevant deficits in learning and memory and abnormalities in cellular and electrophysiological features seen in the Ts65Dn. These results suggest that some level of amelioration or prevention of cognitive deficits in people with DS may be possible. Here, we review information from the preclinical evaluations in the Ts65Dn, how drugs were selected, how efficacy was judged, and how outcomes differ, or not, among studies. We also summarize the current state of human clinical trials for ID and AD in DS. Lastly, we describe the genetic limitations of the Ts65Dn as a model of DS, and in the preclinical testing of pharmacotherapeutics, and suggest additional targets to be considered for potential pharmacotherapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katheleen J Gardiner
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Human Medical Genetics and Genomics Program, Neuroscience Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Hartley D, Blumenthal T, Carrillo M, DiPaolo G, Esralew L, Gardiner K, Granholm AC, Iqbal K, Krams M, Lemere C, Lott I, Mobley W, Ness S, Nixon R, Potter H, Reeves R, Sabbagh M, Silverman W, Tycko B, Whitten M, Wisniewski T. Down syndrome and Alzheimer's disease: Common pathways, common goals. Alzheimers Dement 2014; 11:700-9. [PMID: 25510383 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2014.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2014] [Revised: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In the United States, estimates indicate there are between 250,000 and 400,000 individuals with Down syndrome (DS), and nearly all will develop Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology starting in their 30s. With the current lifespan being 55 to 60 years, approximately 70% will develop dementia, and if their life expectancy continues to increase, the number of individuals developing AD will concomitantly increase. Pathogenic and mechanistic links between DS and Alzheimer's prompted the Alzheimer's Association to partner with the Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome and the Global Down Syndrome Foundation at a workshop of AD and DS experts to discuss similarities and differences, challenges, and future directions for this field. The workshop articulated a set of research priorities: (1) target identification and drug development, (2) clinical and pathological staging, (3) cognitive assessment and clinical trials, and (4) partnerships and collaborations with the ultimate goal to deliver effective disease-modifying treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dean Hartley
- Medical and Scientific Relations, Alzheimer's Association, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Thomas Blumenthal
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA; Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Maria Carrillo
- Medical and Scientific Relations, Alzheimer's Association, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Gilbert DiPaolo
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center and The Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and The Aging Brain, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lucille Esralew
- Department of Behavioral Health, Trinitas Regional Medical Center, Elizabeth, NJ, USA
| | - Katheleen Gardiner
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Ann-Charlotte Granholm
- Department of Neuroscience and the Center on Aging, Medical University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Khalid Iqbal
- Department of Neurochemistry, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Cynthia Lemere
- Department of Neurology and the Anne Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ira Lott
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - William Mobley
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Seth Ness
- Janssen Research & Development, Raritan, NJ, USA
| | - Ralph Nixon
- Department of Psychiatry and Cell Biology, New York University, Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Huntington Potter
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Colorado, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Roger Reeves
- Department of Physiology, McKusick-Nathans Institute for Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Marwan Sabbagh
- Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Banner Health, Sun City, AZ, USA
| | - Wayne Silverman
- Department of Behavioral Psychology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Benjamin Tycko
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center and The Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and The Aging Brain, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Thomas Wisniewski
- Department of Neurology, Pathology, and Psychiatry, New York University, Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Kim HJ, Ravichandran K, Ozkok A, Wang Q, He Z, Jani A, Ljubanovic D, Douglas IS, Edelstein CL. The water-soluble triptolide derivative PG490-88 protects against cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2014; 349:518-25. [PMID: 24727856 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.114.213769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Triptolide, a traditional Chinese medicine, has anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative, and proapoptotic properties. As interstitial inflammation and tubular apoptosis are features of cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury (AKI), we determined the effect of the water-soluble triptolide derivative 14-succinyl triptolide sodium salt (PG490-88) in a mouse model of cisplatin-induced AKI. PG490-88 resulted in a significant decrease in blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine, and acute tubular necrosis (ATN) score, and a nonsignificant increase in tubular apoptosis score in AKI. The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway is activated in AKI. On immunoblot analysis, phosphoextracellular signal-regulated kinase (p-ERK) was increased 3.6-fold in AKI and 2.0-fold inhibited by PG490-88. Phospho-c-Jun N-terminal kinase (p-JNK) was increased in AKI. PG490-88 resulted in a nonsignificant decrease in p-JNK. Phospho-p38 was not affected by cisplatin or PG490-88. MAPK phosphatase-1 (MKP-1) that negatively regulates MAPK signaling has not previously been studied in AKI. MKP-1 activity was not affected by cisplatin or PG490-88. Changes in p-ERK, p-JNK, and MKP-1 were confirmed on reverse protein phase analysis. The ERK inhibitor U0126 resulted in lower BUN and serum creatinine, suggesting a mechanistic role of ERK in AKI. The increase in interleukin-1α (IL-1α), IL-1β, IL-6, CXCL1, and IL-33 in the kidney in AKI was unaffected by PG490-88. In summary, PG490-88 protects against AKI and ATN despite no decrease in tubular apoptosis. The protection of PG490-88 against AKI was associated with a decrease in p-ERK and was independent of MKP-1 and proinflammatory cytokines. In conclusion, PG490-88 protects against cisplatin-induced AKI possibly by decreasing p-ERK.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Jung Kim
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Dubrava, Zagreb, Croatia (D.L.) and Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado at Denver, Aurora, Colorado (H.-J.K., K.R., A.O., Q.W., Z.H., A.J., C.L.E.); and Pulmonary Division, University of Colorado at Denver, Denver, Colorado (I.S.D.)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Busciglio J, Capone G, O'Byran J, Gardiner K. Down Syndrome: Genes, Model Systems, and Progress towards Pharmacotherapies and Clinical Trials for Cognitive Deficits. Cytogenet Genome Res 2013; 141:260-71. [DOI: 10.1159/000354306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
|