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Gazzin A, Fornari F, Cardaropoli S, Carli D, Tartaglia M, Ferrero GB, Mussa A. Exploring New Drug Repurposing Opportunities for MEK Inhibitors in RASopathies: A Comprehensive Review of Safety, Efficacy, and Future Perspectives of Trametinib and Selumetinib. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:731. [PMID: 38929714 PMCID: PMC11204468 DOI: 10.3390/life14060731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The RASopathies are a group of syndromes caused by genetic variants that affect the RAS-MAPK signaling pathway, which is essential for cell response to diverse stimuli. These variants functionally converge towards the overactivation of the pathway, leading to various constitutional and mosaic conditions. These syndromes show overlapping though distinct clinical presentations and share congenital heart defects, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), and lymphatic dysplasia as major clinical features, with highly variable prevalence and severity. Available treatments have mainly been directed to target the symptoms. However, repurposing MEK inhibitors (MEKis), which were originally developed for cancer treatment, to target evolutive aspects occurring in these disorders is a promising option. Animal models have shown encouraging results in treating various RASopathy manifestations, including HCM and lymphatic abnormalities. Clinical reports have also provided first evidence supporting the effectiveness of MEKi, especially trametinib, in treating life-threatening conditions associated with these disorders. Nevertheless, despite notable improvements, there are adverse events that occur, necessitating careful monitoring. Moreover, there is evidence indicating that multiple pathways can contribute to these disorders, indicating a current need to more accurate understand of the underlying mechanism of the disease to apply an effective targeted therapy. In conclusion, while MEKi holds promise in managing life-threatening complications of RASopathies, dedicated clinical trials are required to establish standardized treatment protocols tailored to take into account the individual needs of each patient and favor a personalized treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Gazzin
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy;
- Clinical Pediatrics Genetics Unit, Regina Margherita Children’s Hospital, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Federico Fornari
- Postgraduate School of Pediatrics, Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Simona Cardaropoli
- Postgraduate School of Pediatrics, Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Diana Carli
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Marco Tartaglia
- Molecular Genetics and Functional Genomics, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Alessandro Mussa
- Clinical Pediatrics Genetics Unit, Regina Margherita Children’s Hospital, 10126 Turin, Italy
- Postgraduate School of Pediatrics, Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
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Chaput D, Andelfinger G. MEK Inhibition for RASopathy-Associated Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: Clinical Application of a Basic Concept. Can J Cardiol 2024; 40:789-799. [PMID: 38432396 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2024.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The term "RASopathies" designates a group of developmental syndromes that are caused by activating variants of the rat sarcoma virus protein (RAS)/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade. The most prevalent clinical diagnosis is Noonan syndrome, and other, less prevalent conditions include Noonan syndrome with multiple lentigines, Costello syndrome, cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome, and others. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy occurs in 10% of these patients and can be severe and life-threating. Recently, repurposing of medications inhibiting the RAS/MAPK on a compassionate use basis has emerged as a promising concept to improve the outcome of these patients. Herein, we specifically review the role of the RAS/MAPK pathway in RASopathy-associated cardiomyopathy, and discuss the role of small-molecule inhibition in the treatment of this condition. We describe how drug repurposing of trametinib (mitogen-activated protein/extracellular signal-regulated kinase inhibition) and sirolimus/everolimus (mammalian target of rapamycin inhibition) was performed, how genotype-specific therapies are chosen and followed, as well as initial outcomes from early case series. Finally, we lay out the challenges and opportunities for trials that aim to quantify the benefits of this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Chaput
- Cardiovascular Genetics Research Laboratory, CHU Sainte Justine Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Gregor Andelfinger
- Cardiovascular Genetics Research Laboratory, CHU Sainte Justine Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.
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Fasano G, Petrini S, Bonavolontà V, Paradisi G, Pedalino C, Tartaglia M, Lauri A. Assessment of the FRET-based Teen sensor to monitor ERK activation changes preceding morphological defects in a RASopathy zebrafish model and phenotypic rescue by MEK inhibitor. Mol Med 2024; 30:47. [PMID: 38594640 PMCID: PMC11005195 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-024-00807-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND RASopathies are genetic syndromes affecting development and having variable cancer predisposition. These disorders are clinically related and are caused by germline mutations affecting key players and regulators of the RAS-MAPK signaling pathway generally leading to an upregulated ERK activity. Gain-of-function (GOF) mutations in PTPN11, encoding SHP2, a cytosolic protein tyrosine phosphatase positively controlling RAS function, underlie approximately 50% of Noonan syndromes (NS), the most common RASopathy. A different class of these activating mutations occurs as somatic events in childhood leukemias. METHOD Here, we evaluated the application of a FRET-based zebrafish ERK reporter, Teen, and used quantitative FRET protocols to monitor non-physiological RASopathy-associated changes in ERK activation. In a multi-level experimental workflow, we tested the suitability of the Teen reporter to detect pan-embryo ERK activity correlates of morphometric alterations driven by the NS-causing Shp2D61G allele. RESULTS Spectral unmixing- and acceptor photobleaching (AB)-FRET analyses captured pathological ERK activity preceding the manifestation of quantifiable body axes defects, a morphological pillar used to test the strength of SHP2 GoF mutations. Last, the work shows that by multi-modal FRET analysis, we can quantitatively trace back the modulation of ERK phosphorylation obtained by low-dose MEK inhibitor treatment to early development, before the onset of morphological defects. CONCLUSION This work proves the usefulness of FRET imaging protocols on both live and fixed Teen ERK reporter fish to readily monitor and quantify pharmacologically- and genetically-induced ERK activity modulations in early embryos, representing a useful tool in pre-clinical applications targeting RAS-MAPK signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Fasano
- Molecular Genetics and Functional Genomics, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome, 00146, Italy
| | - Stefania Petrini
- Microscopy facility, Research laboratories, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome, 00146, Italy
| | - Valeria Bonavolontà
- Molecular Genetics and Functional Genomics, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome, 00146, Italy
| | - Graziamaria Paradisi
- Molecular Genetics and Functional Genomics, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome, 00146, Italy
- Department for Innovation in Biological Agro-food and Forest systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, 01100, Italy
| | - Catia Pedalino
- Molecular Genetics and Functional Genomics, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome, 00146, Italy
| | - Marco Tartaglia
- Molecular Genetics and Functional Genomics, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome, 00146, Italy.
| | - Antonella Lauri
- Molecular Genetics and Functional Genomics, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome, 00146, Italy.
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Yi JS, Perla S, Bennett AM. An Assessment of the Therapeutic Landscape for the Treatment of Heart Disease in the RASopathies. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2023; 37:1193-1204. [PMID: 35156148 DOI: 10.1007/s10557-022-07324-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The RAS/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway controls a plethora of developmental and post-developmental processes. It is now clear that mutations in the RAS-MAPK pathway cause developmental diseases collectively referred to as the RASopathies. The RASopathies include Noonan syndrome, Noonan syndrome with multiple lentigines, cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome, neurofibromatosis type 1, and Costello syndrome. RASopathy patients exhibit a wide spectrum of congenital heart defects (CHD), such as valvular abnormalities and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). Since the cardiovascular defects are the most serious and recurrent cause of mortality in RASopathy patients, it is critical to understand the pathological signaling mechanisms that drive the disease. Therapies for the treatment of HCM and other RASopathy-associated comorbidities have yet to be fully realized. Recent developments have shown promise for the use of repurposed antineoplastic drugs that target the RAS-MAPK pathway for the treatment of RASopathy-associated HCM. However, given the impact of the RAS-MAPK pathway in post-developmental physiology, establishing safety and evaluating risk when treating children will be paramount. As such insight provided by preclinical and clinical information will be critical. This review will highlight the cardiovascular manifestations caused by the RASopathies and will discuss the emerging therapies for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Sung Yi
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, SHM B226D, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520-8066, USA
| | - Sravan Perla
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, SHM B226D, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520-8066, USA
| | - Anton M Bennett
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, SHM B226D, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520-8066, USA.
- Yale Center for Molecular and Systems Metabolism, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
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Scorrano G, David E, Calì E, Chimenz R, La Bella S, Di Ludovico A, Di Rosa G, Gitto E, Mankad K, Nardello R, Mangano GD, Leoni C, Ceravolo G. The Cardiofaciocutaneous Syndrome: From Genetics to Prognostic-Therapeutic Implications. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:2111. [PMID: 38136934 PMCID: PMC10742720 DOI: 10.3390/genes14122111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiofaciocutaneous (CFC) syndrome is one of the rarest RASopathies characterized by multiple congenital ectodermal, cardiac and craniofacial abnormalities with a mild to severe ocular, gastrointestinal and neurological involvement. It is an autosomal dominant syndrome, with complete penetrance, caused by heterozygous pathogenic variants in the genes BRAF, MAP2K1/MEK1, MAP2K2/MEK2, KRAS or, rarely, YWHAZ, all part of the RAS-MAPK pathway. This pathway is a signal transduction cascade that plays a crucial role in normal cellular processes such as cell growth, proliferation, differentiation, survival, metabolism and migration. CFC syndrome overlaps with Noonan syndrome, Costello syndrome, neurofibromatosis type 1 and Legius syndrome, therefore making the diagnosis challenging. Neurological involvement in CFC is more severe than in other RASopathies. Phenotypic variability in CFC patients is related to the specific gene affected, without a recognized genotype-phenotype correlation for distinct pathogenic variants. Currently, there is no specific treatment for CFC syndrome. Encouraging zebrafish model system studies suggested that, in the future, MEK inhibitors could be a suitable treatment of progressive phenotypes of CFC in children. A multidisciplinary care is necessary for appropriate medical management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Scorrano
- Department of Pediatrics, “G. D’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (G.S.); (A.D.L.)
| | - Emanuele David
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Elisa Calì
- UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK; (E.C.); (G.C.)
| | - Roberto Chimenz
- Pediatric Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, University Hospital “G. Martino”, 98124 Messina, Italy;
| | - Saverio La Bella
- Department of Pediatrics, “G. D’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (G.S.); (A.D.L.)
| | - Armando Di Ludovico
- Department of Pediatrics, “G. D’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (G.S.); (A.D.L.)
| | - Gabriella Di Rosa
- Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age “Gaetano Barresi”, University of Messina, 98124 Messina, Italy;
| | - Eloisa Gitto
- Neonatal and Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age “Gaetano Barresi”, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy;
| | - Kshitij Mankad
- Department of Radiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London WC1N 3JH, UK;
| | - Rosaria Nardello
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialities, “G. D’Alessandro” University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (R.N.); (G.D.M.)
| | - Giuseppe Donato Mangano
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialities, “G. D’Alessandro” University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (R.N.); (G.D.M.)
| | - Chiara Leoni
- Center for Rare Diseases and Birth Defects, Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Giorgia Ceravolo
- UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK; (E.C.); (G.C.)
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D’Antona L, Amato R, Brescia C, Rocca V, Colao E, Iuliano R, Blazer-Yost BL, Perrotti N. Kinase Inhibitors in Genetic Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065276. [PMID: 36982349 PMCID: PMC10048847 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the years, several studies have shown that kinase-regulated signaling pathways are involved in the development of rare genetic diseases. The study of the mechanisms underlying the onset of these diseases has opened a possible way for the development of targeted therapies using particular kinase inhibitors. Some of these are currently used to treat other diseases, such as cancer. This review aims to describe the possibilities of using kinase inhibitors in genetic pathologies such as tuberous sclerosis, RASopathies, and ciliopathies, describing the various pathways involved and the possible targets already identified or currently under study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia D’Antona
- Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” at Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
- Medical Genetics Unit, University Hospital “Mater Domini” at Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Rosario Amato
- Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” at Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
- Medical Genetics Unit, University Hospital “Mater Domini” at Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Carolina Brescia
- Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” at Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Valentina Rocca
- Medical Genetics Unit, University Hospital “Mater Domini” at Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University “Magna Graecia” at Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Emma Colao
- Medical Genetics Unit, University Hospital “Mater Domini” at Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Rodolfo Iuliano
- Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” at Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
- Medical Genetics Unit, University Hospital “Mater Domini” at Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Bonnie L. Blazer-Yost
- Department of Biology, Indiana University Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Nicola Perrotti
- Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” at Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
- Medical Genetics Unit, University Hospital “Mater Domini” at Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
- Correspondence:
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Longo JF, Carroll SL. The RASopathies: Biology, genetics and therapeutic options. Adv Cancer Res 2022; 153:305-341. [PMID: 35101235 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2021.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The RASopathies are a group of genetic diseases in which the Ras/MAPK signaling pathway is inappropriately activated as a result of mutations in genes encoding proteins within this pathway. As their causative mutations have been identified, this group of diseases has expanded to include neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), Legius syndrome, Noonan syndrome, CBL syndrome, Noonan syndrome-like disorder with loose anagen hair, Noonan syndrome with multiple lentigines, Costello syndrome, cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome, gingival fibromatosis and capillary malformation-arteriovenous malformation syndrome. Many of these genetic disorders share clinical features in common such as abnormal facies, short stature, varying degrees of cognitive impairment, cardiovascular abnormalities, skeletal abnormalities and a predisposition to develop benign and malignant neoplasms. Others are more dissimilar, even though their mutations are in the same gene that is mutated in a different RASopathy. Here, we describe the clinical features of each RASopathy and contrast them with the other RASopathies. We discuss the genetics of these disorders, including the causative mutations for each RASopathy, the impact that these mutations have on the function of an individual protein and how this dysregulates the Ras/MAPK signaling pathway. As several of these individual disorders are genetically heterogeneous, we also consider the different genes that can be mutated to produce disease with the same phenotype. We also discuss how our growing understanding of dysregulated Ras/MAPK signaling had led to the development of new therapeutic agents and what work will be critically important in the future to improve the lives of patients with RASopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jody Fromm Longo
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Steven L Carroll
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States.
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Abstract
The RASopathies are a group of disorders caused by a germline mutation in one of the genes encoding a component of the RAS/MAPK pathway. These disorders, including neurofibromatosis type 1, Noonan syndrome, cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome, Costello syndrome and Legius syndrome, among others, have overlapping clinical features due to RAS/MAPK dysfunction. Although several of the RASopathies are very rare, collectively, these disorders are relatively common. In this Review, we discuss the pathogenesis of the RASopathy-associated genetic variants and the knowledge gained about RAS/MAPK signaling that resulted from studying RASopathies. We also describe the cell and animal models of the RASopathies and explore emerging RASopathy genes. Preclinical and clinical experiences with targeted agents as therapeutics for RASopathies are also discussed. Finally, we review how the recently developed drugs targeting RAS/MAPK-driven malignancies, such as inhibitors of RAS activation, direct RAS inhibitors and RAS/MAPK pathway inhibitors, might be leveraged for patients with RASopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie E Hebron
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Edjay Ralph Hernandez
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Marielle E Yohe
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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9
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Fowlkes JL, Thrailkill KM, Bunn RC. RASopathies: The musculoskeletal consequences and their etiology and pathogenesis. Bone 2021; 152:116060. [PMID: 34144233 PMCID: PMC8316423 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2021.116060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The RASopathies comprise an ever-growing number of clinical syndromes resulting from germline mutations in components of the RAS/MAPK signaling pathway. While multiple organs and tissues may be affected by these mutations, this review will focus on how these mutations specifically impact the musculoskeletal system. Herein, we review the genetics and musculoskeletal phenotypes of these syndromes in humans. We discuss how mutations in the RASopathy syndromes have been studied in translational mouse models. Finally, we discuss how signaling molecules within the RAS/MAPK pathway are involved in normal and abnormal bone biology in the context of osteoblasts, osteoclasts and chondrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- John L Fowlkes
- University of Kentucky Barnstable Brown Diabetes Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, United States of America.
| | - Kathryn M Thrailkill
- University of Kentucky Barnstable Brown Diabetes Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, United States of America
| | - R Clay Bunn
- University of Kentucky Barnstable Brown Diabetes Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, United States of America
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Vasic V, Jones MSO, Haslinger D, Knaus LS, Schmeisser MJ, Novarino G, Chiocchetti AG. Translating the Role of mTOR- and RAS-Associated Signalopathies in Autism Spectrum Disorder: Models, Mechanisms and Treatment. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12111746. [PMID: 34828352 PMCID: PMC8624393 DOI: 10.3390/genes12111746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations affecting mTOR or RAS signaling underlie defined syndromes (the so-called mTORopathies and RASopathies) with high risk for Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). These syndromes show a broad variety of somatic phenotypes including cancers, skin abnormalities, heart disease and facial dysmorphisms. Less well studied are the neuropsychiatric symptoms such as ASD. Here, we assess the relevance of these signalopathies in ASD reviewing genetic, human cell model, rodent studies and clinical trials. We conclude that signalopathies have an increased liability for ASD and that, in particular, ASD individuals with dysmorphic features and intellectual disability (ID) have a higher chance for disruptive mutations in RAS- and mTOR-related genes. Studies on rodent and human cell models confirm aberrant neuronal development as the underlying pathology. Human studies further suggest that multiple hits are necessary to induce the respective phenotypes. Recent clinical trials do only report improvements for comorbid conditions such as epilepsy or cancer but not for behavioral aspects. Animal models show that treatment during early development can rescue behavioral phenotypes. Taken together, we suggest investigating the differential roles of mTOR and RAS signaling in both human and rodent models, and to test drug treatment both during and after neuronal development in the available model systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verica Vasic
- Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (V.V.); (M.J.S.)
| | - Mattson S. O. Jones
- Autism Therapy and Research Center of Excellence, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, 60528 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (M.S.O.J.); (D.H.)
- Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER), Goethe University Frankfurt, 60528 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Denise Haslinger
- Autism Therapy and Research Center of Excellence, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, 60528 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (M.S.O.J.); (D.H.)
- Institute of Science and Technology (IST) Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria; (L.S.K.); (G.N.)
| | - Lisa S. Knaus
- Institute of Science and Technology (IST) Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria; (L.S.K.); (G.N.)
| | - Michael J. Schmeisser
- Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (V.V.); (M.J.S.)
- Focus Program Translational Neurosciences (FTN), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Gaia Novarino
- Institute of Science and Technology (IST) Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria; (L.S.K.); (G.N.)
| | - Andreas G. Chiocchetti
- Autism Therapy and Research Center of Excellence, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, 60528 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (M.S.O.J.); (D.H.)
- Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER), Goethe University Frankfurt, 60528 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-69-6301-80658
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW An early understanding of the role of the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK signalling pathway in regulating cell proliferation has set the stage for the development of several potent and selective MEK inhibitors (MEKi). MEKi represent promising therapies for RAS-driven neoplasias and RASopathies associated with increased Ras/MAPK activity. RECENT FINDINGS Neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1) is a prototypic RASopathy in which early-phase clinical trials with MEKi have been successful in the treatment of plexiform neurofibromas (pNF) and low-grade gliomas (LGGs). The phase 2 trial (SPRINT) of selumetinib in pNF resulted in at least 20% reduction in the size of pNF from baseline in 71% of patients and was associated with clinically meaningful improvements. On the basis of this trial, selumetinib (Koselugo) received FDA approval for children 2 years of age and older with inoperable, symptomatic pNF. The phase 2 trial of selumetinib in LGG resulted in 40% partial response and 96% of patients had 2 years of progression-free survival. SUMMARY Given the potential of MEK inhibition as an effective and overall well tolerated medical treatment, the use of targeted agents in the NF1 population is likely to increase considerably. Future work on non-NF1 RASopathies should focus on developing preclinical models and defining endpoints for measurement of efficacy in order to conduct clinical trials.
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Tiwari A, Rahi S, Mehan S. Elucidation of Abnormal Extracellular Regulated Kinase (ERK) Signaling and Associations with Syndromic and Non-syndromic Autism. Curr Drug Targets 2021; 22:1071-1086. [PMID: 33081671 DOI: 10.2174/1389450121666201020155010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Autism is a highly inherited and extremely complex disorder in which results from various cases indicate chromosome anomalies, unusual single-gene mutations, and multiplicative effects of particular gene variants, characterized primarily by impaired speech and social interaction and restricted behavior. The precise etiology of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is currently unclear. The extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling mechanism affects neurogenesis and neuronal plasticity during the development of the central nervous mechanism. In this regard, the pathway of ERK has recently gained significant interest in the pathogenesis of ASD. The mutation occurs in a few ERK components. Besides, the ERK pathway dysfunction lies in the upstream of modified translation and contributes to synapse pathology in syndromic types of autism. In this review, we highlight the ERK pathway as a target for neurodevelopmental disorder autism. In addition, we summarize the regulation of the ERK pathway with ERK inhibitors in neurological disorders. In conclusion, a better understanding of the ERK signaling pathway provides a range of therapeutic options for autism spectrum disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarti Tiwari
- Neuropharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India
| | - Saloni Rahi
- Neuropharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India
| | - Sidharth Mehan
- Neuropharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India
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13
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Gualtieri A, Kyprianou N, Gregory LC, Vignola ML, Nicholson JG, Tan R, Inoue SI, Scagliotti V, Casado P, Blackburn J, Abollo-Jimenez F, Marinelli E, Besser REJ, Högler W, Karen Temple I, Davies JH, Gagunashvili A, Robinson ICAF, Camper SA, Davis SW, Cutillas PR, Gevers EF, Aoki Y, Dattani MT, Gaston-Massuet C. Activating mutations in BRAF disrupt the hypothalamo-pituitary axis leading to hypopituitarism in mice and humans. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2028. [PMID: 33795686 PMCID: PMC8016902 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21712-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Germline mutations in BRAF and other components of the MAPK pathway are associated with the congenital syndromes collectively known as RASopathies. Here, we report the association of Septo-Optic Dysplasia (SOD) including hypopituitarism and Cardio-Facio-Cutaneous (CFC) syndrome in patients harbouring mutations in BRAF. Phosphoproteomic analyses demonstrate that these genetic variants are gain-of-function mutations leading to activation of the MAPK pathway. Activation of the MAPK pathway by conditional expression of the BrafV600E/+ allele, or the knock-in BrafQ241R/+ allele (corresponding to the most frequent human CFC-causing mutation, BRAF p.Q257R), leads to abnormal cell lineage determination and terminal differentiation of hormone-producing cells, causing hypopituitarism. Expression of the BrafV600E/+ allele in embryonic pituitary progenitors leads to an increased expression of cell cycle inhibitors, cell growth arrest and apoptosis, but not tumour formation. Our findings show a critical role of BRAF in hypothalamo-pituitary-axis development both in mouse and human and implicate mutations found in RASopathies as a cause of endocrine deficiencies in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelica Gualtieri
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts & the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Nikolina Kyprianou
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts & the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Louise C Gregory
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Research and Teaching Department, UCL, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Maria Lillina Vignola
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts & the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - James G Nicholson
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts & the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Rachael Tan
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts & the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Shin-Ichi Inoue
- Department of Medical Genetics, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Valeria Scagliotti
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts & the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Pedro Casado
- Integrative Cell Signalling and Proteomics, Centre for Haemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - James Blackburn
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts & the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Fernando Abollo-Jimenez
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts & the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Eugenia Marinelli
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts & the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Rachael E J Besser
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Research and Teaching Department, UCL, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Wolfgang Högler
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - I Karen Temple
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Justin H Davies
- Child Health Directorate, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine University of Southampton and Wessex Clinical Genetics Service, Southampton, UK
| | - Andrey Gagunashvili
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Great Ormond Street Hospital, Children NHS Foundation Trust and UCL, London, UK
| | | | - Sally A Camper
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Shannon W Davis
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Pedro R Cutillas
- Integrative Cell Signalling and Proteomics, Centre for Haemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Evelien F Gevers
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts & the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Yoko Aoki
- Department of Medical Genetics, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Mehul T Dattani
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Research and Teaching Department, UCL, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Carles Gaston-Massuet
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts & the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
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14
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Borrie SC, Horner AE, Yoshimura A, Legius E, Kopanitsa MV, Brems H. Impaired instrumental learning in Spred1 -/- mice, a model for a rare RASopathy. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2021; 20:e12727. [PMID: 33624414 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
RASopathies are neuro-cardio-facio-cutaneous disorders stemming from mutations in genes regulating the RAS-MAPK pathway. Legius syndrome is a rare RASopathy disorder caused by mutations in the SPRED1 gene. SPRED1 protein negatively regulates activation of Ras by inhibiting RAS/RAF and by its interaction with neurofibromin, a Ras GTPase-activating protein (RAS-GAP). Cognitive impairments have been reported in Legius syndrome as well as in other RASopathy disorders. Modelling these cognitive deficits in a Spred1 mouse model for Legius syndrome has demonstrated spatial learning and memory deficits, but other cognitive domains remained unexplored. Here, we attempted to utilize a cognitive touchscreen battery to investigate if Spred1-/- mice exhibit deficits in other cognitive domains. We show that Spred1-/- mice had heterogeneous performance in instrumental operant learning, with a large subgroup (n = 9/20) failing to reach the standard criterion on touchscreen operant pretraining, precluding further cognitive testing. To examine whether targeting the RAS-MAPK signalling pathway could rescue these cognitive impairments, Spred1-/- mice were acutely treated with the clinically relevant mitogen-activated protein kinase (MEK) inhibitor PD325901. However, MEK inhibition did not improve their instrumental learning. We conclude that Spred1-/- mice can model severe cognitive impairments that cannot be reversed in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C Borrie
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Akihiko Yoshimura
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eric Legius
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Hilde Brems
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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15
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Maeda Y, Tidyman WE, Ander BP, Pritchard CA, Rauen KA. Ras/MAPK dysregulation in development causes a skeletal myopathy in an activating Braf L597V mouse model for cardio-facio-cutaneous syndrome. Dev Dyn 2021; 250:1074-1095. [PMID: 33522658 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardio-facio-cutaneous (CFC) syndrome is a human multiple congenital anomaly syndrome that is caused by activating heterozygous mutations in either BRAF, MEK1, or MEK2, three protein kinases of the Ras/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. CFC belongs to a group of syndromes known as RASopathies. Skeletal muscle hypotonia is a ubiquitous phenotype of RASopathies, especially in CFC syndrome. To better understand the underlying mechanisms for the skeletal myopathy in CFC, a mouse model with an activating BrafL597V allele was utilized. RESULTS The activating BrafL597V allele resulted in phenotypic alterations in skeletal muscle characterized by a reduction in fiber size which leads to a reduction in muscle size which are functionally weaker. MAPK pathway activation caused inhibition of myofiber differentiation during embryonic myogenesis and global transcriptional dysregulation of developmental pathways. Inhibition in differentiation can be rescued by MEK inhibition. CONCLUSIONS A skeletal myopathy was identified in the CFC BrafL597V mouse validating the use of models to study the effect of Ras/MAPK dysregulation on skeletal myogenesis. RASopathies present a novel opportunity to identify new paradigms of myogenesis and further our understanding of Ras in development. Rescue of the phenotype by inhibitors may help advance the development of therapeutic options for RASopathy patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiko Maeda
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, USA.,UC Davis MIND Institute, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - William E Tidyman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, USA.,UC Davis MIND Institute, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Bradley P Ander
- UC Davis MIND Institute, Sacramento, California, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Catrin A Pritchard
- Leicester Cancer Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine A Rauen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, USA.,UC Davis MIND Institute, Sacramento, California, USA
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16
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Haploinsufficiency of RREB1 causes a Noonan-like RASopathy via epigenetic reprogramming of RAS-MAPK pathway genes. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4673. [PMID: 32938917 PMCID: PMC7495420 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18483-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
RAS-MAPK signaling mediates processes critical to normal development including cell proliferation, survival, and differentiation. Germline mutation of RAS-MAPK genes lead to the Noonan-spectrum of syndromes. Here, we present a patient affected by a 6p-interstitial microdeletion with unknown underlying molecular etiology. Examination of 6p-interstitial microdeletion cases reveals shared clinical features consistent with Noonan-spectrum disorders including short stature, facial dysmorphia and cardiovascular abnormalities. We find the RAS-responsive element binding protein-1 (RREB1) is the common deleted gene in multiple 6p-interstitial microdeletion cases. Rreb1 hemizygous mice display orbital hypertelorism and cardiac hypertrophy phenocopying the human syndrome. Rreb1 haploinsufficiency leads to sensitization of MAPK signaling. Rreb1 recruits Sin3a and Kdm1a to control H3K4 methylation at MAPK pathway gene promoters. Haploinsufficiency of SIN3A and mutations in KDM1A cause syndromes similar to RREB1 haploinsufficiency suggesting genetic perturbation of the RREB1-SIN3A-KDM1A complex represents a new category of RASopathy-like syndromes arising through epigenetic reprogramming of MAPK pathway genes.
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17
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Nees SN, Chung WK. Genetic Basis of Human Congenital Heart Disease. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2020; 12:cshperspect.a036749. [PMID: 31818857 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a036749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most common major congenital anomaly with an incidence of ∼1% of live births and is a significant cause of birth defect-related mortality. The genetic mechanisms underlying the development of CHD are complex and remain incompletely understood. Known genetic causes include all classes of genetic variation including chromosomal aneuploidies, copy number variants, and rare and common single-nucleotide variants, which can be either de novo or inherited. Among patients with CHD, ∼8%-12% have a chromosomal abnormality or aneuploidy, between 3% and 25% have a copy number variation, and 3%-5% have a single-gene defect in an established CHD gene with higher likelihood of identifying a genetic cause in patients with nonisolated CHD. These genetic variants disrupt or alter genes that play an important role in normal cardiac development and in some cases have pleiotropic effects on other organs. This work reviews some of the most common genetic causes of CHD as well as what is currently known about the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wendy K Chung
- Department of Pediatrics.,Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA
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18
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Costello syndrome model mice with a Hras G12S/+ mutation are susceptible to develop house dust mite-induced atopic dermatitis. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:617. [PMID: 32792500 PMCID: PMC7426869 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-02845-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Costello syndrome is an autosomal dominant disorder that is caused by germline HRAS mutations. Patients with Costello syndrome present craniofacial abnormalities, cardiac defects, and cancer predisposition, as well as skin abnormalities, including papillomas, keratosis pilaris, and eczematous dermatitis. However, the mechanisms underlying the dermatological abnormalities remain unclear. Here, we demonstrated that knock-in mice expressing an Hras G12S mutation (HrasG12S/+ mice) are susceptible to develop atopic dermatitis (AD)-like skin lesions, including eczema, pruritus, elevated serum IgE levels, acanthosis, and the infiltration of mast cells, basophils, and type-2 innate lymphoid cells in the dermis, after stimulation with house dust mite allergens (Dermatophagoides farinae, Dfb). Reduced skin barrier function, increased proliferation of phosphorylated ERK (p-ERK)-positive epidermal cells, and increased Th2-type cytokines as well as epithelial cell-derived cytokines, including IL-33, were observed in the skin tissue of HrasG12S/+ mice compared with Hras+/+ mice. Cultured HrasG12S/+ keratinocytes exhibited increased IL-33 expression after Dfb stimulation. PD0325901, an MEK inhibitor, ameliorated AD-like symptoms in HrasG12S/+ mice, showing decreased proliferation of p-ERK-positive epidermal cells and decreased expression of IL-33. Our findings indicate that the epidermis of HrasG12S/+ mice stimulated by Dfb strongly induced IL-33 expression and type-2 innate lymphoid cells, resulting in AD-like skin lesions. These results suggest that the epidermis of HrasG12S/+ mice are prone to development of eczematous dermatitis stimulated with house dust mite allergens.
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19
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Kang M, Lee YS. The impact of RASopathy-associated mutations on CNS development in mice and humans. Mol Brain 2019; 12:96. [PMID: 31752929 PMCID: PMC6873535 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-019-0517-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The RAS signaling pathway is involved in the regulation of developmental processes, including cell growth, proliferation, and differentiation, in the central nervous system (CNS). Germline mutations in the RAS signaling pathway genes are associated with a group of neurodevelopmental disorders, collectively called RASopathy, which includes neurofibromatosis type 1, Noonan syndrome, cardio-facio-cutaneous syndrome, and Costello syndrome. Most mutations associated with RASopathies increase the activity of the RAS-ERK signaling pathway, and therefore, most individuals with RASopathies share common phenotypes, such as a short stature, heart defects, facial abnormalities, and cognitive impairments, which are often accompanied by abnormal CNS development. Recent studies using mouse models of RASopathies demonstrated that particular mutations associated with each disorder disrupt CNS development in a mutation-specific manner. Here, we reviewed the recent literatures that investigated the developmental role of RASopathy-associated mutations using mutant mice, which provided insights into the specific contribution of RAS-ERK signaling molecules to CNS development and the subsequent impact on cognitive function in adult mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minkyung Kang
- Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongro-gu, Seoul, 03080, South Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Korea
| | - Yong-Seok Lee
- Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongro-gu, Seoul, 03080, South Korea. .,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Korea. .,Neuroscience Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongro-gu, Seoul, 03080, South Korea.
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20
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Inoue SI, Morozumi N, Yoshikiyo K, Maeda H, Aoki Y. C-type natriuretic peptide improves growth retardation in a mouse model of cardio-facio-cutaneous syndrome. Hum Mol Genet 2019; 28:74-83. [PMID: 30239744 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddy333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardio-facio-cutaneous (CFC) syndrome, a genetic disorder caused by germline mutations in BRAF, KRAS, MAP2K1 and MAP2K2, is characterized by growth retardation, heart defects, dysmorphic facial appearance and dermatologic abnormalities. We have previously reported that knock-in mice expressing the CFC syndrome-associated mutation, Braf Q241R, showed growth retardation because of gastrointestinal dysfunction. However, other factors associated with growth retardation, including chondrogenesis and endocrinological profile, have not been examined. Here, we show that 3- and 4-week-old BrafQ241R/+ mice have decreased body weight and length, as well as reduced growth plate width in the proximal tibiae. Furthermore, proliferative and hypertrophic chondrocyte zones of the growth plate were reduced in BrafQ241R/+ mice compared with Braf+/+ mice. Immunohistological analysis revealed that extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation was enhanced in hypertrophic chondrocytes in BrafQ241R/+ mice. In accordance with growth retardation and reduced growth plate width, decreased serum levels of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and IGF binding protein 3 (IGFBP-3) were observed in BrafQ241R/+ mice at 3 and 4 weeks of age. Treatment with C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP), a stimulator of endochondral bone growth and a potent inhibitor of the FGFR3-RAF1-MEK/ERK signaling, increased body and tail lengths in Braf+/+ and BrafQ241R/+ mice. In conclusion, ERK activation in chondrocytes and low serum IGF-1/IGFBP-3 levels could be associated with the growth retardation observed in BrafQ241R/+ mice. Our data also suggest that CNP is a potential therapeutic target in CFC syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Ichi Inoue
- Department of Medical Genetics, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai
| | - Naomi Morozumi
- Immunology and Inflammatory Disease Field, Asubio Pharma Co., Ltd, Kobe
| | | | - Hiroaki Maeda
- Immunology and Inflammatory Disease Field, Asubio Pharma Co., Ltd, Kobe.,End-Organ Disease Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoko Aoki
- Department of Medical Genetics, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai
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21
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Niihori T, Nagai K, Fujita A, Ohashi H, Okamoto N, Okada S, Harada A, Kihara H, Arbogast T, Funayama R, Shirota M, Nakayama K, Abe T, Inoue SI, Tsai IC, Matsumoto N, Davis EE, Katsanis N, Aoki Y. Germline-Activating RRAS2 Mutations Cause Noonan Syndrome. Am J Hum Genet 2019; 104:1233-1240. [PMID: 31130285 PMCID: PMC6562005 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2019.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Noonan syndrome (NS) is characterized by distinctive craniofacial appearance, short stature, and congenital heart disease. Approximately 80% of individuals with NS harbor mutations in genes whose products are involved in the RAS/mitogen-activating protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. However, the underlying genetic causes in nearly 20% of individuals with NS phenotype remain unexplained. Here, we report four de novo RRAS2 variants in three individuals with NS. RRAS2 is a member of the RAS subfamily and is ubiquitously expressed. Three variants, c.70_78dup (p.Gly24_Gly26dup), c.216A>T (p.Gln72His), and c.215A>T (p.Gln72Leu), have been found in cancers; our functional analyses showed that these three changes induced elevated association of RAF1 and that they activated ERK1/2 and ELK1. Notably, prominent activation of ERK1/2 and ELK1 by p.Gln72Leu associates with the severe phenotype of the individual harboring this change. To examine variant pathogenicity in vivo, we generated zebrafish models. Larvae overexpressing c.70_78dup (p.Gly24_Gly26dup) or c.216A>T (p.Gln72His) variants, but not wild-type RRAS2 RNAs, showed craniofacial defects and macrocephaly. The same dose injection of mRNA encoding c.215A>T (p.Gln72Leu) caused severe developmental impairments and low dose overexpression of this variant induced craniofacial defects. In contrast, the RRAS2 c.224T>G (p.Phe75Cys) change, located on the same allele with p.Gln72His in an individual with NS, resulted in no aberrant in vitro or in vivo phenotypes by itself. Together, our findings suggest that activating RRAS2 mutations can cause NS and expand the involvement of RRAS2 proto-oncogene to rare germline disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Niihori
- Department of Medical Genetics, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8574, Japan; Center for Human Disease Modeling, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27701, USA.
| | - Koki Nagai
- Department of Medical Genetics, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
| | - Atsushi Fujita
- Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Ohashi
- Division of Medical Genetics, Saitama Children's Medical Center, Saitama 330-8777, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Okamoto
- Department of Medical Genetics, Osaka Women's and Children's Hospital, Osaka 594-1101, Japan
| | - Satoshi Okada
- Department of Pediatrics, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Atsuko Harada
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Takatsuki General Hospital, Osaka 569-1192, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Kihara
- Department of Pediatrics, Onomichi General Hospital, Hiroshima 722-8508, Japan
| | - Thomas Arbogast
- Center for Human Disease Modeling, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27701, USA
| | - Ryo Funayama
- Department of Cell Proliferation, United Center for Advanced Research and Translational Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Matsuyuki Shirota
- Division of Interdisciplinary Medical Sciences, United Center for Advanced Research and Translational Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Keiko Nakayama
- Department of Cell Proliferation, United Center for Advanced Research and Translational Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Taiki Abe
- Department of Medical Genetics, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Inoue
- Department of Medical Genetics, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
| | - I-Chun Tsai
- Center for Human Disease Modeling, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27701, USA
| | - Naomichi Matsumoto
- Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Erica E Davis
- Center for Human Disease Modeling, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27701, USA
| | - Nicholas Katsanis
- Center for Human Disease Modeling, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27701, USA.
| | - Yoko Aoki
- Department of Medical Genetics, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
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22
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Takahara S, Inoue SI, Miyagawa-Tomita S, Matsuura K, Nakashima Y, Niihori T, Matsubara Y, Saiki Y, Aoki Y. New Noonan syndrome model mice with RIT1 mutation exhibit cardiac hypertrophy and susceptibility to β-adrenergic stimulation-induced cardiac fibrosis. EBioMedicine 2019; 42:43-53. [PMID: 30898653 PMCID: PMC6491386 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Noonan syndrome (NS) is a genetic disorder characterized by short stature, a distinctive facial appearance, and heart defects. We recently discovered a novel NS gene, RIT1, which is a member of the RAS subfamily of small GTPases. NS patients with RIT1 mutations have a high incidence of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and edematous phenotype, but the specific role of RIT1 remains unclear. METHODS To investigate how germline RIT1 mutations cause NS, we generated knock-in mice that carried a NS-associated Rit1 A57G mutation (Rit1A57G/+). We investigated the phenotypes of Rit1A57G/+ mice in fetal and adult stages as well as the effects of isoproterenol on cardiac function in Rit1A57G/+ mice. FINDINGS Rit1A57G/+ embryos exhibited decreased viability, edema, subcutaneous hemorrhage and AKT activation. Surviving Rit1A57G/+ mice had a short stature, craniofacial abnormalities and splenomegaly. Cardiac hypertrophy and cardiac fibrosis with increased expression of S100A4, vimentin and periostin were observed in Rit1A57G/+ mice compared to Rit1+/+ mice. Upon isoproterenol stimulation, cardiac fibrosis was drastically increased in Rit1A57G/+ mice. Phosphorylated (at Thr308) AKT levels were also elevated in isoproterenol-treated Rit1A57G/+ hearts. INTERPRETATION The A57G mutation in Rit1 causes cardiac hypertrophy, fibrosis and other NS-associated features. Biochemical analysis indicates that the AKT signaling pathway might be related to downstream signaling in the RIT1 A57G mutant at a developmental stage and under β-adrenergic stimulation in the heart. FUND: The Grants-in-Aid were provided by the Practical Research Project for Rare/Intractable Diseases from the Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science KAKENHI Grant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Takahara
- Department of Medical Genetics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Inoue
- Department of Medical Genetics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
| | - Sachiko Miyagawa-Tomita
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Physiological Chemistry and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Animal Nursing Science, Yamazaki University of Animal Health Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsuhisa Matsuura
- Institute of Advanced Biomedical Engineering and Science, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Cardiology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasumi Nakashima
- Department of Pediatrics, Seirei Hamamatsu General Hospital, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Niihori
- Department of Medical Genetics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yoichi Matsubara
- Department of Medical Genetics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshikatsu Saiki
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yoko Aoki
- Department of Medical Genetics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
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23
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Abstract
Deviations from the precisely coordinated programme of human head development can lead to craniofacial and orofacial malformations often including a variety of dental abnormalities too. Although the aetiology is still unknown in many cases, during the last decades different intracellular signalling pathways have been genetically linked to specific disorders. Among these pathways, the RAS/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signalling cascade is the focus of this review since it encompasses a large group of genes that when mutated cause some of the most common and severe developmental anomalies in humans. We present the components of the RAS/ERK pathway implicated in craniofacial and orodental disorders through a series of human and animal studies. We attempt to unravel the specific molecular targets downstream of ERK that act on particular cell types and regulate key steps in the associated developmental processes. Finally we point to ambiguities in our current knowledge that need to be clarified before RAS/ERK-targeting therapeutic approaches can be implemented.
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Leucine-485 deletion variant of BRAF may exhibit the severe end of the clinical spectrum of CFC syndrome. J Hum Genet 2019; 64:499-504. [PMID: 30842599 DOI: 10.1038/s10038-019-0579-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The genotype-phenotype correlation in BRAF variant in cardio-facio-cutaneous (CFC) syndrome is not clearly defined. Here we report a case with a severe clinical phenotype and a novel BRAF variant, p.Leu485del. The present case showed severe intellectual disability, impaired awareness, hyperekplexia, involuntary movements, early onset refractory seizures, and delayed myelination on brain magnetic resonance imaging as well as a polycystic and dysplastic kidney, which are previously unreported anomalies in CFC or RAS/mitogen-activated protein kinase syndromes related to BRAF variant. CFC syndrome, especially caused by BRAF variant, should be included in the differential diagnosis of patients with developmental and epileptic encephalopathies and hyperekplexia. Furthermore, we need to keep in mind that missense variants or the deletion of Leucine-485 may be associated with severe symptoms.
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25
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Abstract
The MAPK pathway is a prominent intracellular signaling pathway regulating various intracellular functions. Components of this pathway are mutated in a related collection of congenital syndromes collectively referred to as neuro-cardio-facio-cutaneous syndromes (NCFC) or Rasopathies. Recently, it has been appreciated that these disorders are associated with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). In addition, idiopathic ASD has also implicated the MAPK signaling cascade as a common pathway that is affected by many of the genetic variants that have been found to be linked to ASDs. This chapter describes the components of the MAPK pathway and how it is regulated. Furthermore, this chapter will highlight the various functions of the MAPK pathway during both embryonic development of the central nervous system (CNS) and its roles in neuronal physiology and ultimately, behavior. Finally, we will summarize the perturbations to MAPK signaling in various models of autism spectrum disorders and Rasopathies to highlight how dysregulation of this pivotal pathway may contribute to the pathogenesis of autism.
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26
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Tajan M, Paccoud R, Branka S, Edouard T, Yart A. The RASopathy Family: Consequences of Germline Activation of the RAS/MAPK Pathway. Endocr Rev 2018; 39:676-700. [PMID: 29924299 DOI: 10.1210/er.2017-00232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Noonan syndrome [NS; Mendelian Inheritance in Men (MIM) #163950] and related syndromes [Noonan syndrome with multiple lentigines (formerly called LEOPARD syndrome; MIM #151100), Noonan-like syndrome with loose anagen hair (MIM #607721), Costello syndrome (MIM #218040), cardio-facio-cutaneous syndrome (MIM #115150), type I neurofibromatosis (MIM #162200), and Legius syndrome (MIM #611431)] are a group of related genetic disorders associated with distinctive facial features, cardiopathies, growth and skeletal abnormalities, developmental delay/mental retardation, and tumor predisposition. NS was clinically described more than 50 years ago, and disease genes have been identified throughout the last 3 decades, providing a molecular basis to better understand their physiopathology and identify targets for therapeutic strategies. Most of these genes encode proteins belonging to or regulating the so-called RAS/MAPK signaling pathway, so these syndromes have been gathered under the name RASopathies. In this review, we provide a clinical overview of RASopathies and an update on their genetics. We then focus on the functional and pathophysiological effects of RASopathy-causing mutations and discuss therapeutic perspectives and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mylène Tajan
- INSERM UMR 1048, Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases (I2MC), University of Toulouse Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Romain Paccoud
- INSERM UMR 1048, Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases (I2MC), University of Toulouse Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Sophie Branka
- INSERM UMR 1048, Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases (I2MC), University of Toulouse Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Thomas Edouard
- Endocrine, Bone Diseases, and Genetics Unit, Children's Hospital, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - Armelle Yart
- INSERM UMR 1048, Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases (I2MC), University of Toulouse Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
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27
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Yeh E, Dao DQ, Wu ZY, Kandalam SM, Camacho FM, Tom C, Zhang W, Krencik R, Rauen KA, Ullian EM, Weiss LA. Patient-derived iPSCs show premature neural differentiation and neuron type-specific phenotypes relevant to neurodevelopment. Mol Psychiatry 2018; 23:1687-1698. [PMID: 29158583 PMCID: PMC5962360 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2017.238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Ras/MAPK pathway signaling is a major participant in neurodevelopment, and evidence suggests that BRAF, a key Ras signal mediator, influences human behavior. We studied the role of the mutation BRAFQ257R, the most common cause of cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome (CFC), in an induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived model of human neurodevelopment. In iPSC-derived neuronal cultures from CFC subjects, we observed decreased p-AKT and p-ERK1/2 compared to controls, as well as a depleted neural progenitor pool and rapid neuronal maturation. Pharmacological PI3K/AKT pathway manipulation recapitulated cellular phenotypes in control cells and attenuated them in CFC cells. CFC cultures displayed altered cellular subtype ratios and increased intrinsic excitability. Moreover, in CFC cells, Ras/MAPK pathway activation and morphological abnormalities exhibited cell subtype-specific differences. Our results highlight the importance of exploring specific cellular subtypes and of using iPSC models to reveal relevant human-specific neurodevelopmental events.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Yeh
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - D Q Dao
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Z Y Wu
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - S M Kandalam
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - F M Camacho
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - C Tom
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - W Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - R Krencik
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - K A Rauen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - E M Ullian
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - L A Weiss
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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28
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Liu Y, Chen H, Shou W. Potential Common Pathogenic Pathways for the Left Ventricular Noncompaction Cardiomyopathy (LVNC). Pediatr Cardiol 2018; 39:1099-1106. [PMID: 29766225 PMCID: PMC6093786 DOI: 10.1007/s00246-018-1882-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Ventricular trabeculation and compaction are two essential morphogenetic events for generating a functionally competent ventricular wall. A significant reduction in trabeculation is usually associated with hypoplastic wall and ventricular compact zone deficiencies, which commonly leads to embryonic heart failure and early embryonic lethality. In contrast, the arrest of ventricular wall compaction (noncompaction) is believed to be causative to the left ventricular noncompaction (LVNC), a genetically heterogeneous disorder and the third most common cardiomyopathy among pediatric patients. After critically reviewing recent findings from genetically engineered mouse models, we suggest a model which proposes that defects in myofibrillogenesis and polarization in trabecular cardiomyocytes underly the common pathogenic mechanism for ventricular noncompaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- Riley Heart Research Center, Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Hanying Chen
- Riley Heart Research Center, Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Weinian Shou
- Riley Heart Research Center, Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
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29
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Inoue SI, Takahara S, Yoshikawa T, Niihori T, Yanai K, Matsubara Y, Aoki Y. Activated Braf induces esophageal dilation and gastric epithelial hyperplasia in mice. Hum Mol Genet 2018; 26:4715-4727. [PMID: 28973166 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Germline mutations in BRAF are a major cause of cardio-facio-cutaneous (CFC) syndrome, which is characterized by heart defects, characteristic craniofacial dysmorphology and dermatologic abnormalities. Patients with CFC syndrome also commonly show gastrointestinal dysfunction, including feeding and swallowing difficulties and gastroesophageal reflux. We have previously found that knock-in mice expressing a Braf Q241R mutation exhibit CFC syndrome-related phenotypes, such as growth retardation, craniofacial dysmorphisms, congenital heart defects and learning deficits. However, it remains unclear whether BrafQ241R/+ mice exhibit gastrointestinal dysfunction. Here, we report that BrafQ241R/+ mice have neonatal feeding difficulties and esophageal dilation. The esophagus tissues from BrafQ241R/+ mice displayed incomplete replacement of smooth muscle with skeletal muscle and decreased contraction. Furthermore, the BrafQ241R/+ mice showed hyperkeratosis and a thickened muscle layer in the forestomach. Treatment with MEK inhibitors ameliorated the growth retardation, esophageal dilation, hyperkeratosis and thickened muscle layer in the forestomach in BrafQ241R/+ mice. The esophageal dilation with aberrant skeletal-smooth muscle boundary in BrafQ241R/+ mice were recovered after treatment with the histone H3K27 demethylase inhibitor GSK-J4. Our results provide clues to elucidate the pathogenesis and possible treatment of gastrointestinal dysfunction and failure to thrive in patients with CFC syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shingo Takahara
- Department of Medical Genetics.,Department of Cardiovascular Surgery
| | - Takeo Yoshikawa
- Department of Pharmacology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | | | - Kazuhiko Yanai
- Department of Pharmacology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yoichi Matsubara
- Department of Medical Genetics.,National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
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30
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Dard L, Bellance N, Lacombe D, Rossignol R. RAS signalling in energy metabolism and rare human diseases. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2018; 1859:845-867. [PMID: 29750912 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The RAS pathway is a highly conserved cascade of protein-protein interactions and phosphorylation that is at the heart of signalling networks that govern proliferation, differentiation and cell survival. Recent findings indicate that the RAS pathway plays a role in the regulation of energy metabolism via the control of mitochondrial form and function but little is known on the participation of this effect in RAS-related rare human genetic diseases. Germline mutations that hyperactivate the RAS pathway have been discovered and linked to human developmental disorders that are known as RASopathies. Individuals with RASopathies, which are estimated to affect approximately 1/1000 human birth, share many overlapping characteristics, including cardiac malformations, short stature, neurocognitive impairment, craniofacial dysmorphy, cutaneous, musculoskeletal, and ocular abnormalities, hypotonia and a predisposition to developing cancer. Since the identification of the first RASopathy, type 1 neurofibromatosis (NF1), which is caused by the inactivation of neurofibromin 1, several other syndromes have been associated with mutations in the core components of the RAS-MAPK pathway. These syndromes include Noonan syndrome (NS), Noonan syndrome with multiple lentigines (NSML), which was formerly called LEOPARD syndrome, Costello syndrome (CS), cardio-facio-cutaneous syndrome (CFC), Legius syndrome (LS) and capillary malformation-arteriovenous malformation syndrome (CM-AVM). Here, we review current knowledge about the bioenergetics of the RASopathies and discuss the molecular control of energy homeostasis and mitochondrial physiology by the RAS pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Dard
- Bordeaux University, 33000 Bordeaux, France; INSERM U1211, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - N Bellance
- Bordeaux University, 33000 Bordeaux, France; INSERM U1211, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - D Lacombe
- Bordeaux University, 33000 Bordeaux, France; INSERM U1211, 33000 Bordeaux, France; CHU de Bordeaux, Service de Génétique Médicale, F-33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - R Rossignol
- Bordeaux University, 33000 Bordeaux, France; INSERM U1211, 33000 Bordeaux, France; CELLOMET, CGFB-146 Rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux, France.
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31
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Aoidi R, Houde N, Landry-Truchon K, Holter M, Jacquet K, Charron L, Krishnaswami SR, Yu BD, Rauen KA, Bisson N, Newbern J, Charron J. Mek1Y130C mice recapitulate aspects of human cardio-facio-cutaneous syndrome. Dis Model Mech 2018; 11:dmm.031278. [PMID: 29590634 PMCID: PMC5897723 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.031278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The RAS/MAPK signaling pathway is one of the most investigated pathways, owing to its established role in numerous cellular processes and implication in cancer. Germline mutations in genes encoding members of the RAS/MAPK pathway also cause severe developmental syndromes collectively known as RASopathies. These syndromes share overlapping characteristics, including craniofacial dysmorphology, cardiac malformations, cutaneous abnormalities and developmental delay. Cardio-facio-cutaneous syndrome (CFC) is a rare RASopathy associated with mutations in BRAF, KRAS, MEK1 (MAP2K1) and MEK2 (MAP2K2). MEK1 and MEK2 mutations are found in ∼25% of the CFC patients and the MEK1Y130C substitution is the most common one. However, little is known about the origins and mechanisms responsible for the development of CFC. To our knowledge, no mouse model carrying RASopathy-linked Mek1 or Mek2 gene mutations has been reported. To investigate the molecular and developmental consequences of the Mek1Y130C mutation, we generated a mouse line carrying this mutation. Analysis of mice from a Mek1 allelic series revealed that the Mek1Y130C allele expresses both wild-type and Y130C mutant forms of MEK1. However, despite reduced levels of MEK1 protein and the lower abundance of MEK1 Y130C protein than wild type, Mek1Y130C mutants showed increased ERK (MAPK) protein activation in response to growth factors, supporting a role for MEK1 Y130C in hyperactivation of the RAS/MAPK pathway, leading to CFC. Mek1Y130C mutant mice exhibited pulmonary artery stenosis, cranial dysmorphia and neurological anomalies, including increased numbers of GFAP+ astrocytes and Olig2+ oligodendrocytes in regions of the cerebral cortex. These data indicate that the Mek1Y130C mutation recapitulates major aspects of CFC, providing a new animal model to investigate the physiopathology of this RASopathy. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper. Summary: A mouse model for cardio-facio-cutaneous syndrome caused by MEK1 Y130C mutant protein reveals the role of hyperactivation of the RAS/MAPK pathway in the development of the syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rifdat Aoidi
- Centre de recherche sur le cancer de l'Université Laval, CRCHU de Québec, L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, Québec G1R 3S3, Canada.,Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology, Université Laval, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Nicolas Houde
- Centre de recherche sur le cancer de l'Université Laval, CRCHU de Québec, L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, Québec G1R 3S3, Canada.,Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology, Université Laval, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Kim Landry-Truchon
- Centre de recherche sur le cancer de l'Université Laval, CRCHU de Québec, L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, Québec G1R 3S3, Canada.,Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology, Université Laval, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Michael Holter
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
| | - Kevin Jacquet
- Centre de recherche sur le cancer de l'Université Laval, CRCHU de Québec, L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, Québec G1R 3S3, Canada.,Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology, Université Laval, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Louis Charron
- Centre de recherche sur le cancer de l'Université Laval, CRCHU de Québec, L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, Québec G1R 3S3, Canada
| | - Suguna Rani Krishnaswami
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Division of Dermatology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0761, USA
| | - Benjamin D Yu
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Division of Dermatology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0761, USA.,Interpreta Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Katherine A Rauen
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genomic Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Nicolas Bisson
- Centre de recherche sur le cancer de l'Université Laval, CRCHU de Québec, L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, Québec G1R 3S3, Canada.,Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology, Université Laval, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Jason Newbern
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
| | - Jean Charron
- Centre de recherche sur le cancer de l'Université Laval, CRCHU de Québec, L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, Québec G1R 3S3, Canada .,Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology, Université Laval, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada
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32
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Oba D, Inoue SI, Miyagawa-Tomita S, Nakashima Y, Niihori T, Yamaguchi S, Matsubara Y, Aoki Y. Mice with an Oncogenic HRAS Mutation are Resistant to High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity and Exhibit Impaired Hepatic Energy Homeostasis. EBioMedicine 2017; 27:138-150. [PMID: 29254681 PMCID: PMC5828294 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2017.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Costello syndrome is a “RASopathy” that is characterized by growth retardation, dysmorphic facial appearance, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and tumor predisposition. > 80% of patients with Costello syndrome harbor a heterozygous germline G12S mutation in HRAS. Altered metabolic regulation has been suspected because patients with Costello syndrome exhibit hypoketotic hypoglycemia and increased resting energy expenditure, and their growth is severely retarded. To examine the mechanisms of energy reprogramming by HRAS activation in vivo, we generated knock-in mice expressing a heterozygous Hras G12S mutation (HrasG12S/+ mice) as a mouse model of Costello syndrome. On a high-fat diet, HrasG12S/+ mice developed a lean phenotype with microvesicular hepatic steatosis, resulting in early death compared with wild-type mice. Under starvation conditions, hypoketosis and elevated blood levels of long-chain fatty acylcarnitines were observed, suggesting impaired mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation. Our findings suggest that the oncogenic Hras mutation modulates energy homeostasis in vivo. Mice expressing Hras G12S (HrasG12S/+) showed Costello syndrome-like phenotypes, including craniofacial and cardiac defects. HrasG12S/+ mice are resistant to high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity, showing microvesicular hepatic steatosis. Upon fasting, HFD-fed HrasG12S/+ mice show abnormal hepatic fatty acid oxidation, hypoketosis and early hypoglycemia.
Costello syndrome is a congenital anomaly syndrome, which is caused by germline mutations in HRAS oncogene. Altered metabolic regulation has been suspected because patients with Costello syndrome exhibit hypoketotic hypoglycemia and increased resting energy expenditure, and growth retardation. Here, we generated a mouse model for Costello syndrome expressing a Hras G12S mutation, which showed craniofacial and heart abnormalities. On a high-fat diet, mutant mice exhibited a lean phenotype with poor weight gain and microvesicular hepatic steatosis. Under starvation conditions, impaired mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation has been observed. These results suggest that oncogenic RAS signaling in mice modulates energy homeostasis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiju Oba
- Department of Medical Genetics, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Inoue
- Department of Medical Genetics, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
| | - Sachiko Miyagawa-Tomita
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan; Division of Cardiovascular Development and Differentiation, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Veterinary Technology, Yamazaki gakuen University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasumi Nakashima
- Department of Pediatrics, Seirei Hamamatsu General Hospital, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Niihori
- Department of Medical Genetics, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Seiji Yamaguchi
- Department of Pediatrics, Shimane University, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane, Japan
| | - Yoichi Matsubara
- Department of Medical Genetics, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoko Aoki
- Department of Medical Genetics, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
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33
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Yeh CC, Fan Y, Yang YL, Mann MJ. Atrial ERK1/2 activation in the embryo leads to incomplete Septal closure: a novel mouse model of atrial Septal defect. J Biomed Sci 2017; 24:89. [PMID: 29178881 PMCID: PMC5702213 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-017-0392-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background MEK1 mutation and activated MAPK signaling has been found in patients with RASopathies and abnormal cardiac development. Previous studies have suggested that regulation of fetal MAPK signaling is essential for normal cardiac development. We investigated the effect of active MEK1 overexpression on fetal atrial septal development. Methods and results An inducible double transgenic (DTg) mouse model was developed in which cardiac-specific fetal expression of a constitutively active form of human MEK1 (aMEK1) was induced primarily in the atrium via the withdrawal of doxycycline from the drinking water of pregnant mice. Atrial septal defect (ASD) was found in 51% (23/45) of DTg mice. Fifty-two percent (12/23) of ASD mice died before weaning, and surviving ASD mice exhibited hypertrophic hearts with enlarged right atria and decreased fractional shorting (40 ± 2% vs. 48 ± 0%, p < 0.05). The model mimicked human ASD in several key clinical features: severe ASD was associated with growth impairment; ASD-specific mortality was highest within the early postnatal period; despite an even distribution of ASD among the sexes, early mortality was significantly higher in males. The expression of aMEK1 and increased phosphorylation of ERK1/2 was documented via Western blot in DTg fetal hearts, with the largest increases seen in atrial tissue. In an alternative transgenic aMEK1 model with elevated atrial MKP3 expression and corresponding suppression of increases in ERK1/2 phosphorylation, animals did not develop ASD. Conclusion This new model of ASD suggests that enhanced atrial MEK1-ERK1/2 signaling during fetal development disrupts normal atrial septation, possibly regulated by the balance of ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12929-017-0392-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Che-Chung Yeh
- Cardiothoracic Translational Research Laboratory, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yanying Fan
- Cardiothoracic Translational Research Laboratory, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yi-Lin Yang
- Cardiothoracic Translational Research Laboratory, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Michael J Mann
- Cardiothoracic Translational Research Laboratory, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. .,Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, 500 Parnassus Avenue, Suite W420, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
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34
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Borrie SC, Brems H, Legius E, Bagni C. Cognitive Dysfunctions in Intellectual Disabilities: The Contributions of the Ras-MAPK and PI3K-AKT-mTOR Pathways. Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet 2017; 18:115-142. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genom-091416-035332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C. Borrie
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hilde Brems
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eric Legius
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Claudia Bagni
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Fundamental Neuroscience, University of Lausanne, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00173 Rome, Italy
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35
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Ueda K, Yaoita M, Niihori T, Aoki Y, Okamoto N. Craniosynostosis in patients with RASopathies: Accumulating clinical evidence for expanding the phenotype. Am J Med Genet A 2017. [PMID: 28650561 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.38337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
RASopathies are phenotypically overlapping genetic disorders caused by dysregulation of the RAS/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway. RASopathies include Noonan syndrome, cardio-facio-cutaneous (CFC) syndrome, Costello syndrome, Neurofibromatosis type 1, Legius syndrome, Noonan syndrome with multiple lentigines, Noonan-like syndrome, hereditary gingival fibromatosis, and capillary malformation/arteriovenous malformation syndrome. Recently, six patients with craniosynostosis and Noonan syndrome involving KRAS mutations were described in a review, and a patient with craniosynostosis and Noonan syndrome involving a SHOC2 mutation has also been reported. Here, we describe patients with craniosynostosis and Noonan syndrome due to de novo mutations in PTPN11 and patients with craniosynostosis and CFC syndrome due to de novo mutations in BRAF or KRAS. All of these patients had cranial deformities in addition to the typical phenotypes of CFC syndrome and Noonan syndrome. In RASopathy, patients with cranial deformities, further assessments may be necessary to look for craniosynostosis. Future studies should attempt to elucidate the pathogenic mechanism responsible for craniosynostosis mediated by the RAS/MAPK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimiko Ueda
- Department of Medical Genetics, Osaka Women's and Children's Hospital, Osaka Prefectural Hospital Organization, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masako Yaoita
- Department of Medical Genetics, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Niihori
- Department of Medical Genetics, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yoko Aoki
- Department of Medical Genetics, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Okamoto
- Department of Medical Genetics, Osaka Women's and Children's Hospital, Osaka Prefectural Hospital Organization, Osaka, Japan
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36
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Schreiber J, Grimbergen LA, Overwater I, Vaart TVD, Stedehouder J, Schuhmacher AJ, Guerra C, Kushner SA, Jaarsma D, Elgersma Y. Mechanisms underlying cognitive deficits in a mouse model for Costello Syndrome are distinct from other RASopathy mouse models. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1256. [PMID: 28455524 PMCID: PMC5430680 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01218-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
RASopathies, characterized by germline mutations in genes encoding proteins of the RAS-ERK signaling pathway, show overlapping phenotypes, which manifest themselves with a varying severity of intellectual disability. However, it is unclear to what extent they share the same downstream pathophysiology that underlies the cognitive deficits. Costello syndrome (CS) is a rare RASopathy caused by activating mutations in the HRAS gene. Here we investigated the mechanisms underlying the cognitive deficits of HRas G12V/G12V mice. HRas G12V/G12V mice showed robust upregulation of ERK signaling, neuronal hypertrophy, increased brain volume, spatial learning deficits, and impaired mGluR-dependent long-term depression (LTD). In contrast, long-term potentiation (LTP), which is affected in other RASopathy mouse models was unaffected. Treatment with lovastatin, a HMG-CoA-Reductase inhibitor which has been shown to rescue the behavioral phenotypes of mouse models of NF1 and Noonan syndrome, was unable to restore ERK signaling and the cognitive deficits of HRas G12V/G12V mice. Administration of a potent mitogen-activated protein kinase (MEK) inhibitor rescued the ERK upregulation and the mGluR-LTD deficit of HRas G12V/G12V mice, but failed to rescue the cognitive deficits. Taken together, this study indicates that the fundamental molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the cognitive aspects of different RASopathies are remarkably distinct, and may require disease specific treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jadwiga Schreiber
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus Medical Centre Rotterdam, 3015, CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- ENCORE Expertise Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Erasmus Medical Centre Rotterdam, 3015, CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Laura-Anne Grimbergen
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus Medical Centre Rotterdam, 3015, CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- ENCORE Expertise Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Erasmus Medical Centre Rotterdam, 3015, CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Iris Overwater
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus Medical Centre Rotterdam, 3015, CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- ENCORE Expertise Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Erasmus Medical Centre Rotterdam, 3015, CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thijs van der Vaart
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus Medical Centre Rotterdam, 3015, CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- ENCORE Expertise Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Erasmus Medical Centre Rotterdam, 3015, CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey Stedehouder
- Department of Psychiatry Erasmus Medical Centre Rotterdam, 3015, CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alberto J Schuhmacher
- Molecular Oncology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Guerra
- Molecular Oncology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Steven A Kushner
- ENCORE Expertise Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Erasmus Medical Centre Rotterdam, 3015, CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry Erasmus Medical Centre Rotterdam, 3015, CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dick Jaarsma
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus Medical Centre Rotterdam, 3015, CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ype Elgersma
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus Medical Centre Rotterdam, 3015, CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
- ENCORE Expertise Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Erasmus Medical Centre Rotterdam, 3015, CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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37
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Sfecci A, Dupuy A, Dinulescu M, Droitcourt C, Adamski H, Hadj-Rabia S, Odent S, Galibert MD, Boussemart L. Do the Side Effects of BRAF Inhibitors Mimic RASopathies? J Invest Dermatol 2017; 137:805-809. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2016.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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38
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Dorard C, Vucak G, Baccarini M. Deciphering the RAS/ERK pathway in vivo. Biochem Soc Trans 2017; 45:27-36. [PMID: 28202657 DOI: 10.1042/bst20160135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The RAS/ERK pathway has been intensely studied for about three decades, not least because of its role in human pathologies. ERK activation is observed in the majority of human cancers; in about one-third of them, it is driven by mutational activation of pathway components. The pathway is arguably one of the best targets for molecule-based pharmacological intervention, and several small-molecule inhibitors are in clinical use. Genetically engineered mouse models have greatly contributed to our understanding of signaling pathways in development, tissue homeostasis, and disease. In the specific case of the RAS/ERK pathway, they have revealed unique biological roles of structurally and functionally similar proteins, new kinase-independent effectors, and unsuspected relationships with other cascades. This short review summarizes the contribution of mouse models to our current understanding of the pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coralie Dorard
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Center for Molecular Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna 1030, Austria
| | - Georg Vucak
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Center for Molecular Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna 1030, Austria
| | - Manuela Baccarini
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Center for Molecular Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna 1030, Austria
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39
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Diedrich B, Rigbolt KT, Röring M, Herr R, Kaeser-Pebernard S, Gretzmeier C, Murphy RF, Brummer T, Dengjel J. Discrete cytosolic macromolecular BRAF complexes exhibit distinct activities and composition. EMBO J 2017; 36:646-663. [PMID: 28093501 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201694732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
As a central element within the RAS/ERK pathway, the serine/threonine kinase BRAF plays a key role in development and homeostasis and represents the most frequently mutated kinase in tumors. Consequently, it has emerged as an important therapeutic target in various malignancies. Nevertheless, the BRAF activation cycle still raises many mechanistic questions as illustrated by the paradoxical action and side effects of RAF inhibitors. By applying SEC-PCP-SILAC, we analyzed protein-protein interactions of hyperactive BRAFV600E and wild-type BRAF (BRAFWT). We identified two macromolecular, cytosolic BRAF complexes of distinct molecular composition and phosphorylation status. Hyperactive BRAFV600E resides in large complexes of higher molecular mass and activity, while BRAFWT is confined to smaller, slightly less active complexes. However, expression of oncogenic K-RasG12V, either by itself or in combination with RAF dimer promoting inhibitors, induces the incorporation of BRAFWT into large, active complexes, whereas pharmacological inhibition of BRAFV600E has the opposite effect. Thus, the quaternary structure of BRAF complexes is shaped by its activation status, the conformation of its kinase domain, and clinically relevant inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britta Diedrich
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,ZBSA Center for Biological Systems Analysis, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kristoffer Tg Rigbolt
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,ZBSA Center for Biological Systems Analysis, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Röring
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research (IMMZ), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ricarda Herr
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research (IMMZ), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Christine Gretzmeier
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,ZBSA Center for Biological Systems Analysis, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies (FRIAS), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Robert F Murphy
- Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies (FRIAS), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Computational Biology Department and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Tilman Brummer
- ZBSA Center for Biological Systems Analysis, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany .,Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research (IMMZ), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Centre for Biological Signalling Studies BIOSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Freiburg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Freiburg, and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jörn Dengjel
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany .,ZBSA Center for Biological Systems Analysis, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.,Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies (FRIAS), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Centre for Biological Signalling Studies BIOSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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40
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In vivo severity ranking of Ras pathway mutations associated with developmental disorders. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:510-515. [PMID: 28049852 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1615651114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Germ-line mutations in components of the Ras/MAPK pathway result in developmental disorders called RASopathies, affecting about 1/1,000 human births. Rapid advances in genome sequencing make it possible to identify multiple disease-related mutations, but there is currently no systematic framework for translating this information into patient-specific predictions of disease progression. As a first step toward addressing this issue, we developed a quantitative, inexpensive, and rapid framework that relies on the early zebrafish embryo to assess mutational effects on a common scale. Using this assay, we assessed 16 mutations reported in MEK1, a MAPK kinase, and provide a robust ranking of these mutations. We find that mutations found in cancer are more severe than those found in both RASopathies and cancer, which, in turn, are generally more severe than those found only in RASopathies. Moreover, this rank is conserved in other zebrafish embryonic assays and Drosophila-specific embryonic and adult assays, suggesting that our ranking reflects the intrinsic property of the mutant molecule. Furthermore, this rank is predictive of the drug dose needed to correct the defects. This assay can be readily used to test the strengths of existing and newly found mutations in MEK1 and other pathway components, providing the first step in the development of rational guidelines for patient-specific diagnostics and treatment of RASopathies.
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41
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Abstract
The RAS/MAPK signaling pathway plays key roles in development, cell survival and proliferation, as well as in cancer pathogenesis. Molecular genetic studies have identified a group of developmental syndromes, the RASopathies, caused by germ line mutations in this pathway. The syndromes included within this classification are neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), Noonan syndrome (NS), Noonan syndrome with multiple lentigines (NS-ML, formerly known as LEOPARD syndrome), Costello syndrome (CS), cardio-facio-cutaneous syndrome (CFC), Legius syndrome (LS, NF1-like syndrome), capillary malformation-arteriovenous malformation syndrome (CM-AVM), and hereditary gingival fibromatosis (HGF) type 1. Although these syndromes present specific molecular alterations, they are characterized by a large spectrum of functional and morphological abnormalities, which include heart defects, short stature, neurocognitive impairment, craniofacial malformations, and, in some cases, cancer predisposition. The development of genetically modified animals, such as mice (Mus musculus), flies (Drosophila melanogaster), and zebrafish (Danio rerio), has been instrumental in elucidating the molecular and cellular bases of these syndromes. Moreover, these models can also be used to determine tumor predisposition, the impact of different genetic backgrounds on the variable phenotypes found among the patients and to evaluate preventative and therapeutic strategies. Here, we review a wide range of genetically modified mouse models used in the study of RASopathies and the potential application of novel technologies, which hopefully will help us resolve open questions in the field.
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42
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Franci G, Sarno F, Nebbioso A, Altucci L. Identification and characterization of PKF118-310 as a KDM4A inhibitor. Epigenetics 2016; 12:198-205. [PMID: 27767379 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2016.1249089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic modifications are functionally involved in gene expression regulation. In particular, histone posttranslational modifications play a crucial role in functional chromatin organization. Several drugs able to inhibit or stimulate some families of proteins involved in epigenetic histone regulation have been found, a number of which are FDA-approved for the treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma or are in phase I/II/III clinical trials for solid tumors. Although some protein families, such as histone deacetylases and their inhibitors, are well characterized, our understanding of histone lysine demethylases is still incomplete. We describe the in silico, in vitro, and cell-based characterization of the compound PKF118-310, an antagonist of transcription factor 4 (TCF4)/β-catenin signaling, as inhibitor of KDM4A. PKF118-310 potential inhibitor activity was discovered via virtual screening on the crystal structure of KDM4A. A peptide-based histone trimethylation assay developed in-house confirmed its potent KDM4A inhibitor activity. Its protein target was identified by cellular thermal shift assay experiments. PKF118-310 anticancer activity was observed in both liquid and solid tumor cells, and shown to have a dose- and time-dependent effect. We demonstrate the previously unreported inhibitory action of PKF118-310 on KDM4A. Our findings open up the possibility of developing the first KDM4A-specific inhibitors and derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluigi Franci
- a Dipartimento di Biochimica , Biofisica e Patologia Generale, Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli , Napoli , Italy
| | - Federica Sarno
- a Dipartimento di Biochimica , Biofisica e Patologia Generale, Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli , Napoli , Italy
| | - Angela Nebbioso
- a Dipartimento di Biochimica , Biofisica e Patologia Generale, Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli , Napoli , Italy
| | - Lucia Altucci
- a Dipartimento di Biochimica , Biofisica e Patologia Generale, Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli , Napoli , Italy
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43
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Neben CL, Roberts RR, Dipple KM, Merrill AE, Klein OD. Modeling craniofacial and skeletal congenital birth defects to advance therapies. Hum Mol Genet 2016; 25:R86-R93. [PMID: 27346519 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddw171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Craniofacial development is an intricate process of patterning, morphogenesis, and growth that involves many tissues within the developing embryo. Genetic misregulation of these processes leads to craniofacial malformations, which comprise over one-third of all congenital birth defects. Significant advances have been made in the clinical management of craniofacial disorders, but currently very few treatments specifically target the underlying molecular causes. Here, we review recent studies in which modeling of craniofacial disorders in primary patient cells, patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), and mice have enhanced our understanding of the etiology and pathophysiology of these disorders while also advancing therapeutic avenues for their prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia L Neben
- Department of Orofacial Sciences and Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ryan R Roberts
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Ostrow School of Dentistry and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Katrina M Dipple
- Departments of Pediatrics and Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine and InterDepartmental Program Biomedical Engineering, Henry Samulei School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Amy E Merrill
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Ostrow School of Dentistry and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ophir D Klein
- Department of Orofacial Sciences and Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA Department of Pediatrics and Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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44
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Ryu HH, Lee YS. Cell type-specific roles of RAS-MAPK signaling in learning and memory: Implications in neurodevelopmental disorders. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2016; 135:13-21. [PMID: 27296701 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2016.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Revised: 05/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The RAS-mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway plays critical roles in brain function, including learning and memory. Mutations of molecules in the RAS-MAPK pathway are associated with a group of disorders called RASopathies, which include Noonan syndrome, neurofibromatosis type 1, Costello syndrome, Noonan syndrome with multiple lentigines, Legius syndrome, and cardio-facio-cutaneous syndrome. RASopathies share certain clinical symptoms, including craniofacial abnormalities, heart defects, delayed growth, and cognitive deficits such as learning disabilities, while each individual syndrome also displays unique phenotypes. Recent studies using mouse models of RASopathies showed that each disorder may have a distinct molecular and cellular etiology depending on the cellular specificity of the mutated molecules. Here, we review the cell-type specific roles of the regulators of the RAS-MAPK pathway in cognitive function (learning and memory) and their contribution to the development of RASopathies. We also discussed recent technical advances in analyzing cell type-specific transcriptomes and proteomes in the nervous system. Understanding specific mechanisms for these similar but distinct disorders would facilitate the development of mechanism-based individualized treatment for RASopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Hee Ryu
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Science, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, South Korea; Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Seok Lee
- Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea.
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45
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Jindal GA, Goyal Y, Burdine RD, Rauen KA, Shvartsman SY. RASopathies: unraveling mechanisms with animal models. Dis Model Mech 2016. [PMID: 26203125 PMCID: PMC4527292 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.020339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
RASopathies are developmental disorders caused by germline mutations in the Ras-MAPK pathway, and are characterized by a broad spectrum of functional and morphological abnormalities. The high incidence of these disorders (∼1/1000 births) motivates the development of systematic approaches for their efficient diagnosis and potential treatment. Recent advances in genome sequencing have greatly facilitated the genotyping and discovery of mutations in affected individuals, but establishing the causal relationships between molecules and disease phenotypes is non-trivial and presents both technical and conceptual challenges. Here, we discuss how these challenges could be addressed using genetically modified model organisms that have been instrumental in delineating the Ras-MAPK pathway and its roles during development. Focusing on studies in mice, zebrafish and Drosophila, we provide an up-to-date review of animal models of RASopathies at the molecular and functional level. We also discuss how increasingly sophisticated techniques of genetic engineering can be used to rigorously connect changes in specific components of the Ras-MAPK pathway with observed functional and morphological phenotypes. Establishing these connections is essential for advancing our understanding of RASopathies and for devising rational strategies for their management and treatment. Summary: Developmental disorders caused by germline mutations in the Ras-MAPK pathway are called RASopathies. Studies with animal models, including mice, zebrafish and Drosophila, continue to enhance our understanding of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Granton A Jindal
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Yogesh Goyal
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Rebecca D Burdine
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Katherine A Rauen
- Department of Pediatrics, MIND Institute, Division of Genomic Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Stanislav Y Shvartsman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
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46
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Köhler M, Röring M, Schorch B, Heilmann K, Stickel N, Fiala GJ, Schmitt LC, Braun S, Ehrenfeld S, Uhl FM, Kaltenbacher T, Weinberg F, Herzog S, Zeiser R, Schamel WW, Jumaa H, Brummer T. Activation loop phosphorylation regulates B-Raf in vivo and transformation by B-Raf mutants. EMBO J 2015; 35:143-61. [PMID: 26657898 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201592097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite being mutated in cancer and RASopathies, the role of the activation segment (AS) has not been addressed for B-Raf signaling in vivo. Here, we generated a conditional knock-in mouse allowing the expression of the B-Raf(AVKA) mutant in which the AS phosphoacceptor sites T599 and S602 are replaced by alanine residues. Surprisingly, despite producing a kinase-impaired protein, the Braf(AVKA) allele does not phenocopy the lethality of Braf-knockout or paradoxically acting knock-in alleles. However, Braf(AVKA) mice display abnormalities in the hematopoietic system, a distinct facial morphology, reduced ERK pathway activity in the brain, and an abnormal gait. This phenotype suggests that maximum B-Raf activity is required for the proper development, function, and maintenance of certain cell populations. By establishing conditional murine embryonic fibroblast cultures, we further show that MEK/ERK phosphorylation and the immediate early gene response toward growth factors are impaired in the presence of B-Raf(AVKA). Importantly, alanine substitution of T599/S602 impairs the transformation potential of oncogenic non-V600E B-Raf mutants and a fusion protein, suggesting that blocking their phosphorylation could represent an alternative strategy to ATP-competitive inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Köhler
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Albert-Ludwigs-University (ALU), Freiburg, Germany Centre for Biological Systems Analysis ZBSA, ALU, Freiburg, Germany Spemann Graduate School for Biology and Medicine, ALU, Freiburg, Germany Faculty of Biology, ALU, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Röring
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Albert-Ludwigs-University (ALU), Freiburg, Germany Centre for Biological Systems Analysis ZBSA, ALU, Freiburg, Germany Spemann Graduate School for Biology and Medicine, ALU, Freiburg, Germany Faculty of Biology, ALU, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Björn Schorch
- Centre for Biological Systems Analysis ZBSA, ALU, Freiburg, Germany Spemann Graduate School for Biology and Medicine, ALU, Freiburg, Germany Faculty of Biology, ALU, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Heilmann
- Centre for Biological Systems Analysis ZBSA, ALU, Freiburg, Germany Faculty of Biology, ALU, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Natalie Stickel
- Spemann Graduate School for Biology and Medicine, ALU, Freiburg, Germany Faculty of Biology, ALU, Freiburg, Germany Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center ALU, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Gina J Fiala
- Spemann Graduate School for Biology and Medicine, ALU, Freiburg, Germany Faculty of Biology, ALU, Freiburg, Germany Centre for Biological Signalling Studies BIOSS, ALU, Freiburg, Germany Department of Molecular Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Lisa C Schmitt
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Albert-Ludwigs-University (ALU), Freiburg, Germany Centre for Biological Systems Analysis ZBSA, ALU, Freiburg, Germany Faculty of Biology, ALU, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sandra Braun
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Albert-Ludwigs-University (ALU), Freiburg, Germany Centre for Biological Systems Analysis ZBSA, ALU, Freiburg, Germany Centre for Biological Signalling Studies BIOSS, ALU, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sophia Ehrenfeld
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Albert-Ludwigs-University (ALU), Freiburg, Germany Faculty of Biology, ALU, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Franziska M Uhl
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Albert-Ludwigs-University (ALU), Freiburg, Germany Faculty of Biology, ALU, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Kaltenbacher
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Albert-Ludwigs-University (ALU), Freiburg, Germany Faculty of Biology, ALU, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Florian Weinberg
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Albert-Ludwigs-University (ALU), Freiburg, Germany Centre for Biological Systems Analysis ZBSA, ALU, Freiburg, Germany Faculty of Biology, ALU, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Herzog
- Centre for Biological Systems Analysis ZBSA, ALU, Freiburg, Germany Centre for Biological Signalling Studies BIOSS, ALU, Freiburg, Germany Department of Molecular Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Robert Zeiser
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center ALU, Freiburg, Germany Centre for Biological Signalling Studies BIOSS, ALU, Freiburg, Germany Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Freiburg, Germany German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research DKTK, Standort Freiburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang W Schamel
- Centre for Biological Signalling Studies BIOSS, ALU, Freiburg, Germany Department of Molecular Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency CCI, University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hassan Jumaa
- Centre for Biological Signalling Studies BIOSS, ALU, Freiburg, Germany Department of Molecular Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Tilman Brummer
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Albert-Ludwigs-University (ALU), Freiburg, Germany Centre for Biological Systems Analysis ZBSA, ALU, Freiburg, Germany Faculty of Biology, ALU, Freiburg, Germany Centre for Biological Signalling Studies BIOSS, ALU, Freiburg, Germany Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Freiburg, Germany German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research DKTK, Standort Freiburg, Germany
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Moriya M, Inoue SI, Miyagawa-Tomita S, Nakashima Y, Oba D, Niihori T, Hashi M, Ohnishi H, Kure S, Matsubara Y, Aoki Y. Adult mice expressing a Braf Q241R mutation on an ICR/CD-1 background exhibit a cardio-facio-cutaneous syndrome phenotype. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 24:7349-60. [PMID: 26472072 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of the RAS pathway has been implicated in oncogenesis and developmental disorders called RASopathies. Germline mutations in BRAF have been identified in 50-75% of patients with cardio-facio-cutaneous (CFC) syndrome, which is characterized by congenital heart defects, distinctive facial features, short stature and ectodermal abnormalities. We recently demonstrated that mice expressing a Braf Q241R mutation, which corresponds to the most frequent BRAF mutation (Q257R) in CFC syndrome, on a C57BL/6J background are embryonic/neonatal lethal, with multiple congenital defects, preventing us from analyzing the phenotypic consequences after birth. Here, to further explore the pathogenesis of CFC syndrome, we backcrossed these mice onto a BALB/c or ICR/CD-1 genetic background. On a mixed (BALB/c and C57BL/6J) background, all heterozygous Braf(Q241R/+) mice died between birth and 24 weeks and exhibited growth retardation, sparse and ruffled fur, liver necrosis and atrial septal defects (ASDs). In contrast, 31% of the heterozygous Braf(Q241R/+) ICR mice survived over 74 weeks. The surviving Braf(Q241R/+) ICR mice exhibited growth retardation, sparse and ruffled fur, a hunched appearance, craniofacial dysmorphism, long and/or dystrophic nails, extra digits and ovarian cysts. The Braf(Q241R/+) ICR mice also showed learning deficits in the contextual fear-conditioning test. Echocardiography indicated the presence of pulmonary stenosis and ASDs in the Braf(Q241R/+) ICR mice, which were confirmed by histological analysis. These data suggest that the heterozygous Braf(Q241R/+) ICR mice show similar phenotypes as CFC syndrome after birth and will be useful for elucidating the pathogenesis and potential therapeutic strategies for RASopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sachiko Miyagawa-Tomita
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Division of Cardiovascular Development and Differentiation, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasumi Nakashima
- Department of Pediatrics, Seirei Hamamatsu General Hospital, Shizuoka, Japan
| | | | | | - Misato Hashi
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Gunma University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Gunma, Japan and
| | - Hiroshi Ohnishi
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Gunma University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Gunma, Japan and
| | - Shigeo Kure
- Department of Pediatrics, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yoichi Matsubara
- Department of Medical Genetics and National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
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48
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Recent advances in RASopathies. J Hum Genet 2015; 61:33-9. [PMID: 26446362 DOI: 10.1038/jhg.2015.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 08/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
RASopathies or RAS/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) syndromes are a group of phenotypically overlapping syndromes caused by germline mutations that encode components of the RAS/MAPK signaling pathway. These disorders include neurofibromatosis type I, Legius syndrome, Noonan syndrome, Noonan syndrome with multiple lentigines (formerly called LEOPARD syndrome), Costello syndrome, cardiofaciocutaneous (CFC) syndrome, Noonan-like syndrome, hereditary gingival fibromatosis and capillary malformation-arteriovenous malformation. Recently, novel gene variants, including RIT1, RRAS, RASA2, A2ML1, SOS2 and LZTR1, have been shown to be associated with RASopathies, further expanding the disease entity. Although further analysis will be needed, these findings will help to better elucidate an understanding of the pathogenesis of these disorders and will aid in the development of potential therapeutic approaches. In this review, we summarize the novel genes that have been reported to be associated with RASopathies and highlight the cardiovascular abnormalities that may arise in affected individuals.
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Goodwin AF, Kim R, Bush JO, Klein OD. From Bench to Bedside and Back: Improving Diagnosis and Treatment of Craniofacial Malformations Utilizing Animal Models. Curr Top Dev Biol 2015; 115:459-92. [PMID: 26589935 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Craniofacial anomalies are among the most common birth defects and are associated with increased mortality and, in many cases, the need for lifelong treatment. Over the past few decades, dramatic advances in the surgical and medical care of these patients have led to marked improvements in patient outcomes. However, none of the treatments currently in clinical use address the underlying molecular causes of these disorders. Fortunately, the field of craniofacial developmental biology provides a strong foundation for improved diagnosis and for therapies that target the genetic causes of birth defects. In this chapter, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of the embryology of craniofacial conditions, and we focus on the use of animal models to guide rational therapies anchored in genetics and biochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice F Goodwin
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Rebecca Kim
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jeffrey O Bush
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA; Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.
| | - Ophir D Klein
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA; Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.
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