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Verhille CE, MacDonald M, Noble B, Demorest G, Roche A, Frazier K, Albertson LK. Thermal tolerance of giant salmonfly nymphs ( Pteronarcys californica) varies across populations in a regulated river. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 12:coae043. [PMID: 38974500 PMCID: PMC11225080 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coae043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
Warming of aquatic ecosystems is transforming the distribution, phenology and growth of the organisms dependent upon these ecosystems. Aquatic insects such as stoneflies are especially vulnerable to warming because the aquatic nymph stage of their life cycle depends on cool, well-oxygenated, flowing water habitat. We tracked thermal effects on available aerobic capacity of the aquatic nymph stage of an iconic and vulnerable stonefly species, the giant salmonfly (Pteronarcys californica), to compare habitat thermal regime measurements for two salmonfly populations from habitats separated by a gradient in summer weekly maximum temperatures. Contrary to expectations, the thermal optima range of the warmer habitat population was cooler than for the cooler habitat population. We posit that this unexpected interpopulation variation in thermal response is more strongly driven by diel and seasonal thermal variability than by the highest summer temperatures experienced within respective habitats. Additionally, we show that summer daily maximum temperatures could result in periodic limits in available aerobic capacity to support work of the warmer habitat nymphs and may be the mechanism underlying reduced abundance relative to the upstream cooler habitat population. Our findings provide insight into potential thermal and metabolic mechanisms that could regulate the success of ecological and culturally important aquatic insect species experiencing global change. We conclude that thermal regimes and thermal variation, not just mean and maximum temperatures, are critical drivers of aquatic insect responses to water temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael MacDonald
- Department of Ecology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - Ben Noble
- Department of Ecology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - Gavin Demorest
- Department of Ecology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - Alzada Roche
- Department of Ecology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - Kayleigh Frazier
- Department of Ecology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
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2
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Zhang Y, Zhang QJ, Xu WB, Zou W, Xiang XL, Gong ZJ, Cai YJ. The Multifaceted Effects of Short-Term Acute Hypoxia Stress: Insights into the Tolerance Mechanism of Propsilocerus akamusi (Diptera: Chironomidae). INSECTS 2023; 14:800. [PMID: 37887812 PMCID: PMC10607839 DOI: 10.3390/insects14100800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Plenty of freshwater species, especially macroinvertebrates that are essential to the provision of numerous ecosystem functions, encounter higher mortality due to acute hypoxia. However, within the family Chironomidae, a wide range of tolerance to hypoxia/anoxia is displayed. Propsilocerus akamusi depends on this great tolerance to become a dominant species in eutrophic lakes. To further understand how P. akamusi responds to acute hypoxic stress, we used multi-omics analysis in combination with histomorphological characteristics and physiological indicators. Thus, we set up two groups-a control group (DO 8.4 mg/L) and a hypoxic group (DO 0.39 mg/L)-to evaluate enzyme activity and the transcriptome, metabolome, and histomorphological characteristics. With blue-black chromatin, cell tightness, cell membrane invagination, and the production of apoptotic vesicles, tissue cells displayed typical apoptotic features in the hypoxic group. Although lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), catalase (CAT), and Na+/K+ -ATPase (NKA) activities were dramatically enhanced under hypoxic stress, glycogen content, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities were significantly reduced compared to the control group. The combined analysis of the transcriptome and metabolome, which further demonstrated, in addition to carbohydrates, including glycogen, the involvement of energy metabolism pathways, including fatty acid, protein, trehalose, and glyoxylate cycles, provided additional support for the aforementioned findings. Lactate is the end product of glycogen degradation, and HIF-1 plays an important role in promoting glycogenolysis in acute hypoxic conditions. However, we discovered that the ethanol tested under hypoxic stress likely originates from the symbiodinium of P. akamusi. These results imply that some parameters related to energy metabolism, antioxidant enzyme activities, and histomorphological features may be used as biomarkers of eutrophic lakes in Chironomus riparius larvae. The study also provides a scientific reference for assessing toxicity and favoring policies to reduce their impact on the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Watershed Geographic Sciences, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; (Y.Z.); (W.Z.); (Z.-J.G.)
- School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China;
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Recovery and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in Wanjiang Basin Co-founded by Anhui Province and Ministry of Education, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Qing-Ji Zhang
- School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China;
| | - Wen-Bin Xu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China;
| | - Wei Zou
- Key Laboratory of Watershed Geographic Sciences, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; (Y.Z.); (W.Z.); (Z.-J.G.)
| | - Xian-Ling Xiang
- School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China;
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Recovery and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in Wanjiang Basin Co-founded by Anhui Province and Ministry of Education, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Zhi-Jun Gong
- Key Laboratory of Watershed Geographic Sciences, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; (Y.Z.); (W.Z.); (Z.-J.G.)
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Recovery and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in Wanjiang Basin Co-founded by Anhui Province and Ministry of Education, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Yong-Jiu Cai
- Key Laboratory of Watershed Geographic Sciences, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; (Y.Z.); (W.Z.); (Z.-J.G.)
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Recovery and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in Wanjiang Basin Co-founded by Anhui Province and Ministry of Education, Wuhu 241002, China
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3
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Booth JM, Giomi F, Daffonchio D, McQuaid CD, Fusi M. Disturbance of primary producer communities disrupts the thermal limits of the associated aquatic fauna. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 872:162135. [PMID: 36775146 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Environmental fluctuation forms a framework of variability within which species have evolved. Environmental fluctuation includes predictability, such as diel cycles of aquatic oxygen fluctuation driven by primary producers. Oxygen availability and fluctuation shape the physiological responses of aquatic animals to warming, so that, in theory, oxygen fluctuation could influence their thermal ecology. We describe annual oxygen variability in agricultural drainage channels and show that disruption of oxygen fluctuation through dredging of plants reduces the thermal tolerance of freshwater animals. We compared the temperature responses of snails, amphipods, leeches and mussels exposed to either natural oxygen fluctuation or constant oxygen in situ under different acclimation periods. Oxygen saturation in channel water ranged from c. 0 % saturation at night to >300 % during the day. Temperature showed normal seasonal variation and was almost synchronous with daily oxygen fluctuation. A dredging event in 2020 dramatically reduced dissolved oxygen variability and the correlation between oxygen and temperature was lost. The tolerance of invertebrates to thermal stress was significantly lower when natural fluctuation in oxygen availability was reduced and decoupled from temperature. This highlights the importance of natural cycles of variability and the need to include finer scale effects, including indirect biological effects, in modelling the ecosystem-level consequences of climate change. Furthermore, restoration and management of primary producers in aquatic habitats could be important to improve the thermal protection of aquatic invertebrates and their resistance to environmental variation imposed by climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Booth
- Coastal Research Group, Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa.
| | - F Giomi
- Via Maniciati, 6, Padova, Italy
| | - D Daffonchio
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division (BESE), Red Sea Research Center (RSRC), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - C D McQuaid
- Coastal Research Group, Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa
| | - M Fusi
- Centre for Conservation and Restoration Science, School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, UK; Present address: Joint Nature Conservation Committee, Peterborough PE1 1JY, UK.
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Effects of Different Types of Agricultural Land Use on the Occurrence of Common Aquatic Bugs (Nepomorpha, Heteroptera) in Habitats with Slow Flowing Water in Bulgaria, Southeast Europe. DIVERSITY 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/d15020292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural activities can have a significant impact on aquatic organisms, including aquatic insects. Most of the aquatic Heteroptera are known as moderately tolerant to low oxygen and high nutrient concentrations. Nevertheless, the complex effects of agriculture (source of both pesticides and nutrient loads) on this group are still unclear. Therefore, the relationship between six agricultural land use classes and the occurrence of common aquatic bugs in Bulgaria was studied. In order to avoid detection bias, presence-only models were applied; Maxent algorithm was used. According to the results, land use practices connected to arable land (annual crops) have stronger influence on the occurrence of the selected aquatic Heteroptera species than those connected to perennial crops (vineyards and fruit trees). Higher sensitivity to the effects of agriculture was indicated for species preferring microhabitats without macrophyte vegetation, Aphelocheirus aestivalis (Fabricius, 1794) and Micronecta griseola Horváth, 1899, compared to species preferring macrophyte dominated sites, Nepa cinerea Linnaeus, 1758, Ilyocoris cimicoides (Linnaeus, 1758) and Sigara striata (Linnaeus, 1758).
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Menail HA, Cormier SB, Ben Youssef M, Jørgensen LB, Vickruck JL, Morin P, Boudreau LH, Pichaud N. Flexible Thermal Sensitivity of Mitochondrial Oxygen Consumption and Substrate Oxidation in Flying Insect Species. Front Physiol 2022; 13:897174. [PMID: 35547573 PMCID: PMC9081799 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.897174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria have been suggested to be paramount for temperature adaptation in insects. Considering the large range of environments colonized by this taxon, we hypothesized that species surviving large temperature changes would be those with the most flexible mitochondria. We thus investigated the responses of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) to temperature in three flying insects: the honeybee (Apis mellifera carnica), the fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) and the Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata). Specifically, we measured oxygen consumption in permeabilized flight muscles of these species at 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, 42 and 45°C, sequentially using complex I substrates, proline, succinate, and glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P). Complex I respiration rates (CI-OXPHOS) were very sensitive to temperature in honeybees and fruit flies with high oxygen consumption at mid-range temperatures but a sharp decline at high temperatures. Proline oxidation triggers a major increase in respiration only in potato beetles, following the same pattern as CI-OXPHOS for honeybees and fruit flies. Moreover, both succinate and G3P oxidation allowed an important increase in respiration at high temperatures in honeybees and fruit flies (and to a lesser extent in potato beetles). However, when reaching 45°C, this G3P-induced respiration rate dropped dramatically in fruit flies. These results demonstrate that mitochondrial functions are more resilient to high temperatures in honeybees compared to fruit flies. They also indicate an important but species-specific mitochondrial flexibility for substrate oxidation to sustain high oxygen consumption levels at high temperatures and suggest previously unknown adaptive mechanisms of flying insects’ mitochondria to temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hichem A Menail
- New Brunswick Centre for Precision Medicine, Moncton, NB, Canada.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Université de Moncton, Moncton, NB, Canada
| | - Simon B Cormier
- New Brunswick Centre for Precision Medicine, Moncton, NB, Canada.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Université de Moncton, Moncton, NB, Canada
| | - Mariem Ben Youssef
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Université de Moncton, Moncton, NB, Canada
| | | | - Jess L Vickruck
- Fredericton Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Fredericton, NB, Canada
| | - Pier Morin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Université de Moncton, Moncton, NB, Canada
| | - Luc H Boudreau
- New Brunswick Centre for Precision Medicine, Moncton, NB, Canada.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Université de Moncton, Moncton, NB, Canada
| | - Nicolas Pichaud
- New Brunswick Centre for Precision Medicine, Moncton, NB, Canada.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Université de Moncton, Moncton, NB, Canada
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6
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Swaegers J, Sánchez-Guillén RA, Carbonell JA, Stoks R. Convergence of life history and physiology during range expansion toward the phenotype of the native sister species. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 816:151530. [PMID: 34762959 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In our globally changing planet many species show range expansions whereby they encounter new thermal regimes that deviate from those of their source region. Pressing questions are to what extent and through which mechanisms, plasticity and/or evolution, species respond to the new thermal regimes and whether these trait changes are adaptive. Using a common-garden experiment, we tested for plastic and evolutionary trait changes in life history and a set of understudied biochemical/physiological traits during the range expansion of the damselfly Ischnura elegans from France into a warmer region in Spain. To assess the adaptiveness of the trait changes we used the phenotype of its native sister species in Spain, I. graellsii, as proxy for the locally adapted phenotype. While our design cannot fully exclude maternal effects, our results suggest that edge populations adapted to the local conditions in the newly invaded region through the evolution of a faster pace-of-life (faster development and growth rates), a smaller body size, a higher energy budget and increased expression levels of the heat shock gene DnaJ. Notably, based on convergence toward the phenotype of the native sister species and its thermal responses, and the fit with predictions of life history theory these potential evolutionary changes were likely adaptive. Nevertheless, the convergence toward the native sister species is incomplete for thermal plasticity in traits associated with anaerobic metabolism and melanization. Our results highlight that evolution might at least partly contribute in an adaptive way to the persistence of populations during range expansion into new thermal environments and should be incorporated when predicting and understanding species' range expansions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janne Swaegers
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Stress Ecology and Ecotoxicology, University of Leuven, Charles Deberiotstraat 32, Leuven B-3000, Belgium.
| | | | - José A Carbonell
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Stress Ecology and Ecotoxicology, University of Leuven, Charles Deberiotstraat 32, Leuven B-3000, Belgium; Department of Zoology, Faculty of Biology, University of Seville, Reina Mercedes, 41012, Seville, Spain
| | - Robby Stoks
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Stress Ecology and Ecotoxicology, University of Leuven, Charles Deberiotstraat 32, Leuven B-3000, Belgium
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7
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Sandfeld T, Malmos KG, Nielsen CB, Lund MB, Aagaard A, Bechsgaard J, Wurster M, Lalk M, Johannsen M, Vosegaard T, Bilde T, Schramm A. Metabolite Profiling of the Social Spider Stegodyphus dumicola Along a Climate Gradient. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.841490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals experience climatic variation in their natural habitats, which may lead to variation in phenotypic responses among populations through local adaptation or phenotypic plasticity. In ectotherm arthropods, the expression of thermoprotective metabolites such as free amino acids, sugars, and polyols, in response to temperature stress, may facilitate temperature tolerance by regulating cellular homeostasis. If populations experience differences in temperatures, individuals may exhibit population-specific metabolite profiles through differential accumulation of metabolites that facilitate thermal tolerance. Such thermoprotective metabolites may originate from the animals themselves or from their associated microbiome, and hence microbial symbionts may contribute to shape the thermal niche of their host. The social spider Stegodyphus dumicola has extremely low genetic diversity, yet it occupies a relatively broad temperature range occurring across multiple climate zones in Southern Africa. We investigated whether the metabolome, including thermoprotective metabolites, differs between populations, and whether population genetic structure or the spider microbiome may explain potential differences. To address these questions, we assessed metabolite profiles, phylogenetic relationships, and microbiomes in three natural populations along a temperature gradient. The spider microbiomes in three genetically distinct populations of S. dumicola showed no significant population-specific pattern, and none of its dominating genera (Borrelia, Diplorickettsia, and Mycoplasma) are known to facilitate thermal tolerance in hosts. These results do not support a role of the microbiome in shaping the thermal niche of S. dumicola. Metabolite profiles of the three spider populations were significantly different. The variation was driven by multiple metabolites that can be linked to temperature stress (e.g., lactate, succinate, or xanthine) and thermal tolerance (e.g., polyols, trehalose, or glycerol): these metabolites had higher relative abundance in spiders from the hottest geographic region. These distinct metabolite profiles are consistent with a potential role of the metabolome in temperature response.
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8
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Metabolic plasticity improves lobster's resilience to ocean warming but not to climate-driven novel species interactions. Sci Rep 2022; 12:4412. [PMID: 35292683 PMCID: PMC8924167 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08208-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine species not only suffer from direct effects of warming oceans but also indirectly via the emergence of novel species interactions. While metabolic adjustments can be crucial to improve resilience to warming, it is largely unknown if this improves performance relative to novel competitors. We aimed to identify if spiny lobsters—inhabiting a global warming and species re-distribution hotspot—align their metabolic performance to improve resilience to both warming and novel species interactions. We measured metabolic and escape capacity of two Australian spiny lobsters, resident Jasus edwardsii and the range-shifting Sagmariasus verreauxi, acclimated to current average—(14.0 °C), current summer—(17.5 °C) and projected future summer—(21.5 °C) habitat temperatures. We found that both species decreased their standard metabolic rate with increased acclimation temperature, while sustaining their scope for aerobic metabolism. However, the resident lobster showed reduced anaerobic escape performance at warmer temperatures and failed to match the metabolic capacity of the range-shifting lobster. We conclude that although resident spiny lobsters optimise metabolism in response to seasonal and future temperature changes, they may be unable to physiologically outperform their range-shifting competitors. This highlights the critical importance of exploring direct as well as indirect effects of temperature changes to understand climate change impacts.
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9
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Zhao CL, Zhao T, Feng JY, Chang LM, Zheng PY, Fu SJ, Li XM, Yue BS, Jiang JP, Zhu W. Temperature and Diet Acclimation Modify the Acute Thermal Performance of the Largest Extant Amphibian. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12040531. [PMID: 35203239 PMCID: PMC8868240 DOI: 10.3390/ani12040531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Chinese giant salamander (Andrias davidianus), one of the largest extant amphibian species, has dramatically declined in the wild. As an ectotherm, it may be further threatened by climate change. Therefore, understanding the thermal physiology of this species should be the priority to formulate related conservation strategies. In this study, the plasticity in metabolic rate and thermal tolerance limits of A. davidianus larvae were studied. Specifically, the larvae were acclimated to three temperature levels (7 °C, cold stress; 15 °C, optimum; and 25 °C, heat stress) and two diet items (red worm or fish fray) for 20 days. Our results indicated that cold-acclimated larvae showed increased metabolic capacity, while warm-acclimated larvae showed a decrease in metabolic capacity. These results suggested the existence of thermal compensation. Moreover, the thermal tolerance windows of cold-acclimated and warm-acclimated larvae shifted to cooler and hotter ranges, respectively. Metabolic capacity is not affected by diet but fish-fed larvae showed superiority in both cold and heat tolerance, potentially due to the input of greater nutrient loads. Overall, our results suggested a plastic thermal tolerance of A. davidianus in response to temperature and diet variations. These results are meaningful in guiding the conservation of this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Lin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Bioresources and Ecoenvironment (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China;
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chengdu 610041, China; (T.Z.); (J.-Y.F.); (L.-M.C.); (P.-Y.Z.); (J.-P.J.)
| | - Tian Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chengdu 610041, China; (T.Z.); (J.-Y.F.); (L.-M.C.); (P.-Y.Z.); (J.-P.J.)
| | - Jian-Yi Feng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chengdu 610041, China; (T.Z.); (J.-Y.F.); (L.-M.C.); (P.-Y.Z.); (J.-P.J.)
| | - Li-Ming Chang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chengdu 610041, China; (T.Z.); (J.-Y.F.); (L.-M.C.); (P.-Y.Z.); (J.-P.J.)
| | - Pu-Yang Zheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chengdu 610041, China; (T.Z.); (J.-Y.F.); (L.-M.C.); (P.-Y.Z.); (J.-P.J.)
| | - Shi-Jian Fu
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Physiology and Behavior, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Animal Biology, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 400047, China; (S.-J.F.); (X.-M.L.)
| | - Xiu-Ming Li
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Physiology and Behavior, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Animal Biology, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 400047, China; (S.-J.F.); (X.-M.L.)
| | - Bi-Song Yue
- Key Laboratory of Bioresources and Ecoenvironment (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China;
- Correspondence: (B.-S.Y.); (W.Z.); Tel.: +86-028-82890935 (B.-S.Y.)
| | - Jian-Ping Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chengdu 610041, China; (T.Z.); (J.-Y.F.); (L.-M.C.); (P.-Y.Z.); (J.-P.J.)
| | - Wei Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chengdu 610041, China; (T.Z.); (J.-Y.F.); (L.-M.C.); (P.-Y.Z.); (J.-P.J.)
- Correspondence: (B.-S.Y.); (W.Z.); Tel.: +86-028-82890935 (B.-S.Y.)
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10
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Cochran JK, Orr SE, Buchwalter DB. Assessing the P crit in relation to temperature and the expression of hypoxia associated genes in the mayfly, Neocloeon triangulifer. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 808:151743. [PMID: 34826479 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia is a growing concern in aquatic ecosystems. Historically, scientists have used the Pcrit (the dissolved oxygen level below which an animal can no longer oxyregulate) to infer hypoxia tolerance across species. Here, we tested the hypothesis that the Pcrit is positively correlated with temperature in the mayfly, Neocloeon triangulifer. Cross-temperature comparisons showed a modest (r = 0.47), but significant (p < 0.0001) association between temperature and Pcrit despite relatively large interindividual variability (Coefficient of Variance (CV) = 39.9% at 18 °C). We used the expression of hypoxia-responsive genes EGL-9 (an oxygen sensing gene and modulator of HIF-1a activity) and LDH (a hypoxia indicator) to test whether oxygen partial pressure near the Pcrit stimulates expression of hypoxia-responsive genes. Neither gene was upregulated at oxygen levels above the estimated Pcrit, however, at or below the Pcrit estimates, expression of both genes was stimulated (~20- and ~3-fold change for EGL-9 and LDH, respectively). Finally, we evaluated the influence of hypoxic exposure time and pretreatment conditions on the mRNA expression levels of hypoxia-responsive genes. When larvae were exposed to a gradual reduction of DO, hypoxic gene expression was more robust than during instantaneous exposure to hypoxia. Our data provide modest support for traditional interpretation of the Pcrit as a physiologically meaningful shift from aerobic to anaerobic metabolism in N. triangulifer. However, we also discuss limitations of the Pcrit as a proxy measure of hypoxia tolerance at the species level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie K Cochran
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States of America
| | - Sarah E Orr
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States of America
| | - David B Buchwalter
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States of America.
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11
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Woods HA, Moran AL. Reconsidering the Oxygen-Temperature Hypothesis of Polar Gigantism: Successes, Failures, and Nuance. Integr Comp Biol 2021; 60:1438-1453. [PMID: 32573680 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icaa088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
"Polar gigantism" describes a biogeographic pattern in which many ectotherms in polar seas are larger than their warmer-water relatives. Although many mechanisms have been proposed, one idea-the oxygen-temperature hypothesis-has received significant attention because it emerges from basic biophysical principles and is appealingly straightforward and testable. Low temperatures depress metabolic demand for oxygen more than supply of oxygen from the environment to the organism. This creates a greater ratio of oxygen supply to demand, releasing polar organisms from oxygen-based constraints on body size. Here we review evidence for and against the oxygen-temperature hypothesis. Some data suggest that larger-bodied taxa live closer to an oxygen limit, or that rising temperatures can challenge oxygen delivery systems; other data provide no evidence for interactions between body size, temperature, and oxygen sufficiency. We propose that these findings can be partially reconciled by recognizing that the oxygen-temperature hypothesis focuses primarily on passive movement of oxygen, implicitly ignoring other important processes including ventilation of respiratory surfaces or internal transport of oxygen by distribution systems. Thus, the hypothesis may apply most meaningfully to organisms with poorly developed physiological systems (eggs, embryos, egg masses, juveniles, or adults without mechanisms for ventilating internal or external surfaces). Finally, most tests of the oxygen-temperature hypothesis have involved short-term experiments. Many organisms can mount effective responses to physiological challenges over short time periods; however, the energetic cost of doing so may have impacts that appear only in the longer term. We therefore advocate a renewed focus on long-term studies of oxygen-temperature interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Arthur Woods
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
| | - Amy L Moran
- School of Life Sciences, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
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12
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Janssens L, Verberk W, Stoks R. The pace-of life explains whether gills improve or exacerbate pesticide sensitivity in a damselfly larva. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 282:117019. [PMID: 33823312 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Trait-based approaches are promising to make generalizations about the sensitivity of species and populations to pesticides. Two traits that may shape the sensitivity to pesticides are the surface area (related to pesticide uptake) and the metabolic rate (related to pesticide elimination). We compared the sensitivity of damselfly larvae to the pesticide chlorpyrifos and how this was modified by loss of external gills (autotomy, reducing the surface area) in both fast pace-of-life (high metabolic rate) and slow pace-of-life (low metabolic rate) populations of Ischnura elegans. The slow-paced populations were more sensitive to the pesticide than the fast-paced populations in terms of survival, growth and energy metabolism. This suggests the higher metabolic rate of fast-paced populations enabled a faster pesticide elimination. Pesticide exposure also reduced heat tolerance, especially in slow-paced larvae under hypoxia. Gill loss had opposite effects on pesticide sensitivity in slow- and fast-paced populations. In slow-paced larvae, gill loss lowered the sensitivity to the pesticide, while in fast-paced larvae, gill loss increased the sensitivity. This difference likely reflects the balance between the roles of the gills in pesticide uptake (more detrimental in slow-paced populations) and oxygen uptake (more important in fast-paced populations). Our results highlight the need to consider trait interactions when applying trait-based approaches to predict the sensitivity to pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizanne Janssens
- Evolutionary Stress Ecology and Ecotoxicology, University of Leuven, Debériotstraat 32, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Wilco Verberk
- Animal Ecology and Physiology, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525, AJ Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - Robby Stoks
- Evolutionary Stress Ecology and Ecotoxicology, University of Leuven, Debériotstraat 32, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
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13
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Booth JM, Fusi M, Giomi F, Chapman ECN, Diele K, McQuaid CD. Diel oxygen fluctuation drives the thermal response and metabolic performance of coastal marine ectotherms. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20211141. [PMID: 34157869 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.1141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Coastal marine systems are characterized by high levels of primary production that result in diel oxygen fluctuations from undersaturation to supersaturation. Constant normoxia, or 100% oxygen saturation, is therefore rare. Since the thermal sensitivity of invertebrates is directly linked to oxygen availability, we hypothesized that (i) the metabolic response of coastal marine invertebrates would be more sensitive to thermal stress when exposed to oxygen supersaturation rather than 100% oxygen saturation and (ii) natural diel fluctuation in oxygen availability rather than constant 100% oxygen saturation is a main driver of the thermal response. We tested the effects of oxygen regime on the metabolic rate, and haemocyanin and lactate levels, of velvet crabs (Necora puber) and blue mussels (Mytilus edulis), under rising temperatures (up to 24°C) in the laboratory. Oxygen supersaturation and photosynthetically induced diel oxygen fluctuation amplified animal metabolic thermal response significantly in both species, demonstrating that the natural variability of oxygen in coastal environments can provide considerable physiological benefits under ocean warming. Our study highlights the significance of integrating ecologically relevant oxygen variability into experimental assessments of animal physiology and thermal response, and predictions of metabolic performance under climate warming. Given the escalating intensity and frequency of climate anomalies, oxygen variation caused by coastal vegetation will likely become increasingly important in mitigating the effects of higher temperatures on coastal fauna.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Booth
- Coastal Research Group, Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa
| | - M Fusi
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, UK
| | - F Giomi
- Independent researcher, Via Maniciati, 6, Padova, Italy
| | | | - K Diele
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, UK.,St Abbs Marine Station, St Abbs, UK
| | - C D McQuaid
- Coastal Research Group, Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa
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14
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Frakes JI, Birrell JH, Shah AA, Woods HA. Flow increases tolerance of heat and hypoxia of an aquatic insect. Biol Lett 2021; 17:20210004. [PMID: 33975487 PMCID: PMC8113891 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2021.0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent experiments support the idea that upper thermal limits of aquatic insects arise, at least in part, from a lack of sufficient oxygen: rising temperatures typically stimulate metabolic demand for oxygen more than they increase rates of oxygen supply from the environment. Consequently, factors influencing oxygen supply, like water flow, should also affect thermal and hypoxia tolerance. We tested this hypothesis by measuring the effects of experimentally manipulated flows on the heat and hypoxia tolerance of aquatic nymphs of the giant salmonfly (Plecoptera: Pteronarcys californica), a common stonefly in western North America. As predicted, stoneflies in flowing water (10 cm s-1) tolerated water that was approximately 4°C warmer and that contained approximately 15% less oxygen than did those in standing water. Our results imply that the impacts of climate change on streamflow, such as changes in patterns of precipitation and decreased snowpack, will magnify the threats to aquatic insects from warmer water temperatures and lower oxygen levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- James I Frakes
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
| | - Jackson H Birrell
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
| | - Alisha A Shah
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
| | - H Arthur Woods
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
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15
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Pörtner HO. Climate impacts on organisms, ecosystems and human societies: integrating OCLTT into a wider context. J Exp Biol 2021; 224:224/Suppl_1/jeb238360. [PMID: 33627467 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.238360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Physiological studies contribute to a cause and effect understanding of ecological patterns under climate change and identify the scope and limits of adaptation. Across most habitats, this requires analyzing organism responses to warming, which can be modified by other drivers such as acidification and oxygen loss in aquatic environments or excess humidity or drought on land. Experimental findings support the hypothesis that the width and temperature range of thermal performance curves relate to biogeographical range. Current warming causes range shifts, hypothesized to include constraints in aerobic power budget which in turn are elicited by limitations in oxygen supply capacity in relation to demand. Different metabolic scopes involved may set the borders of both the fundamental niche (at standard metabolic rate) and the realized niche (at routine rate). Relative scopes for aerobic performance also set the capacity of species to interact with others at the ecosystem level. Niche limits and widths are shifting and probably interdependent across life stages, with young adults being least thermally vulnerable. The principles of thermal tolerance and performance may also apply to endotherms including humans, their habitat and human society. Overall, phylogenetically based comparisons would need to consider the life cycle of species as well as organism functional properties across climate zones and time scales. This Review concludes with a perspective on how mechanism-based understanding allows scrutinizing often simplified modeling approaches projecting future climate impacts and risks for aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. It also emphasizes the usefulness of a consensus-building process among experimentalists for better recognition in the climate debate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-O Pörtner
- Integrative Ecophysiology section, Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Center for Marine and Polar Research, 27570 Bremetrhaven, Germany
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16
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Funk DH, Sweeney BW, Jackson JK. Oxygen limitation fails to explain upper chronic thermal limits and the temperature size rule in mayflies. J Exp Biol 2021; 224:jeb233338. [PMID: 33288530 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.233338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
An inability to adequately meet tissue oxygen demands has been proposed as an important factor setting upper thermal limits in ectothermic invertebrates (especially aquatic species) as well as explaining the observed decline in adult size with increased rearing temperature during the immature stages (a phenomenon known as the temperature size rule, or TSR). We tested this by rearing three aquatic insects (the mayflies Neocloeon triangulifer and two species of the Cloeon dipterum complex) through their entire larval life under a range of temperature and oxygen concentrations. Hyperoxia did not extend upper thermal limits, nor did it prevent the loss of size or fertility experienced near upper chronic thermal limits. At moderate temperatures, the TSR pattern was observed under conditions of hyperoxia, normoxia and hypoxia, suggesting little or no influence of oxygen on this trend. However, for a given rearing temperature, adults were smaller and less fecund under hypoxia as a result of a lowering of growth rates. These mayflies greatly increased the size of their gills in response to lower dissolved oxygen concentrations but not under oxygen-saturated conditions over a temperature range yielding the classic TSR response. Using ommatidium diameter as a proxy for cell size, we found the classic TSR pattern observed under moderate temperature conditions was due primarily to a change in the number of cells rather than cell size. We conclude overall that a failure to meet tissue oxygen demands is not a viable hypothesis for explaining either the chronic thermal limit or TSR pattern in these species.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H Funk
- Stroud Water Research Center, Avondale, PA 19311, USA
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17
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Tüzün N, Stoks R. Lower bioenergetic costs but similar immune responsiveness under a heat wave in urban compared to rural damselflies. Evol Appl 2021; 14:24-35. [PMID: 33519954 PMCID: PMC7819556 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
There is mounting evidence that the widespread phenotypic changes in response to urbanization may reflect adaptations caused by rapid evolutionary processes driven by urban-related stressors. Compared to increased habitat fragmentation and pollution, adaptations towards another typical urban-related stressor, that is higher and longer lasting very high temperatures (heat waves), are much less studied. Notably, the sensitivities to heat waves of life-history traits and important fitness-related physiological traits such as immune responsiveness and bioenergetic variables (energy availability, energy consumption and their balance) have never been contrasted between urban and rural populations. By conducting a laboratory common-garden experiment, we compared effects of a simulated heat wave on life history (survival and growth rate), immune responsiveness and bioenergetic variables between three urban and three rural populations of the damselfly Coenagrion puella. Because energy-mediated trade-off patterns may only be detected under energetically costly manipulations, all larvae were immune-challenged by simulating ectoparasitism by water mites. As expected, the simulated heat wave caused negative effects on nearly all response variables. The immune responsiveness, on the other hand, increased under the heat wave, consistent with a trade-off pattern between immune function and growth, and this similarly between urban and rural populations. A key finding was that urban larvae suffered less from the simulated heat wave compared to the rural larvae in terms of a lower heat wave-induced depletion in energy availability. This suggests an adaptation of urban populations to better cope with the stronger and more frequent heat waves in cities. Notably, this urbanization-driven evolution in the bioenergetic variables was not apparent in the absence of a heat wave. Given that changes in energy budgets have strong fitness consequences, our findings suggest that the evolved higher ability to cope with heat waves is fundamental for the survival of urban damselfly populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nedim Tüzün
- Evolutionary Stress Ecology and EcotoxicologyUniversity of LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Robby Stoks
- Evolutionary Stress Ecology and EcotoxicologyUniversity of LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
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18
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Birrell JH, Shah AA, Hotaling S, Giersch JJ, Williamson CE, Jacobsen D, Woods HA. Insects in high-elevation streams: Life in extreme environments imperiled by climate change. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:6667-6684. [PMID: 32931053 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Climate change is altering conditions in high-elevation streams worldwide, with largely unknown effects on resident communities of aquatic insects. Here, we review the challenges of climate change for high-elevation aquatic insects and how they may respond, focusing on current gaps in knowledge. Understanding current effects and predicting future impacts will depend on progress in three areas. First, we need better descriptions of the multivariate physical challenges and interactions among challenges in high-elevation streams, which include low but rising temperatures, low oxygen supply and increasing oxygen demand, high and rising exposure to ultraviolet radiation, low ionic strength, and variable but shifting flow regimes. These factors are often studied in isolation even though they covary in nature and interact in space and time. Second, we need a better mechanistic understanding of how physical conditions in streams drive the performance of individual insects. Environment-performance links are mediated by physiology and behavior, which are poorly known in high-elevation taxa. Third, we need to define the scope and importance of potential responses across levels of biological organization. Short-term responses are defined by the tolerances of individuals, their capacities to perform adequately across a range of conditions, and behaviors used to exploit local, fine-scale variation in abiotic factors. Longer term responses to climate change, however, may include individual plasticity and evolution of populations. Whether high-elevation aquatic insects can mitigate climatic risks via these pathways is largely unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackson H Birrell
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Alisha A Shah
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Scott Hotaling
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - J Joseph Giersch
- U.S. Geological Survey, Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center, West Glacier, MT, USA
| | | | - Dean Jacobsen
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - H Arthur Woods
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
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19
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Transcriptomic and life history responses of the mayfly Neocloeon triangulifer to chronic diel thermal challenge. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19119. [PMID: 33154410 PMCID: PMC7644658 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75064-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
To better understand the effects of transient thermal stress in an aquatic insect, we first identified static temperatures associated with fitness deficits, and then reared larvae from egg hatch to adulthood under diurnally variable regimens including daily forays into deleterious temperatures. We sampled mature larvae at the coolest and warmest portions of their respective regimens for RNA-seq analysis. Few transcripts (28) were differentially expressed when larvae oscillated between favorable temperatures, while 614 transcripts were differentially expressed when experiencing daily transient thermal stress. Transcripts associated with N-glycan processing were downregulated while those associated with lipid catabolism and chitin turnover were significantly upregulated in heat stressed larvae. An across-regimen comparison of differentially expressed transcripts among organisms sampled at comparable temperatures demonstrated that the effects of daily thermal stress persisted even when larvae were sampled at a more optimal temperature (806 differentially expressed transcripts). The chronically stressed population had reduced expression of transcripts related to ATP synthesis, mitochondrial electron chain functions, gluconeogenesis and glycolytic processes while transcripts associated with cell adhesion, synaptic vesicle transport, regulation of membrane potential and lipid biosynthesis increased. Comparisons of constant vs. variable temperatures revealed that the negative consequences of time spent at stressful temperatures were not offset by more time spent at optimal temperatures.
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20
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Gamboa M. Hemocyanin and hexamerins expression in response to hypoxia in stoneflies (Plecoptera, Insecta). ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 105:e21743. [PMID: 32979236 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Many freshwater ecosystems worldwide undergo hypoxia events that can trigger physiological, behavioral, and molecular responses in many organisms. Among such molecular responses, the regulation of the hemocyanin (Hc) protein expression which plays a major role in oxygen transportation within aquatic insects remains poorly understood. The stoneflies (Plecoptera) are aquatic insects that possess a functional Hc in the hemolymph similar to crustacean that co-occurs with a nonfunctional Hc protein, hexamerins (Hx). However, the role of both proteins during hypoxia remains undetermined. Here, we evaluated the effect of hypoxia on the expression of Hc and Hx proteins via a comparison between hypoxia and normoxia amino acid sequence variation and protein expression pattern within 23 stonefly species. We induced short-term hypoxia in wild-caught stoneflies species, sequenced the target region of Hc and Hx by complementary DNA synthesis, characterized the protein biochemistry using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, ultrafiltration, and polarographic fluorometric method, and amplified the genome region of the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) transcriptional response element that regulated Hc using genome walking library approach. We found a lack of Hc expression in all examined species during hypoxia conditions, despite recognition of the HIF gene region as a possible regulatory factor of Hc, suggesting that compensatory responses as metabolic changes or behavioral tracheal movements to enhance respiratory efficiency could be possible mechanics to compensate for hypoxia. A short Hc-like novel isoform was detected instead in these 23 species, possibly due to either protein degradation or alternative splicing mechanisms, suggesting that the protein could be performing a different function other than oxygen transportation. Hx during hypoxia was expressed and exhibited species-level amino acid changes, highlighting a possible role during hypoxia. Our results demonstrate that hypoxia could enable a similar potential adaptive response of multiple species regarding specific physiological requirements, thereby shedding light on community behavior in stress environments that may help us to improve conservation practices and biomonitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maribet Gamboa
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
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21
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Verberk WC, Buchwalter DB, Kefford BJ. Energetics as a lens to understanding aquatic insect's responses to changing temperature, dissolved oxygen and salinity regimes. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2020; 41:46-53. [PMID: 32682316 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2020.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Assemblages of aquatic insects are structured by multiple biotic and abiotic conditions, including temperature, salinity and oxygen. Here we highlight recent developments in our understanding of how high temperatures, elevated salinities and low oxygen levels affect physiological processes, responses at the organismal level, and impacts on species interaction and community assembly. As aquatic insects may be exposed to multiple stressors, we review their sensitivity to interactive effects of multiple stressors. While each of these stressors may operate via different physiological mechanisms, they all influence the overall energy budget as well as the allocation of energy to competing functions such as homeostatic maintenance, growth, development and reproduction. As such, there is potential for interaction whereby one stressor may exacerbate the effect of another stressor. Integrating research on these stressors can provide a powerful approach for delineating the sensitivity of aquatic insects to multiple stressors and developing sound management practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilco Cep Verberk
- Department of Animal Ecology and Ecophysiology, Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - David B Buchwalter
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University. Box 7633, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Ben J Kefford
- Centre for Applied Water Science, Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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22
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Ricupero M, Abbes K, Haddi K, Kurtulus A, Desneux N, Russo A, Siscaro G, Biondi A, Zappalà L. Combined thermal and insecticidal stresses on the generalist predator Macrolophus pygmaeus. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 729:138922. [PMID: 32498167 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ecotoxicological risk assessments of pesticides on non-target arthropods are often carried out under constant and optimal temperature regimes. However, living organisms rarely experience these conditions in real field situations. Understanding the impact of pesticides on non-target beneficial arthropods under temperature stresses is especially important in terms of global warming. We assessed the lethal and sublethal effects of four modern insecticides (chlorantraniliprole, cyantraniliprole, spinetoram, spinosad), on the generalist predator Macrolophus pygmaeus (Hemiptera: Miridae) under a range of temperatures (from 10 to 40°C) frequently experienced in a real field scenario. A reduction coefficient (Ex) was calculated by summarizing the mortality and predator reproductive capacity and, the chemicals were classified according to the International Organization for Biological Control (IOBC) toxicity classes. The insecticides showed a marked synergistic effect with temperature, as the predator mortality and reproductive outputs were significantly correlated with increasing temperatures. Spinosyns interacted significantly with temperature causing the highest mortality and lowest fertility rates. Anthranilic diamides showed a safer ecotoxicological profile compared to spinosyns, with cyantraniliprole being more harmful than chlorantraniliprole. These results suggest that temperature should be taken into account in pesticide ecotoxicology studies within the framework of integrated pest management and the recent climate changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Ricupero
- University of Catania, Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Catania, Italy
| | - Khaled Abbes
- University of Catania, Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Catania, Italy; University of Sousse, High Agronomic Institute of Chott-Mariem, 4042, Chott-Mariem, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Khalid Haddi
- University of Catania, Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Catania, Italy; Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), Department of Entomology, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Alican Kurtulus
- University of Catania, Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Catania, Italy; Cukurova University, Agricultural Faculty, Department of Plant Protection, 01330 Adana, Turkey
| | - Nicolas Desneux
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRAE, CNRS, UMR ISA, 06000 Nice, France
| | - Agatino Russo
- University of Catania, Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Catania, Italy
| | - Gaetano Siscaro
- University of Catania, Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Catania, Italy
| | - Antonio Biondi
- University of Catania, Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Catania, Italy
| | - Lucia Zappalà
- University of Catania, Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Catania, Italy.
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23
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Lombardi EJ, Bywater CL, White CR. The effect of ambient oxygen on the thermal performance of a cockroach, Nauphoeta cinerea. J Exp Biol 2020; 223:jeb208306. [PMID: 32366686 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.208306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The oxygen and capacity-limited thermal tolerance (OCLTT) hypothesis proposes that the thermal tolerance of an animal is shaped by its capacity to deliver oxygen in relation to oxygen demand. Studies testing this hypothesis have largely focused on measuring short-term performance responses in animals under acute exposure to critical thermal maximums. The OCLTT hypothesis, however, emphasises the importance of sustained animal performance over acute tolerance. The present study tested the effect of chronic hypoxia and hyperoxia during development on moderate to long-term performance indicators at temperatures spanning the optimal temperature for growth in the speckled cockroach, Nauphoeta cinerea In contrast to the predictions of the OCLTT hypothesis, development under hypoxia did not significantly reduce growth rate or running performance, and development under hyperoxia did not significantly increase growth rate or running performance. The effects of developmental temperature and oxygen on tracheal morphology and metabolic rate were also not consistent with OCLTT predictions, suggesting that oxygen delivery capacity is not the primary driver shaping thermal tolerance in this species. Collectively, these findings suggest that the OCLTT hypothesis does not explain moderate to long-term thermal performance in N.cinerea, which raises further questions about the generality of the hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Lombardi
- Centre for Geometric Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Candice L Bywater
- Centre for Geometric Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Craig R White
- Centre for Geometric Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
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24
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Orr SE, Buchwalter DB. It's all about the fluxes: Temperature influences ion transport and toxicity in aquatic insects. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2020; 221:105405. [PMID: 32014642 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2020.105405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Many freshwater ecosystems are becoming saltier and/or warmer, but our understanding of how these factors interact and affect the physiology and life history outcomes of most aquatic species remain unknown. We hypothesize that temperature modulates ion transport rates. Since ion transport is energetically expensive, increases in salinity and/or temperature may influence ion flux rates and ultimately, organismal performance. Radiotracer (22Na+, 35SO4-2, and 45Ca2+) experiments with lab-reared mayflies (N. triangulifer) and other field-collected insects showed that increasing temperature generally increased ion transport rates. For example, increasing temperature from 15 °C to 25 °C, increased 22Na+ uptake rates by two-fold (p < 0.0001) and 35SO4-2 uptake rates by four-fold (p < 0.0001) in the caddisfly, Hydropsyche sparna. Smaller changes in 22Na+ and 35SO4-2 uptake rates were observed in the mayflies, Isonychia sayi and Maccaffertium sp., suggesting species-specific differences in the thermal sensitivity of ion transport. Finally, we demonstrated that the toxicity of SO4 was influenced by temperature profoundly in a 96-h bioassay. Under the saltiest conditions (1500 mg L-1 SO4), mayfly survival was 78 % at 15 °C, but only 44 % at 25 °C (p < 0.0036). Conceivably, the energetic cost of osmoregulation in warmer, saltier environments may cause significant major ion toxicity in certain freshwater insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Orr
- North Carolina State University, United States
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25
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Semsar-Kazerouni M, Boerrigter JGJ, Verberk WCEP. Changes in heat stress tolerance in a freshwater amphipod following starvation: The role of oxygen availability, metabolic rate, heat shock proteins and energy reserves. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2020; 245:110697. [PMID: 32247008 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2020.110697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The ability of organisms to cope with environmental stressors depends on the duration and intensity of the stressor, as well as the type of stress. For aquatic organisms, oxygen limitation has been implicated in limiting heat tolerance. Here we examine how starvation affects heat tolerance in the amphipod Gammarus fossarum (Koch, 1836) and whether observed changes can be explained from alterations in oxidative metabolism, depletion of energy reserves, upregulation of heat shock proteins or susceptibility to oxygen limitation. Starved amphipods showed impaired survival compared to fed amphipods during prolonged exposure to mild heat. In contrast, under acute, high-intensity heat exposure they actually showed improved survival. We observed a lower demand for oxygen in starved amphipods which could make them less susceptible to oxygen limitation. Such a role for oxygen in limiting heat tolerance was verified as hypoxia impaired the heat tolerance of amphipods, especially starved ones. Fed amphipods likely rely more on anaerobic metabolism to maintain energy status during heat stress, whereas for starved amphipods aerobic metabolism appears to be more important. The depletion of their energy reserves constrains their ability to maintain energy status via anaerobic metabolism. We did not find evidence that alterations in heat tolerance following starvation were related to the upregulation of heat shock proteins. In conclusion, starvation can have opposite effects on heat tolerance, acting via pathways that are operating on different time scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Semsar-Kazerouni
- Department of Animal Ecology and Physiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, PO Box 9010, 6500 GL, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525, AJ, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - Jeroen G J Boerrigter
- Department of Animal Ecology and Physiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, PO Box 9010, 6500 GL, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525, AJ, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - Wilco C E P Verberk
- Department of Animal Ecology and Physiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, PO Box 9010, 6500 GL, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525, AJ, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
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Rubalcaba JG, Olalla-Tárraga MÁ. The biogeography of thermal risk for terrestrial ectotherms: Scaling of thermal tolerance with body size and latitude. J Anim Ecol 2020; 89:1277-1285. [PMID: 31990044 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Many organisms are shrinking in size in response to global warming. However, we still lack a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms linking body size and temperature of organisms across their geographical ranges. Here we investigate the biophysical mechanisms determining the scaling of body temperature with size across latitudes in terrestrial ectotherms. Using biophysical models, we simulated operative temperatures experienced by lizard-like ectotherms as a function of microclimatic variables, body mass and latitude and used them to generate null predictions for the effect of size on temperature across geographical gradients. We then compared model predictions against empirical data on lizards' field body temperature (Tb ) and thermal tolerance limits (CTmax and CTmin ). Our biophysical models predict that the allometric scaling of operative temperatures with body size varies with latitude, with a positive relationship at low latitudes that vanishes with increasing latitude. The analyses of thermal traits of lizards show a significant interaction of body size and latitude on Tb and CTmax and no effect of body mass on CTmin , consistent with model's predictions. The estimated scaling coefficients are within the ranges predicted by the biophysical model. The effect of body mass, however, becomes non-significant after controlling for the phylogenetic relatedness between species. We propose that large-bodied terrestrial ectotherms exhibit higher risk of overheating at low latitudes, while size differences in thermal sensitivity vanish towards higher latitudes. Our work highlights the potential of combining mechanistic models with empirical data to investigate the mechanisms underpinning broad-scale patterns and ultimately provide a null model to develop baseline expectations for further empirical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan G Rubalcaba
- Department of Biology and Geology, Physics and Inorganic Chemistry, ESCET, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Á Olalla-Tárraga
- Department of Biology and Geology, Physics and Inorganic Chemistry, ESCET, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
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González-Tokman D, Córdoba-Aguilar A, Dáttilo W, Lira-Noriega A, Sánchez-Guillén RA, Villalobos F. Insect responses to heat: physiological mechanisms, evolution and ecological implications in a warming world. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2020; 95:802-821. [PMID: 32035015 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Surviving changing climate conditions is particularly difficult for organisms such as insects that depend on environmental temperature to regulate their physiological functions. Insects are extremely threatened by global warming, since many do not have enough physiological tolerance even to survive continuous exposure to the current maximum temperatures experienced in their habitats. Here, we review literature on the physiological mechanisms that regulate responses to heat and provide heat tolerance in insects: (i) neuronal mechanisms to detect and respond to heat; (ii) metabolic responses to heat; (iii) thermoregulation; (iv) stress responses to tolerate heat; and (v) hormones that coordinate developmental and behavioural responses at warm temperatures. Our review shows that, apart from the stress response mediated by heat shock proteins, the physiological mechanisms of heat tolerance in insects remain poorly studied. Based on life-history theory, we discuss the costs of heat tolerance and the potential evolutionary mechanisms driving insect adaptations to high temperatures. Some insects may deal with ongoing global warming by the joint action of phenotypic plasticity and genetic adaptation. Plastic responses are limited and may not be by themselves enough to withstand ongoing warming trends. Although the evidence is still scarce and deserves further research in different insect taxa, genetic adaptation to high temperatures may result from rapid evolution. Finally, we emphasize the importance of incorporating physiological information for modelling species distributions and ecological interactions under global warming scenarios. This review identifies several open questions to improve our understanding of how insects respond physiologically to heat and the evolutionary and ecological consequences of those responses. Further lines of research are suggested at the species, order and class levels, with experimental and analytical approaches such as artificial selection, quantitative genetics and comparative analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel González-Tokman
- CONACYT, CDMX, 03940, Mexico.,Red de Ecoetología, Instituto de Ecología A. C, Xalapa, 91073, Mexico
| | - Alex Córdoba-Aguilar
- Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Circuito exterior s/n Ciudad Universitaria, CDMX, 04510, Mexico
| | - Wesley Dáttilo
- Red de Ecoetología, Instituto de Ecología A. C, Xalapa, 91073, Mexico
| | - Andrés Lira-Noriega
- CONACYT, CDMX, 03940, Mexico.,Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Instituto de Ecología A. C, Xalapa, 91073, Mexico
| | | | - Fabricio Villalobos
- Red de Biología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología A. C, Xalapa, 91073, Mexico
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Jiang Y, Jiao H, Sun P, Yin F, Tang B. Metabolic response of Scapharca subcrenata to heat stress using GC/MS-based metabolomics. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8445. [PMID: 32025378 PMCID: PMC6993748 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine mollusks are commonly subjected to heat stress. To evaluate the effects of heat stress on the physiological metabolism of the ark shell Scapharca subcrenata, clams were exposed to different high temperatures (24, 28 and 32 °C) for 72 h. The oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion rates were measured at 2, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h. The results indicated that the metabolic rates of the ark shell significantly increased with increasing heat stress, accompanied by mortalities in response to prolonged exposure. A metabolomics approach based on gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry was further applied to assess the changes of metabolites in the mantle of the ark shell at 32 °C. Moreover, multivariate and pathway analyses were conducted for the different metabolites. The results showed that the heat stress caused changes in energy metabolism, amino acid metabolism, osmotic regulation, carbohydrate metabolism and lipid metabolism through different metabolic pathways. These results are consistent with the significant changes of oxygen consumption rate and ammonia excretion rate. The present study contributes to the understanding of the impacts of heat stress on intertidal bivalves and elucidates the relationship between individual-level responses and underlying molecular metabolic dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazhou Jiang
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Haifeng Jiao
- Ningbo Academy of Ocean and Fishery, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Peng Sun
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Yin
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Baojun Tang
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, China
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Zhu W, Meng Q, Zhang H, Wang ML, Li X, Wang HT, Zhou GL, Miao L, Qin QL, Zhang JH. Metabolomics reveals the key role of oxygen metabolism in heat susceptibility of an alpine-dwelling ghost moth, Thitarodes xiaojinensis (Lepidoptera: Hepialidae). INSECT SCIENCE 2019; 26:695-710. [PMID: 29790270 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Ghost moths inhabiting the alpine meadows of the Tibetan Plateau are cold-adapted stenothermal organisms that are susceptible to heat (dead within 7 days at 27 °C exposure). Exploring the metabolic basis of their heat susceptibility would extend our understanding of the thermal biology of alpine-dwelling invertebrates. Here, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-based metabolomics was combined with physiological and transcriptional approaches to determine the metabolic mechanisms of heat susceptibility in Thitarodes xiaojinensis larvae. The metabolomics results showed that 27 °C heat stress impaired the Krebs cycle and lipolysis in T. xiaojinensis larvae, as demonstrated by the accumulation of intermediary metabolites. In addition, carbohydrate reserves were highly and exclusively consumed, and an anaerobic product, lactate, accumulated. This evidence suggested a strong reliance on glycolysis to anaerobically generate energy. The respiration rate and enzymatic activity test results indicated a deficiency in O2 metabolism; in addition, the Krebs cycle capacity was not decreased, and the metabolic flux through aerobic pathways was limited. These findings were further supported by the occurrence of hypoxia symptoms in midgut mitochondria (vacuolation and swelling) and increased transcription of hypoxia-induced factor 1-α. Overall, heat stress caused O2 limitation and depressed the overall intensity of aerobic metabolism in ghost moths, and less efficient anaerobic glycolysis was activated to sustain their energy supply. As carbohydrates were depleted, the energy supply became deficient. Our study presents a comprehensive metabolic explanation for the heat susceptibility of ghost moths and reveals the relationship between O2 metabolism and heat susceptibility in these larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Herpetology, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Qian Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Meng-Long Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hong-Tuo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Gui-Ling Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qi-Lian Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ji-Hong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Antoł A, Rojek W, Singh S, Piekarski D, Czarnoleski M. Hypoxia causes woodlice (Porcellio scaber) to select lower temperatures and impairs their thermal performance and heat tolerance. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0220647. [PMID: 31369635 PMCID: PMC6675064 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental temperatures and oxygen availability are important for the balance between oxygen supply and demand. Terrestrial organisms are generally perceived to be less limited by access to oxygen than their aquatic counterparts. Nevertheless, even terrestrial environments can be deficient in oxygen, especially for organisms occurring in soil, litter, wood, rotten fruit or at high elevations. While isopods are the best adapted to a terrestrial lifestyle among crustaceans, many species, including woodlice, occupy environmental gradients of temperature and oxygen. To investigate whether mismatches between oxygen supply and demand can result in a loss of performance in a terrestrial organism, we studied the effects of atmospheric oxygen concentration on the thermal performance of the common rough woodlouse (Porcellio scaber). We compared the thermal preference, thermal sensitivity of running speed, and tolerance to extreme temperatures of woodlice exposed to one of two oxygen concentrations (21% - normoxia, 7% - hypoxia). Under hypoxia, P. scaber preferred microhabitats with temperatures that were on average 3°C lower than those preferred under normoxia. The running speed tended to reach its maximum at a lower temperature under hypoxia than under normoxia (25.13°C vs 28.87°C, respectively, although p was equal to 0.09), and normoxic woodlice ran approximately 1.5-fold faster than hypoxic woodlice at the point of maximum speed. Heat tolerance was significantly lower under hypoxia (38.9°C) than under normoxia (40.7°C), but there was no difference in cold tolerance (5.81°C under normoxia and 5.44°C under hypoxia). Overall, our results indicate that environmental gradients of temperature and oxygen may shape the physiological performance of terrestrial ectotherms, likely via their effects on the balance between oxygen supply and demand, which may have fitness consequences for these organisms in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Antoł
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, ul. Gronostajowa, Kraków, Poland
- * E-mail:
| | - Wiktoria Rojek
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, ul. Gronostajowa, Kraków, Poland
| | - Sanjeev Singh
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, ul. Gronostajowa, Kraków, Poland
| | - Damian Piekarski
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, ul. Gronostajowa, Kraków, Poland
| | - Marcin Czarnoleski
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, ul. Gronostajowa, Kraków, Poland
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Leiva FP, Calosi P, Verberk WCEP. Scaling of thermal tolerance with body mass and genome size in ectotherms: a comparison between water- and air-breathers. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2019; 374:20190035. [PMID: 31203753 PMCID: PMC6606457 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Global warming appears to favour smaller-bodied organisms, but whether larger species are also more vulnerable to thermal extremes, as suggested for past mass-extinction events, is still an open question. Here, we tested whether interspecific differences in thermal tolerance (heat and cold) of ectotherm organisms are linked to differences in their body mass and genome size (as a proxy for cell size). Since the vulnerability of larger, aquatic taxa to warming has been attributed to the oxygen limitation hypothesis, we also assessed how body mass and genome size modulate thermal tolerance in species with contrasting breathing modes, habitats and life stages. A database with the upper (CTmax) and lower (CTmin) critical thermal limits and their methodological aspects was assembled comprising more than 500 species of ectotherms. Our results demonstrate that thermal tolerance in ectotherms is dependent on body mass and genome size and these relationships became especially evident in prolonged experimental trials where energy efficiency gains importance. During long-term trials, CTmax was impaired in larger-bodied water-breathers, consistent with a role for oxygen limitation. Variation in CTmin was mostly explained by the combined effects of body mass and genome size and it was enhanced in larger-celled, air-breathing species during long-term trials, consistent with a role for depolarization of cell membranes. Our results also highlight the importance of accounting for phylogeny and exposure duration. Especially when considering long-term trials, the observed effects on thermal limits are more in line with the warming-induced reduction in body mass observed during long-term rearing experiments. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Physiological diversity, biodiversity patterns and global climate change: testing key hypotheses involving temperature and oxygen’.
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Affiliation(s)
- Félix P Leiva
- 1 Department of Animal Ecology and Physiology, Radboud University Nijmegen , 6500 Nijmegen , The Netherlands
| | - Piero Calosi
- 2 Département de Biologie, Chimie et Géographie, Université du Québec à Rimouski , 300 Allée des Ursulines, Rimouski, Quebec, Canada G5L 3A1
| | - Wilco C E P Verberk
- 1 Department of Animal Ecology and Physiology, Radboud University Nijmegen , 6500 Nijmegen , The Netherlands
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Jung EH, Brix KV, Brauner CJ. The effect of temperature acclimation on thermal tolerance, hypoxia tolerance and aerobic scope in two subspecies of sheepshead minnow; Cyprinodon variegatus variegatus and Cyprinodon variegatus hubbsi. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2019; 232:28-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2019.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Suzuki J, Imamura M, Fujita M. Oxidative stress response of caddisfly Stenopsyche marmorata larvae to abrupt hypoxia-normoxia shift. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2019; 211:66-72. [PMID: 30954017 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2019.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Natural and anthropogenic effects cause low dissolved oxygen conditions (hypoxia) and subsequent reoxygenated conditions (normoxia) in river systems. However, oxidative stress responses to hypoxia-normoxia shift in aquatic insects are still poorly understood. Here, we exposed caddisfly Stenopsyche marmorata larvae to 30-min hypoxic followed by 1-d normoxic exposure, with experiments being repeated at 14 °C (Exp.1) and 20 °C (Exp.2), respectively. Exp.1 was conducted in December 2016 using overwintering larvae, and Exp.2 was conducted in June 2016 using non-wintering larvae. The responses of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activity, oxygen radical absorption capacity (ORAC), lipid peroxidation (LPO), and energy reserves were investigated. The hypoxia-normoxia shift considerably inhibited CAT and ORAC in Exp.1. In addition, the energy reserves were decreased in response to exposure to severe hypoxia-normoxia. However, LPO was not induced under these conditions. It is conceivable that regulating antioxidant defense enzymes and utilizing energy reserves may suppress the expected increases in LPO. In contrast, the hypoxia-normoxia shift in Exp.2 had almost no effect on oxidative stress response, with only ORAC being induced. Exp.1 had a lower dissolved oxygen partial pressure and a larger difference in the oxygen partial pressure between hypoxia and normoxia than Exp.2. The severity of hypoxia-normoxia shift and the differences in the life cycles (overwintering or non-wintering) may cause the difference in the response of ORAC in Exp.1 and Exp.2. This study revealed that the effect of the hypoxia-normoxia shift on oxidative stress response in aquatic insects and the strength of the impact of the shift on oxidative stress response may be influenced by water temperature and life cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jumpei Suzuki
- Environmental Science Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry, Abiko 1646, Abiko, Chiba, 270-1194, Japan.
| | - Masahiro Imamura
- Environmental Science Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry, Abiko 1646, Abiko, Chiba, 270-1194, Japan
| | - Masafumi Fujita
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, Ibaraki University, Nakanarusawa 4-12-1, Hitachi, Ibaraki, 316-8511, Japan
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Menon T, Nair S. Transient window of resilience during early development minimizes teratogenic effects of heat in zebrafish embryos. Dev Dyn 2018; 247:992-1004. [PMID: 29806169 PMCID: PMC6099245 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Transient heat shock during early development is an established experimental paradigm for doubling the genome of the zebrafish zygote, which has practical applications in expedited identification of recessive mutations in genetic screens. Despite the simplicity of the strategy and the genetic tractability of zebrafish, heat shock has not been used for genome doubling since the proof‐of‐principle experiments done in the 1980s. This is because of poor survival of embryos that ensue from transient heat shocks and gross developmental abnormalities in the few survivors, which is incompatible with phenotype driven screens. Results: We show that heat shocks during early zebrafish development uncouple the second cycle of DNA and centrosome duplication. Interestingly, the developmental time of the heat shock that triggers the dissociation between DNA and centrosome duplication cycles significantly affect the potential of embryos to survive and attain normal morphology. The potential to develop normally after a heat shock alters in a developmental time span of 2 min in zebrafish embryos, a phenomenon that has not been reported in any species. Conclusions: The existence of heat resilient developmental windows and reduced heat teratogenicity during these windows could be an effective step forward in practical application of transient heat for experimental manipulation of ploidy in zebrafish. More broadly, heat resilience before zygotic genome activation suggests that metazoan embryos may possess innate protective features against heat beyond the canonical heat shock response. Developmental Dynamics 247:992–1004, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Zebrafish embryos at the end of pronuclear fusion and before initiation of zygotic mitosis are resistant to teratogenic effects of heat. The teratogenic heat resilient window exists transiently during the maternally controlled phase of development. Heat shock during the teratogenic heat resilient window enables generation of morphologically normal zebrafish tetraploids. Diploidization of haploids by transient heat shocks during the teratogenic heat resilient windows aids in effective generation of gynogenic diploids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Triveni Menon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Colaba, Mumbai, India
| | - Sreelaja Nair
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Colaba, Mumbai, India
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Vassiliadis S, Plummer KM, Powell KS, Rochfort SJ. Elevated CO 2 and virus infection impacts wheat and aphid metabolism. Metabolomics 2018; 14:133. [PMID: 30830473 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-018-1425-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aphid Rhopalosiphum padi L. is a vector of Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) in wheat and other economically important cereal crops. Increased atmospheric CO2 has been shown to alter plant growth and metabolism, enhancing BYDV disease in wheat. However, the biochemical influences on aphid metabolism are not known. OBJECTIVES This work aims to determine whether altered host-plant quality, influenced by virus infection and elevated CO2, impacts aphid weight and metabolism. METHODS Untargeted 1H NMR metabolomics coupled with multivariate statistics were employed to profile the metabolism of R. padi reared on virus-infected and non-infected (sham-inoculated) wheat grown under ambient CO2 (aCO2, 400 µmol mol-1) and future, predicted elevated CO2 (eCO2, 650 µmol mol-1) concentrations. Un-colonised wheat was also profiled to observe changes to host-plant quality (i.e., amino acids and sugars). RESULTS The direct impacts of virus or eCO2 were compared. Virus presence increased aphid weight under aCO2 but decreased weight under eCO2; whilst eCO2 increased non-viruliferous (sham) aphid weight but decreased viruliferous aphid weight. Discriminatory metabolites due to eCO2 were succinate and sucrose (in sham wheat), glucose, choline and betaine (in infected wheat), and threonine, lactate, alanine, GABA, glutamine, glutamate and asparagine (in aphids), irrespective of virus presence. Discriminatory metabolites due to virus presence were alanine, GABA, succinate and betaine (in wheat) and threonine and lactate (in aphids), irrespective of CO2 treatment. CONCLUSION This study confirms that virus and eCO2 alter host-plant quality, and these differences are reflected by aphid weight and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Vassiliadis
- Agriculture Research Victoria, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, VIC, 3083, Australia.
- School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3083, Australia.
| | - Kim M Plummer
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3083, Australia
| | | | - Simone J Rochfort
- Agriculture Research Victoria, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, VIC, 3083, Australia
- School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3083, Australia
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Tripp-Valdez MA, Bock C, Lannig G, Koschnick N, Pörtner HO, Lucassen M. Assessment of muscular energy metabolism and heat shock response of the green abalone Haliotis fulgens (Gastropoda: Philipi) at extreme temperatures combined with acute hypoxia and hypercapnia. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 227:1-11. [PMID: 30195088 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2018.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The interaction between ocean warming, hypoxia and hypercapnia, suggested by climate projections, may push an organism earlier to the limits of its thermal tolerance window. In a previous study on juveniles of green abalone (Haliotis fulgens), combined exposure to hypoxia and hypercapnia during heat stress induced a lowered critical thermal maximum (CTmax), indicated by constrained oxygen consumption, muscular spams and loss of attachment. Thus, the present study investigated the cell physiology in foot muscle of H. fulgens juveniles exposed to acute warming (18 °C to 32 °C at +3 °C day-1) under hypoxia (50% air saturation) and hypercapnia (~1000 μatm PCO2), alone and in combination, to decipher the mechanisms leading to functional loss in this tissue. Under exposure to either hypoxia or hypercapnia, citrate synthase (CS) activity decreased with initial warming, in line with thermal compensation, but returned to control levels at 32 °C. The anaerobic enzymes lactate and tauropine dehydrogenase increased only under hypoxia at 32 °C. Under the combined treatment, CS overcame thermal compensation and remained stable overall, indicating active mitochondrial regulation under these conditions. Limited accumulation of anaerobic metabolites indicates unchanged mode of energy production. In all treatments, upregulation of Hsp70 mRNA was observed already at 30 °C. However, lack of evidence for Hsp70 protein accumulation provides only limited support to thermal denaturation of proteins. We conclude that under combined hypoxia and hypercapnia, metabolic depression allowed the H. fulgens musculature to retain an aerobic mode of metabolism in response to warming but may have contributed to functional loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Tripp-Valdez
- Integrative Ecophysiology, Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, D-27570 Bremerhaven, Germany.
| | - Christian Bock
- Integrative Ecophysiology, Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, D-27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Gisela Lannig
- Integrative Ecophysiology, Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, D-27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Nils Koschnick
- Integrative Ecophysiology, Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, D-27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Hans O Pörtner
- Integrative Ecophysiology, Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, D-27570 Bremerhaven, Germany; University Bremen, Bibliothekstraße 1, 28359, Germany
| | - Magnus Lucassen
- Integrative Ecophysiology, Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, D-27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
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Gangloff EJ, Telemeco RS. High Temperature, Oxygen, and Performance: Insights from Reptiles and Amphibians. Integr Comp Biol 2018; 58:9-24. [DOI: 10.1093/icb/icy005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Eric J Gangloff
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Rory S Telemeco
- Department of Biology, California State University Fresno, Fresno, CA 93740, USA
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Dunphy B, Ruggiero K, Zamora L, Ragg N. Metabolomic analysis of heat-hardening in adult green-lipped mussel (Perna canaliculus): A key role for succinic acid and the GABAergic synapse pathway. J Therm Biol 2018; 74:37-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2018.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Verberk WCEP, Leuven RSEW, van der Velde G, Gabel F, Overgaard J. Thermal limits in native and alien freshwater peracarid Crustacea: The role of habitat use and oxygen limitation. Funct Ecol 2018; 32:926-936. [PMID: 29937614 PMCID: PMC5993316 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In order to predict which species can successfully cope with global warming and how other environmental stressors modulate their vulnerability to climate-related environmental factors, an understanding of the ecophysiology underpinning thermal limits is essential for both conservation biology and invasion biology.Heat tolerance and the extent to which heat tolerance differed with oxygen availability were examined for four native and four alien freshwater peracarid crustacean species, with differences in habitat use across species. Three hypotheses were tested: (1) Heat and lack of oxygen synergistically reduce survival of species; (2) patterns in heat tolerance and the modulation thereof by oxygen differ between alien and native species and between species with different habitat use; (3) small animals can better tolerate heat than large animals, and this difference is more pronounced under hypoxia.To assess heat tolerances under different oxygen levels, animal survival was monitored in experimental chambers in which the water temperature was ramped up (0.25°C min-1). Heat tolerance (CTmax) was scored as the cessation of all pleopod movement, and heating trials were performed under hypoxia (5 kPa oxygen), normoxia (20 kPa) and hyperoxia (60 kPa).Heat tolerance differed across species as did the extent by which heat tolerance was affected by oxygen conditions. Heat-tolerant species, for example, Asellus aquaticus and Crangonyx pseudogracilis, showed little response to oxygen conditions in their CTmax, whereas the CTmax of heat-sensitive species, for example, Dikerogammarus villosus and Gammarus fossarum, was more plastic, being increased by hyperoxia and reduced by hypoxia.In contrast to other studies on crustaceans, alien species were not more heat-tolerant than native species. Instead, differences in heat tolerance were best explained by habitat use, with species from standing waters being heat tolerant and species from running waters being heat sensitive. In addition, larger animals displayed lower critical maximum temperature, but only under hypoxia. An analysis of data available in the literature on metabolic responses of the study species to temperature and oxygen conditions suggests that oxygen conformers and species whose oxygen demand rapidly increases with temperature (low activation energy) may be more heat sensitive.The alien species D. villosus appeared most susceptible to hypoxia and heat stress. This may explain why this species is very successful in colonizing new areas in littoral zones with rocky substrate which are well aerated due to continuous wave action generated by passing ships or prevailing winds. This species is less capable of spreading to other waters which are poorly oxygenated and where C. pseudogracilis is the more likely dominant alien species. A http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1365-2435.13050/suppinfo is available for this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilco C. E. P. Verberk
- Department of Animal Ecology and PhysiologyInstitute for Water and Wetland Research (IWWR)Radboud UniversityNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Rob S. E. W. Leuven
- Department of Animal Ecology and PhysiologyInstitute for Water and Wetland Research (IWWR)Radboud UniversityNijmegenThe Netherlands
- Department of Environmental ScienceInstitute for Water and Wetland Research (IWWR)Radboud UniversityNijmegenThe Netherlands
- Netherlands Centre of Expertise on Exotic Species (NEC‐E)NijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Gerard van der Velde
- Department of Animal Ecology and PhysiologyInstitute for Water and Wetland Research (IWWR)Radboud UniversityNijmegenThe Netherlands
- Netherlands Centre of Expertise on Exotic Species (NEC‐E)NijmegenThe Netherlands
- Naturalis Biodiversity CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Friederike Gabel
- Institute of Landscape EcologyUniversity of MünsterMünsterGermany
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Boardman L, Mitchell KA, Terblanche JS, Sørensen JG. A transcriptomics assessment of oxygen-temperature interactions reveals novel candidate genes underlying variation in thermal tolerance and survival. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 106:179-188. [PMID: 29038013 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2017.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 09/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
While single stress responses are fairly well researched, multiple, interactive stress responses are not-despite the obvious importance thereof. Here, using D. melanogaster, we investigated the effects of simultaneous exposures to low O2 (hypoxia) and varying thermal conditions on mortality rates, estimates of thermal tolerance and the transcriptome. We used combinations of 21 (normoxia), 10 or 5kPa O2 with control (23°C), cold (4°C) or hot (31°C) temperature exposures before assaying chill coma recovery time (CCRT) and heat knock down time (HKDT) as measures of cold and heat tolerance respectively. We found that mortality was significantly affected by temperature, oxygen partial pressure (PO2) and the interaction between the two. Cold treatments resulted in low mortality (<5%), regardless of PO2 treatment; while hot treatments resulted in higher mortality (∼20%), especially at 5kPa O2 which was lethal for most flies (∼80%). Both CCRT and HKDT were significantly affected by temperature, but not PO2, of the treatments, and the interaction of temperature and PO2 was non-significant. Hot treatments led to significantly longer CCRT, and shorter HKDT in comparison to cold treatments. Global gene expression profiling provided the first transcriptome level response to the combined stress of PO2 and temperature, showing that stressful treatments resulted in higher mortality and induced transcripts that were associated with protein kinases, catabolic processes (proteases, hydrolases, peptidases) and membrane function. Several genes and pathways that may be responsible for the protective effects of combined PO2 and cold treatments were identified. We found that urate oxidase was upregulated in all three cold treatments, regardless of the PO2. Small heat shock proteins Hsp22 and Hsp23 were upregulated after both 10 and 21kPa O2-hot treatments. Collectively, the data from PO2-hot treatments suggests that hypoxia does exacerbate heat stress, through an as yet unidentified mechanism. Hsp70B and an unannotated transcript (CG6733) were significantly differentially expressed after 5kPa O2-cold and 10kPa O2-hot treatments relative to their controls. Downregulation of these transcripts was correlated with reduced thermal tolerance (longer CCRT and shorter HKDT), suggesting that these genes may be important candidates for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh Boardman
- Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, South Africa.
| | - Katherine A Mitchell
- Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, South Africa
| | - John S Terblanche
- Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, South Africa
| | - Jesper G Sørensen
- Section for Genetics, Ecology & Evolution, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 116, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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Chou H, Pathmasiri W, Deese-spruill J, Sumner SJ, Jima DD, Funk DH, Jackson JK, Sweeney BW, Buchwalter DB. The Good, the Bad, and the Lethal: Gene Expression and Metabolomics Reveal Physiological Mechanisms Underlying Chronic Thermal Effects in Mayfly Larvae (Neocloeon triangulifer). Front Ecol Evol 2018. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2018.00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
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de Beeck LO, Verheyen J, Stoks R. Strong differences between two congeneric species in sensitivity to pesticides in a warming world. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 618:60-69. [PMID: 29126027 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.10.311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
To predict the impact of pesticides in a warming world we need to know how species differ in the interaction pathways between pesticides and warming. Trait-based approaches have been successful in identifying the 'pace of life' and body size as predictors of sensitivity to pesticides among distantly related species. However, it remains to be tested whether these traits allow predicting differences in sensitivity to pesticides between closely related species, and in the strength of the interaction pathways between pesticides and warming. We tested the effects of multiple pulses of chlorpyrifos (allowing accumulation) under warming on key life history traits, heat tolerance (CTmax) and physiology of two congeneric damselfly species: the fast-paced (fast growth and development, high metabolic rate), small Ischnura pumilio and the slow-paced, large I. elegans. Chlorpyrifos reduced survival and growth, but contrary to current trait-based predictions I. pumilio was 8× less sensitive than I. elegans. The lower sensitivity of I. pumilio could be explained by a higher fat content, and higher activities of acetylcholinesterase and of detoxifying and anti-oxidant enzymes. While for I. pumilio the effect of chlorpyrifos was small and did not depend on temperature, for I. elegans the impact was higher at 20°C compared to 24°C. This matches the higher pesticide accumulation in the water after multiple pulses at 20°C than at 24°C. The expected reduction in heat tolerance after pesticide exposure was present in I. elegans but not in I. pumilio. Our results demonstrate that closely related species can have very different sensitivities to a pesticide resulting in species-specific support for the "toxicant-induced climate change sensitivity" and the "climate-induced toxicant sensitivity" interaction pathways. Our results highlight that trait-based approaches can be strengthened by integrating physiological traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Op de Beeck
- Evolutionary Stress Ecology and Ecotoxicology, University of Leuven, Charles Deberiotstraat 32, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Julie Verheyen
- Evolutionary Stress Ecology and Ecotoxicology, University of Leuven, Charles Deberiotstraat 32, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Robby Stoks
- Evolutionary Stress Ecology and Ecotoxicology, University of Leuven, Charles Deberiotstraat 32, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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43
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Lehmann P, Pruisscher P, Koštál V, Moos M, Šimek P, Nylin S, Agren R, Väremo L, Wiklund C, Wheat CW, Gotthard K. Metabolome dynamics of diapause in the butterfly Pieris napi: distinguishing maintenance, termination and post-diapause phases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 221:jeb.169508. [PMID: 29180603 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.169508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Diapause is a deep resting stage facilitating temporal avoidance of unfavourable environmental conditions, and is used by many insects to adapt their life cycle to seasonal variation. Although considerable work has been invested in trying to understand each of the major diapause stages (induction, maintenance and termination), we know very little about the transitions between stages, especially diapause termination. Understanding diapause termination is crucial for modelling and predicting spring emergence and winter physiology of insects, including many pest insects. In order to gain these insights, we investigated metabolome dynamics across diapause development in pupae of the butterfly Pieris napi, which exhibits adaptive latitudinal variation in the length of endogenous diapause that is uniquely well characterized. By employing a time-series experiment, we show that the whole-body metabolome is highly dynamic throughout diapause and differs between pupae kept at a diapause-terminating (low) temperature and those kept at a diapause-maintaining (high) temperature. We show major physiological transitions through diapause, separate temperature-dependent from temperature-independent processes and identify significant patterns of metabolite accumulation and degradation. Together, the data show that although the general diapause phenotype (suppressed metabolism, increased cold tolerance) is established in a temperature-independent fashion, diapause termination is temperature dependent and requires a cold signal. This revealed several metabolites that are only accumulated under diapause-terminating conditions and degraded in a temperature-unrelated fashion during diapause termination. In conclusion, our findings indicate that some metabolites, in addition to functioning as cryoprotectants, for example, are candidates for having regulatory roles as metabolic clocks or time-keepers during diapause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Lehmann
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Pruisscher
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vladimír Koštál
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Moos
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Šimek
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Sören Nylin
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rasmus Agren
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, National Bioinformatics Infrastructure Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Leif Väremo
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, National Bioinformatics Infrastructure Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Christer Wiklund
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Karl Gotthard
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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Harrison JF, Greenlee KJ, Verberk WCEP. Functional Hypoxia in Insects: Definition, Assessment, and Consequences for Physiology, Ecology, and Evolution. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2018; 63:303-325. [PMID: 28992421 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-020117-043145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Insects can experience functional hypoxia, a situation in which O2 supply is inadequate to meet oxygen demand. Assessing when functional hypoxia occurs is complex, because responses are graded, age and tissue dependent, and compensatory. Here, we compare information gained from metabolomics and transcriptional approaches and by manipulation of the partial pressure of oxygen. Functional hypoxia produces graded damage, including damaged macromolecules and inflammation. Insects respond by compensatory physiological and morphological changes in the tracheal system, metabolic reorganization, and suppression of activity, feeding, and growth. There is evidence for functional hypoxia in eggs, near the end of juvenile instars, and during molting. Functional hypoxia is more likely in species with lower O2 availability or transport capacities and when O2 need is great. Functional hypoxia occurs normally during insect development and is a factor in mediating life-history trade-offs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon F Harrison
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-4501;
| | - Kendra J Greenlee
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050;
| | - Wilco C E P Verberk
- Department of Animal Ecology and Ecophysiology, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands;
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45
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Teague C, Youngblood JP, Ragan K, Angilletta MJ, VandenBrooks JM. A positive genetic correlation between hypoxia tolerance and heat tolerance supports a controversial theory of heat stress. Biol Lett 2017; 13:rsbl.2017.0309. [PMID: 29118239 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2017.0309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We used quantitative genetics to test a controversial theory of heat stress, in which animals overheat when the demand for oxygen exceeds the supply. This theory, referred to as oxygen- and capacity-limited thermal tolerance, predicts a positive genetic correlation between hypoxia tolerance and heat tolerance. We demonstrate the first genetic correlation of this kind in a model organism, Drosophila melanogaster Genotypes more likely to fly under hypoxic stress (12% O2) were also more likely to fly under heat stress (39°C). This finding prompts new questions about mechanisms and limits of adaptation to heat stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Collin Teague
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA.,School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | | | - Kinley Ragan
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
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Telemeco RS, Gangloff EJ, Cordero GA, Polich RL, Bronikowski AM, Janzen FJ. Physiology at near‐critical temperatures, but not critical limits, varies between two lizard species that partition the thermal environment. J Anim Ecol 2017; 86:1510-1522. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rory S. Telemeco
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology Iowa State University Ames IA USA
- Department of Biology University of Washington Seattle WA USA
| | - Eric J. Gangloff
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology Iowa State University Ames IA USA
| | - Gerardo A. Cordero
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology Iowa State University Ames IA USA
- Department of Biology Lund University Lund Sweden
| | - Rebecca L. Polich
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology Iowa State University Ames IA USA
| | - Anne M. Bronikowski
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology Iowa State University Ames IA USA
| | - Fredric J. Janzen
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology Iowa State University Ames IA USA
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Chou H, Pathmasiri W, Deese-Spruill J, Sumner S, Buchwalter DB. Metabolomics reveal physiological changes in mayfly larvae (Neocloeon triangulifer) at ecological upper thermal limits. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 101:107-112. [PMID: 28733240 PMCID: PMC5575740 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2017.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Aquatic insects play critical roles in freshwater ecosystems and temperature is a fundamental driver of species performance and distributions. However, the physiological mechanisms that determine the thermal performance of species remain unclear. Here we used a metabolomics approach to gain insights into physiological changes associated with a short-term, sublethal thermal challenge in the mayfly Neocloeon triangulifer (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae). Larvae were subjected to a thermal ramp (from 22 to 30°C at a rate of 1°C/h) and metabolomics analysis (both Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy and Gas Chromatography coupled Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (GC-TOF-MS)) indicated that processes related to energetics (sugar metabolism) and membrane stabilization primarily differentiated heat treated larvae from controls. Limited evidence of anaerobic metabolism was observed in the heat treated larvae at 30°C, a temperature that is chronically lethal to larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsuan Chou
- Graduate Toxicology Program, Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States.
| | - Wimal Pathmasiri
- Systems and Translational Sciences, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Jocelin Deese-Spruill
- Systems and Translational Sciences, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Susan Sumner
- Systems and Translational Sciences, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - David B Buchwalter
- Graduate Toxicology Program, Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States
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48
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Effects of oxygen on responses to heating in two lizard species sampled along an elevational gradient. J Therm Biol 2017; 68:170-176. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2017.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 02/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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49
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Shiehzadegan S, Le Vinh Thuy J, Szabla N, Angilletta MJ, VandenBrooks JM. More oxygen during development enhanced flight performance but not thermal tolerance of Drosophila melanogaster. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177827. [PMID: 28542380 PMCID: PMC5441596 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
High temperatures can stress animals by raising the oxygen demand above the oxygen supply. Consequently, animals under hypoxia could be more sensitive to heating than those exposed to normoxia. Although support for this model has been limited to aquatic animals, oxygen supply might limit the heat tolerance of terrestrial animals during energetically demanding activities. We evaluated this model by studying the flight performance and heat tolerance of flies (Drosophila melanogaster) acclimated and tested at different concentrations of oxygen (12%, 21%, and 31%). We expected that flies raised at hypoxia would develop into adults that were more likely to fly under hypoxia than would flies raised at normoxia or hyperoxia. We also expected flies to benefit from greater oxygen supply during testing. These effects should have been most pronounced at high temperatures, which impair locomotor performance. Contrary to our expectations, we found little evidence that flies raised at hypoxia flew better when tested at hypoxia or tolerated extreme heat better than did flies raised at normoxia or hyperoxia. Instead, flies raised at higher oxygen levels performed better at all body temperatures and oxygen concentrations. Moreover, oxygen supply during testing had the greatest effect on flight performance at low temperature, rather than high temperature. Our results poorly support the hypothesis that oxygen supply limits performance at high temperatures, but do support the idea that hyperoxia during development improves performance of flies later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shayan Shiehzadegan
- School of Life Science, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | | | - Natalia Szabla
- Institute of Environmental Studies, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Michael J. Angilletta
- School of Life Science, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - John M. VandenBrooks
- Department of Physiology, Midwestern University, Glendale, Arizona, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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50
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Op de Beeck L, Verheyen J, Stoks R. Integrating both interaction pathways between warming and pesticide exposure on upper thermal tolerance in high- and low-latitude populations of an aquatic insect. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 224:714-721. [PMID: 28040340 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Global warming and chemical pollution are key anthropogenic stressors with the potential to interact. While warming can change the impact of pollutants and pollutants can change the sensitivity to warming, both interaction pathways have never been integrated in a single experiment. Therefore, we tested the effects of warming and multiple pesticide pulses (allowing accumulation) of chlorpyrifos on upper thermal tolerance (CTmax) and associated physiological traits related to aerobic/anaerobic energy production in the damselfly Ischnura elegans. To also assess the role of latitude-specific thermal adaptation in shaping the impact of warming and pesticide exposure on thermal tolerance, we exposed larvae from replicated high- and low-latitude populations to the pesticide in a common garden rearing experiment at 20 and 24 °C, the mean summer water temperatures at high and low latitudes. As expected, exposure to chlorpyrifos resulted in a lower CTmax. Yet, this pesticide effect on CTmax was lower at 24 °C compared to 20 °C because of a lower accumulation of chlorpyrifos in the medium at 24 °C. The effects on CTmax could partly be explained by reduction of the aerobic scope. Given that these effects did not differ between latitudes, gradual thermal evolution is not expected to counteract the negative effect of the pesticide on thermal tolerance. By for the first time integrating both interaction pathways we were not only able to provide support for both of them, but more importantly demonstrate that they can directly affect each other. Indeed, the warming-induced reduction in pesticide impact generated a lower pesticide-induced climate change sensitivity (in terms of decreased upper thermal tolerance). Our results indicate that, assuming no increase in pesticide input, global warming might reduce the negative effect of multiple pulse exposures to pesticides on sensitivity to elevated temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Op de Beeck
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and Conservation, University of Leuven, Charles Deberiotstraat 32, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Julie Verheyen
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and Conservation, University of Leuven, Charles Deberiotstraat 32, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Robby Stoks
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and Conservation, University of Leuven, Charles Deberiotstraat 32, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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