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Kosnik MB, Antczak P, Fantke P. Data-Driven Characterization of Genetic Variability in Disease Pathways and Pesticide-Induced Nervous System Disease in the United States Population. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2024; 132:57003. [PMID: 38752992 PMCID: PMC11098008 DOI: 10.1289/ehp14108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic susceptibility to chemicals is incompletely characterized. However, nervous system disease development following pesticide exposure can vary in a population, implying some individuals may have higher genetic susceptibility to pesticide-induced nervous system disease. OBJECTIVES We aimed to build a computational approach to characterize single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) implicated in chemically induced adverse outcomes and used this framework to assess the link between differential population susceptibility to pesticides and human nervous system disease. METHODS We integrated publicly available datasets of Chemical-Gene, Gene-Pathway, and SNP-Disease associations to build Chemical-Pathway-Gene-SNP-Disease linkages for humans. As a case study, we integrated these linkages with spatialized pesticide application data for the US from 1992 to 2018 and spatialized nervous system disease rates for 2018. Through this, we characterized SNPs that may be important in states with high disease occurrence based on the pesticides used there. RESULTS We found that the number of SNP hits per pesticide in US states positively correlated with disease incidence and prevalence for Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson disease, and multiple sclerosis. We performed frequent itemset mining to differentiate pesticides used over time in states with high and low disease occurrence and found that only 19% of pesticide sets overlapped between 10 states with high disease occurrence and 10 states with low disease occurrence rates, and more SNPs were implicated in pathways in high disease occurrence states. Through a cross-validation of subsets of five high and low disease occurrence states, we characterized SNPs, genes, pathways, and pesticides more frequently implicated in high disease occurrence states. DISCUSSION Our findings support that pesticides contribute to nervous system disease, and we developed priority lists of SNPs, pesticides, and pathways for further study. This data-driven approach can be adapted to other chemicals, diseases, and locations to characterize differential population susceptibility to chemical exposures. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP14108.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa B. Kosnik
- Quantitative Sustainability Assessment, Department of Environmental and Resource Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Antczak
- Faculty of Medicine and Cologne University Hospital, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Department II of Internal Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Peter Fantke
- Quantitative Sustainability Assessment, Department of Environmental and Resource Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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Santos-Lobato BL. Towards a methodological uniformization of environmental risk studies in Parkinson's disease. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2024; 10:86. [PMID: 38632283 PMCID: PMC11024193 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-024-00709-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
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Mostafalou S, Abdollahi M. The susceptibility of humans to neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental toxicities caused by organophosphorus pesticides. Arch Toxicol 2023; 97:3037-3060. [PMID: 37787774 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-023-03604-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
The toxicology field is concerned with the impact of organophosphorus (OP) compounds on human health. These compounds have been linked to an increased risk of neurological disorders, including neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental diseases. This article aims to review studies on the role of OP compounds in developing these neurological disorders and explore how genetic variations can affect susceptibility to the neurotoxicity of these pesticides. Studies have shown that exposure to OP compounds can lead to the development of various neurological disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism, intellectual disability, and other developmental neurotoxicities. Apart from inhibiting the cholinesterase enzyme, OP compounds are believed to cause other pathological mechanisms at both the extracellular level (cholinergic, serotonergic, dopaminergic, glutamatergic, and GABAergic synapses) and the intracellular level (oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammation, autophagy, and apoptosis) that contribute to these disorders. Specific genetic polymorphisms, including PON1, ABCB1, NOS, DRD4, GST, CYP, and APOE, have increased the risk of developing OP-related neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Mostafalou
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Mohammad Abdollahi
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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4
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Zuin M, Rosta V, Trentini A, Bosi C, Zuliani G, Cervellati C. Paraoxonase 1 activity in patients with Alzheimer disease: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Chem Biol Interact 2023; 382:110601. [PMID: 37330180 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Cumulating evidence links environmental toxicants, such as organophosphate (OP) pesticides, to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The calcium-dependent Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) can neutralize these toxicants with good catalytic efficiency, thus protecting from OP-induced biological damage. Although different previous studies have already partially described an association between PON1 activity and AD, this intriguing relationship has not yet been comprehensively examined. To fill this gap, we performed a meta-analysis of existing data comparing the PON1 arylesterase activity in AD and healthy subjects from the general population. Data were obtained by searching MEDLINE, Embase and CENTRAL, Google Scholar, and SCOPUS electronic databases for all studies published at any time up to February 2023, reporting and comparing the PON1- paraoxonase activity between AD patients and controls. Seven studies, based on 615 subjects (281 AD and 356 controls) met the inclusion criteria and were included into the final analysis. A random effect model revealed that PON1 arylesterase activity was significantly lower in the AD group compared to controls, exhibiting low level of heterogeneity (SMD = - 1.62, 95% CI = -2.65 to -0.58, p = 0.0021, I2 = 12%). These findings suggest that PON1 activity might be reduced in AD reflecting a major susceptibility to OPs neurotoxicity. Further studies should be conducted to definitely ascertain this link and to establish the cause-effect relationship between PON1 reduction and AD onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Zuin
- Department of Translational Medicine and for Romagna, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Valentina Rosta
- Department of Translational Medicine and for Romagna, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alessandro Trentini
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Cristina Bosi
- Department of Translational Medicine and for Romagna, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giovanni Zuliani
- Department of Translational Medicine and for Romagna, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy; Medical Department, University Hospital of Ferrara Arcispedale Sant'Anna, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Carlo Cervellati
- Department of Translational Medicine and for Romagna, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
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Kuiper G, Young BN, WeMott S, Erlandson G, Martinez N, Mendoza J, Dooley G, Quinn C, Benka-Coker W, Magzamen S. Factors affecting urinary organophosphate pesticide metabolite levels among Californian agricultural community members. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 881:163362. [PMID: 37059148 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate (OP) pesticides are widely used in California for agricultural pest and weed control despite their well-documented adverse health effects among infants, children, and adults. We sought to identify factors affecting urinary OP metabolites among families living in high-exposure communities. Our study included 80 children and adults who lived within 61 m (200 ft) of agricultural fields in the Central Valley of California in January and June 2019, which are pesticide non-spraying and spraying seasons, respectively. We collected one urine sample per participant during each visit to measure dialkyl phosphate (DAP) metabolites; these were coupled with in-person surveys to identify health, household, sociodemographic, pesticide exposure, and occupational risk factors. We used a data-driven, best subsets regression approach to identify key factors that influenced urinary DAPs. Participants were mostly Hispanic/Latino(a) (97.5 %), over half were female (57.5 %), and most households reported having a member who worked in agriculture (70.6 %). Among the 149 urine samples suitable for analysis, DAP metabolites were detected in 48.0 % and 40.5 % of samples during January and June, respectively. Total diethyl alkylphosphates (EDE) were only detected in 4.7 % (n = 7) of samples, but total dimethyl alkylphosphates (EDM) were detected in 41.6 % (n = 62) of samples. No differences were observed in urinary DAP levels by visit month or by occupational exposure to pesticides. Best subsets regression identified several individual- and household-level variables that influenced both urinary EDM and total DAPs: the number of years spent living at the current address, household use of chemical products to control mice/rodents, and seasonal employment status. Among adults only, we identified educational attainment (for total DAPs) and age category (for EDM) as significant factors. Our study found consistent urinary DAP metabolites among participants, regardless of spraying season, and identified potential mitigating factors that members of vulnerable populations can implement to protect their health against OP exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Kuiper
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Bonnie N Young
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Sherry WeMott
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Grant Erlandson
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Nayamin Martinez
- Central California Environmental Justice Network, Fresno, CA, USA
| | - Jesus Mendoza
- Central California Environmental Justice Network, Fresno, CA, USA
| | - Gregory Dooley
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Casey Quinn
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Wande Benka-Coker
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA; Department of Environmental Studies, Dickinson College, Carlisle, PA, USA
| | - Sheryl Magzamen
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
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Haque MA, Prodhan MY, Ghosh S, Hossain MS, Rahman A, Sarker UK, Haque MA. Enhanced rice plant (BRRI-28) growth at lower doses of urea caused by diazinon mineralizing endophytic bacterial consortia and explorations of relevant regulatory genes in a Klebsiella sp. strain HSTU-F2D4R. Arch Microbiol 2023; 205:231. [PMID: 37165147 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-023-03564-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Endophytic biostimulant with pesticide bioremediation activities may reduce agrochemicals application in rice cultivation. The present study evaluates diazinon-degrading endophytic bacteria, isolated from rice plants grown in the fields with pesticide amalgamation, leading to increased productivity in high-yielding rice plants. These endophytes showed capabilities of decomposing diazinon, confirmed by FT-IR spectra analysis. Growth promoting activities of these endophytes can be attributed to their abilities to produce an increased level of IAA content and to demonstrate high level ACC-deaminase activities. Furthermore, these endophytes demonstrated enhanced level of extracellular cellulase, xylanase, amylase, protease and lignin degrading activities. Five genera including Enterobacter, Pantoea, Shigella, Acinetobacter, and Serratia, are represented only by the leaves, while four genera such as Enterobacter, Escherichia, Kosakonia, and Pseudomonas are represented only by the shoots. Five genera including, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Pseudomonas, Burkholderia, and Bacillus are represented only by the roots of rice plants. All these strains demonstrated cell wall hydrolytic enzyme activities, except pectinase. All treatments, either individual strains or consortia of strains, enhanced rice plant growth at germination, seedling, vegetative and reproductive stages. Among four (I-IV) consortia, consortium-III generated the maximum rice yield under 70% lower doses of urea compared to that of control (treated with only fertilizer). The decoded genome of Klebsiella sp. HSTU-F2D4R revealed nif-cluster, chemotaxis, phosphates, biofilm formation, and organophosphorus insecticide-degrading genes. Sufficient insecticide-degrading proteins belonging to strain HSTU-F2D4R had interacted with diazinon, confirmed in molecular docking and formed potential catalytic triads, suggesting the strains have bioremediation potential with biofertilizer applications in rice cultivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Azizul Haque
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Dinajpur, 5200, Bangladesh.
| | - Md Yeasin Prodhan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Dinajpur, 5200, Bangladesh
| | - Sibdas Ghosh
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Carlow University, 3333 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Md Shohorab Hossain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Dinajpur, 5200, Bangladesh
| | - Aminur Rahman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Uttam Kumar Sarker
- Dept. of Chemistry, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Dinajpur, 5200, Bangladesh
| | - Md Atiqul Haque
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Science, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Dinajpur, 5200, Bangladesh
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Jokanović M, Oleksak P, Kuca K. Multiple neurological effects associated with exposure to organophosphorus pesticides in man. Toxicology 2023; 484:153407. [PMID: 36543276 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2022.153407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This article reviews available data regarding the possible association of organophosphorus (OP) pesticides with neurological disorders such as dementia, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, neurodevelopment, autism, cognitive development, Parkinson's disease and chronic organophosphate-induced neuropsychiatric disorder. These effects mainly develop after repeated (chronic) human exposure to low doses of OP. In addition, three well defined neurotoxic effects in humans caused by single doses of OP compounds are discussed. Those effects are the cholinergic syndrome, the intermediate syndrome and organophosphate-induced delayed polyneuropathy. Usually, the poisoning can be avoided by an improved administrative control, limited access to OP pesticides, efficient measures of personal protection and education of OP pesticide applicators and medical staff.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Jokanović
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech republic
| | - Patrik Oleksak
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech republic
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech republic; Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech republic.
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Arab A, Mostafalou S. Neurotoxicity of pesticides in the context of CNS chronic diseases. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2022; 32:2718-2755. [PMID: 34663153 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2021.1987396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Following the introduction and application of pesticides in human life, they have always been along with health concerns both in acute poisoning and chronic toxicities. Neurotoxicity of pesticides in chronic exposures has been known as one of the most important human health problems, as most of these chemicals act through interacting with some elements of nervous system. Pesticide-induced neurotoxicity can be defined in different categories of neurological disorders including neurodegenerative (Alzheimer, Parkinson, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis), neurodevelopmental (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, autism spectrum disorders, developmental delay, and intellectual disability), neurobehavioral and neuropsychiatric (depression/suicide attempt, anxiety/insomnia, and cognitive impairment) disorders some of which are among the most debilitating human health problems. In this review, neurotoxicity of pesticides in the mentioned categories and sub-categories of neurological diseases have been systematically presented in relation to different route of exposures including general, occupational, environmental, prenatal, postnatal, and paternal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Arab
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Sara Mostafalou
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
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Paul KC, Ritz B. Epidemiology meets toxicogenomics: Mining toxicologic evidence in support of an untargeted analysis of pesticides exposure and Parkinson's disease. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 170:107613. [PMID: 36395557 PMCID: PMC9897493 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pesticides have been widely used in agriculture for more than half a century. However, with thousands currently in use, most have not been adequately assessed for influence Parkinson's disease (PD). OBJECTIVES Here we aimed to assess biologic plausibility of 70 pesticides implicated with PD through an agnostic pesticide-wide association study using a data mining approach linking toxicology and toxicogenomics databases. METHODS We linked the 70 targeted pesticides to quantitative high-throughput screening assay findings from the Toxicology in the 21st Century (Tox21) program and pesticide-related genetic/disease information with the Comparative Toxicogenomics Database (CTD). We used the CTD to determine networks of genes each pesticide has been linked to and assess enrichment of relevant gene ontology (GO) annotations. With Tox21, we evaluated pesticide induced activity on a series of 43 nuclear receptor and stress response assays and two cytotoxicity assays. RESULTS Overall, 59 % of the 70 pesticides had chemical-gene networks including at least one PD gene/gene product. In total, 41 % of the pesticides had chemical-gene networks enriched for ≥ 1 high-priority PD GO terms. For instance, 23 pesticides had chemical-gene networks enriched for response to oxidative stress, 21 for regulation of neuron death, and twelve for autophagy, including copper sulfate, endosulfan and chlorpyrifos. Of the pesticides tested against the Tox21 assays, 79 % showed activity on ≥ 1 assay and 11 were toxic to the two human cell lines. The set of PD-associated pesticides showed more activity than expected on assays testing for xenobiotic homeostasis, mitochondrial membrane permeability, and genotoxic stress. CONCLUSIONS Overall, cross-database queries allowed us to connect a targeted set of pesticides implicated in PD via epidemiology to specific biologic targets relevant to PD etiology. This knowledge can be used to help prioritize targets for future experimental studies and improve our understanding of the role of pesticides in PD etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly C Paul
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Beate Ritz
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Epidemiology, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Molecular and Cellular Interactions in Pathogenesis of Sporadic Parkinson Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232113043. [PMID: 36361826 PMCID: PMC9657547 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
An increasing number of the population all around the world suffer from age-associated neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson’s disease (PD). This disorder presents different signs of genetic, epigenetic and environmental origin, and molecular, cellular and intracellular dysfunction. At the molecular level, α-synuclein (αSyn) was identified as the principal molecule constituting the Lewy bodies (LB). The gut microbiota participates in the pathogenesis of PD and may contribute to the loss of dopaminergic neurons through mitochondrial dysfunction. The most important pathogenetic link is an imbalance of Ca2+ ions, which is associated with redox imbalance in the cells and increased generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In this review, genetic, epigenetic and environmental factors that cause these disorders and their cause-and-effect relationships are considered. As a constituent of environmental factors, the example of organophosphates (OPs) is also reviewed. The role of endothelial damage in the pathogenesis of PD is discussed, and a ‘triple hit hypothesis’ is proposed as a modification of Braak’s dual hit one. In the absence of effective therapies for neurodegenerative diseases, more and more evidence is emerging about the positive impact of nutritional structure and healthy lifestyle on the state of blood vessels and the risk of developing these diseases.
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Paul KC, Kusters C, Furlong M, Zhang K, Yu Y, Folle AD, Del Rosario I, Keener A, Bronstein J, Sinsheimer JS, Horvath S, Ritz B. Immune system disruptions implicated in whole blood epigenome-wide association study of depression among Parkinson's disease patients. Brain Behav Immun Health 2022; 26:100530. [PMID: 36325427 PMCID: PMC9618774 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2022.100530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Although Parkinson's Disease (PD) is typically described in terms of motor symptoms, depression is a common feature. We explored whether depression influences blood-based genome-wide DNA methylation (DNAm) in 692 subjects from a population-based PD case-control study, using both a history of clinically diagnosed depression and current depressive symptoms measured by the geriatric depression scale (GDS). While PD patients in general had more immune activation and more accelerated epigenetic immune system aging than controls, the patients experiencing current depressive symptoms (GDS≥5) showed even higher levels of both markers than patients without current depressive symptoms (GDS<5). For PD patients with a history of clinical depression compared to those without, we found no differences in immune cell composition. However, a history of clinical depression among patients was associated with differentially methylated CpGs. Epigenome-wide association analysis (EWAS) revealed 35 CpGs associated at an FDR≤0.05 (569 CpGs at FDR≤0.10, 1718 CpGs at FDR≤0.15). Gene set enrichment analysis implicated immune system pathways, including immunoregulatory interactions between lymphoid and non-lymphoid cells (p-adj = 0.003) and cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction (p-adj = 0.004). Based on functional genomics, 25 (71%) of the FDR≤0.05 CpGs were associated with genetic variation at 45 different methylation quantitative trait loci (meQTL). Twenty-six of the meQTLs were also expression QTLs (eQTLs) associated with the abundance of 53 transcripts in blood and 22 transcripts in brain (substantia nigra, putamen basal ganglia, or frontal cortex). Notably, cg15199181 was strongly related to rs823114 (SNP-CpG p-value = 3.27E-310), a SNP identified in a PD meta-GWAS and related to differential expression of PM20D1, RAB29, SLC41A1, and NUCKS1. The entire set of genes detected through functional genomics was most strongly overrepresented for interferon-gamma-mediated signaling pathway (enrichment ratio = 18.8, FDR = 4.4e-03) and T cell receptor signaling pathway (enrichment ratio = 13.2, FDR = 4.4e-03). Overall, the current study provides evidence of immune system involvement in depression among Parkinson's patients. Parkinson's disease (PD) is associated with clinical depression prior to PD onset and depressive symptoms after PD diagnosis. Epigenome-wide analysis revealed CpGs related to current depressive symptoms and a history of clinical depression among PD patients. Patients experiencing current depressive symptoms had the highest epigenetic-based neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio on average. Patients with a history of clinical depression had differentially methylated CpGs in genes enriched for immune system pathways. Many of the depression associated CpGs were linked to differential expression through meQTL/eQTLs, which included GWAS variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly C. Paul
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Corresponding author. 73-320B CHS, CAMPUS-177220, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
| | - Cynthia Kusters
- Departments of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Melissa Furlong
- University of Arizona, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Keren Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yu Yu
- Center for Health Policy Research, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Aline Duarte Folle
- Department of Epidemiology, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Irish Del Rosario
- Department of Epidemiology, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Adrienne Keener
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jeff Bronstein
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Janet S. Sinsheimer
- Departments of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Steve Horvath
- Departments of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Beate Ritz
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Vellingiri B, Chandrasekhar M, Sri Sabari S, Gopalakrishnan AV, Narayanasamy A, Venkatesan D, Iyer M, Kesari K, Dey A. Neurotoxicity of pesticides - A link to neurodegeneration. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 243:113972. [PMID: 36029574 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder which mainly targets motor symptoms such as tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia and postural instability. The physiological changes occur due to dopamine depletion in basal ganglia region of the brain. PD aetiology is not yet elucidated clearly but genetic and environmental factors play a prominent role in disease occurrence. Despite of various environmental factors, pesticides exposure has been convicted as major candidate in PD pathogenesis. Among various pesticides 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) has been widely investigated in PD following with paraquat (PQ), maneb (MB), organochlorines (OC) and rotenone. Effect of these pesticides has been suggested to be involved in oxidative stress, alterations in dopamine transporters, mitochondrial dysfunction, α-synuclein (αSyn) fibrillation, and neuroinflammation in PD. The present review discusses the influence of pesticides in neurodegeneration and its related epidemiological studies conducted in PD. Furthermore, we have deliberated the common pesticides involved in PD and its associated genetic alterations and the probable mechanism of them behind PD pathogenesis. Hence, we conclude that pesticides play a prominent role in PD pathogenesis and advance research is needed to investigate the alterations in genetic and mechanistic aspects of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balachandar Vellingiri
- Human Molecular Cytogenetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641046, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Mamatha Chandrasekhar
- Human Molecular Cytogenetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S Sri Sabari
- Human Molecular Cytogenetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Abilash Valsala Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Arul Narayanasamy
- Disease Proteomics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Dhivya Venkatesan
- Human Molecular Cytogenetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mahalaxmi Iyer
- Livestock Farming and Bioresource Technology, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kavindra Kesari
- Department of Applied Physics, School of Science, Aalto University, Espoo, 00076, Finland.
| | - Abhijit Dey
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata, 700073, West Bengal, India
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13
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Sarailoo M, Afshari S, Asghariazar V, Safarzadeh E, Dadkhah M. Cognitive Impairment and Neurodegenerative Diseases Development Associated with Organophosphate Pesticides Exposure: a Review Study. Neurotox Res 2022; 40:1624-1643. [PMID: 36066747 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-022-00552-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
A significant body of literature emphasizes the role of insecticide, particularly organophosphates (OPs), as the major environmental factor in the etiology of neurodegenerative diseases. This review aims to study the relationship between OP insecticide exposure, cognitive impairment, and neurodegenerative disease development. Human populations, especially in developing countries, are frequently exposed to OPs due to their extensive applications. The involvement of various signaling pathways in OP neurotoxicity are reported, but the OP-induced cognitive impairment and link between OP exposure and the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases are not clearly understood. In the present review, we have therefore aimed to come to new conclusions which may help to find protective and preventive strategies against OP neurotoxicity and may establish a possible link between organophosphate exposure, cognitive impairment, and OP-induced neurotoxicity. Moreover, we discuss the findings obtained from animal and human research providing some support for OP-induced cognitive impairment and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Sarailoo
- Students Research Committee, School of Public Health, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Salva Afshari
- Students Research Committee, Pharmacy School, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Vahid Asghariazar
- Deputy of Research & Technology, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Elham Safarzadeh
- Department of Microbiology, Parasitology, and Immunology, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran.
| | - Masoomeh Dadkhah
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran.
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14
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Ayed-Boussema I, Hamdi H, Chaabani H, M’nassri A, Mokni M, Abid S. Fenpyroximate induced cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in Wistar rat brain and in human neuroblastoma (SH-SY5Y) cells: involvement of oxidative stress and apoptosis. Neurotoxicology 2022; 91:177-187. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2022.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Kumar D, Sinha SN, Ungarala R, Mungamuri SK, Kasturi V. A simple and sensitive liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method for quantification of multi‐residual pesticides in blood. SEPARATION SCIENCE PLUS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/sscp.202100067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dileshwar Kumar
- Division of Food Safety Indian Council of Medical Research ‐ National Institute of Nutrition Jamai‐Osmania Hyderabad Telangana 500007 India
| | - Sukesh Narayan Sinha
- Division of Food Safety Indian Council of Medical Research ‐ National Institute of Nutrition Jamai‐Osmania Hyderabad Telangana 500007 India
| | - Ramakrishna Ungarala
- Division of Food Safety Indian Council of Medical Research ‐ National Institute of Nutrition Jamai‐Osmania Hyderabad Telangana 500007 India
| | - Sathish Kumar Mungamuri
- Division of Food Safety Indian Council of Medical Research ‐ National Institute of Nutrition Jamai‐Osmania Hyderabad Telangana 500007 India
| | - Vasudev Kasturi
- Division of Food Safety Indian Council of Medical Research ‐ National Institute of Nutrition Jamai‐Osmania Hyderabad Telangana 500007 India
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Berdowska I, Matusiewicz M, Krzystek-Korpacka M. HDL Accessory Proteins in Parkinson’s Disease—Focusing on Clusterin (Apolipoprotein J) in Regard to Its Involvement in Pathology and Diagnostics—A Review. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11030524. [PMID: 35326174 PMCID: PMC8944556 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11030524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD)—a neurodegenerative disorder (NDD) characterized by progressive destruction of dopaminergic neurons within the substantia nigra of the brain—is associated with the formation of Lewy bodies containing mainly α-synuclein. HDL-related proteins such as paraoxonase 1 and apolipoproteins A1, E, D, and J are implicated in NDDs, including PD. Apolipoprotein J (ApoJ, clusterin) is a ubiquitous, multifunctional protein; besides its engagement in lipid transport, it modulates a variety of other processes such as immune system functionality and cellular death signaling. Furthermore, being an extracellular chaperone, ApoJ interacts with proteins associated with NDD pathogenesis (amyloid β, tau, and α-synuclein), thus modulating their properties. In this review, the association of clusterin with PD is delineated, with respect to its putative involvement in the pathological mechanism and its application in PD prognosis/diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Berdowska
- Correspondence: (I.B.); (M.M.); Tel.: +48-71-784-13-92 (I.B.); +48-71-784-13-70 (M.M.)
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17
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Xu S, Yang X, Qian Y, Luo Q, Song Y, Xiao Q. Analysis of serum levels of organochlorine pesticides and related factors in Parkinson's disease. Neurotoxicology 2021; 88:216-223. [PMID: 34864106 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2021.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is evidence that environmental factors contribute to the onset and progression of Parkinson's disease (PD). Pesticides are a class of environmental toxins that are linked to increased risk of developing PD. However, few studies have investigated the association between specific pesticides and PD, especially in China, which was one of the first countries to adopt the use of pesticides. METHODS In this study, serum levels of 19 pesticides were measured in 90 patients with PD and 90 healthy spouse controls. We also analyzed the interaction between specific pesticides and PD. In addition, the association between pesticides and clinical features of PD was also investigated. Finally, we investigated the underlying mechanism of the association between pesticides and PD. RESULTS Serum levels of organochlorine pesticides, which included α-hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), β-HCH, γ-HCH, δ-HCH, propanil, heptachlor, dieldrin, hexachlorobenzene, p,p'-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and o,p'-dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane were higher in PD patients than controls. Moreover, α-HCH and propanil levels were associated with PD. Serum levels of dieldrin were associated with Hamilton Depression Scale and Montreal Cognitive Assessment scores in PD patients. In SH-SY5Y cells, α-HCH and propanil increased level of reactive oxygen species and decreased mitochondrial membrane potential. Furthermore, propanil, but not α-HCH, induced the aggregation of α-synuclein. CONCLUSIONS This study revealed that elevated serum levels of α-HCH and propanil were associated with PD. Serum levels of dieldrin were associated with depression and cognitive function in PD patients. Moreover, propanil, but not α-HCH, induced the aggregation of α-synuclein. Further research is needed to fully elucidate the effects of pesticides on PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoqing Xu
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, PR China
| | - Xiaodong Yang
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, PR China
| | - Yiwei Qian
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, PR China
| | - Qian Luo
- Core Facility of School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, PR China
| | - Yanyan Song
- Department of Biostatistics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, PR China
| | - Qin Xiao
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, PR China.
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18
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Thompson LK, Langholz B, Goldberg DW, Wilson JP, Ritz B, Tayour C, Cockburn M. Area-Based Geocoding: An Approach to Exposure Assessment Incorporating Positional Uncertainty. GEOHEALTH 2021; 5:e2021GH000430. [PMID: 34859166 PMCID: PMC8612311 DOI: 10.1029/2021gh000430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
While the spatial resolution of exposure surfaces has greatly improved, our ability to locate people in space remains a limiting factor in accurate exposure assessment. In this case-control study, two approaches to geocoding participant locations were used to study the impact of geocoding uncertainty on the estimation of ambient pesticide exposure and breast cancer risk among women living in California's Central Valley. Residential and occupational histories were collected and geocoded using a traditional point-based method along with a novel area-based method. The standard approach to geocoding uses centroid points to represent all geocoded locations, and is unable to adapt exposure areas based on geocode quality, except through the exclusion of low-certainty locations. In contrast, area-based geocoding retains the complete area to which an address matched (the same area from which the centroid is returned), and therefore maintains the appropriate level of precision when it comes to assessing exposure by geography. Incorporating the total potential exposure area for each geocoded location resulted in different exposure classifications and resulting odds ratio estimates than estimates derived from the centroids of those same areas (using a traditional point-based geocoder). The direction and magnitude of these differences varied by pesticide, but in all cases odds ratios differed by at least 6% and up to 35%. These findings demonstrate the importance of geocoding in exposure estimation and suggest it is important to consider geocode certainty and quality throughout exposure assessment, rather than simply using the best available point geocodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura K. Thompson
- Department of Population and Public Health SciencesKeck School of MedicineUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Bryan Langholz
- Department of Population and Public Health SciencesKeck School of MedicineUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Daniel W. Goldberg
- Department of GeographyCollege of GeosciencesTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTXUSA
- Department of Computer Science and EngineeringCollege of GeosciencesTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTXUSA
| | - John P. Wilson
- Spatial Sciences InstituteUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Beate Ritz
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental SciencesFielding School of Public HealthUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Carrie Tayour
- Los Angeles County Department of Public HealthLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Myles Cockburn
- Department of Population and Public Health SciencesKeck School of MedicineUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
- Spatial Sciences InstituteUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
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19
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Zamora AN, Watkins DJ, Peterson KE, Jansen EC. Association between pesticide exposure and sleep health among a representative sample of US adults: evidence from NHANES 2009-2014. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:2199. [PMID: 34852798 PMCID: PMC8638511 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-12014-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Data suggest that pesticides interact with the melatonin receptor, which may influence sleep. However, the link between pesticides and sleep remains unexplored among the general adult population. This study evaluated unstratified and sex-stratified associations between urinary pesticide exposure (N = 4,478) and self-reported acute household pesticide exposure (N = 14,956), with sleep health outcomes within a nationally representative sample of US adults. METHODS Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) 2009-2014 were combined for analysis of aim 1 and aim 2. Urinary pesticide metabolite concentrations served as biomarkers of pesticide exposure. Acute household pesticide exposure (if any chemical products were used in the home in the past seven days to control pests) was self-reported (yes/no). Insufficient sleep duration (< 7 h/night) and trouble sleeping (yes/no) were self-reported. Log-binomial regression models that accounted for complex survey weights and adjusted for confounders were used to compute prevalence ratios and 95% CI. RESULTS Log urinary 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA) was related to a higher probability of insufficient sleep [1.09 (95% CI: 1.00, 1.20), p = 0.04] and trouble sleeping [1.14 (95% CI: 1.02, 1.27), p = 0.02] among males. Self-reported acute household pesticide exposure was associated with a higher probability of insufficient sleep duration [1.16 (95% CI: 1.02, 1.32), p = 0.03] and trouble sleeping [1.20 (95% CI: 1.01, 1.44), p = 0.04] in the unstratified sample. Sex-stratified findings showed that associations between acute household pesticide exposure and trouble sleeping only persisted among males [1.69 (95% CI: 1.27, 2.24), p < .001]. CONCLUSIONS In summary, acute pesticide exposure may be detrimental to adult sleep health, particularly among US males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid N Zamora
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Deborah J Watkins
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Karen E Peterson
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Erica C Jansen
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Department of Neurology, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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20
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Anderson FL, von Herrmann KM, Young AL, Havrda MC. Bbc3 Loss Enhances Survival and Protein Clearance in Neurons Exposed to the Organophosphate Pesticide Chlorpyrifos. Toxicol Sci 2021; 183:378-392. [PMID: 34289071 PMCID: PMC8634496 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfab090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to environmental toxicants can increase the risk of developing age-related neurodegenerative disorders. Exposure to the widely used organophosphate pesticide chlorpyrifos (CPF) is associated with increased risk of developing Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, but the cellular mechanisms underlying CPF toxicity in neurons are not completely understood. We evaluated CPF toxicity in mouse primary cortical neuronal cultures, using RNA-sequencing to identify cellular pathways modulated by CPF. CPF exposure altered the expression of genes associated with intrinsic apoptosis, significantly elevating expression of the pro-apoptotic mediator Bbc3/Puma. Bbc3 loss attenuated CPF driven neurotoxicity, induction of other intrinsic apoptosis regulatory genes including Trp53 and Pmaip1 (encoding the NOXA protein), and cleavage of apoptosis executors caspase 3 and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). CPF exposure was associated with enhanced expression of endoplasmic reticulum stress-related genes and proteins and the accumulation of high molecular weight protein species in primary neuronal cultures. No evidence of alterations in the ubiquitin-proteosome system were observed, however, autophagy-related proteins were upregulated in CPF-treated Bbc3-/- neuronal cultures compared with identically exposed WT cultures. Elevated autophagy-related protein expression in Bbc3-/- neuronal cultures was associated with a reduction in CPF-induced high molecular weight alpha-synuclein and tau immunoreactive protein aggregates. Studies indicate that Bbc3-/- neuronal cultures enhance the endoplasmic reticulum stress response and upregulate protein clearance mechanisms as a component of resistance to CPF-mediated toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faith L Anderson
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire 03766, USA
| | - Katharine M von Herrmann
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire 03766, USA
| | - Alison L Young
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire 03766, USA
| | - Matthew C Havrda
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire 03766, USA
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21
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Paidi MK, Satapute P, Haider MS, Udikeri SS, Ramachandra YL, Vo DVN, Govarthanan M, Jogaiah S. Mitigation of organophosphorus insecticides from environment: Residual detoxification by bioweapon catalytic scavengers. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 200:111368. [PMID: 34081974 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphorus insecticides (OPIs) have low persistence and are easily biodegradable in nature. The United States and India are the major countries producing OPIs of about 25% and 17% of the world, respectively. OPIs commonly used for agricultural practices occupy a major share in the global market, which leads to the increasing contamination of OPIs residues in various food chains. To overcome this issue, an enzymatic degradation method has been approved by several environmental toxic, and controlling agencies, including United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). Different catalytic enzymes have been isolated and identified from various microbial sources to neutralize the toxic pesticides and/or insecticides. In this review, we have gathered information on OPIs biotransformation and their residual toxicity in the environment. Particularly, it focuses on OPIs degrading enzymes such as chlorpyrifos hydrolase, diisopropylfluorophosphatase, organophosphate acid anhydrolase, organophosphate hydrolases, and phosphotriesterases like lactonasesspecific activity either P-O link group type or P-S link group of pesticides. To summarize, the catalytic degradation of organophosphorus insecticides is not only profitable but also environmentally friendly. Hence, the enzymatic catalyst is an ultimate and super bio-weapon to mitigate or decontaminate various OPIs residues in both terrestrial and aqueous environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murali Krishna Paidi
- AcSIR, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute (CSIR-CSMCRI), Gijubhai Badheka Marg, Bhavnagar, Gujarat, 364002, India
| | - Praveen Satapute
- Laboratory of Plant Healthcare and Diagnostics, P.G. Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Karnatak University, Dharwad, Karnataka, 580003, India
| | - Muhammad Salman Haider
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Fruit Development, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, PR China
| | - Shashikant Shiddappa Udikeri
- Agricultural Research Station, Dharwad Farm, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, 580005, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Dai-Viet N Vo
- Center of Excellence for Green Energy and Environmental Nanomaterials (CE@GrEEN), Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Muthusamy Govarthanan
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu, 41566, South Korea.
| | - Sudisha Jogaiah
- Laboratory of Plant Healthcare and Diagnostics, P.G. Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Karnatak University, Dharwad, Karnataka, 580003, India.
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22
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Paraoxonase Role in Human Neurodegenerative Diseases. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 10:antiox10010011. [PMID: 33374313 PMCID: PMC7824310 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The human body has biological redox systems capable of preventing or mitigating the damage caused by increased oxidative stress throughout life. One of them are the paraoxonase (PON) enzymes. The PONs genetic cluster is made up of three members (PON1, PON2, PON3) that share a structural homology, located adjacent to chromosome seven. The most studied enzyme is PON1, which is associated with high density lipoprotein (HDL), having paraoxonase, arylesterase and lactonase activities. Due to these characteristics, the enzyme PON1 has been associated with the development of neurodegenerative diseases. Here we update the knowledge about the association of PON enzymes and their polymorphisms and the development of multiple sclerosis (MS), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD).
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23
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Shrestha S, Parks CG, Umbach DM, Richards-Barber M, Hofmann JN, Chen H, Blair A, Beane Freeman LE, Sandler DP. Pesticide use and incident Parkinson's disease in a cohort of farmers and their spouses. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 191:110186. [PMID: 32919961 PMCID: PMC7822498 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extensive literature suggests an association between general pesticide use and Parkinson's disease (PD). However, with few exceptions, little is known about associations between specific pesticides and PD. OBJECTIVE We evaluated use of pesticides and incident PD in 38,274 pesticide applicators and 27,836 of their spouses in the Agricultural Health Study cohort followed over 20 years. METHODS We used self-reported information on ever-use of 50 specific pesticides as of enrollment for both applicators and spouses, and considered intensity-weighted lifetime days (IWLD) reported at enrollment and through the first 5-year follow-up among applicators. We estimated covariate-adjusted hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) using Cox regression. We also examined heterogeneity in associations by history of head injury and chemical resistant glove use. RESULTS A total of 373 applicators and 118 spouses self-reported incident doctor-diagnosed PD. Ever-use of the insecticide terbufos (HR:1.31, 95%CI:1.02-1.68) and the herbicides trifluralin (HR:1.29, 95%CI: 0.99-1.70) and 2,4,5-T (HR:1.57, 95%CI:1.21-2.04) was associated with elevated PD risk. On the other hand, diazinon (HR:0.73, 95%CI: 0.58-0.94) and 2,4,5-TP (HR:0.39, 95%CI:0.25-0.62) were associated with reduced risk. We observed heterogeneity in ever-use associations by head injury and chemical-resistant glove use for some pesticides, with higher risk among those who reported a history of head injury, or who did not use gloves. PD risk was also elevated for applicators in the highest category of IWLD for dichlorvos, permethrin (animal use), and benomyl. CONCLUSIONS We found evidence of increased PD risk for some pesticides. Our results also suggest higher susceptibility for pesticide-associated PD among individuals with head injury as well as protection with use of chemical resistant gloves, although further research is needed to understand the impact of head injury. Research on current and newer pesticides, including mechanisms relevant to PD, is important given widespread pesticide use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srishti Shrestha
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Christine G Parks
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - David M Umbach
- Biostatistics and Computational Biology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | | | - Jonathan N Hofmann
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Honglei Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Aaron Blair
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Laura E Beane Freeman
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Dale P Sandler
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
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24
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Díaz-Resendiz KJG, Bernal-Ortega JA, Covantes-Rosales CE, Ortiz-Lazareno PC, Toledo-Ibarra GA, Ventura-Ramon GH, Girón-Pérez MI. In-vitro effect of diazoxon, a metabolite of diazinon, on proliferation, signal transduction, and death induction in mononuclear cells of Nile tilapia fish (Oreochromis niloticus). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 105:8-15. [PMID: 32629105 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The immune response of teleosts (bonefish) is altered by diazinon (DZN), an organophosphate pesticide. It has been suggested that such alteration is due to the extraneuronal cholinergic system in fish leukocytes that renders these cells a target of pesticides. Diazoxon (DZO), the oxon metabolite of DZN, has been attributed immunotoxic effects. Still, to date there are no reports on the effects of DZO upon parameters involved in the signaling cascade of immune response cells. Therefore, this work evaluated the effect of DZO on key parameters of cell signaling (intracellular Ca2+ flux, ERK 1/2 phosphorylation), cell proliferation, and antiproliferative processes (apoptosis, senescence, mitochondrial membrane potential) in spleen mononuclear cells of Nile tilapia fish. The results obtained show that DZO does not affect cell proliferation but causes a lack of response to stimulation with PMA and ionomycin to release intracellular calcium. In addition, it inhibits ERK 1/2 phosphorylation and causes loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, apoptosis, and senescence. These results suggest that the lack of cell response to release intracytoplasmic Ca2+ inhibits ERK which disrupts the mitochondrial membrane potential, leading to cell apoptosis and senescence. These findings prove that DZO significantly affects key parameters involved in the survival of immune response cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J G Díaz-Resendiz
- Laboratorio de Inmunotoxicología, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Cd de la Cultura s/n, Z.P. 63000, Tepic Nayarit, Mexico; Laboratorio Nacional de Investigación para la Inocuidad Alimentaria (LANIIA)-Unidad Nayarit, Centro Nayarita de Innovación y Transferencia de Tecnología A.C., Calle Tres s/n. Col. Cd Industrial, Z.P. 63173, Tepic, Mexico
| | - J A Bernal-Ortega
- Unidad Académica de Ciencias Químicobiológicas y Farmacéuticas, Cd de la Cultura s/n, Z.P. 63000, Tepic Nayarit, Mexico
| | - C E Covantes-Rosales
- Laboratorio de Inmunotoxicología, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Cd de la Cultura s/n, Z.P. 63000, Tepic Nayarit, Mexico
| | - P C Ortiz-Lazareno
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente (CIBO), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Guadalajara Jalisco, Mexico
| | - G A Toledo-Ibarra
- Laboratorio de Inmunotoxicología, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Cd de la Cultura s/n, Z.P. 63000, Tepic Nayarit, Mexico; Laboratorio Nacional de Investigación para la Inocuidad Alimentaria (LANIIA)-Unidad Nayarit, Centro Nayarita de Innovación y Transferencia de Tecnología A.C., Calle Tres s/n. Col. Cd Industrial, Z.P. 63173, Tepic, Mexico
| | - G H Ventura-Ramon
- Laboratorio Nacional de Investigación para la Inocuidad Alimentaria (LANIIA)-Unidad Nayarit, Centro Nayarita de Innovación y Transferencia de Tecnología A.C., Calle Tres s/n. Col. Cd Industrial, Z.P. 63173, Tepic, Mexico; Unidad Académica de Ciencias Químicobiológicas y Farmacéuticas, Cd de la Cultura s/n, Z.P. 63000, Tepic Nayarit, Mexico
| | - M I Girón-Pérez
- Laboratorio de Inmunotoxicología, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Cd de la Cultura s/n, Z.P. 63000, Tepic Nayarit, Mexico; Laboratorio Nacional de Investigación para la Inocuidad Alimentaria (LANIIA)-Unidad Nayarit, Centro Nayarita de Innovación y Transferencia de Tecnología A.C., Calle Tres s/n. Col. Cd Industrial, Z.P. 63173, Tepic, Mexico.
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Abdel-Salam OM, Youssef Morsy SM, Youness ER, Yassen NN, Sleem AA. The effect of low dose amphetamine in rotenone-induced toxicity in a mice model of Parkinson's disease. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2020; 23:1207-1217. [PMID: 32963743 PMCID: PMC7491496 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2020.45175.10524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The effects of low dose amphetamine on oxidative stress and rotenone-induced neurotoxicity and liver injury were examined in vivo in a mice model of Parkinson's disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS Male mice were treated with rotenone (1.5 mg/kg, every other day for two weeks, subcutaneously). Mice received either the vehicle or amphetamine intraperitoneally at doses of 0.5, 1.0, or 2.0 mg/kg. Oxidative stress was assessed by measurement of the lipid peroxidation product malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), total anti-oxidant capacity (TAC), and paraoxonase-1 (PON-1) activity in the brain and liver. In addition, brain concentrations of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and tyrosine hydroxylase were determined and histopathology and Bax/Bcl-2 immunohistochemistry were performed. RESULTS The levels of lipid peroxidation and NO were increased and TAC and PON-1 were decreased significantly compared with vehicle-injected control mice. There were also significantly increased NF-κB and decreased tyrosine hydroxylase in the brain following rotenone administration. These changes were significantly attenuated by amphetamine. Rotenone caused neurodegenerative changes in the substantia nigra, cerebral cortex, and hippocampus. The liver showed degenerative changes in hepatocytes and infiltration of Kupffer cells. Bax/Bcl2 ratio was significantly increased in brain and liver tissues. Amphetamine prevented these histopathological changes and the increase in apoptosis evoked by rotenone. CONCLUSION These results suggest that low dose amphetamine exerts anti-oxidant and anti-apoptotic effects, protects against rotenone-induced neurodegeneration, and could prevent neuronal cell degeneration in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Eman R. Youness
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Noha N. Yassen
- Department of Pathology, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Amany A Sleem
- Department of Pharmacology, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
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Chen H, Chen L, Hao G. Exercise attenuates the association between household pesticide exposure and depressive symptoms: Evidence from NHANES, 2005-2014. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 188:109760. [PMID: 32534257 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effect of household pesticide exposure on depressive symptoms in the general population is underexplored, and the role of exercise in the association between pesticide exposure and depressive symptoms is unclear. OBJECTIVE The goals of this study are to examine whether the associations between household pesticide exposure and depressive symptoms exist in the general population, and whether exercise can attenuate these associations. METHODS We used data from the 2005-2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES), including a total of 14708 US adult participants who were 20 years or older. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). Exercise information on the recreational physical activity (RPA) and pesticide exposure were self-reported in an interview. RESULTS Participants with exposure of household pesticide had a higher odds ratio ([OR]; OR = 1.32, 95% confidence intervals [CI]: 1.12-1.56) for depressive symptoms, compared to those who had not been unexposed. A significant interaction between exercise and pesticide exposure on depressive symptoms was observed (P = 0.038). Stratified analysis showed that household pesticide exposure was associated with a 50% higher risk of depressive symptoms (OR = 1.50, 95% CI: 1.20-1.86) in the population with light RPA. However, we did not find a significant association in the group with moderate + vigorous RPA (P = 0.305). CONCLUSION This study further confirms that household pesticide exposure is associated with an elevated risk of depressive symptoms in the general population. More importantly, we for the first time reports that moderate + vigorous RPA attenuates the positive association between household pesticide exposure and depressive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Chen
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China
| | - Li Chen
- Georgia Prevention Institute, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Guang Hao
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, China.
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Lister T. Nutrition and Lifestyle Interventions for Managing Parkinson's Disease: A Narrative Review. J Mov Disord 2020; 13:97-104. [PMID: 32498495 PMCID: PMC7280935 DOI: 10.14802/jmd.20006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The etiology of Parkinson's disease (PD) is not fully understood, but environmental toxin overexposure, increased intestinal permeability, and dysbiosis related to nutrition and lifestyle habits are thought to be contributors. Considering these nutrition and lifestyle implications, there is a lack of practice-based programs utilizing interventions for managing symptoms or slowing the progression of the disease. The purpose of this narrative review was to identify relevant research related to nutrition and lifestyle interventions for PD, evaluate the research utilizing the evidence analysis process of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics to assess the quality of each research article, and group the research into categories. A grading of recommendations assessment, development and evaluation (GRADE) of either good, fair, limited, or not assignable was allocated to each category of research, including diet patterns, vitamin D, B-complex, omega-3 fatty acids, coenzyme Q10, probiotics, physical activity, stress, and sleep. An intervention based on the research presented in the review may be utilized for coaching people with PD on symptom management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy Lister
- Maryland University of Integrative Health, Laurel, MD, USA
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Dalmolin SP, Dreon DB, Thiesen FV, Dallegrave E. Biomarkers of occupational exposure to pesticides: Systematic review of insecticides. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2020; 75:103304. [PMID: 31841723 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2019.103304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pesticides are widely used around the world, and rural workers have greater risk of poisoning. The use of biomarkers for insecticides can contribute to the diagnosis and prevention of poisoning. OBJECTIVE To identify, in the scientific literature, the biomarkers of occupational exposure to insecticides of different insecticide classes. METHODS The PubMed, Lilacs and Embase databases were analyzed using a systematic search strategy and in accordance with the criteria established by the PRISMA methodology. Articles with information related to the use of biomarkers to identify active ingredients, or insecticide metabolites, or effects on the human biological matrices were analyzed. RESULTS A total of 840 studies was found, and 30 met the selection criteria. The search identified 118 results for insecticide biomarkers, of which 45% were of exposure, 42% of effect, and 14% of susceptibility. Additionally, 78 were possible biomarkers, and only 67 confirmed to be different biomarkers for insecticides. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) and 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCP-y), specific for Chlorpyrifos, were among the most common biomarkers identified; however, most metabolites found were non-specific. CONCLUSION Various insecticide biomarkers were mentioned; nonetheless, only a few are specific and used to identify the wide range of insecticides to which farm workers are exposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suelen Pizzolatto Dalmolin
- Experimental Research Center, Clinical Hospital of Porto Alegre: Graduate Program in Medical Sciences - Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Danielly Bassani Dreon
- Laboratory of Toxicological Research. Graduate Program in Health Sciences - Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Flavia Valladão Thiesen
- Health Sciences School, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Eliane Dallegrave
- Laboratory of Toxicological Research. Graduate Program in Health Sciences - Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Department of Pharmacosciences - Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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Evaluation of the Effects of Agro Pesticides Use on Liver and Kidney Function in Farmers from Buea, Cameroon. J Toxicol 2020; 2020:2305764. [PMID: 32399028 PMCID: PMC7204329 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2305764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Agro pesticides are increasingly used worldwide to increase crop production. However, health hazards resulting from human exposure to these chemicals, especially from agricultural areas of developing countries have been a growing concern. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of occupational exposure to agro pesticides on the health of farmers in the Buea subdivision, which is one of the major agrarian areas in Cameroon. The study was transversal and involved 90 participants including 58 farmers using pesticides and a reference population of 32 men not involved in occupational use of agro pesticides. The participants were interviewed on agro pesticide use and their health status. Thereafter, blood samples were collected from the participants and used for the assessment of biochemical markers of the liver (alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase) and the kidney (creatinine and uric acid) function. Results revealed that farmers frequently used insecticides, fungicides, and herbicides in their farming activities. Farmers reported several acute health symptoms related to pesticides use with the common ones being skin rash, eye irritation, and face burn. When compared to the reference population, the farmers showed significantly elevated (p < 0.01) alanine aminotransferase activity. However, other parameters investigated were not affected significantly. These results suggested that farmers were exposed to 3 different classes of agro pesticides, which induced eye and skin affections. Pesticides exposure resulted in alterations of the liver function hence the increased serum alanine aminotransferase activity. Therefore, there is a need to sensitize the farmers on toxicity and liver alteration potential of agro pesticides and the importance of appropriate protective equipment that may minimize exposure.
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A case-control study of breast cancer risk and ambient exposure to pesticides. Environ Epidemiol 2019; 3:e070. [PMID: 32166211 PMCID: PMC7028467 DOI: 10.1097/ee9.0000000000000070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: While the estrogenic properties of certain pesticides have been established, associations between pesticide exposure and risk of breast cancer have been inconsistently observed. We investigated the relation between pesticide exposure and breast cancer risk using methods capable of objectively assessing exposure to specific pesticides occurring decades before diagnosis. Methods: A case–control study was conducted to evaluate the risk of postmenopausal breast cancer associated with historic pesticide exposure in California’s Central Valley, the most agriculturally productive region in the United States where pesticide drift poses a major source of nonoccupational exposure. Residential and occupational histories were linked to commercial pesticide reports and land use data to determine exposure to specific chemicals. Cases (N = 155) were recruited from a population-based cancer registry, and controls (N = 150) were obtained from tax assessor and Medicare list mailings. Results: There was no association between breast cancer and exposure to a selected group of organochlorine pesticides thought to have synergistic endocrine-disrupting potential; however, breast cancer was three times as likely to occur among women exposed to chlorpyrifos compared with those not exposed, after adjusting for exposure to other pesticides including organochlorines (OR = 3.22; 95% CI = 1.38, 7.53). Conclusions: Organophosphate pesticides, such as chlorpyrifos, have rarely been evaluated in studies of breast cancer risk. Additional research is needed to confirm these findings and to better understand the underlying mechanisms given that chlorpyrifos has been detected in local air monitoring at levels of concern for residents living in the agricultural regions where it is used.
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Neurotoxic effects of organophosphorus pesticides and possible association with neurodegenerative diseases in man: A review. Toxicology 2018; 410:125-131. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2018.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Biological impacts of organophosphates chlorpyrifos and diazinon on development, mitochondrial bioenergetics, and locomotor activity in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Neurotoxicol Teratol 2018; 70:18-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Witczak A, Pohoryło A, Abdel-Gawad H, Cybulski J. Residues of some organophosphorus pesticides on and in fruits and vegetables available in Poland, an assessment based on the European union regulations and health assessment for human populations. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/10426507.2018.1492921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Agata Witczak
- Department of Toxicology, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Anna Pohoryło
- Department of Toxicology, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Hassan Abdel-Gawad
- Applied Organic Chemistry Department, Chemical Industries Research Division, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Jacek Cybulski
- Department of Toxicology, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Poland
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The Antidiabetic Drug Liraglutide Minimizes the Non-Cholinergic Neurotoxicity of the Pesticide Mipafox in SH-SY5Y Cells. Neurotox Res 2018; 35:150-159. [PMID: 30088187 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-018-9941-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Organophosphorus (OPs) compounds have been widely used in agriculture, industry, and household, and the neurotoxicity induced by them is still a cause of concern. The main toxic mechanism of OPs is the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE); however, the delayed neuropathy induced by OPs (OPIDN) is mediated by other mechanisms such as the irreversible inhibition of 70% of NTE activity (neuropathy target esterase) that leads to axonal degeneration. Liraglutide is a long-lasting GLP-1 analog clinically used as antidiabetic. Its neurotrophic and neuroprotective effects have been demonstrated in vitro and in experimental models of neurodegenerative diseases. As in OPIDN, axonal degeneration also plays a role in neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, this study investigated the protective potential of liraglutide against the neurotoxicity of OPs by using mipafox as a neuropathic agent (at a concentration able to inhibit and age 70% of NTE activity) and a neuronal model with SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells, which express both esterases. Liraglutide protected cells against the neurotoxicity of mipafox by increasing neuritogenesis, the uptake of glucose, the levels of cytoskeleton proteins, and synaptic-plasticity modulators, besides decreasing the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin 1β and caspase-3 activity. This is the first study to suggest that liraglutide might induce beneficial effects against the delayed, non-cholinergic neurotoxicity of OPs.
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Mostafalou S, Abdollahi M. The link of organophosphorus pesticides with neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental diseases based on evidence and mechanisms. Toxicology 2018; 409:44-52. [PMID: 30053494 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2018.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphorus (OP) compounds have been known as the most widely used pesticides during the past half century and there have been a huge body of literature regarding their association with human chronic diseases. Neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental disorders including Alzheimer, Parkinson, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and autism are among the afflicting neurological diseases which overshadow human life and their higher risk in relation to OP exposures have been uncovered by epidemiological studies. In addition, experimental studies exploring the underlying mechanisms have provided some evidence for involvement of cholinergic deficit, oxidative stress, neuro-inflammation, and epigenetic modifications as the processes which are common in the toxicity of the OP and pathophysiology of the mentioned diseases. In addition, genetic mutations and polymorphisms of different variants of some genes like paraoxonase have been shown to be implicated in both susceptibility to OPs toxicity and neurological diseases. In this article, we reviewed the epidemiological as well as experimental studies evidencing the association of exposure to OPs and incidence of neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Mostafalou
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Toxicology and Diseases Group, The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Abdollahi
- Toxicology and Diseases Group, The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Li M, Wu Q, Wang Q, Xiang D, Zhu G. Effect of titanium dioxide nanoparticles on the bioavailability and neurotoxicity of cypermethrin in zebrafish larvae. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2018; 199:212-219. [PMID: 29656190 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2018.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In aquatic environment, the presence of nanoparticles (NPs) has been reported to modify the bioavailability and toxicity of the organic toxicants. Nevertheless, the combined toxicity of NPs and the pesticides that were used world-widely still remains unclear. Cypermethrin (CYP), a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide, is commonly used for controlling agricultural and indoor pests. Therefore, the effects of titanium dioxide NPs (nTiO2) on CYP bioconcentration and its effects on the neuronal development in zebrafish were investigated in our study. Zebrafish embryos (2- hour-post-fertilization, hpf) were exposed to CYP (0, 0.4, 2 and 10 μg/L) alone or co-exposed with nTiO2 (1 mg/L) until 120-hpf. nTiO2 is taken up by zebrafish larvae and also it can adsorb CYP. The zebrafish body burdens of CYP was observed and CYP uptake was increased by nTiO2, indicating that the nTiO2 could accelerate the bioaccumulation of CYP in larvae. Co-exposure of nTiO2 and CYP induced the generation of reactive oxygen species. Exposure to CYP alone significantly decreased the mRNA expression of genes, including glial fibrillary acidic protein (gfap), α1-tubulin, myelin basic protein (mbp) and growth associated protein (gap-43). Besides, reductions of serotonin, dopamine and GABA concentrations were observed in zebrafish and the larval locomotion was significantly decreased in response to the lower level of the neurotransmitters. Moreover, co-exposure of nTiO2 and CYP caused further significantly decreased in the locomotion activity, and enhanced the down-regulation of the mRNA expression of specific genes and the neurotransmitters levels. The results demonstrated that nTiO2 increased CYP accumulation and enhanced CYP-induced developmental neurotoxicity in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Li
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Qiong Wu
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Qiangwei Wang
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China.
| | - Dandan Xiang
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Guonian Zhu
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
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Budnik LT, Adam B, Albin M, Banelli B, Baur X, Belpoggi F, Bolognesi C, Broberg K, Gustavsson P, Göen T, Fischer A, Jarosinska D, Manservisi F, O’Kennedy R, Øvrevik J, Paunovic E, Ritz B, Scheepers PTJ, Schlünssen V, Schwarzenbach H, Schwarze PE, Sheils O, Sigsgaard T, Van Damme K, Casteleyn L. Diagnosis, monitoring and prevention of exposure-related non-communicable diseases in the living and working environment: DiMoPEx-project is designed to determine the impacts of environmental exposure on human health. J Occup Med Toxicol 2018; 13:6. [PMID: 29441119 PMCID: PMC5800006 DOI: 10.1186/s12995-018-0186-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The WHO has ranked environmental hazardous exposures in the living and working environment among the top risk factors for chronic disease mortality. Worldwide, about 40 million people die each year from noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) including cancer, diabetes, and chronic cardiovascular, neurological and lung diseases. The exposure to ambient pollution in the living and working environment is exacerbated by individual susceptibilities and lifestyle-driven factors to produce complex and complicated NCD etiologies. Research addressing the links between environmental exposure and disease prevalence is key for prevention of the pandemic increase in NCD morbidity and mortality. However, the long latency, the chronic course of some diseases and the necessity to address cumulative exposures over very long periods does mean that it is often difficult to identify causal environmental exposures. EU-funded COST Action DiMoPEx is developing new concepts for a better understanding of health-environment (including gene-environment) interactions in the etiology of NCDs. The overarching idea is to teach and train scientists and physicians to learn how to include efficient and valid exposure assessments in their research and in their clinical practice in current and future cooperative projects. DiMoPEx partners have identified some of the emerging research needs, which include the lack of evidence-based exposure data and the need for human-equivalent animal models mirroring human lifespan and low-dose cumulative exposures. Utilizing an interdisciplinary approach incorporating seven working groups, DiMoPEx will focus on aspects of air pollution with particulate matter including dust and fibers and on exposure to low doses of solvents and sensitizing agents. Biomarkers of early exposure and their associated effects as indicators of disease-derived information will be tested and standardized within individual projects. Risks arising from some NCDs, like pneumoconioses, cancers and allergies, are predictable and preventable. Consequently, preventative action could lead to decreasing disease morbidity and mortality for many of the NCDs that are of major public concern. DiMoPEx plans to catalyze and stimulate interaction of scientists with policy-makers in attacking these exposure-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lygia Therese Budnik
- Division of Translational Toxicology and Immunology, Institute for Occupational and Maritime Medicine (ZfAM), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Balazs Adam
- Faculty of Public Health, Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Maria Albin
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University of Lund, Lund, Sweden
- Karolinska Institutet, Institute of Environmental Medicine (IMM), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Barbara Banelli
- Tumor Epigenetics Unit, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, National Cancer Institute, IRCCS and University of Genoa, DISSAL, Genoa, Italy
| | - Xaver Baur
- European Society for Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Fiorella Belpoggi
- Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Center, Ramazzini Institute, Bentivoglio, Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudia Bolognesi
- San Martino-IST Environmental Carcinogenesis Unit, IRCCS, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, National Cancer Institute, Genoa, Italy
| | - Karin Broberg
- Karolinska Institutet, Institute of Environmental Medicine (IMM), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Per Gustavsson
- Karolinska Institutet, Institute of Environmental Medicine (IMM), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas Göen
- Social and Environmental Medicine, Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nurnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Axel Fischer
- Institute of Occupational Medicine, Charité Universitäts Medizin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Fabiana Manservisi
- Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Center, Ramazzini Institute, Bentivoglio, Bologna, Italy
| | - Richard O’Kennedy
- Biomedical Diagnostics Institute, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | | | - Beate Ritz
- Center for Occupational and Environmental Health, Fielding School of Public Health (FSPH), University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, USA
| | - Paul T. J. Scheepers
- Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboudumc (Radboud university medical center), Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Vivi Schlünssen
- National Research Center for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Public Health, Section Environment, Occupation & Health & Danish Ramazzini Centre Aarhus, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Heidi Schwarzenbach
- Department of Tumor Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Orla Sheils
- Department of Histopathology, Central Pathology Laboratory, St James’s Hospital, Trinity translational Medicine Institute, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Torben Sigsgaard
- Department of Public Health, Section Environment, Occupation & Health & Danish Ramazzini Centre Aarhus, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Karel Van Damme
- Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Abbas MM, Xu Z, Tan LCS. Epidemiology of Parkinson's Disease-East Versus West. Mov Disord Clin Pract 2017; 5:14-28. [PMID: 30363342 DOI: 10.1002/mdc3.12568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The cause of PD at present remains unknown. A number of epidemiological studies have been conducted across the globe to ascertain the disease burden and the possible risk factors. In this review, we analyze the various studies from East and West with an aim to observe the important similarities and differences in the disease occurrence and risk factor profile. Methods A comprehensive search of descriptive and analytical epidemiological studies was undertaken. The descriptive studies and meta-analysis providing the standardised population rates were selected. The demographics, ethnicity and geographical differences between East and West were analysed. In analytical epidemiology, more established and well-studied non-genetic risk factors for PD were reviewed utilising the prospective cohort studies, case control studies and meta-analysis where available. Results and Conclusion PD is more common with increasing age and shows male predominance, which is more obvious in Western studies. The PD prevalence and incidence rates are slightly lower in the East compared to the West. Incidence studies on different ethnic populations in the same country have also found a lower occurrence of PD amongst Easterners compared to Westerners. Setting methodological differences aside, studies from East and West suggest a role for both environmental and genetic risk factors in PD causation. Smoking, caffeine intake and pesticide exposure are well-established risk factors across regions. There is a robust data for dairy product consumption, urate levels and physical activity in the West while studies on certain risk factors like head injury and alcohol show conflicting and mixed results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoom M Abbas
- Department of Neurology National Neuroscience Institute Singapore.,Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Centre National Neuroscience Institute NPF International Center of Excellence Singapore
| | - Zheyu Xu
- Department of Neurology National Neuroscience Institute Singapore.,Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Centre National Neuroscience Institute NPF International Center of Excellence Singapore
| | - Louis C S Tan
- Department of Neurology National Neuroscience Institute Singapore.,Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Centre National Neuroscience Institute NPF International Center of Excellence Singapore.,Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School Singapore
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of the study was to discuss the main mechanisms associated with environmental and genetic factors that contribute to the development of Parkinson's disease (PD). RECENT FINDINGS Novel genetic contributors to PD are being identified at a rapid pace in addition to novel environmental factors. The discovery of mutations in alpha-synuclein and leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 causing inherited forms of PD along with epidemiological, in vitro, and in vivo studies identifying herbicides, pesticides, and metals as risk factors have dramatically improved our understanding of mechanisms involved in the development of PD. However, at the same time, these discoveries have also added layers of complexity to the disease. Within the last several years, the genetics associated with PD has dominated the field in many ways; however, the majority of PD cases are likely due to different combinations of environmental exposures and genetic susceptibility. The most common toxicants used to model PD including rotenone, paraquat, and 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine have been shown to interact with many of the genes linked with PD such as alpha-synuclein. Therefore, an understanding of mechanisms common between genetic and environmental factors is essential for early detection and successful translation of potential therapies, which is the ultimate goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila M Fleming
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, 4209 State Route 44, RGE, Rootstown, OH, 44272, USA.
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Narayan S, Liew Z, Bronstein JM, Ritz B. Occupational pesticide use and Parkinson's disease in the Parkinson Environment Gene (PEG) study. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2017; 107:266-273. [PMID: 28779877 PMCID: PMC5629094 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2017.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Revised: 04/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the influence of occupational pesticide use on Parkinson's disease (PD) in a population with information on various occupational, residential, and household sources of pesticide exposure. METHODS In a population-based case control study in Central California, we used structured interviews to collect occupational history details including pesticide use in jobs, duration of use, product names, and personal protective equipment use from 360 PD cases and 827 controls. We linked reported products to California's pesticide product label database and identified pesticide active ingredients and occupational use by chemical class including fungicides, insecticides, and herbicides. Employing unconditional logistic regression, we estimated odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for PD and occupational pesticide use. RESULTS Ever occupational use of carbamates increased risk of PD by 455%, while organophosphorus (OP) and organochlorine (OC) pesticide use doubled risk. PD risk increased 110-211% with ever occupational use of fungicides, herbicides, and insecticides. Using any pesticide occupationally for >10years doubled the risk of PD compared with no occupational pesticide use. Surprisingly, we estimated higher risks among those reporting use of personal protective equipment (PPE). CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide additional evidence that occupational pesticide exposures increase PD risk. This was the case even after controlling for other sources of pesticide exposure. Specifically, risk increased with occupational use of carbamates, OPs, and OCs, as well as of fungicides, herbicides, or insecticides. Interestingly, some types of PPE use may not provide adequate protection during pesticide applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpa Narayan
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), 650 Charles E. Young Drive, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1772, USA.
| | - Zeyan Liew
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), 650 Charles E. Young Drive, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1772, USA.
| | - Jeff M Bronstein
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, UCLA, 710 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1769, USA.
| | - Beate Ritz
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), 650 Charles E. Young Drive, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1772, USA; Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, UCLA, 710 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1769, USA.
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Abdel-Salam OME, Youness ER, Ahmed NA, El-Toumy SA, Souleman AMA, Shaffie N, Abouelfadl DM. Bougainvillea spectabilis flowers extract protects against the rotenone-induced toxicity. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2017. [PMID: 28647186 DOI: 10.1016/j.apjtm.2017.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of two extracts of Bougainvillea spectabilis (B. spectabilis) flowers with yellow and pink/purple on brain oxidative stress and neuronal damage caused in rats by systemic rotenone injection. METHODS Rotenone 1.5 mg/kg was given three times per week alone or in combination with B. spectabilis flowers extracts (25 mg or 50 mg) via the subcutaneous route for 2 weeks. Brain concentrations of the lipid peroxidation marker malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione, nitric oxide (nitrite), the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1beta (Il-1β) as well as butyrylcholinesterase, and paraoxonase-1 (PON-1) activities, were determined. Histopathology and caspase-3 immunohistochemistry were also performed. RESULTS Rotenone resulted in significant increases of brain MDA (the product of lipid peroxidation), and nitric oxide content along with decreased brain reduced glutathione. There were also marked and significant inhibition of brain PON-1 and BChE activities and increased Il-1β in brain of rotenone-treated rats. B. spectabilis flowers extract itself resulted in brain oxidative stress increasing both lipid peroxidation and nitrite content whilst inhibiting PON-1 activity. The yellow flowers extract inhibited BChE activity and increased brain Il-1β. When given to rotenone-treated rats, B. spectabilis extracts, however, decreased lipid peroxidation while their low administered doses increased brain GSH. Brain nitrite decreased by the pink extract but showed further increase by the yellow extract. Either extract, however, caused further inhibition of PON-1 activity while the yellow extract resulted in further inhibition of BChE activity. Histopathological studies indicated that both extracts protected against brain, liver and kidney damage caused by the toxicant. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that B. spectabilis flowers extracts exert protective effect against the toxic effects of rotenone on brain, liver and kidney. B. spectabilis flowers extracts decreased brain lipid peroxidation and prevented neuronal death due to rotenone and might thus prove the value in treatment of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eman R Youness
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nadia A Ahmed
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sayed A El-Toumy
- Department of Chemistry of Tannins, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M A Souleman
- Department of Phytochemistry and Plant Systematic, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nermeen Shaffie
- Department of Pathology, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
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Ahmed H, Abushouk AI, Gabr M, Negida A, Abdel-Daim MM. Parkinson's disease and pesticides: A meta-analysis of disease connection and genetic alterations. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 90:638-649. [PMID: 28412655 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.03.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a globally prevalent, multifactorial disorder that occurs due to interactions between genetic and environmental factors. Observational studies have shown a link between exposure to pesticides and the risk of PD. We performed this study to systemically review published case-control studies and estimate quantitatively the association between pesticide exposure and PD. We searched Medline (through PubMed) for eligible case-control studies. The association between pesticide exposure and PD risk or occurrence of certain genetic alterations, related to the pathogenesis of PD was presented as odds ratios (OR) and pooled under the random effects model, using the statistical add-in (MetaXL, version 5.0). The pooled result showed that exposure to pesticides is linked to PD (OR 1.46, 95% CI [1.21, 1.77]), but there was a significant heterogeneity among included studies. Exposure to pesticides increased the risk of alterations in different PD pathogenesis-related genes, such as GST (OR 1.97, 95% CI [1.41, 2.76]), PON-1 (OR 1.32, 95% CI [1.09, 1.6]), MDR1 (OR 2.06, 95% CI [1.58, 2.68]), and SNCA genes (OR 1.28, 95% CI [1.02, 1.37]). There was no statistically significant association between exposure to pesticides and alteration of CYP2D6 (OR 1.19, 95% CI [0.91, 1.54]), SLC6A3 (OR 0.74, 95% CI [0.55, 1]), MnSOD (OR 1.45, 95% CI [0.97, 2.16]), NQO1 (OR 1.35, 95% CI [0.91, 2.01]), and PON-2 genes (OR 0.88, 95% CI [0.53, 1.45]). In conclusion, this meta-analysis provides evidence that pesticide exposure is significantly associated with the risk of PD and alterations in genes involved in PD pathogenesis. However, the underlying mechanism of this association and the effect of the duration of exposure or the type of pesticides should be addressed by future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussien Ahmed
- Medical Research Group of Egypt, Cairo, Egypt; Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, El-Sharkia, Egypt
| | - Abdelrahman Ibrahim Abushouk
- Medical Research Group of Egypt, Cairo, Egypt; Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; NovaMed Medical Research Association, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Gabr
- Medical Research Group of Egypt, Cairo, Egypt; Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, El-Sharkia, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Negida
- Medical Research Group of Egypt, Cairo, Egypt; Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, El-Sharkia, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M Abdel-Daim
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt; Pharmacology Department, Dr. D.Y. Patil Medical College, Pune, Maharashtra, India.
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43
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Ferguson A, Penney R, Solo-Gabriele H. A Review of the Field on Children's Exposure to Environmental Contaminants: A Risk Assessment Approach. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:E265. [PMID: 28273865 PMCID: PMC5369101 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14030265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Background: Children must be recognized as a sensitive population based on having biological systems and organs in various stages of development. The processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination of environmental contaminants within a child's body are considered less advanced than those of adults, making them more susceptible to disease outcomes following even small doses. Children's unique activities of crawling and practicing increased hand-to-mouth ingestion also make them vulnerable to greater exposures by certain contaminants within specific environments. Approach: There is a need to review the field of children's environmental exposures in order to understand trends and identify gaps in research, which may lead to better protection of this vulnerable and sensitive population. Therefore, explored here are previously published contemporary works in the broad area of children's environmental exposures and potential impact on health from around the world. A discussion of children's exposure to environmental contaminants is best organized under the last four steps of a risk assessment approach: hazard identification, dose-response assessment, exposure assessment (including children's activity patterns) and risk characterization. We first consider the many exposure hazards that exist in the indoor and outdoor environments, and emerging contaminants of concern that may help guide the risk assessment process in identifying focus areas for children. A section on special diseases of concern is also included. Conclusions: The field of children's exposures to environmental contaminants is broad. Although there are some well-studied areas offering much insight into children exposures, research is still needed to further our understanding of exposures to newer compounds, growing disease trends and the role of gene-environment interactions that modify adverse health outcomes. It is clear that behaviors of adults and children play a role in reducing or increasing a child's exposure, where strategies to better communicate and implement risk modifying behaviors are needed, and can be more effective than implementing changes in the physical environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alesia Ferguson
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham, Slot 820, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
| | - Rosalind Penney
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham, Slot 820, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
| | - Helena Solo-Gabriele
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Miami, Florida, 1251 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA.
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44
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Coffee consumption is associated with DNA methylation levels of human blood. Eur J Hum Genet 2017; 25:608-616. [PMID: 28198392 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2016.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Beneficial health effects have been attributed to coffee consumption, but it is not yet known whether epigenetics may have a role in this process. Here we associate epigenome-wide DNA methylation levels to habitual coffee consumption from two studies with blood (2100 and 215 participants), and one with saliva samples (256 participants). Adjusting for age, gender, and blood cell composition, one CpG (cg21566642 near ALPPL2) surpassed genome-wide significance (P=3.7 × 10-10) and from among 10 additional CpGs significant at P≤5.0 × 10-6, six were located within 1500 bps of a transcriptional start site. Results for these 11 top-ranked CpGs remained significant after further adjusting for smoking. Also, methylation levels of another 135 CpGs were influenced by both coffee drinking and smoking (P≤1.0 × 10-7). Functional enrichment analysis suggested that coffee-associated CpGs were located near transcription factor binding (P=1.2 × 10-6) and protein kinase activity genes (P=2.9 × 10-5). Interestingly, when we stratified by menopausal hormone therapy (MHT), methylation differences with coffee consumption were observed only in women who never used MHT. We did not replicate any of the associations found in blood in our saliva samples, suggesting that coffee may affect DNA methylation levels in immune cells of the blood but not in saliva.
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45
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Voorhees JR, Rohlman DS, Lein PJ, Pieper AA. Neurotoxicity in Preclinical Models of Occupational Exposure to Organophosphorus Compounds. Front Neurosci 2017; 10:590. [PMID: 28149268 PMCID: PMC5241311 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Organophosphorus (OPs) compounds are widely used as insecticides, plasticizers, and fuel additives. These compounds potently inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE), the enzyme that inactivates acetylcholine at neuronal synapses, and acute exposure to high OP levels can cause cholinergic crisis in humans and animals. Evidence further suggests that repeated exposure to lower OP levels insufficient to cause cholinergic crisis, frequently encountered in the occupational setting, also pose serious risks to people. For example, multiple epidemiological studies have identified associations between occupational OP exposure and neurodegenerative disease, psychiatric illness, and sensorimotor deficits. Rigorous scientific investigation of the basic science mechanisms underlying these epidemiological findings requires valid preclinical models in which tightly-regulated exposure paradigms can be correlated with neurotoxicity. Here, we review the experimental models of occupational OP exposure currently used in the field. We found that animal studies simulating occupational OP exposures do indeed show evidence of neurotoxicity, and that utilization of these models is helping illuminate the mechanisms underlying OP-induced neurological sequelae. Still, further work is necessary to evaluate exposure levels, protection methods, and treatment strategies, which taken together could serve to modify guidelines for improving workplace conditions globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaymie R. Voorhees
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa Carver College of MedicineIowa City, IA, USA
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, University of Iowa Carver College of MedicineIowa City, IA, USA
| | - Diane S. Rohlman
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, University of Iowa Carver College of MedicineIowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa College of Public HealthIowa City, IA, USA
| | - Pamela J. Lein
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, DavisDavis, CA, USA
| | - Andrew A. Pieper
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa Carver College of MedicineIowa City, IA, USA
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, University of Iowa Carver College of MedicineIowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa Carver College of MedicineIowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, University of Iowa Carver College of MedicineIowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa Carver College of MedicineIowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Veteran Affairs, University of Iowa Carver College of MedicineIowa City, IA, USA
- Weill Cornell Autism Research Program, Weill Cornell Medical CollegeNew York, NY, USA
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46
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Kim KH, Kabir E, Jahan SA. Exposure to pesticides and the associated human health effects. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 575:525-535. [PMID: 27614863 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 743] [Impact Index Per Article: 106.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 08/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides are used widely to control weeds and insect infestation in agricultural fields and various pests and disease carriers (e.g., mosquitoes, ticks, rats, and mice) in houses, offices, malls, and streets. As the modes of action for pesticides are not species-specific, concerns have been raised about environmental risks associated with their exposure through various routes (e.g., residues in food and drinking water). Although such hazards range from short-term (e.g., skin and eye irritation, headaches, dizziness, and nausea) to chronic impacts (e.g., cancer, asthma, and diabetes), their risks are difficult to elucidate due to the involvement of various factors (e.g., period and level of exposure, type of pesticide (regarding toxicity and persistence), and the environmental characteristics of the affected areas). There are no groups in the human population that are completely unexposed to pesticides while most diseases are multi-causal to add considerable complexity to public health assessments. Hence, development of eco-friendly pesticide alternatives (e.g., EcoSMART) and Integrated Pest Management (IPM) techniques is desirable to reduce the impacts of pesticides. This paper was hence organized to present a comprehensive review on pesticides with respect to their types, environmental distribution, routes of exposure, and health impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Hyun Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ehsanul Kabir
- Dept. of Farm, Power & Machinery, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202 Bangladesh
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47
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Ritz BR, Paul KC, Bronstein JM. Of Pesticides and Men: a California Story of Genes and Environment in Parkinson's Disease. Curr Environ Health Rep 2016; 3:40-52. [PMID: 26857251 DOI: 10.1007/s40572-016-0083-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
At the start of the postgenomics era, most Parkinson's disease (PD) etiology cannot be explained by our knowledge of genetic or environmental factors alone. For more than a decade, we have explored gene-environment (GxE) interactions possibly responsible for the heterogeneity of genetic as well as environmental results across populations. We developed three pesticide exposure measures (ambient due to agricultural applications, home and garden use, and occupational use) in a large population-based case-control study of incident PD in central California. Specifically, we assessed interactions with genes responsible for pesticide metabolism (PON1); transport across the blood-brain barrier (ABCB1); pesticides interfering with or depending on dopamine transporter activity (DAT/SLC6A3) and dopamine metabolism (ALDH2); impacting mitochondrial function via oxidative/nitrosative stress (NOS1) or proteasome inhibition (SKP1); and contributing to immune dysregulation (HLA-DR). These studies established some specificity for pesticides' neurodegenerative actions, contributed biologic plausibility to epidemiologic findings, and identified genetically susceptible populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beate R Ritz
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, UCLA, 650 Charles Young Dr South, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1772, USA. .,Center for Occupational and Environmental Health, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA. .,Department of Neurology, Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, 710 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
| | - Kimberly C Paul
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, UCLA, 650 Charles Young Dr South, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1772, USA
| | - Jeff M Bronstein
- Department of Neurology, Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, 710 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
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48
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Children's Exposure to Environmental Contaminants: An Editorial Reflection of Articles in the IJERPH Special Issue Entitled, "Children's Exposure to Environmental Contaminants". INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 13:ijerph13111117. [PMID: 27834888 PMCID: PMC5129327 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13111117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Children are at increased vulnerability to many environmental contaminants compared to adults due to their unique behavior patterns, increased contaminant intake per body weight, and developing biological systems. Depending upon their age, young children may crawl on the floor and may practice increased hand to mouth activity that may increase their dose-intake of specific contaminants that accumulate in dust and other matrices. Children are also smaller in size than adults, resulting in a greater body burden for a given contaminant dose. Because children undergo rapid transitions through particular developmental stages they are also especially vulnerable during certain growth-related time windows. A Special Issue was organized focused on the latest findings in the field of children’s environmental exposure for these reasons. This editorial introduces articles in this Special Issue and emphasizes their main findings in advancing the field. From the many articles submitted to this Special Issue from around the world, 23 were accepted and published. They focus on a variety of research areas such as children’s activity patterns, improved risk assessment methods to estimate exposures, and exposures in various contexts and to various contaminants. The future health of a nation relies on protecting the children from adverse exposures and understanding the etiology of childhood diseases. The field of children’s environmental exposures must consider improved and comprehensive research methods aimed at introducing mitigation strategies locally, nationally, and globally. We are happy to introduce a Special Issue focused on children’s environmental exposure and children’s health and hope that it contributes towards improved health of children.
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49
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Chen H, Zhu J, Li Z, Chen A, Zhang Q. The occurrence and risk assessment of five organophosphorus pesticides in river water from Shangyu, China. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2016; 188:614. [PMID: 27734251 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-016-5612-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphorus pesticides (OPs), which are some of the most extensively used pesticides, have drawn much attention in recent years owing to their ubiquity as well as the potential ecological and health risks they pose to aquatic organisms and even to humans. In this study, we investigated the residue of five OPs in 49 river cross sections in Shangyu, Zhejiang province, China, a rainy region with relatively developed agriculture. Correlations analysis, principal component analysis, and cluster analysis were conducted. The results showed that dichlorvos exhibited the highest concentrations (0.01 to 5.63 μg/L) among the OPs in most monitoring sites. Weak positive correlations were found between methyl parathion and dichlorvos as well as malathion and dimethoate. The principal component analysis and cluster analysis indicated a correlation among these river cross sections. We then calculated the hazard index (HI) to estimate the potential adverse health effects. The mean HI presented no risk to adults but showed potential health risks to children, with values of 0.285, 0.228, and 0.166 for dichlorvos, methyl parathion, and dimethoate, respectively. Our study will help elucidate the potential risks of OPs and their residues in the rivers of Shangyu in the Zhejiang province in China and will be beneficial for managing water quality and will provide valuable suggestions to local policy makers. Graphical abstract Comparison of the ∑5OPs concentrations among 49 river cross sections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chen
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, China
| | - Jianqiang Zhu
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, China
| | - Zhe Li
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, China
| | - An Chen
- Affiliated High School to Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310030, China
| | - Quan Zhang
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, China.
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50
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Pesticides: an update of human exposure and toxicity. Arch Toxicol 2016; 91:549-599. [PMID: 27722929 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1849-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 363] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pesticides are a family of compounds which have brought many benefits to mankind in the agricultural, industrial, and health areas, but their toxicities in both humans and animals have always been a concern. Regardless of acute poisonings which are common for some classes of pesticides like organophosphoruses, the association of chronic and sub-lethal exposure to pesticides with a prevalence of some persistent diseases is going to be a phenomenon to which global attention has been attracted. In this review, incidence of various malignant, neurodegenerative, respiratory, reproductive, developmental, and metabolic diseases in relation to different routes of human exposure to pesticides such as occupational, environmental, residential, parental, maternal, and paternal has been systematically criticized in different categories of pesticide toxicities like carcinogenicity, neurotoxicity, pulmonotoxicity, reproductive toxicity, developmental toxicity, and metabolic toxicity. A huge body of evidence exists on the possible role of pesticide exposures in the elevated incidence of human diseases such as cancers, Alzheimer, Parkinson, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, asthma, bronchitis, infertility, birth defects, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, autism, diabetes, and obesity. Most of the disorders are induced by insecticides and herbicides most notably organophosphorus, organochlorines, phenoxyacetic acids, and triazine compounds.
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