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Sleiman PM, Qu HQ, Connolly JJ, Mentch F, Pereira A, Lotufo PA, Tollman S, Choudhury A, Ramsay M, Kato N, Ozaki K, Mitsumori R, Jeon JP, Hong CH, Son SJ, Roh HW, Lee DG, Mukadam N, Foote IF, Marshall CR, Butterworth A, Prins BP, Glessner JT, Hakonarson H. Trans-ethnic genomic informed risk assessment for Alzheimer's disease: An International Hundred K+ Cohorts Consortium study. Alzheimers Dement 2023; 19:5765-5772. [PMID: 37450379 PMCID: PMC10854406 DOI: 10.1002/alz.13378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As a collaboration model between the International HundredK+ Cohorts Consortium (IHCC) and the Davos Alzheimer's Collaborative (DAC), our aim was to develop a trans-ethnic genomic informed risk assessment (GIRA) algorithm for Alzheimer's disease (AD). METHODS The GIRA model was created to include polygenic risk score calculated from the AD genome-wide association study loci, the apolipoprotein E haplotypes, and non-genetic covariates including age, sex, and the first three principal components of population substructure. RESULTS We validated the performance of the GIRA model in different populations. The proteomic study in the participant sites identified proteins related to female infertility and autoimmune thyroiditis and associated with the risk scores of AD. CONCLUSIONS As the initial effort by the IHCC to leverage existing large-scale datasets in a collaborative setting with DAC, we developed a trans-ethnic GIRA for AD with the potential of identifying individuals at high risk of developing AD for future clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick M. Sleiman
- The Center for Applied Genomics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104, USA
- Division of Human Genetics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104, USA
| | - Hui-Qi Qu
- The Center for Applied Genomics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104, USA
| | - John J Connolly
- The Center for Applied Genomics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104, USA
| | - Frank Mentch
- The Center for Applied Genomics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104, USA
| | - Alexandre Pereira
- Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Centro de Pesquisas Clínicas e Epidemiológicas, Hospital Universitário, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo A Lotufo
- Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Centro de Pesquisas Clínicas e Epidemiológicas, Hospital Universitário, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Stephen Tollman
- MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Ananyo Choudhury
- Sydney Brenner Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Michele Ramsay
- Sydney Brenner Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Norihiro Kato
- National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, 1628655, Japan
| | - Kouichi Ozaki
- Medical Genome Center, Research Institute, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology (NCGG), Obu City, Aichi Prefecture, Japan
| | - Risa Mitsumori
- Medical Genome Center, Research Institute, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology (NCGG), Obu City, Aichi Prefecture, Japan
| | - Jae-Pil Jeon
- Korea Biobank Project, Korea National Institute of Health, Osong, Korea
| | - Chang Hyung Hong
- Department of Psychiatry, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Sang Joon Son
- Department of Psychiatry, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Hyun Woong Roh
- Department of Psychiatry, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Dong-gi Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104, USA
| | - Naaheed Mukadam
- Preventive Neurology Unit, Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University of London, UK
| | - Isabelle F Foote
- Preventive Neurology Unit, Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University of London, UK
- Genes & Health, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, UK
| | - Charles R Marshall
- Preventive Neurology Unit, Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University of London, UK
- Genes & Health, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, UK
| | - Adam Butterworth
- MRC/BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- NIHR Blood and Transplant Research Unit in Donor Health and Genomics, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Bram P Prins
- MRC/BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- NIHR Blood and Transplant Research Unit in Donor Health and Genomics, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Joseph T Glessner
- The Center for Applied Genomics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104, USA
- Division of Human Genetics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104, USA
| | - Hakon Hakonarson
- The Center for Applied Genomics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104, USA
- Division of Human Genetics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104, USA
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104, USA
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
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Gidziela A, Ahmadzadeh YI, Michelini G, Allegrini AG, Agnew-Blais J, Lau LY, Duret M, Procopio F, Daly E, Ronald A, Rimfeld K, Malanchini M. A meta-analysis of genetic effects associated with neurodevelopmental disorders and co-occurring conditions. Nat Hum Behav 2023; 7:642-656. [PMID: 36806400 PMCID: PMC10129867 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-023-01530-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
A systematic understanding of the aetiology of neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) and their co-occurrence with other conditions during childhood and adolescence remains incomplete. In the current meta-analysis, we synthesized the literature on (1) the contribution of genetic and environmental factors to NDDs, (2) the genetic and environmental overlap between different NDDs, and (3) the co-occurrence between NDDs and disruptive, impulse control and conduct disorders (DICCs). Searches were conducted across three platforms: Web of Science, Ovid Medline and Ovid Embase. Studies were included only if 75% or more of the sample consisted of children and/or adolescents and the studies had measured the aetiology of NDDs and DICCs using single-generation family designs or genomic methods. Studies that had selected participants on the basis of unrelated diagnoses or injuries were excluded. We performed multilevel, random-effects meta-analyses on 296 independent studies, including over four million (partly overlapping) individuals. We further explored developmental trajectories and the moderating roles of gender, measurement, geography and ancestry. We found all NDDs to be substantially heritable (family-based heritability, 0.66 (s.e. = 0.03); SNP heritability, 0.19 (s.e. = 0.03)). Meta-analytic genetic correlations between NDDs were moderate (grand family-based genetic correlation, 0.36 (s.e. = 0.12); grand SNP-based genetic correlation, 0.39 (s.e. = 0.19)) but differed substantially between pairs of disorders. The genetic overlap between NDDs and DICCs was strong (grand family-based genetic correlation, 0.62 (s.e. = 0.20)). While our work provides evidence to inform and potentially guide clinical and educational diagnostic procedures and practice, it also highlights the imbalance in the research effort that has characterized developmental genetics research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Gidziela
- School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, UK.
| | - Yasmin I Ahmadzadeh
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Giorgia Michelini
- School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience, Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Andrea G Allegrini
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, UK
- Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Jessica Agnew-Blais
- School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Lok Yan Lau
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Megan Duret
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Francesca Procopio
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Emily Daly
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Angelica Ronald
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck University of London, London, UK
| | - Kaili Rimfeld
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, UK
- Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, UK
| | - Margherita Malanchini
- School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, UK.
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Mohamed SF, Khayeka-Wandabwa C, Muthuri S, Ngomi NN, Kyobutungi C, Haregu TN. Carotid intima media thickness (CIMT) in adults in the AWI-Gen Nairobi site study: Profiles and predictors. HIPERTENSION Y RIESGO VASCULAR 2023; 40:5-15. [PMID: 36153304 PMCID: PMC11317065 DOI: 10.1016/j.hipert.2022.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carotid intima media thickness (CIMT) is used as a marker of subclinical and asymptomatic atherosclerotic vascular disease. Increased CIMT is associated with future cerebrovascular and cardiovascular events. There is limited data on the profile and correlates of CIMT in Africa. The aim of this study was to describe the profile and correlates of CIMT in apparently normal younger-age adults in an urban setting in Kenya. METHODS This study used population-based data collected from 2003 adults between the ages of 40 and 60 years in two slums of Nairobi as part of a genetic study. CIMT was measured using LOGIQ e (GE Healthcare, CT, USA) ultrasound on both left and right carotid arteries, whereby maximum, mean, and minimum values were recorded. Age- and sex-specific CIMT measurements were calculated and their association with basic sociodemographic, behavioral and body composition indicators were investigated. RESULTS The median (IQR) CIMT were 0.58 (0.51, 0.66) and 0.59 (0.53, 0.66) in men and women, respectively. About 16% of the study population had CIMT greater than 0.7mm, the cut off for higher CIMT. Nearly 60% had CIMT values ≥75th percentile. Age, current use of alcohol, systolic blood pressure, subcutaneous fat thickness, pulse rate and pulse pressure were found to be the main predictors of CIMT in our study population. CONCLUSION This study provided population-based reference values and predictors for CIMT for an adult population living in urban poor settings in Kenya. Future studies need to consider biochemical and genetic predictors of CIMT in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- S F Mohamed
- Health and Systems for Health Unit, African Population and Health Research Center (APHRC), Nairobi, Kenya; Lown Scholars Program, Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Health Sciences Platform, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - C Khayeka-Wandabwa
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Health Sciences Platform, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - S Muthuri
- Health and Systems for Health Unit, African Population and Health Research Center (APHRC), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - N N Ngomi
- School of Pure and Applied Health Science, Murang'a University of Technology, Thika, Kenya
| | - C Kyobutungi
- Health and Systems for Health Unit, African Population and Health Research Center (APHRC), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - T N Haregu
- Nossal Institute for Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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Nonterah EA, Boateng D, Crowther NJ, Klipstein-Grobusch K, Oduro AR, Agongo G, Mohamed SF, Boua PR, Choma SSR, Norris SA, Tollman SM, Bots ML, Ramsay M, Grobbee D. Carotid Atherosclerosis, Microalbuminuria, and Estimated 10-Year Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Sub-Saharan Africa. JAMA Netw Open 2022; 5:e227559. [PMID: 35471573 PMCID: PMC9044117 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.7559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Carotid atherosclerosis and microalbuminuria are associated with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) but are understudied in sub-Saharan Africa. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the association of carotid atherosclerosis and microalbuminuria with 10-year ASCVD risk in middle-aged sub-Saharan African individuals. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This cross-sectional study conducted analyses of baseline data from the African-Wits-INDEPTH (International Network for the Demographic Evaluation of Populations and Their Health in Low- and Middle-Income Countries) genomic study (AWI-Gen). Women and men aged 40 to 60 years without baseline CVD and drawn from Burkina Faso, Ghana, Kenya, and South Africa were included. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Hypotheses for the analyses were formulated after data collection. The main exposures were carotid atherosclerosis, assessed using carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) using B-mode ultrasonography, and microalbuminuria, measured using spot urine albumin (SUA) and urine albumin-creatinine ratio (uACR). The main outcome was high ASCVD risk, defined as a 2018 Pooled Cohort Equations score of 7.5% or greater. Associations were estimated using adjusted multivariable logistic regression analyses. FINDINGS A total of 9010 participants with a mean (SD) age of 50 (6) years and 4533 (50.3%) women were included. High CIMT, SUA, and uACR were each associated with older age (eg, mean [SD] age of participants with high vs reference range CIMT: 55 [5] years vs 50 [6] years; P < .001) and high prevalence of both diabetes and hypertension (eg, hypertension among those with high vs reference range SUA: 213 of 1117 [19.1%] vs 356 of 2549 [14.0%]; P < .001). Smokers were likely to have higher vs reference range SUA (210 [18.8%] vs 407 [16.0%]) and uACR (138 of 707 [19.5%] vs 456 of 2797 [16.3%]). Carotid atherosclerosis was common in Burkina Faso (82 of 262 [31.3%]) and Ghana (91 [34.7%]), while microalbuminuria, measured by SUA, was common in Kenya (272 [24.4%]) and South Africa (519 [46.5%]). SUA was associated with higher odds of carotid atherosclerosis (odds ratio [OR], 1.77; 95% CI, 1.04-3.01) compared with uACR (OR, 0.51; 95% CI, 0.27-0.95). Common CIMT, SUA, and uACR were associated with 10-year ASCVD risk, with CIMT having a stronger association with 10-year ASCVD risk in both women (OR, 1.95; 95% CI, 1.78-2.14) and men (OR, 1.73; 95% CI, 1.55-1.93) than SUA (women: OR, 1.29; 95% CI, 1.12-1.43; men: OR, 1.46; 95% CI, 1.26-1.55) and uACR (women: OR, 1.32; 95% CI, 1.10-1.54; men: OR, 1.35; 95% CI, 1.15-1.46). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE The presence of microalbuminuria measured by SUA may indicate risk of subclinical carotid atherosclerosis and high 10-year ASCVD risk in middle-aged residents of sub-Saharan Africa. These data should be confirmed in longitudinal studies of cardiovascular events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Engelbert A. Nonterah
- Navrongo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Navrongo, Ghana
- Julius Global Health, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Daniel Boateng
- Julius Global Health, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Nigel J. Crowther
- Department of Chemical Pathology, National Laboratory Health Service, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Kerstin Klipstein-Grobusch
- Julius Global Health, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Abraham R. Oduro
- Navrongo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Navrongo, Ghana
| | - Godfred Agongo
- Navrongo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Navrongo, Ghana
- Department of Biochemistry and Forensic Sciences, School of Chemical and Biochemical Sciences, C.K. Tedam University of Technology and Applied Sciences, Navrongo, Ghana
| | | | - Palwendé R. Boua
- Institut de Recherché en Sciences de la Santé, Clinical Research Unit of Nanoro, Nanoro, Burkina Faso
| | - Solomon S. R. Choma
- DIMAMO Health Demographic Surveillance Site, Department of Pathology and Medical Sciences, School of Health Care Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Limpopo, Polokwane, South Africa
| | - Shane A. Norris
- MRC/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Stephen M. Tollman
- MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Michiel L. Bots
- Julius Global Health, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Michèle Ramsay
- Sydney Brenner Institute of Molecular Bioscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Diederick Grobbee
- Julius Global Health, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Wambui D, Mohamed S, Asiki G. Prevalence of and factors associated with high atherogenic index among adults in Nairobi urban informal settlements: The AWI-Gen study. PLOS GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 2:e0000224. [PMID: 36962293 PMCID: PMC10021160 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0000224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Dyslipidemia is an important cardiovascular disease predictor. Atherogenic index of plasma (AIP), a ratio of triglycerides (TG) to high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol has been deemed to be more informative as a cardiovascular disease predictor compared to using any single predictor. The aim of this study was to explore the factors associated with elevated atherogenic index among people living in low-income urban areas of Nairobi, Kenya. Data used in this study were obtained from a cross-sectional population-based study with 2,003 participants conducted in Nairobi as part of the Africa Wits-INDEPTH Partnership for Genomic Research, AWI-Gen). Sociodemographic, behavioral, and clinical characteristics were collected from the participants. AIP was derived from the log of TG/HDL cholesterol and categorized into low risk (AIP<0.1), intermediate risk (AIP = 0.1-0.24) and high risk (AIP >0.24). Fifty-four percent (54%) of the study participants were women and the mean age of participants enrolled in this study was 48.8 years. Twenty-nine percent (29%) of study participants had high or medium atherogenic risk. Men, HIV patients, individuals with self-reported uncontrolled diabetes and obese individuals were at higher atherogenic risk. We have identified modifiable risk factors which can be addressed to reduce dyslipidemia in this population. Longitudinal studies may help to precisely determine how these factors relate with cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Wambui
- Department of Public Health, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Shukri Mohamed
- Health and Systems for Health Unit, African Population and Health Research Center (APHRC), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Gershim Asiki
- Health and Systems for Health Unit, African Population and Health Research Center (APHRC), Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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Matimba A, Ali S, Littler K, Madden E, Marshall P, McCurdy S, Nembaware V, Rodriguez L, Seeley J, Tindana P, Yakubu A, de Vries J. Guideline for feedback of individual genetic research findings for genomics research in Africa. BMJ Glob Health 2022; 7:e007184. [PMID: 35017180 PMCID: PMC8753388 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2021-007184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
As human genomics research in Africa continues to generate large amounts of data, ethical issues arise regarding how actionable genetic information is shared with research participants. The Human Heredity and Health in Africa Consortium (H3Africa) Ethics and Community Engagement Working group acknowledged the need for such guidance, identified key issues and principles relevant to genomics research in Africa and developed a practical guideline for consideration of feeding back individual genetic results of health importance in African research projects. This included a decision flowchart, providing a logical framework to assist in decision-making and planning for human genomics research projects. Although presented in the context of the H3Africa Consortium, we believe the principles described, and the decision flowchart presented here is applicable more broadly in African genomics research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Matimba
- Wellcome Connecting Science, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | - Stuart Ali
- Akili Labs (Pty) Ltd, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Katherine Littler
- Health Ethics & Governance Unit, World Health Organization, Geneve, Switzerland
| | - Ebony Madden
- National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Patricia Marshall
- Department of Bioethics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Sheryl McCurdy
- Center for Health Promotion and Prevention Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Victoria Nembaware
- Division of Human Genetics, Deparment of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Laura Rodriguez
- National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Janet Seeley
- Department of Global Health & Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Paulina Tindana
- School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Legon, Greater Accra, Ghana
| | - Aminu Yakubu
- Center for Bioethics and Research, Ibadan, Oyo, Nigeria
- National Health Research Ethics Committee, Federal Ministry of Health, Nigeria, Nigeria
- 54gene, Nigeria, Nigeria
| | - Jantina de Vries
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Western Cape, South Africa
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Kamuya D, Bitta MA, Addissie A, Naanyu V, Palk A, Mwaka E, Kamaara E, Tadele G, Wolde TT, Nakigudde J, Manku K, Musesengwa R, Singh I. The Africa Ethics Working Group (AEWG): a model of collaboration for psychiatric genomic research in Africa. Wellcome Open Res 2021; 6:190. [PMID: 35071797 PMCID: PMC8753570 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16772.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Africa Ethics Working Group (AEWG) is a South-South-North collaboration of bioethics and mental health researchers from sub-Saharan Africa, working to tackle emerging ethical challenges in global mental health research. Initially formed to provide ethical guidance for a neuro-psychiatric genomics research project, AEWG has evolved to address cross cutting ethical issues in mental health research aimed at addressing equity in North-South collaborations. Global South refers to economically developing countries (sub-Saharan Africa in this context) and Global North to economically developed countries (primarily Europe, UK and North America). In this letter we discuss lessons that as a group we have learnt over the last three years; lessons that similar collaborations could draw on. With increasing expertise from Global South as an outcome of several capacity strengthening initiatives, it is expected that the nature of scientific collaborations will shift to a truly equitable partnership. The AEWG provides a model to rethink contributions that each partner could make in these collaborations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorcas Kamuya
- KEMRI-WELLCOME TRUST RESEARCH PROGRAMME, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Mary A. Bitta
- Clinical Research-Neurosciences, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research (Coast), KEMRI/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Adamu Addissie
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences,, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Violet Naanyu
- Department of Sociology Psychology & Anthropology, School of Arts & Social Sciences, Eldoret, Kenya, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya
| | - Andrea Palk
- Department of Philosophy,, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Erisa Mwaka
- Department of Anatomy, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Eunice Kamaara
- School of Arts and Social Sciences, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya
| | - Getnet Tadele
- Department of Sociology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Janet Nakigudde
- College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Kiran Manku
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Ilina Singh
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Han X, Hewitt AW, MacGregor S. Predicting the Future of Genetic Risk Profiling of Glaucoma: A Narrative Review. JAMA Ophthalmol 2021; 139:224-231. [PMID: 33331888 DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2020.5404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Importance Glaucoma is the world's leading cause of irreversible blindness. Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is typically asymptomatic early in the disease process, and unfortunately, many are diagnosed too late to prevent vision loss. Observations Genome-wide association studies, which evaluate the association between genetic variants and phenotype across the genome, have mapped many genes for POAG. As well as uncovering new biology, genetic information can be combined into a polygenic risk score (PRS), which aggregates an individual's disease risk over many genetic variants. In this nonsystematic review, performed from June 21, 2019, to October 1, 2020, we address a series of questions to explain the challenges and opportunities in translating genetic discoveries in POAG. We summarize what is known about POAG genetics and how its endophenotypes, such as intraocular pressure or cup-disc ratio, can help with prediction. We discuss the sample sizes available and how increases in the future may have an effect on the utility of prediction approaches. We explore particular scenarios, such as the use of PRS in risk stratification, and applications for individuals who are particularly high risk for POAG as a result of them carrying both a high penetrance mutation and an unfavorable PRS. Finally, we discuss the issue of equity in applying these tests and the prospects for prediction for people from various ancestry groups. The cost-effectiveness evaluation of glaucoma PRS in direct-to-consumer genetic testing and across different ancestry groups is warranted in future research. Conclusions and Relevance Advances in glaucoma genetics have opened the door for risk stratification based on genetic risk predictions. The PRS approach has shown good promise in predicting who will be at highest risk of POAG, which could improve outcomes if these predictions can be acted on to result in improved clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xikun Han
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Alex W Hewitt
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Tasmania, Australia.,Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Australia
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9
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Adiposity Phenotypes and Subclinical Atherosclerosis in Adults from Sub-Saharan Africa: An H3Africa AWI-Gen Study. Glob Heart 2021; 16:19. [PMID: 33833943 PMCID: PMC7977036 DOI: 10.5334/gh.863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Obesity and adipose tissue distribution contribute to an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) by promoting atherosclerosis. This association has been poorly studied in sub–Saharan Africa (SSA) despite the rising prevalence of cardiovascular disease. Objectives: We determined the association between various adiposity phenotypes and carotid intima–media thickness (CIMT), a proxy of subclinical atherosclerosis, in a large SSA population. Methods: A population–based cross–sectional study was performed from 2013–2016 in Burkina Faso, Ghana, Kenya and South Africa. Body mass index (BMI), waist (WC), hip circumferences (HC), visceral (VAT) and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SCAT) using B-mode ultrasound were measured. Ultrasonography of left and right far wall CIMT of the common carotid artery was used as an indicator of subclinical atherosclerosis. Individual participant data meta–analyses were used to determine the associations between adiposity phenotypes and CIMT in the pooled sample while adjusted multivariable linear regression analyses were used for site specific analyses. Results: Data were obtained from 9,010 adults (50.3% women and a mean age of 50± 6years). Men had higher levels of visceral fat than women while women had higher BMI, waist and hip circumference and subcutaneous fat than men at all sites except Burkina Faso. In the pooled analyses, BMI (β–value [95% CIs]: 19.5 [16.8, 22.3] μm) showed the strongest relationship with CIMT followed by VAT (5.86 [4.65, 7.07] μm), SCAT (5.00 [2.85, 7.15] μm), WC (1.27 [1.09, 1.44] μm) and HC (1.23 [1.04, 1.42] μm). Stronger associations were observed in men than in women. Conclusion: Obesity within SSA will likely result in higher levels of atherosclerosis and promote the occurrence of cardio- and cerebrovascular events, especially in males, unless addressed through primary prevention of obesity in both rural and urban communities across Africa. The inverse association of VAT with CIMT in Burkina Faso and Ghana requires further investigation. Highlights
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10
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Agongo G, Debpuur C, Amenga-Etego L, Nonterah EA, Kaburise MB, Oduro A, Ramsay M, Tindana P. Community engagement and feedback of results in the H3Africa AWI-Gen project: Experiences from the Navrongo Demographic and Health Surveillance site in Northern Ghana. AAS Open Res 2021; 4:15. [PMID: 33959702 PMCID: PMC8063542 DOI: 10.12688/aasopenres.13081.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Community and Public engagement (CE) have gained traction as an ethical best practice for the conduct of genomics research, particularly in the context of Africa. In the past 10 years, there has been growing scholarship on the value and practice of engaging key stakeholders including communities involved in genomics research. However, not much has been documented on how research teams, particularly in international collaborative research projects, are navigating the complex process of engagement including the return of key research findings. This paper is part of a series of papers describing the CE processes used in the AWI-Gen study sites. We describe the key processes of engagement, challenges encountered and the major lessons learned. We pay particular attention to the experiences in returning research results to participants and communities within the Demographic and Health Surveillance site in northern Ghana.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lucas Amenga-Etego
- West African Centre for Cell Biology and Infectious Pathogens, Department of Biochemistry, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Engelbert A Nonterah
- Navrongo Health Research Centre, Navrongo, Ghana.,Julius Global Health, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Michele Ramsay
- Sydney Brenner Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witswatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Paulina Tindana
- Health Policy, Plannng and Management, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon/Accra, Ghana
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11
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Multimorbidity from Chronic Conditions among Adults in Urban Slums: The AWI-Gen Nairobi Site Study Findings. Glob Heart 2021; 16:6. [PMID: 33598386 PMCID: PMC7824985 DOI: 10.5334/gh.771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: In the era of double burden of infectious and non-communicable diseases in sub-Saharan Africa, the burden of multimorbidity is likely to be common. However, there is limited evidence on the burden and its associated factors in the sub-Saharan African context. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the levels and identify determinants of multimorbidity from chronic conditions in two urban slums in Nairobi. Methods: Data collected from 2003 study participants aged 40–60 years in two urban slums of the Nairobi Urban Health and Demographic Surveillance System in 2015 were used. Using self-report, anthropometry and key biomarkers, data on 16 conditions including chronic diseases, behavioral disorders and metabolic abnormalities were gathered. Lifetime multimorbidity defined by the occurrence of at least two chronic conditions in an individual at any time during their life course was computed. Factors associated with lifetime multimorbidity were identified using multiple logistic regression. Findings: A total of 2,081 chronic conditions were identified among 1,302 individuals. While 701 (35.0%) had no chronic condition, single morbidity was reported in 726 (36.2%) of the study population. The overall prevalence of lifetime multimorbidity was 28.7%. The prevalence of dyads and triads of simultaneous occurrences of conditions (episodic multimorbidity) was 20.8% and 6.1%, respectively. Single morbidity was positively associated with gender and alcohol consumption; and negatively associated with employment. Women, older people, the unemployed, current smokers and current alcohol consumers had higher levels of lifetime multimorbidity in the study population. Interpretation: The findings of this study indicate that a considerable proportion of adults living in urban slums experience multimorbidity from chronic conditions. Further studies with a better rigor to establish temporal associations between socio-demographic factors and the occurrence of chronic conditions are needed to explore the impacts and implications on health status and health system.
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12
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Laar AK, Redman BK, Ferguson K, Caplan A. Institutional Approaches to Research Integrity in Ghana. SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING ETHICS 2020; 26:3037-3052. [PMID: 32779114 DOI: 10.1007/s11948-020-00257-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Research misconduct (RM) remains an important problem in health research despite decades of local, national, regional, and international efforts to eliminate it. The ultimate goal of every health research project, irrespective of setting, is to produce trustworthy findings to address local as well as global health issues. To be able to lead or participate meaningfully in international research collaborations, individual and institutional capacities for research integrity (RI) are paramount. Accordingly, this paper concerns itself not only with individuals' research skills but also with institutional and national policies and governance. Such policies and governance provide an ethical scaffold for the production of knowledge and structure incentives. This paper's operational definition of research therefore draws from Institute of Medicine's articulation of health research as an inquiry that aims to produce knowledge about the structure, processes, or effects of personal health services; and from an existing health systems framework. The paper reviews the research regulatory environment and the ethics apparatus in Ghana, and describes a project jointly undertaken by Ghanaian researchers in collaboration with New York University to assess the perceived adequacy of current institutional practices, opportunities, and incentives for promoting RI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amos K Laar
- Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Box LG 13, Legon, Accra, Ghana.
| | - Barbara K Redman
- Division of Medical Ethics, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kyle Ferguson
- Division of Medical Ethics, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Arthur Caplan
- Division of Medical Ethics, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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13
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El-Kamah GY, Mohamed AM, Gad YZ, Abdelhak S, Hennig BJ, Ramesar RS, Landouré G, Gaye A, Newport MJ, Williams SM, Ramsay M. Developing a Road Map to Spread Genomic Knowledge in Africa: 10th Conference of the African Society of Human Genetics, Cairo, Egypt. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 102:719-723. [PMID: 32124726 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.19-0408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The tenth conference of the African Society of Human Genetics was held in Egypt with the theme "Human Genetics and Genomics in Africa: Challenges for Both Rare and Common Genetic Disorders." Current research was presented, and we discussed visions for the future of genomic research on the African continent. In this report, we summarize the presented scientific research within and relevant to Africa as presented by both African and non-African scientists. We also discuss the current situation concerning genomic medicine and genomic research within the continent, difficulties in implementing genetic services and genomic medicine in Africa, and a road map to overcome those difficulties and meet the needs of the African researchers and patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghada Y El-Kamah
- Human Genetics and Genome Research Division, Centre of Scientific Excellence of Human Genetics, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Amal M Mohamed
- Human Genetics and Genome Research Division, Centre of Scientific Excellence of Human Genetics, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Yehia Z Gad
- Human Genetics and Genome Research Division, Centre of Scientific Excellence of Human Genetics, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sonia Abdelhak
- Laboratory of Biomedical Genomics and Oncogenetics, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | | | - Raj S Ramesar
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Science, University of Cape Town and Affiliated Hospitals, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Guida Landouré
- Service de Neurologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire du Point G, Bamako, Mali.,Human Genetics and Genome Research Division, Centre of Scientific Excellence of Human Genetics, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Amadou Gaye
- National Institutes of Health, National Human Genome Research, Bethesda, Maryland.,Service de Neurologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire du Point G, Bamako, Mali
| | - Melanie J Newport
- Brighton and Sussex Centre for Global Health Research, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Falmer, United Kingdom
| | - Scott M Williams
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Institute of Computational Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Michèle Ramsay
- Sydney Brenner Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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14
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Wekesah FM, Mutua MK, Boateng D, Grobbee DE, Asiki G, Kyobutungi CK, Klipstein-Grobusch K. Comparative performance of pooled cohort equations and Framingham risk scores in cardiovascular disease risk classification in a slum setting in Nairobi Kenya. IJC HEART & VASCULATURE 2020; 28:100521. [PMID: 32373711 PMCID: PMC7191575 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcha.2020.100521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) cause 18 million deaths annually. Low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) account for 80% of the CVD burden, and the burden is expected to grow in the region in the coming years. Screening for and identification of individuals at high risk for CVD in primary care settings can be accomplished using available CVD risk scores. However, few of these scores have been validated/recalibrated for use in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). METHODS Pooled cohort equations (PCE) and Framingham risk scores for 10-year CVD risk were applied on 1960 men and women aged 40 years and older from the AWI-Gen (Africa, Wits-INDEPTH Partnership for GENomic studies) study 2015. Low, moderate/intermediate or high CVD risk classifications correspond to <10%, 10-20% and >20% chance of developing CVD in 10 years respectively. Agreement between the risk scores was assessed using kappa and correlation coefficients. RESULTS High CVD risk was 10.3% in PCE 2013, 0.4% in PCE 2018, 2.9% in Framingham and 3.6% in Framingham non-laboratory scores. Conversely, low CVD risk was 62.2% in PCE 2013 and 95.6% in PCE 2018, 84.0% and 80.1% in Framingham and Framingham non-laboratory scores, respectively. A moderate agreement existed between the Framingham functions (kappa = 0.64, 95% CI 0.59-0.68, correlation, rs = 0.711). There was no agreement between the PCE 2013 and 2018 functions (kappa = 0.05, 95% CI 0.04-0.06). CONCLUSIONS Newer cohort-based data is necessary to validate and recalibrate existing CVD risk scores in order to develop appropriate functions for use in SSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick M. Wekesah
- African Population and Health Research Center, Nairobi, Kenya
- Julius Global Health, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, the Netherlands
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, United States
| | - Martin K. Mutua
- African Population and Health Research Center, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Daniel Boateng
- Julius Global Health, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, the Netherlands
| | - Diederick E. Grobbee
- Julius Global Health, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, the Netherlands
| | - Gershim Asiki
- African Population and Health Research Center, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Kerstin Klipstein-Grobusch
- African Population and Health Research Center, Nairobi, Kenya
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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15
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Bentley AR, Callier SL, Rotimi CN. Evaluating the promise of inclusion of African ancestry populations in genomics. NPJ Genom Med 2020; 5:5. [PMID: 32140257 PMCID: PMC7042246 DOI: 10.1038/s41525-019-0111-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The lack of representation of diverse ancestral backgrounds in genomic research is well-known, and the resultant scientific and ethical limitations are becoming increasingly appreciated. The paucity of data on individuals with African ancestry is especially noteworthy as Africa is the birthplace of modern humans and harbors the greatest genetic diversity. It is expected that greater representation of those with African ancestry in genomic research will bring novel insights into human biology, and lead to improvements in clinical care and improved understanding of health disparities. Now that major efforts have been undertaken to address this failing, is there evidence of these anticipated advances? Here, we evaluate the promise of including diverse individuals in genomic research in the context of recent literature on individuals of African ancestry. In addition, we discuss progress and achievements on related technological challenges and diversity among scientists conducting genomic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy R. Bentley
- Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Shawneequa L. Callier
- Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
- Department of Clinical Research and Leadership, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC USA
| | - Charles N. Rotimi
- Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
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16
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Haregu TN, Byrnes A, Singh K, Sathish T, Pasricha N, Wickramasinghe K, Thankappan KR, Oldenburg B. A scoping review of non-communicable disease research capacity strengthening initiatives in low and middle-income countries. Glob Health Res Policy 2019; 4:31. [PMID: 31799408 PMCID: PMC6883517 DOI: 10.1186/s41256-019-0123-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction As the epidemic of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) is rapidly developing in low and middle-income countries (LMICs), the importance of local research capacity and the role of contextually relevant research in informing policy and practice is of paramount importance. In this regard, initiatives in research capacity strengthening (RCS) are very important. The aim of this study was to review and summarize NCD research capacity strengthening strategies that have been undertaken in LMICs. Methods Using both systematic and other literature search, we identified and reviewed NCD-RCS initiatives that have been implemented in LMICs and reported since 2000. Information was extracted from published papers and websites related to these initiatives using a semi-structured checklist. We extracted information on program design, stakeholders involved, and countries of focus, program duration, targeted researchers, disease focus, skill/capacity areas involved and sources of funding. The extracted information was refined through further review and then underwent a textual narrative synthesis. Results We identified a number of different strategies used by research capacity strengthening programs and in the majority of initiatives, a combination of approaches was utilized. Capacity strengthening and training approaches were variously adapted locally and tailored to fit with the identified needs of the targeted researchers and health professionals. Most initiatives focused on individual level capacity and not system level capacity, although some undoubtedly benefited the research and health systems of LMICs. For most initiatives, mid-term and long-term outcomes were not evaluated. Though these initiatives might have enhanced research capacity in the immediate term, the sustainability of the results in the long-term remains unknown. Conclusion Most of NCD-RCS initiatives in LMICs focused on building individual capacity and only a few focused explicitly on institutional level capacity strengthening. Though many of the initiatives appear to have had promising short-term outcomes, evidence on their long-term impact and sustainability is lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tilahun Nigatu Haregu
- 1Melbourne School of Population and Global Health & WHO Collaborating Centre on Implementation Research for Prevention & Control of NCDs, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Allison Byrnes
- 1Melbourne School of Population and Global Health & WHO Collaborating Centre on Implementation Research for Prevention & Control of NCDs, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,Family Life Limited, Sandringham, Australia
| | - Kavita Singh
- 3Centre for Chronic Disease Control, New Delhi, India
| | - Thirunavukkarasu Sathish
- 1Melbourne School of Population and Global Health & WHO Collaborating Centre on Implementation Research for Prevention & Control of NCDs, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,4Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Brian Oldenburg
- 1Melbourne School of Population and Global Health & WHO Collaborating Centre on Implementation Research for Prevention & Control of NCDs, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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17
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Nonterah EA, Boua PR, Klipstein-Grobusch K, Asiki G, Micklesfield LK, Agongo G, Ali SA, Mashinya F, Sorgho H, Nakanabo-Diallo S, Debpuur C, Kyobutungi C, Alberts M, Norris S, Tollman S, Tinto H, Soo CC, Mukomana F, Hazelhurst S, Wade AN, Kahn K, Oduro AR, Grobbee DE, Sankoh O, Ramsay M, Bots ML, Crowther NJ. Classical Cardiovascular Risk Factors and HIV are Associated With Carotid Intima-Media Thickness in Adults From Sub-Saharan Africa: Findings From H3Africa AWI-Gen Study. J Am Heart Assoc 2019; 8:e011506. [PMID: 31304842 PMCID: PMC6662137 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.118.011506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background Studies on the determinants of carotid intima-media thickness ( CIMT ), a marker of sub-clinical atherosclerosis, mostly come from white, Asian, and diasporan black populations. We present CIMT data from sub-Saharan Africa, which is experiencing a rising burden of cardiovascular diseases and infectious diseases. Methods and Results The H3 (Human Hereditary and Health) in Africa's AWI-Gen (African-Wits-INDEPTH partnership for Genomic) study is a cross-sectional study conducted in adults aged 40 to 60 years from Burkina Faso, Kenya, Ghana, and South Africa. Cardiovascular disease risk and ultrasonography of the CIMT of right and left common carotids were measured. Multivariable linear and mixed-effect multilevel regression modeling was applied to determine factors related to CIMT. Data included 8872 adults (50.8% men), mean age of 50±6 years with age- and sex-adjusted mean (±SE) CIMT of 640±123μm. Participants from Ghana and Burkina Faso had higher CIMT compared with other sites. Age (β = 6.77, 95%CI [6.34-7.19]), body mass index (17.6[12.5-22.8]), systolic blood pressure (7.52[6.21-8.83]), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (5.08[2.10-8.06]) and men (10.3[4.75- 15.9]) were associated with higher CIMT. Smoking was associated with higher CIMT in men. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (-12.2 [-17.9- -6.41]), alcohol consumption (-13.5 [-19.1--7.91]) and HIV (-8.86 [-15.7--2.03]) were inversely associated with CIMT. Conclusions Given the rising prevalence of cardiovascular diseases risk factors in sub-Saharan Africa, atherosclerotic diseases may become a major pan-African epidemic unless preventive measures are taken particularly for prevention of hypertension, obesity, and smoking. HIV -specific studies are needed to fully understand the association between HIV and CIMT in sub-Saharan Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Engelbert A Nonterah
- 1 Navrongo Health Research Centre Ghana Health Service Navrongo Ghana.,2 Julius Global Health Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care University Medical Center Utrecht Utrecht University Utrecht the Netherlands
| | - Palwende R Boua
- 3 Clinical Research Unit of Nanoro Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé Nanoro Burkina Faso.,4 Sydney Brenner Institute of Molecular Bioscience Faculty of Health Sciences University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg South Africa.,5 Division of Human Genetics Faculty of Health Sciences University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Kerstin Klipstein-Grobusch
- 2 Julius Global Health Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care University Medical Center Utrecht Utrecht University Utrecht the Netherlands.,6 Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics School of Public Health Faculty of Health Sciences University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Gershim Asiki
- 10 African Population and Health Research Centre (APHRC) Nairobi Kenya
| | - Lisa K Micklesfield
- 7 MRC/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit Faculty of Health Sciences University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Godfred Agongo
- 1 Navrongo Health Research Centre Ghana Health Service Navrongo Ghana
| | - Stuart A Ali
- 4 Sydney Brenner Institute of Molecular Bioscience Faculty of Health Sciences University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Felistas Mashinya
- 11 Dikgale Health Demographic Surveillance Site Department of Pathology and Medical Sciences School of Health Care Sciences Faculty of Health Sciences University of Limpopo Polokwane South Africa
| | - Herman Sorgho
- 3 Clinical Research Unit of Nanoro Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé Nanoro Burkina Faso
| | - Seydou Nakanabo-Diallo
- 3 Clinical Research Unit of Nanoro Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé Nanoro Burkina Faso
| | - Cornelius Debpuur
- 1 Navrongo Health Research Centre Ghana Health Service Navrongo Ghana
| | | | - Marianne Alberts
- 11 Dikgale Health Demographic Surveillance Site Department of Pathology and Medical Sciences School of Health Care Sciences Faculty of Health Sciences University of Limpopo Polokwane South Africa
| | - Shane Norris
- 7 MRC/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit Faculty of Health Sciences University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Stephen Tollman
- 6 Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics School of Public Health Faculty of Health Sciences University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg South Africa.,8 MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt) School of Public Health Faculty of Health Sciences University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg South Africa.,12 INDEPTH-Network Accra Ghana
| | - Halidou Tinto
- 3 Clinical Research Unit of Nanoro Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé Nanoro Burkina Faso
| | - Cassandra C Soo
- 4 Sydney Brenner Institute of Molecular Bioscience Faculty of Health Sciences University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg South Africa.,5 Division of Human Genetics Faculty of Health Sciences University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Freedom Mukomana
- 4 Sydney Brenner Institute of Molecular Bioscience Faculty of Health Sciences University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Scott Hazelhurst
- 4 Sydney Brenner Institute of Molecular Bioscience Faculty of Health Sciences University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Alisha N Wade
- 8 MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt) School of Public Health Faculty of Health Sciences University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Kathleen Kahn
- 6 Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics School of Public Health Faculty of Health Sciences University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg South Africa.,8 MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt) School of Public Health Faculty of Health Sciences University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg South Africa.,12 INDEPTH-Network Accra Ghana
| | - Abraham R Oduro
- 1 Navrongo Health Research Centre Ghana Health Service Navrongo Ghana
| | - Diederick E Grobbee
- 2 Julius Global Health Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care University Medical Center Utrecht Utrecht University Utrecht the Netherlands
| | - Osman Sankoh
- 6 Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics School of Public Health Faculty of Health Sciences University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg South Africa.,12 INDEPTH-Network Accra Ghana
| | - Michèle Ramsay
- 4 Sydney Brenner Institute of Molecular Bioscience Faculty of Health Sciences University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg South Africa.,5 Division of Human Genetics Faculty of Health Sciences University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Michiel L Bots
- 2 Julius Global Health Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care University Medical Center Utrecht Utrecht University Utrecht the Netherlands
| | - Nigel J Crowther
- 9 Department of Chemical Pathology National Health Laboratory Services (NHLS) Faculty of Health Sciences University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg South Africa
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Mohamed SF, Haregu TN, Khayeka-Wandabwa C, Muthuri SK, Kyobutungi C. Magnitude and predictors of normal-weight central obesity- the AWI-Gen study findings. Glob Health Action 2019; 12:1685809. [PMID: 31694493 PMCID: PMC6844381 DOI: 10.1080/16549716.2019.1685809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Normal-weight central obesity is associated with higher mortality than general obesity as defined by body mass index, particularly in the absence of central fat distribution.Objective: The aim of this study was to examine the magnitude and predictors of normal-weight central obesity in an urban informal settlement setting in Kenya.Methods: We used data from the AWI-Gen study, a cross-sectional survey targeting randomly selected consenting adults between the ages of 40-60 in two urban informal settlements of Nairobi between 2014 and 2016. Central obesity was determined using waist circumference, waist to hip ratio, visceral fat thickness, and subcutaneous fat thickness. General obesity was determined using body mass index (BMI).Results: About 20.0% of participants in the study had general obesity. The prevalence of central obesity as measured by waist circumference was 52.0%, by waist-to-hip ratio was 53.5%, by visceral fat thickness was 32.4% and by subcutaneous fat thickness was 49.2%. The prevalence of normal-weight central obesity in the study population was highest when measured by waist to hip ratio (38.1%) and lowest when measured by visceral fat thickness (18.1%). Factors associated with normal-weight central obesity as assesses by waist circumference were being female, of older age, and in full-time employment. Older age was associated with normal-weight central obesity as assessed by waist to hip ratio.Conclusion: The findings highlight a significant prevalence of normal-weight central obesity among adults in a poor urban setting in Kenya, pointing to women as a key target group for focused interventions. Longitudinal studies are needed to establish whether there is a link between normal-weight central obesity and mortality in such settings as has been found in other settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shukri F. Mohamed
- Health and Systems for Health Unit (HSH), African Population and Health Research Center (APHRC), Nairobi, Kenya
- Division of Health Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Tilahun Nigatu Haregu
- Health and Systems for Health Unit (HSH), African Population and Health Research Center (APHRC), Nairobi, Kenya
- Non-Communicable Disease Unit, School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Christopher Khayeka-Wandabwa
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology (SPST), Health Science Platform, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Stella Kagwiria Muthuri
- Health and Systems for Health Unit (HSH), African Population and Health Research Center (APHRC), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Catherine Kyobutungi
- Health and Systems for Health Unit (HSH), African Population and Health Research Center (APHRC), Nairobi, Kenya
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Body mass index and wealth index: positively correlated indicators of health and wealth inequalities in Nairobi slums. GLOBAL HEALTH EPIDEMIOLOGY AND GENOMICS 2018; 3:e11. [PMID: 30263135 PMCID: PMC6152486 DOI: 10.1017/gheg.2018.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Wealth index is a known predictor of body mass index (BMI). Many studies have reported a positive association between BMI and socioeconomic status (SES). However, an in-depth investigation of the relationship between BMI and wealth index is lacking for urban slum settings. Objective To examine the association between BMI and wealth index in an urban slum setting in Nairobi, Kenya. Methods A total of 2003 adults between 40 and 60 years of age were included. BMI was derived from direct weight and height measurements. Wealth Index was computed using the standard principal component analysis of household amenities ownership. The relationship between BMI and wealth index was assessed using both linear and logistic regression models. Results We found that BMI linearly increased across the five quintiles of wealth index in both men and women, after adjusting for potential confounding factors. The prevalence of obesity increased from 10% in the first wealth quintile to 26.2% in the fifth wealth quintile. The average BMI for women entered the overweight category at the second quintile wealth status, or the third quintile for the total population. Conclusion There exists a strong positive relationship between BMI and wealth index in slum settings. Health promotion interventions aimed at reducing obesity may consider using wealth index in priority setting.
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Ali SA, Soo C, Agongo G, Alberts M, Amenga-Etego L, Boua RP, Choudhury A, Crowther NJ, Depuur C, Gómez-Olivé FX, Guiraud I, Haregu TN, Hazelhurst S, Kahn K, Khayeka-Wandabwa C, Kyobutungi C, Lombard Z, Mashinya F, Micklesfield L, Mohamed SF, Mukomana F, Nakanabo-Diallo S, Natama HM, Ngomi N, Nonterah EA, Norris SA, Oduro AR, Somé AM, Sorgho H, Tindana P, Tinto H, Tollman S, Twine R, Wade A, Sankoh O, Ramsay M. Genomic and environmental risk factors for cardiometabolic diseases in Africa: methods used for Phase 1 of the AWI-Gen population cross-sectional study. Glob Health Action 2018; 11:1507133. [PMID: 30259792 PMCID: PMC6161608 DOI: 10.1080/16549716.2018.1507133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
There is an alarming tide of cardiovascular and metabolic disease (CMD) sweeping across Africa. This may be a result of an increasingly urbanized lifestyle characterized by the growing consumption of processed and calorie-dense food, combined with physical inactivity and more sedentary behaviour. While the link between lifestyle and public health has been extensively studied in Caucasian and African American populations, few studies have been conducted in Africa. This paper describes the detailed methods for Phase 1 of the AWI-Gen study that were used to capture phenotype data and assess the associated risk factors and end points for CMD in persons over the age of 40 years in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). We developed a population-based cross-sectional study of disease burden and phenotype in Africans, across six centres in SSA. These centres are in West Africa (Nanoro, Burkina Faso, and Navrongo, Ghana), in East Africa (Nairobi, Kenya) and in South Africa (Agincourt, Dikgale and Soweto). A total of 10,702 individuals between the ages of 40 and 60 years were recruited into the study across the six centres, plus an additional 1021 participants over the age of 60 years from the Agincourt centre. We collected socio-demographic, anthropometric, medical history, diet, physical activity, fat distribution and alcohol/tobacco consumption data from participants. Blood samples were collected for disease-related biomarker assays, and genomic DNA extraction for genome-wide association studies. Urine samples were collected to assess kidney function. The study provides base-line data for the development of a series of cohorts with a second wave of data collection in Phase 2 of the study. These data will provide valuable insights into the genetic and environmental influences on CMD on the African continent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart A. Ali
- Sydney Brenner Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Cassandra Soo
- Sydney Brenner Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Faculty of Health Sciences University of the Witwatersrand, Division of Human Genetics, National Health Laboratory Service and School of Pathology, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Godfred Agongo
- Sydney Brenner Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Navrongo Health Research Centre, Navrongo, Ghana
| | - Marianne Alberts
- Department of Pathology and Medical Science, School of Health Care Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Limpopo, Polokwane, South Africa
| | | | - Romuald P. Boua
- Sydney Brenner Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Faculty of Health Sciences University of the Witwatersrand, Division of Human Genetics, National Health Laboratory Service and School of Pathology, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Clinical Research Unit of Nanoro, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Sante, Nanoro, Burkina Faso
| | - Ananyo Choudhury
- Sydney Brenner Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Nigel J. Crowther
- Department of Chemical Pathology, National Health Laboratory Service, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | - F. Xavier Gómez-Olivé
- MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Issa Guiraud
- Clinical Research Unit of Nanoro, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Sante, Nanoro, Burkina Faso
| | | | - Scott Hazelhurst
- Sydney Brenner Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- School of Electrical & Information Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Kathleen Kahn
- MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana
| | | | | | - Zané Lombard
- Sydney Brenner Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Faculty of Health Sciences University of the Witwatersrand, Division of Human Genetics, National Health Laboratory Service and School of Pathology, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Felistas Mashinya
- Department of Pathology and Medical Science, School of Health Care Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Limpopo, Polokwane, South Africa
| | - Lisa Micklesfield
- MRC/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | - Freedom Mukomana
- Sydney Brenner Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Seydou Nakanabo-Diallo
- Clinical Research Unit of Nanoro, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Sante, Nanoro, Burkina Faso
| | - Hamtandi M. Natama
- Clinical Research Unit of Nanoro, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Sante, Nanoro, Burkina Faso
| | - Nicholas Ngomi
- African Population and Health Research Center, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Engelbert A. Nonterah
- Sydney Brenner Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Navrongo Health Research Centre, Navrongo, Ghana
| | - Shane A. Norris
- MRC/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | - Athanase M. Somé
- Clinical Research Unit of Nanoro, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Sante, Nanoro, Burkina Faso
| | - Hermann Sorgho
- Clinical Research Unit of Nanoro, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Sante, Nanoro, Burkina Faso
| | | | - Halidou Tinto
- Clinical Research Unit of Nanoro, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Sante, Nanoro, Burkina Faso
| | - Stephen Tollman
- MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana
| | - Rhian Twine
- MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Alisha Wade
- MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Osman Sankoh
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana
- Statistics Sierra Leone, Tower Hill, Freetown, Sierra Leone
- Department of Community Medicine, College of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences,University of Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Michèle Ramsay
- Sydney Brenner Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Faculty of Health Sciences University of the Witwatersrand, Division of Human Genetics, National Health Laboratory Service and School of Pathology, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Utumatwishima JN, Chung ST, Bentley AR, Udahogora M, Sumner AE. Reversing the tide - diagnosis and prevention of T2DM in populations of African descent. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2018; 14:45-56. [PMID: 29052590 DOI: 10.1038/nrendo.2017.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Populations of African descent are at the forefront of the worldwide epidemic of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The burden of T2DM is amplified by diagnosis after preventable complications of the disease have occurred. Earlier detection would result in a reduction in undiagnosed T2DM, more accurate statistics, more informed resource allocation and better health. An underappreciated factor contributing to undiagnosed T2DM in populations of African descent is that screening tests for hyperglycaemia, specifically, fasting plasma glucose and HbA1c, perform sub-optimally in these populations. To offset this problem, combining tests or adding glycated albumin (a nonfasting marker of glycaemia), might be the way forward. However, differences in diet, exercise, BMI, environment, gene-environment interactions and the prevalence of sickle cell trait mean that neither diagnostic tests nor interventions will be uniformly effective in individuals of African, Caribbean or African-American descent. Among these three populations of African descent, intensive lifestyle interventions have been reported in only the African-American population, in which they have been found to provide effective primary prevention of T2DM but not secondary prevention. Owing to a lack of health literacy and poor glycaemic control in Africa and the Caribbean, customized lifestyle interventions might achieve both secondary and primary prevention. Overall, diagnosis and prevention of T2DM requires innovative strategies that are sensitive to the diversity that exists within populations of African descent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean N Utumatwishima
- Section on Ethnicity and Health, Diabetes, Endocrinology and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Stephanie T Chung
- Section on Ethnicity and Health, Diabetes, Endocrinology and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Amy R Bentley
- Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Margaret Udahogora
- Dietetics Program, University of Maryland, College Park, 0112 Skinner Building, Office 0125 Skinner Building, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Anne E Sumner
- Section on Ethnicity and Health, Diabetes, Endocrinology and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
- National Institute of Minority Health and Health Disparities, National Institutes of Health (NIH), 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Lee GQ, McCluskey S, Boum Y, Hunt PW, Martin JN, Bangsberg DR, Gao X, Harrigan PR, Haberer JE, Siedner MJ. Brief Report: Should Abacavir Be a First-Line Alternative for Adults With HIV in Sub-Saharan Africa? J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2017; 76:188-192. [PMID: 28639996 PMCID: PMC5597467 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000001487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite a poor toxicity profile, zidovudine supersedes abacavir (ABC) as an alternative first-line agent in most international treatment guidelines because of concerns about HLA-B*57:01-related ABC-hypersensitivity. We detected one case of HLA-B*57:01 carriage among 513 HIV-infected individuals in Uganda, which, in combination with previous reports, supports the safety of ABC in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guinevere Q. Lee
- BC Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Suzanne McCluskey
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yap Boum
- Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
| | | | | | | | - Xiaojiang Gao
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Mark J. Siedner
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
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Agarwal D, Dhotre D, Patil R, Shouche Y, Juvekar S, Salvi S. Potential of Health and Demographic Surveillance System in Asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Microbiome Research. Front Public Health 2017; 5:196. [PMID: 28824902 PMCID: PMC5543077 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2017.00196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Health and demographic surveillance system (HDSS) is a population-based health and vital event registration system that monitors demographic and health events in a geographically defined population at regular intervals. Human microbiome research in the past decade has been the field of increasingly intense research much due to its demonstrated impact upon various health conditions including human chronic airway diseases such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Many confounding factors have been revealed to play a role in shaping the microbiome in chronic airway diseases. Asthma and COPD follows a typical pattern of disease progression, which includes stable and exacerbation state in which the microbiota is known to vary. However, many such studies lack extensive and longitudinal sampling with inadequate metadata, which has resulted in the inconsistencies in the observations. HDSS provides such a platform, which can offer a deeper understanding of the role of the microbiome in human health. In this review, we highlight opportunities and limitations in microbiome research with the help of studies conducted on chronic airway diseases like asthma and COPD. In addition, we also emphasize on the benefits of HDSS and future directions in lung microbiome research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhiraj Agarwal
- Chest Research Foundation, Pune, India.,Vadu Rural Health Program, KEM Hospital Research Centre, Pune, India
| | - Dhiraj Dhotre
- Microbial Culture Collection, National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, India
| | - Rutuja Patil
- Vadu Rural Health Program, KEM Hospital Research Centre, Pune, India
| | - Yogesh Shouche
- Microbial Culture Collection, National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, India
| | - Sanjay Juvekar
- Vadu Rural Health Program, KEM Hospital Research Centre, Pune, India.,INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana
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Strengthening human genetics research in Africa: report of the 9th meeting of the African Society of Human Genetics in Dakar in May 2016. GLOBAL HEALTH EPIDEMIOLOGY AND GENOMICS 2017; 2:e10. [PMID: 29868221 PMCID: PMC5870411 DOI: 10.1017/gheg.2017.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The 9th meeting of the African Society of Human Genetics, in partnership with the Senegalese Cancer Research and Study Group and the Human Heredity and Health in Africa (H3Africa) Consortium, was held in Dakar, Senegal. The theme was Strengthening Human Genetics Research in Africa. The 210 delegates came from 21 African countries and from France, Switzerland, UK, UAE, Canada and the USA. The goal was to highlight genetic and genomic science across the African continent with the ultimate goal of improving the health of Africans and those across the globe, and to promote the careers of young African scientists in the field. A session on the sustainability of genomic research in Africa brought to light innovative and practical approaches to supporting research in resource-limited settings and the importance of promoting genetics in academic, research funding, governmental and private sectors. This meeting led to the formation of the Senegalese Society for Human Genetics.
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Diversity and inclusion in genomic research: why the uneven progress? J Community Genet 2017; 8:255-266. [PMID: 28770442 PMCID: PMC5614884 DOI: 10.1007/s12687-017-0316-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Conducting genomic research in diverse populations has led to numerous advances in our understanding of human history, biology, and health disparities, in addition to discoveries of vital clinical significance. Conducting genomic research in diverse populations is also important in ensuring that the genomic revolution does not exacerbate health disparities by facilitating discoveries that will disproportionately benefit well-represented populations. Despite the general agreement on the need for genomic research in diverse populations in terms of equity and scientific progress, genomic research remains largely focused on populations of European descent. In this article, we describe the rationale for conducting genomic research in diverse populations by reviewing examples of advances facilitated by their inclusion. We also explore some of the factors that perpetuate the disproportionate attention on well-represented populations. Finally, we discuss ongoing efforts to ameliorate this continuing bias. Collaborative and intensive efforts at all levels of research, from the funding of studies to the publication of their findings, will be necessary to ensure that genomic research does not conserve historical inequalities or curtail the contribution that genomics could make to the health of all humanity.
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Gómez-Olivé FX, Ali SA, Made F, Kyobutungi C, Nonterah E, Micklesfield L, Alberts M, Boua R, Hazelhurst S, Debpuur C, Mashinya F, Dikotope S, Sorgho H, Cook I, Muthuri S, Soo C, Mukomana F, Agongo G, Wandabwa C, Afolabi S, Oduro A, Tinto H, Wagner RG, Haregu T, Wade A, Kahn K, Norris SA, Crowther NJ, Tollman S, Sankoh O, Ramsay M. Regional and Sex Differences in the Prevalence and Awareness of Hypertension: An H3Africa AWI-Gen Study Across 6 Sites in Sub-Saharan Africa. Glob Heart 2017; 12:81-90. [PMID: 28302553 DOI: 10.1016/j.gheart.2017.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a high prevalence of hypertension and related cardiovascular diseases in sub-Saharan Africa, yet few large studies exploring hypertension in Africa are available. The actual burden of disease is poorly understood and awareness and treatment to control it is often suboptimal. OBJECTIVES The study sought to report the prevalence of measured hypertension and to assess awareness and control of blood pressure among older adults in rural and urban settings in 6 sites located in West, East, and Southern Africa. In addition, we examined regional, sex, and age differences related to hypertension. METHODS A population-based cross-sectional study was performed at 6 sites in 4 African countries: Burkina Faso (Nanoro), Ghana (Navrongo), Kenya (Nairobi), and South Africa (Agincourt, Dikgale, Soweto). Blood pressure measurements were taken using standardized procedures on 10,696 adults 40 to 60 years of age. Hypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure ≥140 mm Hg or diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mm Hg or taking antihypertensive medication. RESULTS The mean prevalence of hypertension ranged from 15.1% in Nanoro to 54.1% in Soweto. All 3 of the South African sites had a mean prevalence of hypertension of over 40.0%, significantly higher than in Nairobi (25.6%) and Navrongo (24.5%). Prevalence increased with age in both sexes and at all sites. A significantly higher prevalence of hypertension was observed in women in Agincourt, Dikgale, and Nairobi, whereas in Nanoro this trend was reversed. Within the hypertensive group the average proportion of participants who were aware of their blood pressure status was only 39.4% for men and 53.8% for women, and varied widely across sites. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates that the prevalence of hypertension and the level of disease awareness differ not only between but also within sub-Saharan African countries. Each nation must tailor their regional hypertension awareness and screening programs to match the characteristics of their local populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Xavier Gómez-Olivé
- MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Harvard Center for Population and Development Studies, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Stuart A Ali
- Sydney Brenner Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Felix Made
- Sydney Brenner Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | | | - Lisa Micklesfield
- MRC/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Marianne Alberts
- Department of Pathology and Medical Sciences, School of Health Care Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Limpopo, Polokwane, South Africa
| | - Romuald Boua
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Sante, Clinical Research Unit of Nanoro, Nanoro, Burkina Faso
| | - Scott Hazelhurst
- Sydney Brenner Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; School of Electrical & Information Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | - Felistas Mashinya
- Department of Pathology and Medical Sciences, School of Health Care Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Limpopo, Polokwane, South Africa
| | - Sekgothe Dikotope
- Department of Pathology and Medical Sciences, School of Health Care Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Limpopo, Polokwane, South Africa
| | - Hermann Sorgho
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Sante, Clinical Research Unit of Nanoro, Nanoro, Burkina Faso
| | - Ian Cook
- Physical Activity Epidemiology Laboratory (EDST), School of Education, Faculty of Humanities, University of Limpopo, Polokwane, South Africa
| | - Stella Muthuri
- African Population and Health Research Center, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Cassandra Soo
- Sydney Brenner Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Freedom Mukomana
- Sydney Brenner Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | | | - Sulaimon Afolabi
- MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | - Halidou Tinto
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Sante, Clinical Research Unit of Nanoro, Nanoro, Burkina Faso
| | - Ryan G Wagner
- MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Tilahun Haregu
- African Population and Health Research Center, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Alisha Wade
- MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Kathleen Kahn
- MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Shane A Norris
- MRC/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Nigel J Crowther
- Department of Chemical Pathology, National Health Laboratory Service, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Stephen Tollman
- MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Osman Sankoh
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Njala University, Njala, Sierra Leone
| | - Michèle Ramsay
- Sydney Brenner Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Division of Human Genetics, National Health Laboratory Service and School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
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H3Africa AWI-Gen Collaborative Centre: a resource to study the interplay between genomic and environmental risk factors for cardiometabolic diseases in four sub-Saharan African countries. GLOBAL HEALTH EPIDEMIOLOGY AND GENOMICS 2016; 1:e20. [PMID: 29276616 PMCID: PMC5732578 DOI: 10.1017/gheg.2016.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Africa is experiencing a rapid increase in adult obesity and associated cardiometabolic diseases (CMDs). The H3Africa AWI-Gen Collaborative Centre was established to examine genomic and environmental factors that influence body composition, body fat distribution and CMD risk, with the aim to provide insights towards effective treatment and intervention strategies. It provides a research platform of over 10 500 participants, 40–60 years old, from Burkina Faso, Ghana, Kenya and South Africa. Following a process that involved community engagement, training of project staff and participant informed consent, participants were administered detailed questionnaires, anthropometric measurements were taken and biospecimens collected. This generated a wealth of demographic, health history, environmental, behavioural and biomarker data. The H3Africa SNP array will be used for genome-wide association studies. AWI-Gen is building capacity to perform large epidemiological, genomic and epigenomic studies across several African counties and strives to become a valuable resource for research collaborations in Africa.
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Is there a role of pharmacogenomics in Africa. GLOBAL HEALTH EPIDEMIOLOGY AND GENOMICS 2016; 1:e9. [PMID: 29868201 PMCID: PMC5870419 DOI: 10.1017/gheg.2016.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacogenomics has the potential of transforming clinical research and improving healthcare in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). The role of African genome diversity and the opportunities for pharmacogenomics research are highlighted and will enable discovery of novel genetic mechanisms and validation of established markers. African genomics and biobank consortia will play an important role in building capacity for pharmacogenomics in SSA.
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Ferrie JE. Accomplishments, malfeasances, misfeasances and nonfeasances. Int J Epidemiol 2016. [DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyw068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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