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Mulka KR, Queen SE, Mangus LM, Beck SE, Knight AC, McCarron ME, Solis CV, Wizzard AJ, Jayaram J, Colantuoni C, Mankowski JL. A Switch from Glial to Neuronal Gene Expression Alterations in the Spinal Cord of SIV-infected Macaques on Antiretroviral Therapy. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2024; 19:28. [PMID: 38862787 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-024-10130-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Despite antiretroviral therapy (ART), HIV-associated peripheral neuropathy remains one of the most prevalent neurologic manifestations of HIV infection. The spinal cord is an essential component of sensory pathways, but spinal cord sampling and evaluation in people with HIV has been very limited, especially in those on ART. The SIV/macaque model allows for assessment of the spinal cord at key time points throughout infection with and without ART. In this study, RNA was isolated from the spinal cord of uninfected, SIV+, and SIV + ART animals to track alterations in gene expression using global RNA-seq. Next, the SeqSeek platform was used to map changes in gene expression to specific cell types. Pathway analysis of differentially expressed genes demonstrated that highly upregulated genes in SIV-infected spinal cord aligned with interferon and viral response pathways. Additionally, this upregulated gene set significantly overlapped with those expressed in myeloid-derived cells including microglia. Downregulated genes were involved in cholesterol and collagen biosynthesis, and TGF-b regulation of extracellular matrix. In contrast, enriched pathways identified in SIV + ART animals included neurotransmitter receptors and post synaptic signaling regulators, and transmission across chemical synapses. SeqSeek analysis showed that upregulated genes were primarily expressed by neurons rather than glia. These findings indicate that pathways activated in the spinal cord of SIV + ART macaques are predominantly involved in neuronal signaling rather than proinflammatory pathways. This study provides the basis for further evaluation of mechanisms of SIV infection + ART within the spinal cord with a focus on therapeutic interventions to maintain synaptodendritic homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen R Mulka
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Suzanne E Queen
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Lisa M Mangus
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Sarah E Beck
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Audrey C Knight
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Megan E McCarron
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Clarisse V Solis
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Arlon J Wizzard
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Jyotsna Jayaram
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Carlo Colantuoni
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Joseph L Mankowski
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
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2
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Koo KKH, Morris J, Ansari SA, Younis F. Hand conditions as sequelae of infection with COVID-19: a literature review. J Hand Surg Eur Vol 2024; 49:284-289. [PMID: 37694736 DOI: 10.1177/17531934231192832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Patients have attended our clinics with various hand pathologies after contracting COVID-19 or receiving vaccination. We postulate the virus stimulates a systemic inflammatory response that triggers these pathologies and conducted a search of the literature for associated conditions. Twenty publications were included for this review. Three studies identified skeletal muscle inflammation, and several identified reactive arthritis post-infection. Rheumatoid arthritis post-infection was also recognized, along with crystalline arthropathy. Carpal tunnel syndrome was seen in two cases. There is a current paucity in published scientific material regarding COVID-19 sequalae in the hand. This review aims to stimulate discussion in how a virus can induce pathological processes causing common hand pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James Morris
- Trauma and Orthopaedics, Health Education England Yorkshire and Humber, UK
| | | | - Fizan Younis
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, East Lancashire Hospitals NHS Trust, UK
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3
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Balaji S, Chakraborty R, Aggarwal S. Neurological Complications Caused by Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Associated Opportunistic Co-infections: A Review on their Diagnosis and Therapeutic Insights. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS DRUG TARGETS 2024; 23:284-305. [PMID: 37005520 DOI: 10.2174/1871527322666230330083708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
Neurocognitive disorders associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected individuals increase the risk of mortality and morbidity that remain a prevalent clinical complication even in the antiretroviral therapy era. It is estimated that a considerable number of people in the HIV community are developing neurological complications at their early stages of infection. The daily lives of people with chronic HIV infections are greatly affected by cognitive declines such as loss of attention, learning, and executive functions, and other adverse conditions like neuronal injury and dementia. It has been found that the entry of HIV into the brain and subsequently crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB) causes brain cell damage, which is the prerequisite for the development of neurocognitive disorders. Besides the HIV replication in the central nervous system and the adverse effects of antiretroviral therapy on the BBB, a range of opportunistic infections, including viral, bacterial, and parasitic agents, augment the neurological complications in people living with HIV (PLHIV). Given the immuno-compromised state of PLHIV, these co-infections can present a wide range of clinical syndromes with atypical manifestations that pose challenges in diagnosis and clinical management, representing a substantial burden for the public health system. Therefore, the present review narrates the neurological complications triggered by HIV and their diagnosis and treatment options. Moreover, coinfections that are known to cause neurological disorders in HIV infected individuals are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivaraman Balaji
- Division of Epidemiology and Communicable Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research-Headquarters, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Rohan Chakraborty
- Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Sumit Aggarwal
- Division of Epidemiology and Communicable Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research-Headquarters, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029, India
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4
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Warfield R, Robinson JA, Podgorski RM, Miller AD, Burdo TH. Neuroinflammation in the Dorsal Root Ganglia and Dorsal Horn Contributes to Persistence of Nociceptor Sensitization in SIV-Infected Antiretroviral Therapy-Treated Macaques. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2023; 193:2017-2030. [PMID: 37734588 PMCID: PMC10699130 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2023.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Despite the development of antiretroviral therapy (ART), HIV-associated distal sensory polyneuropathy remains prevalent. Using SIV-infected rhesus macaques, this study examined molecular mechanisms of peripheral and central sensitization to infer chronic pain from HIV infection. Previous studies identified atrophy in nociceptive neurons during SIV infection, which was associated with monocyte infiltration into the dorsal root ganglia (DRG). However, the sensory signaling mechanism connecting this pathology to symptoms remains unclear, especially because pain persists after resolution of high viremia and inflammation with ART. We hypothesized that residual DRG and dorsal horn neuroinflammation contributes to nociceptive sensitization. Using three cohorts of macaques [uninfected (SIV-), SIV-infected (SIV+), and SIV infected with ART (SIV+/ART)], this study showed an increase in the cellular and cytokine inflammatory profiles in the DRG of SIV+/ART macaques compared with uninfected animals. It found significant increase in the expression of nociceptive ion channels, TRPV1, and TRPA1 among DRG neurons in SIV+/ART compared with uninfected animals. SIV-infected and SIV+/ART animals showed reduced innervation of the nonpeptidergic nociceptors into the dorsal horn compared with uninfected animals. Finally, there were a significantly higher number of CD68+ cells in the dorsal horn of SIV+/ART macaques compared with uninfected animals. In summary, these data demonstrate that neuroinflammation, characteristics of nociceptor sensitization, and central terminal atrophy persists in SIV+/ART animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Warfield
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Inflammation, Center for NeuroVirology and Gene Editing, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jake A Robinson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Inflammation, Center for NeuroVirology and Gene Editing, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Rachel M Podgorski
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Inflammation, Center for NeuroVirology and Gene Editing, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Andrew D Miller
- Section of Anatomic Pathology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, New York
| | - Tricia H Burdo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Inflammation, Center for NeuroVirology and Gene Editing, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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5
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Tavee J. Peripheral neuropathy in sarcoidosis. J Neuroimmunol 2022; 368:577864. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2022.577864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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6
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Ngarka L, Siewe Fodjo JN, Aly E, Masocha W, Njamnshi AK. The Interplay Between Neuroinfections, the Immune System and Neurological Disorders: A Focus on Africa. Front Immunol 2022; 12:803475. [PMID: 35095888 PMCID: PMC8792387 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.803475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurological disorders related to neuroinfections are highly prevalent in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), constituting a major cause of disability and economic burden for patients and society. These include epilepsy, dementia, motor neuron diseases, headache disorders, sleep disorders, and peripheral neuropathy. The highest prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is in SSA. Consequently, there is a high prevalence of neurological disorders associated with HIV infection such as HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders, motor disorders, chronic headaches, and peripheral neuropathy in the region. The pathogenesis of these neurological disorders involves the direct role of the virus, some antiretroviral treatments, and the dysregulated immune system. Furthermore, the high prevalence of epilepsy in SSA (mainly due to perinatal causes) is exacerbated by infections such as toxoplasmosis, neurocysticercosis, onchocerciasis, malaria, bacterial meningitis, tuberculosis, and the immune reactions they elicit. Sleep disorders are another common problem in the region and have been associated with infectious diseases such as human African trypanosomiasis and HIV and involve the activation of the immune system. While most headache disorders are due to benign primary headaches, some secondary headaches are caused by infections (meningitis, encephalitis, brain abscess). HIV and neurosyphilis, both common in SSA, can trigger long-standing immune activation in the central nervous system (CNS) potentially resulting in dementia. Despite the progress achieved in preventing diseases from the poliovirus and retroviruses, these microbes may cause motor neuron diseases in SSA. The immune mechanisms involved in these neurological disorders include increased cytokine levels, immune cells infiltration into the CNS, and autoantibodies. This review focuses on the major neurological disorders relevant to Africa and neuroinfections highly prevalent in SSA, describes the interplay between neuroinfections, immune system, neuroinflammation, and neurological disorders, and how understanding this can be exploited for the development of novel diagnostics and therapeutics for improved patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard Ngarka
- Brain Research Africa Initiative (BRAIN), Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Neuroscience Lab, Faculty of Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, The University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Department of Neurology, Yaoundé Central Hospital, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Joseph Nelson Siewe Fodjo
- Brain Research Africa Initiative (BRAIN), Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Global Health Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Esraa Aly
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait
| | - Willias Masocha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait
| | - Alfred K. Njamnshi
- Brain Research Africa Initiative (BRAIN), Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Neuroscience Lab, Faculty of Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, The University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Department of Neurology, Yaoundé Central Hospital, Yaoundé, Cameroon
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7
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Diaz MM, Keltner JR, Simmons AN, Franklin D, Moore RC, Clifford D, Collier AC, Gelman BB, Marra PD,C, McCutchan JA, Morgello S, Sacktor N, Best B, Notestine CF, Weibel SG, Grant I, Marcotte TD, Vaida F, Letendre S, Heaton R, Ellis RJ. Paresthesia Predicts Increased Risk of Distal Neuropathic Pain in Older People with HIV-Associated Sensory Polyneuropathy. PAIN MEDICINE (MALDEN, MASS.) 2021; 22:1850-1856. [PMID: 33565583 PMCID: PMC8502467 DOI: 10.1093/pm/pnab056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Distal sensory polyneuropathy (DSP) is a disabling consequence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), leading to poor quality of life and more frequent falls in older age. Neuropathic pain and paresthesia are prevalent symptoms; however, there are currently no known curative treatments and the longitudinal course of pain in HIV-associated DSP is poorly characterized. METHODS This was a prospective longitudinal study of 265 people with HIV (PWH) enrolled in the CNS HIV Antiretroviral Therapy Effects Research (CHARTER) study with baseline and 12-year follow-up evaluations. Since pain and paresthesia are highly correlated, statistical decomposition was used to separate the two symptoms at baseline. Multivariable logistic regression analyses of decomposed variables were used to determine the effects of neuropathy symptoms at baseline on presence and worsening of distal neuropathic pain at 12-year follow-up, adjusted for covariates. RESULTS Mean age was 56 ± 8 years, and 21% were female at follow-up. Nearly the entire cohort (96%) was on antiretroviral therapy (ART), and 82% had suppressed (≤50 copies/mL) plasma viral loads at follow-up. Of those with pain at follow-up (n = 100), 23% had paresthesia at the initial visit. Decomposed paresthesia at baseline increased the risk of pain at follow-up (odds ratio [OR] 1.56; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.18, 2.07), and decomposed pain at baseline predicted a higher frequency of pain at follow-up (OR 1.96 [95% CI 1.51, 2.58]). CONCLUSIONS Paresthesias are a clinically significant predictor of incident pain at follow-up among aging PWH with DSP. Development of new therapies to encourage neuroregeneration might take advantage of this finding to choose individuals likely to benefit from treatment preventing incident pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica M Diaz
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - John R Keltner
- Center of Excellence in Stress and Mental Health, San Diego Veterans Health System, San Diego, California
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Alan N Simmons
- Center of Excellence in Stress and Mental Health, San Diego Veterans Health System, San Diego, California
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Donald Franklin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Raeanne C Moore
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | | | | | | | | | - J Allen McCutchan
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Susan Morgello
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Ned Sacktor
- Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Brookie Best
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | | | - Sara Gianella Weibel
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Igor Grant
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Thomas D Marcotte
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Florin Vaida
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Scott Letendre
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Robert Heaton
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Ronald J Ellis
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
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8
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Peng L, Wu B, Shi L, Zou L, Li L, Yang R, Xu X, Li G, Liu S, Zhang C, Liang S. Long Non-coding RNA Uc.48+ Small Interfering RNA Alleviates Neuroinflammatory Hyperalgesia in Gp120-Treated Rats via the P2Y12 Receptor. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:663962. [PMID: 34326715 PMCID: PMC8315484 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.663962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus envelope glycoprotein 120 (gp120) leads to hyperalgesia. Long non-coding RNAs are characterized by the lack of a protein-coding sequence and may contribute to the development and maintenance of inflammatory and neuroinflammatory pain. Rats with neuroinflammatory pain were established by gp120 treatment, which is featured by intensified pain behaviors. Long non-coding RNA uc.48+ was increased in the dorsal root ganglia of gp120-treated rats, and small interfering RNA that targets uc.48+ markedly alleviated hyperalgesia in gp120-treated rats. Notably, uc.48+ overexpression increased P2Y12 expression in control rats dorsal root ganglia and induced hyperalgesia. Uc.48+ small interfering RNA inhibited P2Y12 expression in gp120-treated rats. Uc.48+ potentiated P2Y12 receptor functions in the neurons and heterologous cells. Therefore, uc.48+ siRNA treatment reduced the upregulation of P2Y12 expression and function in DRG neurons, and, hence, alleviated hyperalgesia in gp120-treated rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lichao Peng
- School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Bing Wu
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory of Physiology Department, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,Department of Cell Biology, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Liran Shi
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory of Physiology Department, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,Department of Cell Biology, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Lifang Zou
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory of Physiology Department, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,Department of Cell Biology, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Lin Li
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory of Physiology Department, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,Department of Cell Biology, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Runan Yang
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory of Physiology Department, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,Department of Cell Biology, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xiumei Xu
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory of Physiology Department, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,Department of Cell Biology, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Guilin Li
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory of Physiology Department, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,Department of Cell Biology, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Shuangmei Liu
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory of Physiology Department, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,Department of Cell Biology, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Chunping Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Autonomic Nervous Function and Disease, Nanchang, China
| | - Shangdong Liang
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory of Physiology Department, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,Department of Cell Biology, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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9
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McCarron ME, Weinberg RL, Izzi JM, Queen SE, Tarwater PM, Misra SL, Russakoff DB, Oakley JD, Mankowski JL. Combining In Vivo Corneal Confocal Microscopy With Deep Learning-Based Analysis Reveals Sensory Nerve Fiber Loss in Acute Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection. Cornea 2021; 40:635-642. [PMID: 33528225 PMCID: PMC8009813 DOI: 10.1097/ico.0000000000002661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To characterize corneal subbasal nerve plexus features of normal and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected macaques by combining in vivo corneal confocal microscopy (IVCM) with automated assessments using deep learning-based methods customized for macaques. METHODS IVCM images were collected from both male and female age-matched rhesus and pigtailed macaques housed at the Johns Hopkins University breeding colony using the Heidelberg HRTIII with Rostock Corneal Module. We also obtained repeat IVCM images of 12 SIV-infected animals including preinfection and 10-day post-SIV infection time points. All IVCM images were analyzed using a deep convolutional neural network architecture developed specifically for macaque studies. RESULTS Deep learning-based segmentation of subbasal nerves in IVCM images from macaques demonstrated that corneal nerve fiber length and fractal dimension measurements did not differ between species, but pigtailed macaques had significantly higher baseline corneal nerve fiber tortuosity than rhesus macaques (P = 0.005). Neither sex nor age of macaques was associated with differences in any of the assessed corneal subbasal nerve parameters. In the SIV/macaque model of human immunodeficiency virus, acute SIV infection induced significant decreases in both corneal nerve fiber length and fractal dimension (P = 0.01 and P = 0.008, respectively). CONCLUSIONS The combination of IVCM and robust objective deep learning analysis is a powerful tool to track sensory nerve damage, enabling early detection of neuropathy. Adapting deep learning analyses to clinical corneal nerve assessments will improve monitoring of small sensory nerve fiber damage in numerous clinical settings including human immunodeficiency virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E McCarron
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Rachel L Weinberg
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Jessica M Izzi
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Suzanne E Queen
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Patrick M Tarwater
- Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Stuti L Misra
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, New Zealand National Eye Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; and
| | | | | | - Joseph L Mankowski
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
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10
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Winias S, Radithia D, Savitri Ernawati D. Neuropathy complication of antiretroviral therapy in HIV/AIDS patients. Oral Dis 2020; 26 Suppl 1:149-152. [PMID: 32862548 DOI: 10.1111/odi.13398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Significant pain from HIV-associated sensory neuropathy (HIV-SN) affects 40% of HIV-infected individuals treated with antiretroviral therapy (ART). The most salient symptom of the neuropathy is pain, which frequently is moderate-to-severe intensity, associated with reduced activities and physical function, sleep disruption, increased severity of depression, and anxiety. Yet, evidence for managing painful HIV-SN is poor. The purpose of this study was to verify by scientific evidence the neuropathy complication in HIV/AIDS patients to develop effective pain management strategies. METHODS Design: Systematic review. DATA SOURCES PubMed (MEDLINE), Cochrane, www.controlled-trials.com. SELECTION CRITERIA the filter "English" was used, timeframed searched was 2009-2019, randomized controlled trials (RCT). Keywords were verified in MeSH "Peripheral Nervous System Disease" and "Antiretroviral Agents" or "Antiretroviral therapy." REVIEW METHOD the PRISMA flowchart was used. RESULT A systematic search following PRISMA guidelines was carried out, and 12 specific articles/studies on the subject were selected. The results revealed that HIV therapy, aging, body mass index, height, and systemic conditions influence neuropathy conditions in HIV/AIDS patients. The multistudies focused on pain management approaches such as administration of pain medication, drug combination to prevent side effects, or ART with minimal side effects. CONCLUSION Sensory neuropathy is a frequent complication of HIV infection and ART. An understanding of the mechanism and pathophysiology of neuropathy in HIV is urgently required to develop alternative treatment modalities and to evaluate preventive strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saka Winias
- Department of Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Desiana Radithia
- Department of Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Diah Savitri Ernawati
- Department of Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
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11
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Lanigan LG, Russell DS, Woolard KD, Pardo ID, Godfrey V, Jortner BS, Butt MT, Bolon B. Comparative Pathology of the Peripheral Nervous System. Vet Pathol 2020; 58:10-33. [PMID: 33016246 DOI: 10.1177/0300985820959231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The peripheral nervous system (PNS) relays messages between the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and the body. Despite this critical role and widespread distribution, the PNS is often overlooked when investigating disease in diagnostic and experimental pathology. This review highlights key features of neuroanatomy and physiology of the somatic and autonomic PNS, and appropriate PNS sampling and processing techniques. The review considers major classes of PNS lesions including neuronopathy, axonopathy, and myelinopathy, and major categories of PNS disease including toxic, metabolic, and paraneoplastic neuropathies; infectious and inflammatory diseases; and neoplasms. This review describes a broad range of common PNS lesions and their diagnostic criteria and provides many useful references for pathologists who perform PNS evaluations as a regular or occasional task in their comparative pathology practice.
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12
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Atrophy and Death of Nonpeptidergic and Peptidergic Nociceptive Neurons in SIV Infection. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2020; 190:1530-1544. [PMID: 32246920 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2020.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
HIV-associated sensory neuropathy is a common neurologic comorbidity of HIV infection and prevails in the post-antiretroviral therapy (ART) era. HIV infection drives pathologic changes in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) through inflammation, altered metabolism, and neuronal dysfunction. Herein, we characterized specific neuronal populations in an SIV-infected macaque model with or without ART. DRG neuronal populations were identified by neurofilament H-chain 200, I-B4 isolectin (IB4), or tropomyosin receptor kinase A expression and assessed for cell body diameter, population size, apoptotic markers, and regeneration signaling. IB4+ and tropomyosin receptor kinase A-positive neurons showed a reduced cell body size (atrophy) and decreased population size (cell death) in the DRG of SIV-infected animals compared with uninfected animals. IB4+ nonpeptidergic neurons were less affected in the presence of ART. DRG neurons showed accumulation of cleaved caspase 3 (apoptosis) and nuclear-localized activating transcription factor 3 (regeneration) in SIV infection, which was significantly lower in uninfected animals and SIV-infected animals receiving ART. Nonpeptidergic neurons predominantly colocalized with cleaved caspase 3 staining. Nonpeptidergic and peptidergic neurons colocalized with nuclear-accumulated activating transcription factor 3, showing active regeneration in sensory neurons. These data suggest that nonpeptidergic and peptidergic neurons are susceptible to pathologic changes from SIV infection, and intervention with ART did not fully ameliorate damage to the DRG, specifically to peptidergic neurons.
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Öztürk Z, O’Kane CJ, Pérez-Moreno JJ. Axonal Endoplasmic Reticulum Dynamics and Its Roles in Neurodegeneration. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:48. [PMID: 32116502 PMCID: PMC7025499 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The physical continuity of axons over long cellular distances poses challenges for their maintenance. One organelle that faces this challenge is endoplasmic reticulum (ER); unlike other intracellular organelles, this forms a physically continuous network throughout the cell, with a single membrane and a single lumen. In axons, ER is mainly smooth, forming a tubular network with occasional sheets or cisternae and low amounts of rough ER. It has many potential roles: lipid biosynthesis, glucose homeostasis, a Ca2+ store, protein export, and contacting and regulating other organelles. This tubular network structure is determined by ER-shaping proteins, mutations in some of which are causative for neurodegenerative disorders such as hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP). While axonal ER shares many features with the tubular ER network in other contexts, these features must be adapted to the long and narrow dimensions of axons. ER appears to be physically continuous throughout axons, over distances that are enormous on a subcellular scale. It is therefore a potential channel for long-distance or regional communication within neurons, independent of action potentials or physical transport of cargos, but involving its physiological roles such as Ca2+ or organelle homeostasis. Despite its apparent stability, axonal ER is highly dynamic, showing features like anterograde and retrograde transport, potentially reflecting continuous fusion and breakage of the network. Here we discuss the transport processes that must contribute to this dynamic behavior of ER. We also discuss the model that these processes underpin a homeostatic process that ensures both enough ER to maintain continuity of the network and repair breaks in it, but not too much ER that might disrupt local cellular physiology. Finally, we discuss how failure of ER organization in axons could lead to axon degenerative diseases, and how a requirement for ER continuity could make distal axons most susceptible to degeneration in conditions that disrupt ER continuity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cahir J. O’Kane
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Crawford LK, Caterina MJ. Functional Anatomy of the Sensory Nervous System: Updates From the Neuroscience Bench. Toxicol Pathol 2019; 48:174-189. [PMID: 31554486 DOI: 10.1177/0192623319869011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The simple tripartite classification of sensory neurons as A-beta, A-delta, and C fibers fails to convey the complexity of the neurons that encode stimuli as diverse as the texture of a surface, the location of a pinprick, or the direction of hair movement as a breeze moves across the skin. It has also proven to be inadequate when investigating the molecular mechanisms underlying pain, which can encompass any combination of chemical, tactile, and thermal modalities. Beginning with a brief overview of visceral and sensory neuroanatomy, this review expands upon sensory innervation of the skin as a prime example of the heterogeneity and complexity of the somatosensory nervous system. Neuroscientists have characterized defining features of over 15 subtypes of sensory neurons that innervate the skin of the mouse. This has enabled the study of cell-specific mechanisms of pain, which suggests that diverse sensory neuron subtypes may have distinct susceptibilities to toxic injury and different roles in pathologic mechanisms underlying altered sensation. Leveraging this growing body of knowledge for preclinical trials and models of neurotoxicity can vastly improve our understanding of peripheral nervous system dysfunction, advancing the fields of toxicologic pathology and neuropathology alike.
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Affiliation(s)
- LaTasha K Crawford
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Veterinary Medicine, Madison, WI, USA, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Michael J Caterina
- Neurosurgery Pain Research Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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15
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Asahchop EL, Branton WG, Krishnan A, Chen PA, Yang D, Kong L, Zochodne DW, Brew BJ, Gill MJ, Power C. HIV-associated sensory polyneuropathy and neuronal injury are associated with miRNA-455-3p induction. JCI Insight 2018; 3:122450. [PMID: 30518697 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.122450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Symptomatic distal sensory polyneuropathy (sDSP) is common and debilitating in people with HIV/AIDS, leading to neuropathic pain, although the condition's cause is unknown. To investigate biomarkers and associated pathogenic mechanisms for sDSP, we examined plasma miRNA profiles in HIV/AIDS patients with sDSP or without sDSP in 2 independent cohorts together with assessing related pathogenic effects. Several miRNAs were found to be increased in the Discovery Cohort (sDSP, n = 29; non-DSP, n = 40) by array analyses and were increased in patients with sDSP compared with patients without sDSP. miR-455-3p displayed a 12-fold median increase in the sDSP group, which was confirmed by machine learning analyses and verified by reverse transcription PCR. In the Validation Cohort (sDSP n = 16, non-DSP n = 20, healthy controls n = 15), significant upregulation of miR-455-3p was also observed in the sDSP group. Bioinformatics revealed that miR-455-3p targeted multiple host genes implicated in peripheral nerve maintenance, including nerve growth factor (NGF) and related genes. Transfection of cultured human dorsal root ganglia with miR-455-3p showed a concentration-dependent reduction in neuronal β-III tubulin expression. Human neurons transfected with miR-455-3p demonstrated reduced neurite outgrowth and NGF expression that was reversed by anti-miR-455-3p antagomir cotreatment. miR-455-3p represents a potential biomarker for HIV-associated sDSP and might also exert pathogenic effects leading to sDSP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene L Asahchop
- Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - William G Branton
- Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Anand Krishnan
- Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Patricia A Chen
- Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Dong Yang
- Department of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Linglong Kong
- Department of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Douglas W Zochodne
- Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Bruce J Brew
- Departments of Neurology and HIV, St. Vincent's Hospital, and Peter Duncan Neurosciences Unit, St. Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - M John Gill
- Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Christopher Power
- Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Srivastava A. Human immunodeficiency virus neuropathy: A new mimicker of leprous neuropathy. Indian J Sex Transm Dis AIDS 2018; 39:59-60. [PMID: 30187029 PMCID: PMC6111644 DOI: 10.4103/ijstd.ijstd_90_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral neuropathy is usually the domain of the physician or neurologist. Still, many times patients land up in dermatology department with complaints such as sensory loss, paresthesia, and trophic ulcers. Usually, these patients are evaluated for leprosy and then referred to departments of internal medicine or neurology. We report one such patient who was initially seen by a dermatologist but was ultimately found to be suffering from human immunodeficiency virus neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Srivastava
- Department of Skin and VD, JNU Institute for Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
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Wu B, Ma Y, Yi Z, Liu S, Rao S, Zou L, Wang S, Xue Y, Jia T, Zhao S, Shi L, Li L, Yuan H, Liang S. Resveratrol-decreased hyperalgesia mediated by the P2X 7 receptor in gp120-treated rats. Mol Pain 2018; 13:1744806917707667. [PMID: 28554250 PMCID: PMC5453631 DOI: 10.1177/1744806917707667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic pain is a common symptom in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 infection/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients. The literature shows that the HIV envelope glycoprotein 120 (gp120) can directly cause hyperalgesia by stimulating primary sensory afferent nerves. The P2X7 receptor in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) is closely related to neuropathic and inflammatory pain. In this study, we aimed to explore the effect of resveratrol (RES) on gp120-induced neuropathic pain that is mediated by the P2X7 receptor in the rat DRG. Results Mechanical hyperalgesia in rats treated with gp120 was increased compared with that in the sham group. The P2X7 expression levels in rats treated with gp120 were higher than those in the sham group. Co-localization of the P2X7 receptor and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP, a marker of satellite glial cells [SGCs]) in the DRG SGCs of the gp120 group exhibited more intense staining than that of the sham group. RES decreased the mechanical hyperalgesia and P2X7 expression levels in gp120 treatment rats. Co-localization of the P2X7 receptor and GFAP in the gp120+ RES group was significantly decreased compared to the gp120 group. RES decreased the IL-1β and TNF-α receptor (R) expression levels and ERK1/2 phosphorylation levels as well as increased IL-10 expression in the DRG of gp120-treated rats. Whole cell clamping demonstrated that RES significantly inhibited adenosine triphosphate-activated currents in HEK293 cells that were transfected with the P2X7 plasmid. Conclusions RES relieved mechanical hyperalgesia in gp120-treated rats by inhibiting the P2X7 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Wu
- 1 Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yucheng Ma
- 2 Queen Mary School, Medical College of Nanchang University Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhihua Yi
- 1 Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuangmei Liu
- 1 Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Shenqiang Rao
- 1 Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Lifang Zou
- 1 Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Shouyu Wang
- 1 Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Xue
- 1 Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianyu Jia
- 1 Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Shanhong Zhao
- 1 Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Liran Shi
- 1 Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Li
- 1 Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Huilong Yuan
- 1 Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Shangdong Liang
- 1 Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
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Vigdorovich V, Oliver BG, Carbonetti S, Dambrauskas N, Lange MD, Yacoob C, Leahy W, Callahan J, Stamatatos L, Sather DN. Repertoire comparison of the B-cell receptor-encoding loci in humans and rhesus macaques by next-generation sequencing. Clin Transl Immunology 2016; 5:e93. [PMID: 27525066 PMCID: PMC4973324 DOI: 10.1038/cti.2016.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhesus macaques (RMs) are a widely used model system for the study of vaccines, infectious diseases and microbial pathogenesis. Their value as a model lies in their close evolutionary relationship to humans, which, in theory, allows them to serve as a close approximation of the human immune system. However, despite their prominence as a human surrogate model system, many aspects of the RM immune system remain ill characterized. In particular, B cell-mediated immunity in macaques has not been sufficiently characterized, and the B-cell receptor-encoding loci have not been thoroughly annotated. To address these gaps, we analyzed the circulating heavy- and light-chain repertoires in humans and RMs by next-generation sequencing. By comparing V gene segment usage, J-segment usage and CDR3 lengths between the two species, we identified several important similarities and differences. These differences were especially notable in the IgM(+) B-cell repertoire. However, the class-switched, antigen-educated B-cell populations converged on a set of similar characteristics, implying similarities in how each species responds to antigen. Our study provides the first comprehensive overview of the circulating repertoires of the heavy- and light-chain sequences in RMs, and provides insight into how they may perform as a model system for B cell-mediated immunity in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Vigdorovich
- Center for Infectious Disease Research (formerly Seattle BioMed) , Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Brian G Oliver
- Center for Infectious Disease Research (formerly Seattle BioMed) , Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sara Carbonetti
- Center for Infectious Disease Research (formerly Seattle BioMed) , Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nicholas Dambrauskas
- Center for Infectious Disease Research (formerly Seattle BioMed) , Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Miles D Lange
- Center for Infectious Disease Research (formerly Seattle BioMed) , Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Christina Yacoob
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Viral and Infectious Disease Division , Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | - Leonidas Stamatatos
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Viral and Infectious Disease Division , Seattle, WA, USA
| | - D Noah Sather
- Center for Infectious Disease Research (formerly Seattle BioMed) , Seattle, WA, USA
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Clemmons EA, Gumber S, Strobert E, Bloomsmith MA, Jean SM. Self-Injurious Behavior Secondary to Cytomegalovirus-Induced Neuropathy in an SIV-Infected Rhesus Macaque (Macaca mulatta). Comp Med 2015; 65:266-270. [PMID: 26141451 PMCID: PMC4485635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2014] [Revised: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A 3.5-y-old, female rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) inoculated with SIVmac239 presented 8 mo later for inappetence and facial bruising. Physical examination revealed a superficial skin abrasion below the left eye, bruising below the left brow, and epistaxis of the left nostril. There were no significant findings on CBC, serum chemistry, urinalysis, or radiographs. Differential diagnoses included infectious etiologies, self-injurious behavior, immune-mediated dermatitis, and neoplasia. Lack of response to antibiotic and analgesic therapy and observations of the macaque made it apparent that the skin lesions were self-inflicted. The excoriations rapidly progressed to extend over the nose, and the left palpebrae became edematous. Euthanasia was elected because the macaque appeared to be experiencing continued discomfort despite analgesic therapy. Histopathologic examination revealed systemic cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection involving the facial nerves, periocular nerves, meninges, and perimesenteric lymph nodes. CMV is a common infection in macaques, with adult seroprevalence close to 100% in most colonies. Infection in immunocompetent animals is usually asymptomatic but can cause significant clinical disease in immunodeficient hosts. CMV is associated with a painful peripheral neuropathy in human AIDS patients, and analgesic treatment is often unsatisfactory. Peripheral neuropathy secondary to CMV should be considered as an underlying cause of self-injurious behavior in SIV-infected macaques. Macaques affected by other diseases and disorders may also be at risk for development of painful peripheral neuropathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Clemmons
- Division of Animal Resources, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Sanjeev Gumber
- Division of Pathology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Elizabeth Strobert
- Division of Animal Resources, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Mollie A Bloomsmith
- Division of Animal Resources, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Sherrie M Jean
- Division of Animal Resources, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
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Lakritz JR, Bodair A, Shah N, O'Donnell R, Polydefkis MJ, Miller AD, Burdo TH. Monocyte Traffic, Dorsal Root Ganglion Histopathology, and Loss of Intraepidermal Nerve Fiber Density in SIV Peripheral Neuropathy. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2015; 185:1912-23. [PMID: 25956030 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Revised: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
HIV-associated sensory neuropathy remains the most common neurological complication of HIV infection and is characterized by dorsal root ganglion (DRG) inflammation and intraepidermal nerve fiber density (IENFD) loss. Chronic peripheral immune cell activation and accumulation may cause damage to the DRG, but has not been fully investigated yet. By using an SIV-infected, CD8-lymphocyte-depleted rhesus macaque model, we defined immune cells surrounding DRG neurons and their role in DRG pathology, measured cell traffic from the bone marrow to the DRGs using 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU) pulse, and serially measured IENFD. We found an increase in CD68(+) and CD163(+) macrophages in DRGs of SIV-infected animals. MAC387(+) recently recruited monocytes/macrophages were increased, along with BrdU(+) cells, in the DRGs of SIV-infected macaques. We demonstrated that 78.1% of all BrdU(+) cells in DRGs were also MAC387(+). The number of BrdU(+) monocytes correlated with severe DRG histopathology, which included neuronophagia, neuronal loss, and Nageotte nodules. These data demonstrate that newly recruited MAC387(+)BrdU(+) macrophages may play a significant role in DRG pathogenesis. IENFD decreased early (day 21), consistent with the development of sensory neuropathy in SIV-infected macaques. Decreased IENFD was associated with elevated BrdU(+) cells in the DRG. These data suggest that increased recruitment of macrophages to DRG is associated with severe DRG histopathology and IENFD loss.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ayman Bodair
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts
| | - Neal Shah
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts
| | - Ryan O'Donnell
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Michael J Polydefkis
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Andrew D Miller
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Anatomic Pathology, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, New York
| | - Tricia H Burdo
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts.
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Neuroinflammation and virus replication in the spinal cord of simian immunodeficiency virus-infected macaques. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2015; 74:38-47. [PMID: 25470348 DOI: 10.1097/nen.0000000000000148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies of neurologic diseases induced by simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) in Asian macaques have contributed greatly to the current understanding of human immunodeficiency virus pathogenesis in the brain and peripheral nervous system. Detailed investigations into SIV-induced alterations in the spinal cord, a critical sensorimotor relay point between the brain and the peripheral nervous system, have yet to be reported. In this study, lumbar spinal cords from SIV-infected pigtailed macaques were examined to quantify SIV replication and associated neuroinflammation. In untreated SIV-infected animals, there was a strong correlation between amount of SIV RNA in the spinal cord and expression of the macrophage marker CD68 and the key proinflammatory mediators tumor necrosis factor and CCL2. We also found a significant correlation between SIV-induced alterations in the spinal cord and the degree of distal epidermal nerve fiber loss among untreated animals. Spinal cord changes (including elevated glial fibrillary acidic protein immunostaining and enhanced CCL2 gene expression) also were present in SIV-infected antiretroviral drug-treated animals despite SIV suppression. A fuller understanding of the complex virus and host factor dynamics in the spinal cord during human immunodeficiency virus infection will be critical in the development of new treatments for human immunodeficiency virus-associated sensory neuropathies and studies aimed at eradicating the virus from the central nervous system.
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Brell JM. Animal Models of Peripheral Neuropathy: Modeling What We Feel, Understanding What They Feel. ILAR J 2014; 54:253-8. [DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilt056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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