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Wright EA, Reddock MB, Roberts EK, Legesse YW, Perry G, Bradley RD. Genetic characterization of the prion protein gene in camels ( Camelus) with comments on the evolutionary history of prion disease in Cetartiodactyla. PeerJ 2024; 12:e17552. [PMID: 38948234 PMCID: PMC11214740 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) are a fatal neurogenerative disease that include Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans, scrapie in sheep and goats, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), and several others as well as the recently described camel prion disease (CPD). CPD originally was documented in 3.1% of camels examined during an antemortem slaughterhouse inspection in the Ouargla region of Algeria. Of three individuals confirmed for CPD, two were sequenced for the exon 3 of the prion protein gene (PRNP) and were identical to sequences previously reported for Camelus dromedarius. Given that other TSEs, such as BSE, are known to be capable of cross-species transmission and that there is household consumption of meat and milk from Camelus, regulations to ensure camel and human health should be a One Health priority in exporting countries. Although the interspecies transmissibility of CPD currently is unknown, genotypic characterization of Camelus PRNP may be used for predictability of predisposition and potential susceptibility to CPD. Herein, eight breeds of dromedary camels from a previous genetic (mitochondrial DNA and microsatellites) and morphological study were genotyped for PRNP and compared to genotypes from CPD-positive Algerian camels. Sequence data from PRNP indicated that Ethiopian camels possessed 100% sequence identity to CPD-positive camels from Algeria. In addition, the camel PRNP genotype is unique compared to other members of the Orders Cetartiodactyla and Perissodactyla and provides an in-depth phylogenetic analysis of families within Cetartiodactyla and Perissodactyla that was used to infer the evolutionary history of the PRNP gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A. Wright
- Natural Science Research Laboratory, Museum of Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States of America
| | - Madison B. Reddock
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States of America
| | - Emma K. Roberts
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States of America
- Climate Center, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States of America
| | - Yoseph W. Legesse
- School of Animal and Range Sciences, Haramaya University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
- Institute of Pastoral and Agropastoral Development Studies, Jigjiga University, Jigjiga, Ethiopia
| | - Gad Perry
- Department of Natural Resources Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States of America
| | - Robert D. Bradley
- Natural Science Research Laboratory, Museum of Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States of America
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States of America
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2
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He X, Memon S, Yue D, Zhu J, Lu Y, Liu X, Xiong H, Li G, Deng W, Xi D. PRNP gene polymorphism frequencies for comparing possible vulnerability to BSE in Chinese bovine population. Anim Biotechnol 2023; 34:2433-2440. [PMID: 35875846 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2022.2095515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Among the numerous transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) is the most well-known TSEs. It is a potential Creutzfeldt-Jakob (CJD) disease mutation that can be transferred through cattle to humans. In several animals, the prion protein gene (PRNP) is recognized to take active part in TSE vulnerability or tolerance. Previous studies have found indels polymorphism in PRNP gene promoter and intron1 region linked to BSE vulnerability. It's linked with 23 bp indels polymorphism in putative promoter and 12 bp indel in intron 1 of the PRNP gene. The aim of this study was to compare the allele, genotype and haplotype frequencies of PRNP indel polymorphisms in Zhongdian Yak (Bos grunniens) (YK), Zhongdian Yellow cattle (Bos taurus) (YC) and Zhongdian Yakow (Bos primigenius taurus × Bos grunniens) (PK) with worldwide reported healthy or affected BSE cattle, in order to assess their potential resistance to BSE. A comparison of Chinese bovine populations with healthy and BSE-affected German and Swiss cattle from globally was conducted, and result indicating significant difference (p < .001) between healthy and affected cattle. Additionally, as compared to prior studies with Chinese bovine population, the significant results were found. In this study, the allelic frequency D23 finding high deletion in all analyzed Chinese bovine species, and haplotype D12-D23 exhibited a less significant inclination toward susceptibility to BSE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming He
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed, Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Sameeullah Memon
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed, Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Hana-ro, Iksan, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Dan Yue
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed, Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Junhong Zhu
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed, Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Ying Lu
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed, Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Xingneng Liu
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed, Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Heli Xiong
- Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Kunming, China
| | - Guozhi Li
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed, Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Weidong Deng
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed, Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Dongmei Xi
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed, Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
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3
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Alves Conceição C, Assis de Lemos G, Barros CA, Vieira TCRG. What is the role of lipids in prion conversion and disease? Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 15:1032541. [PMID: 36704327 PMCID: PMC9871914 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.1032541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular cause of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) involves the conversion of the cellular prion protein (PrPC) into its pathogenic form, called prion scrapie (PrPSc), which is prone to the formation of amorphous and amyloid aggregates found in TSE patients. Although the mechanisms of conversion of PrPC into PrPSc are not entirely understood, two key points are currently accepted: (i) PrPSc acts as a seed for the recruitment of native PrPC, inducing the latter's conversion to PrPSc; and (ii) other biomolecules, such as DNA, RNA, or lipids, can act as cofactors, mediating the conversion from PrPC to PrPSc. Interestingly, PrPC is anchored by a glycosylphosphatidylinositol molecule in the outer cell membrane. Therefore, interactions with lipid membranes or alterations in the membranes themselves have been widely investigated as possible factors for conversion. Alone or in combination with RNA molecules, lipids can induce the formation of PrP in vitro-produced aggregates capable of infecting animal models. Here, we discuss the role of lipids in prion conversion and infectivity, highlighting the structural and cytotoxic aspects of lipid-prion interactions. Strikingly, disorders like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease also seem to be caused by changes in protein structure and share pathogenic mechanisms with TSEs. Thus, we posit that comprehending the process of PrP conversion is relevant to understanding critical events involved in a variety of neurodegenerative disorders and will contribute to developing future therapeutic strategies for these devastating conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyntia Alves Conceição
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil,National Institute of Science and Technology for Structural Biology and Bioimaging, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Assis de Lemos
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil,National Institute of Science and Technology for Structural Biology and Bioimaging, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Caroline Augusto Barros
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil,National Institute of Science and Technology for Structural Biology and Bioimaging, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Tuane C. R. G. Vieira
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil,National Institute of Science and Technology for Structural Biology and Bioimaging, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil,*Correspondence: Tuane C. R. G. Vieira, ✉
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4
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Manka SW, Wenborn A, Collinge J, Wadsworth JDF. Prion strains viewed through the lens of cryo-EM. Cell Tissue Res 2022; 392:167-178. [PMID: 36028585 PMCID: PMC10113314 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-022-03676-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian prions are lethal transmissible pathogens that cause fatal neurodegenerative diseases in humans and animals. They consist of fibrils of misfolded, host-encoded prion protein (PrP) which propagate through templated protein polymerisation. Prion strains produce distinct clinicopathological phenotypes in the same host and appear to be encoded by distinct misfolded PrP conformations and assembly states. Despite fundamental advances in our understanding of prion biology, key knowledge gaps remain. These include precise delineation of prion replication mechanisms, detailed explanation of the molecular basis of prion strains and inter-species transmission barriers, and the structural definition of neurotoxic PrP species. Central to addressing these questions is the determination of prion structure. While high-resolution definition of ex vivo prion fibrils once seemed unlikely, recent advances in cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) and computational methods for 3D reconstruction of amyloids have now made this possible. Recently, near-atomic resolution structures of highly infectious, ex vivo prion fibrils from hamster 263K and mouse RML prion strains were reported. The fibrils have a comparable parallel in-register intermolecular β-sheet (PIRIBS) architecture that now provides a structural foundation for understanding prion strain diversity in mammals. Here, we review these new findings and discuss directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szymon W Manka
- MRC Prion Unit at UCL, Institute of Prion Diseases, University College London, 33 Cleveland Street, London, W1W 7FF, UK
| | - Adam Wenborn
- MRC Prion Unit at UCL, Institute of Prion Diseases, University College London, 33 Cleveland Street, London, W1W 7FF, UK
| | - John Collinge
- MRC Prion Unit at UCL, Institute of Prion Diseases, University College London, 33 Cleveland Street, London, W1W 7FF, UK.
| | - Jonathan D F Wadsworth
- MRC Prion Unit at UCL, Institute of Prion Diseases, University College London, 33 Cleveland Street, London, W1W 7FF, UK.
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5
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Richt JA, Haley N. Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies. Vet Microbiol 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/9781119650836.ch66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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6
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Liu Z, Wang X, Yan Z, Chu B, Wang W, Liu B. A universal primer distinguishable PCR (UP-D-PCR) method for simultaneous identification and differentiation of bovine- and ovine/caprine-derived ingredients in ruminant feeds. Eur Food Res Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-022-03984-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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7
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Hassan MN, Nabi F, Khan AN, Hussain M, Siddiqui WA, Uversky VN, Khan RH. The amyloid state of proteins: A boon or bane? Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 200:593-617. [PMID: 35074333 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.01.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Proteins and their aggregation is significant field of research due to their association with various conformational maladies including well-known neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's (AD), Parkinson's (PD), and Huntington's (HD) diseases. Amyloids despite being given negative role for decades are also believed to play a functional role in bacteria to humans. In this review, we discuss both facets of amyloid. We have shed light on AD, which is one of the most common age-related neurodegenerative disease caused by accumulation of Aβ fibrils as extracellular senile plagues. We also discuss PD caused by the aggregation and deposition of α-synuclein in form of Lewy bodies and neurites. Other amyloid-associated diseases such as HD and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) are also discussed. We have also reviewed functional amyloids that have various biological roles in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes that includes formation of biofilm and cell attachment in bacteria to hormone storage in humans, We discuss in detail the role of Curli fibrils' in biofilm formation, chaplins in cell attachment to peptide hormones, and Pre-Melansomal Protein (PMEL) roles. The disease-related and functional amyloids are compared with regard to their structural integrity, variation in regulation, and speed of forming aggregates and elucidate how amyloids have turned from foe to friend.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Nadir Hassan
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Faisal Nabi
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Asra Nasir Khan
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Murtaza Hussain
- Department of Biochemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Waseem A Siddiqui
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Vladimir N Uversky
- Protein Research Group, Institute for Biological Instrumentation of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 10 Federal Research Center "Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy 11 of Sciences", Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290, Russia; Department of Molecular Medicine, USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Research Institute, Morsani College 13 of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, United States
| | - Rizwan Hasan Khan
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India.
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8
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Differential Accumulation of Misfolded Prion Strains in Natural Hosts of Prion Diseases. Viruses 2021; 13:v13122453. [PMID: 34960722 PMCID: PMC8706046 DOI: 10.3390/v13122453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Prion diseases, also known as transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), are a group of neurodegenerative protein misfolding diseases that invariably cause death. TSEs occur when the endogenous cellular prion protein (PrPC) misfolds to form the pathological prion protein (PrPSc), which templates further conversion of PrPC to PrPSc, accumulates, and initiates a cascade of pathologic processes in cells and tissues. Different strains of prion disease within a species are thought to arise from the differential misfolding of the prion protein and have different clinical phenotypes. Different strains of prion disease may also result in differential accumulation of PrPSc in brain regions and tissues of natural hosts. Here, we review differential accumulation that occurs in the retinal ganglion cells, cerebellar cortex and white matter, and plexuses of the enteric nervous system in cattle with bovine spongiform encephalopathy, sheep and goats with scrapie, cervids with chronic wasting disease, and humans with prion diseases. By characterizing TSEs in their natural host, we can better understand the pathogenesis of different prion strains. This information is valuable in the pursuit of evaluating and discovering potential biomarkers and therapeutics for prion diseases.
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9
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Use of Agriculturally Important Animals as Models in Biomedical Research. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1354:315-333. [PMID: 34807449 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-85686-1_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Livestock have contributed significantly to advances in biomedicine and offer unique advantages over rodent models. The human is the ideal biomedical model; however, ethical reasons limit the testing of hypotheses and treatments in humans. Rodent models are frequently used as alternatives to humans due to size, low cost, and ease of genetic manipulation, and have contributed tremendously to our understanding of human health and disease. However, the use of rodents in translational research pose challenges for researchers due to physiological differences to humans. The use of livestock species as biomedical models can address these challenges as livestock have several similarities to human anatomy, physiology, genetics, and metabolism and their larger size permits collection of more frequent and often larger samples. Additionally, recent advances in genetics in livestock species allow for studies in genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics, which have the added benefit of applications to both humans in biomedical research and livestock in improving production. In this review, we provide an overview of scientific findings using livestock and benefits of each model to the livestock industry and to biomedical research.
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10
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Selective Breeding for Disease-Resistant PRNP Variants to Manage Chronic Wasting Disease in Farmed Whitetail Deer. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12091396. [PMID: 34573378 PMCID: PMC8471411 DOI: 10.3390/genes12091396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a fatal transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) of cervids caused by a misfolded variant of the normal cellular prion protein, and it is closely related to sheep scrapie. Variations in a host's prion gene, PRNP, and its primary protein structure dramatically affect susceptibility to specific prion disorders, and breeding for PRNP variants that prevent scrapie infection has led to steep declines in the disease in North American and European sheep. While resistant alleles have been identified in cervids, a PRNP variant that completely prevents CWD has not yet been identified. Thus, control of the disease in farmed herds traditionally relies on quarantine and depopulation. In CWD-endemic areas, depopulation of private herds becomes challenging to justify, leading to opportunities to manage the disease in situ. We developed a selective breeding program for farmed white-tailed deer in a high-prevalence CWD-endemic area which focused on reducing frequencies of highly susceptible PRNP variants and introducing animals with less susceptible variants. With the use of newly developed primers, we found that breeding followed predictable Mendelian inheritance, and early data support our project's utility in reducing CWD prevalence. This project represents a novel approach to CWD management, with future efforts building on these findings.
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11
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Helke KL, Meyerholz DK, Beck AP, Burrough ER, Derscheid RJ, Löhr C, McInnes EF, Scudamore CL, Brayton CF. Research Relevant Background Lesions and Conditions: Ferrets, Dogs, Swine, Sheep, and Goats. ILAR J 2021; 62:133-168. [PMID: 33712827 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilab005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal models provide a valuable tool and resource for biomedical researchers as they investigate biological processes, disease pathogenesis, novel therapies, and toxicologic studies. Interpretation of animal model data requires knowledge not only of the processes/diseases being studied but also awareness of spontaneous conditions and background lesions in the model that can influence or even confound the study results. Species, breed/stock, sex, age, anatomy, physiology, diseases (noninfectious and infectious), and neoplastic processes are model features that can impact the results as well as study interpretation. Here, we review these features in several common laboratory animal species, including ferret, dog (beagle), pig, sheep, and goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristi L Helke
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - David K Meyerholz
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Amanda P Beck
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Eric R Burrough
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine Department, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Rachel J Derscheid
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine Department, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Christiane Löhr
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Elizabeth F McInnes
- Toxicologic Pathology, Toxicology Section, Human Safety at Syngenta, in Jealott's Hill, Bracknell, United Kingdom
| | - Cheryl L Scudamore
- ExePathology, Pathologist at ExePathology, Exmouth, Devon, United Kingdom
| | - Cory F Brayton
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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12
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Haley N. Amplification Techniques for the Detection of Misfolded Prion Proteins in Experimental and Clinical Samples. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 130:e118. [PMID: 32150353 DOI: 10.1002/cpmb.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This article describes two methods for amplifying prions present in experimental and clinical samples: the protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA) assay and the real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC) assay. Protocols for preparation of amplification substrate and analysis of results are included in addition to those for the individual assays. For each assay, control and suspect samples are mixed with appropriate amplification substrate, which is whole brains from mice in the case of PMCA and recombinant prion protein produced in bacteria for RT-QuIC, followed by cyclic amplification over a number of cycles of sonication (PMCA) or shaking (RT-QuIC) at a consistent incubation temperature. The resultant amplification products are then assessed either by western blotting (PMCA) or based on fluorescent emissions (RT-QuIC). The equipment and expertise necessary for successfully performing either assay vary and will be important factors for individual laboratories to consider when identifying which assay is more appropriate for their experimental design. © 2020 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Basic Protocol 1: Prion amplification via protein misfolding cyclic amplification Support Protocol 1: Collection of whole brains from mice and preparation of normal brain homogenate Basic Protocol 2: Prion amplification via real-time quaking-induced conversion Support Protocol 2: Preparation of recombinant truncated white-tailed-deer prion protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Haley
- College of Graduate Studies, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Midwestern University, Glendale, Arizona
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13
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Yakubu UM, Catumbela CSG, Morales R, Morano KA. Understanding and exploiting interactions between cellular proteostasis pathways and infectious prion proteins for therapeutic benefit. Open Biol 2020; 10:200282. [PMID: 33234071 PMCID: PMC7729027 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.200282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Several neurodegenerative diseases of humans and animals are caused by the misfolded prion protein (PrPSc), a self-propagating protein infectious agent that aggregates into oligomeric, fibrillar structures and leads to cell death by incompletely understood mechanisms. Work in multiple biological model systems, from simple baker's yeast to transgenic mouse lines, as well as in vitro studies, has illuminated molecular and cellular modifiers of prion disease. In this review, we focus on intersections between PrP and the proteostasis network, including unfolded protein stress response pathways and roles played by the powerful regulators of protein folding known as protein chaperones. We close with analysis of promising therapeutic avenues for treatment enabled by these studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Unekwu M Yakubu
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, McGovern Medical School at UTHealth, Houston, TX USA.,MD Anderson UTHealth Graduate School at UTHealth, Houston, TX USA
| | - Celso S G Catumbela
- MD Anderson UTHealth Graduate School at UTHealth, Houston, TX USA.,Mitchell Center for Alzheimer's Disease and Related Brain Disorders, Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School at UTHealth, Houston, TX USA
| | - Rodrigo Morales
- Mitchell Center for Alzheimer's Disease and Related Brain Disorders, Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School at UTHealth, Houston, TX USA.,Centro integrativo de biología y química aplicada (CIBQA), Universidad Bernardo O'Higgins, Santiago, Chile
| | - Kevin A Morano
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, McGovern Medical School at UTHealth, Houston, TX USA
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Mammadova N, Cassmann ED, Moore SJ, Nicholson EM, Greenlee JJ. Experimental inoculation of CD11c + B1 lymphocytes, CD68 + macrophages, or platelet-rich plasma from scrapie-infected sheep into susceptible sheep results in variable infectivity. Access Microbiol 2020; 2:acmi000155. [PMID: 33195984 PMCID: PMC7656192 DOI: 10.1099/acmi.0.000155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Many studies have demonstrated prion infectivity in whole blood and blood components in a variety of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies of livestock and rodents, and variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease in humans, as well as an association between pathogenic prion protein (PrPSc) and different immune cells (e.g. follicular dendritic cells, T and B lymphocytes, monocytes and tingible body macrophages). To further investigate the role of various blood components in prion disease transmission, we intracranially inoculated genetically susceptible VRQ/ARQ and ARQ/ARQ sheep with inocula composed of CD11c+ B1 lymphocytes, CD68 +macrophages, or platelet-rich plasma derived from clinically ill sheep infected with the US no. 13–7 scrapie agent. At the completion of the study, we found that VRQ/ARQ and ARQ/ARQ sheep inoculated with CD11c+ B1 lymphocytes and CD68+ macrophages developed scrapie with detectable levels of PrPSc in the central nervous system and lymphoreticular system, while those inoculated with platelet-rich plasma did not develop disease and did not have detectable PrPSc by immunohistochemistry or enzyme immunoassay. This study complements and expands on earlier findings that white blood cells harbour prion infectivity, and reports CD11c+ B1 lymphocytes and CD68+ macrophages as additional targets for possible preclinical detection of prion infection in blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najiba Mammadova
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA.,Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE) through an interagency agreement between the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). ORISE is managed by ORAU under DOE contract number DE-SC0014664
| | - Eric D Cassmann
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA.,Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE) through an interagency agreement between the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). ORISE is managed by ORAU under DOE contract number DE-SC0014664
| | - S Jo Moore
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA.,Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE) through an interagency agreement between the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). ORISE is managed by ORAU under DOE contract number DE-SC0014664
| | - Eric M Nicholson
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Justin J Greenlee
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA
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Abstract
In sheep, scrapie is a fatal neurologic disease that is caused by a misfolded protein called a prion (designated PrPSc). The normal cellular prion protein (PrPC) is encoded by an endogenous gene, PRNP, that is present in high concentrations within the CNS. Although a broad range of functions has been described for PrPC, its entire range of functions has yet to be fully elucidated. Accumulation of PrPSc results in neurodegeneration. The PRNP gene has several naturally occurring polymorphisms, and there is a strong correlation between scrapie susceptibility and PRNP genotype. The cornerstone of scrapie eradication programs is the selection of scrapie-resistant genotypes to eliminate classical scrapie. Transmission of classical scrapie in sheep occurs during the prenatal and periparturient periods when lambs are highly susceptible. Initially, the scrapie agent is disseminated throughout the lymphoid system and into the CNS. Shedding of the scrapie agent occurs before the onset of clinical signs. In contrast to classical scrapie, atypical scrapie is believed to be a spontaneous disease that occurs in isolated instances in older animals within a flock. The agent that causes atypical scrapie is not considered to be naturally transmissible. Transmission of the scrapie agent to species other than sheep, including deer, has been experimentally demonstrated as has the transmission of nonscrapie prion agents to sheep. The purpose of this review is to outline the current methods for diagnosing scrapie in sheep and the techniques used for studying the pathogenesis and host range of the scrapie agent. Also discussed is the US scrapie eradication program including recent updates.
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16
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Zhang H, Wang B, Li B, Lin Y, Yang H, Ding D, Xue Y, Tang J. Comparative proteomic analysis of mitochondrial proteins from maize CMS-C sterile, maintainer and restorer anthers. THE PLANT GENOME 2020; 13:e20022. [PMID: 33016607 DOI: 10.1002/tpg2.20022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The maize C system of cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) and its fertility restoration gene Rf4 have been widely used for maize hybrid production; however, the underlying mechanism is still uncertain. The sterility factor functions in mitochondria, where it interacts directly or indirectly with the restorer. Mitoproteomics can capture all participants involved in CMS and restoration at the organelle level. In the present study, we identified and quantified anther mitochondrial proteins from CMS, maintainer and restorer lines. We obtained 14,528 unique peptides belonging to 3,369 proteins. Comparative analysis of 1840 high-confidence proteins revealed 68 were differentially accumulated proteins likely involved in CMS or its restoration within mitochondria. These proteins were mainly associated with fatty acid metabolism, amino acid metabolism and protein-processing pathways. These results suggest that an energy deficiency caused by the sterility factor hinders other proteins or protein complexes required for pollen development through nuclear-mitochondrial interaction. The restorer factor may boost the energy generation by activating alternative metabolic pathways and by improving the post-translation processing efficiency of proteins in energy-producing complexes to restore pollen fertility. Our findings may aid detailed molecular analysis and contribute to a better understanding of maize CMS-C restoration and sterility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaisheng Zhang
- College of Agronomy, National Key Laboratory of Crop Science in Wheat and Maize, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Bin Wang
- College of Agronomy, Henan Science and Technology University, Luoyang, China
| | - Bing Li
- College of Agronomy, National Key Laboratory of Crop Science in Wheat and Maize, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yanan Lin
- College of Agronomy, National Key Laboratory of Crop Science in Wheat and Maize, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Huili Yang
- College of Agronomy, National Key Laboratory of Crop Science in Wheat and Maize, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Dong Ding
- College of Agronomy, National Key Laboratory of Crop Science in Wheat and Maize, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yadong Xue
- College of Agronomy, National Key Laboratory of Crop Science in Wheat and Maize, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jihua Tang
- College of Agronomy, National Key Laboratory of Crop Science in Wheat and Maize, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
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17
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Mammadova N, Cassmann E, Greenlee JJ. Efficient transmission of classical scrapie agent x124 by intralingual route to genetically susceptible sheep with a low dose inoculum. Res Vet Sci 2020; 132:217-220. [PMID: 32610171 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Scrapie is a naturally occurring prion disease of sheep and goats that results in accumulation of the misfolded prion protein (PrPSc) and progressive neurodegeneration. After inoculation with classical scrapie isolate x124, susceptibility and incubation period are associated with valine at codon 136 (V136) of the prion protein: VRQ/VRQ had the shortest incubation periods, followed by VRQ/ARQ sheep, while ARQ/ARQ sheep only developed disease after inoculation via the intracerebral route. Intralingual inoculation of TSE agents effectively transmits disease similar to intracranial inoculation; therefore, it is possible that oral lesions may facilitate susceptibility to scrapie transmission. In this study, investigated the infectivity of decreasing doses of the x124 scrapie agent (100 mg, 50 mg, 20 mg, and 10 mg) on incubation time and attack rate after experimental intralingual inoculation into VRQ/ARQ sheep. The lowest inoculum dose tested in this study effectively transmitted the x124 scrapie agent in VRQ/ARQ sheep with a 100% attack rate and no significant difference in incubation times among sheep inoculated with varying doses. Moreover, immunohistochemistry and western blot analysis revealed similar biochemical and immunohistochemical features among the four cohorts of sheep irrespective of inoculum dose. This study provides a starting point for further investigation to determine the minimum infectious dose of x124 scrapie in sheep and its effect on attack rate and incubation time, central for assessing the potential risk of scrapie occurrence in sheep flock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najiba Mammadova
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Eric Cassmann
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Justin J Greenlee
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA.
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18
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Callender JA, Sevillano AM, Soldau K, Kurt TD, Schumann T, Pizzo DP, Altmeppen H, Glatzel M, Esko JD, Sigurdson CJ. Prion protein post-translational modifications modulate heparan sulfate binding and limit aggregate size in prion disease. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 142:104955. [PMID: 32454127 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.104955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Many aggregation-prone proteins linked to neurodegenerative disease are post-translationally modified during their biogenesis. In vivo pathogenesis studies have suggested that the presence of post-translational modifications can shift the aggregate assembly pathway and profoundly alter the disease phenotype. In prion disease, the N-linked glycans and GPI-anchor on the prion protein (PrP) impair fibril assembly. However, the relevance of the two glycans to aggregate structure and disease progression remains unclear. Here we show that prion-infected knockin mice expressing an additional PrP glycan (tri-glycosylated PrP) develop new plaque-like deposits on neuronal cell membranes, along the subarachnoid space, and periventricularly, suggestive of high prion mobility and transit through the interstitial fluid. These plaque-like deposits were largely non-congophilic and composed of full length, uncleaved PrP, indicating retention of the glycophosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor. Prion aggregates sedimented in low density fractions following ultracentrifugation, consistent with oligomers, and bound low levels of heparan sulfate (HS) similar to other predominantly GPI-anchored prions. Collectively, these results suggest that highly glycosylated PrP primarily converts as a GPI-anchored glycoform, with low involvement of HS co-factors, limiting PrP assembly mainly to oligomers. Since PrPC is highly glycosylated, these findings may explain the high frequency of diffuse, synaptic, and plaque-like deposits in the brain as well as the rapid conversion commonly observed in human and animal prion disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Katrin Soldau
- Departments of Pathology, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Timothy D Kurt
- Departments of Pathology, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Taylor Schumann
- Departments of Pathology, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Donald P Pizzo
- Departments of Pathology, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Hermann Altmeppen
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, 20251, Germany
| | - Markus Glatzel
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, 20251, Germany
| | - Jeffrey D Esko
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Christina J Sigurdson
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, UC Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; Departments of Medicine, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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19
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Pandey P, Vidyarthi SK, Vaddella V, Venkitasamy C, Pitesky M, Weimer B, Pires AFA. Improving Biosecurity Procedures to Minimize the Risk of Spreading Pathogenic Infections Agents After Carcass Recycling. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:623. [PMID: 32390969 PMCID: PMC7188909 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal proteins are essential elements of human and animal feed chain and improving the safety of human and animal feed requires understanding and controlling of the transmission of infectious agents in food chain. Many pathogenic infectious agents, such as prion protein is known to damage the central nervous system in the cattle. Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) results from infection agent (prion), and affects number of species such as cattle, human, and cats. In addition, Salmonella, pathogenic E. coli O157:H7, and Listeria monocytogenes were found in animal by-products used in the human and animal feed production. Increased interest in controlling microbial risks in human and animal feed is evidenced by a large number of publications, which highlights the need for examining the animal disposal method such as rendering process and provides a broader perspective of rendering process. While existing practices help greatly in controlling microbial contamination, this overview study showed that additional biosafety measures are necessary to ensure microbial safety in animal feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pramod Pandey
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Sriram K. Vidyarthi
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- The Morning Star Company, Woodland, CA, United States
| | - Venkata Vaddella
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Chandrasekar Venkitasamy
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Maurice Pitesky
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Bart Weimer
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Alda F. A. Pires
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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20
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Experimental Study Using Multiple Strains of Prion Disease in Cattle Reveals an Inverse Relationship between Incubation Time and Misfolded Prion Accumulation, Neuroinflammation, and Autophagy. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2020; 190:1461-1473. [PMID: 32259521 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2020.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Proteinopathies result from aberrant folding and accumulation of specific proteins. Currently, there is a lack of knowledge about the factors that influence disease progression, making this a key challenge for the development of therapies for proteinopathies. Because of the similarities between transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) and other protein misfolding diseases, TSEs can be used to understand other proteinopathies. Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) is a TSE that occurs in cattle and can be subdivided into three strains: classic BSE and atypical BSEs (H and L types) that have shorter incubation periods. The NACHT, LRR, and PYD domains-containing protein 3 inflammasome is a critical component of the innate immune system that leads to release of IL-1β. Macroautophagy is an intracellular mechanism that plays an essential role in protein clearance. In this study, the retina was used as a model to investigate the relationship between disease incubation period, prion protein accumulation, neuroinflammation, and changes in macroautophagy. We demonstrate that atypical BSEs present with increased prion protein accumulation, neuroinflammation, and decreased autophagy. This work suggests a relationship between disease time course, neuroinflammation, and the autophagic stress response, and may help identify novel therapeutic biomarkers that can delay or prevent the progression of proteinopathies.
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21
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Cassmann ED, Moore SJ, Smith JD, Greenlee JJ. Sheep Are Susceptible to the Bovine Adapted Transmissible Mink Encephalopathy Agent by Intracranial Inoculation and Have Evidence of Infectivity in Lymphoid Tissues. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:430. [PMID: 31850385 PMCID: PMC6895770 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Transmissible mink encephalopathy (TME) is a food borne prion disease. Epidemiological and experimental evidence suggests similarities between the agents of TME and L-BSE. This experiment demonstrates the susceptibility of four different genotypes of sheep to the bovine adapted TME agent by intracranial inoculation. The four genotypes of sheep used in this experiment had polymorphisms corresponding to codons 136, 154, and 171 of the prion gene: V136R154Q171/VRQ, VRQ/ARQ, ARQ/ARQ, and ARQ/ARR. All intracranially inoculated sheep without comorbidities (15/15) developed clinical signs and had detectable PrPSc by immunohistochemistry, western blot, and enzyme immunoassay (EIA). The mean incubation periods in sheep with bovine adapted TME correlated with their relative genotypic susceptibility. There was peripheral distribution of PrPSc in the trigeminal ganglion and neuromuscular spindles; however, unlike classical scrapie and C-BSE in sheep, sheep inoculated with the bovine TME agent did not have immunohistochemically detectable PrPSc in the lymphoid tissue. To rule out the presence of infectivity, the lymph nodes of two sheep genotypes, VRQ/VRQ, and ARQ/ARQ, were bioassayed in transgenic mice expressing ovine prion protein. Mice intracranially inoculated with retropharyngeal lymph node from a VRQ/VRQ sheep were EIA positive (3/17) indicating that sheep inoculated with the bovine TME agent harbor infectivity in their lymph nodes despite a lack of detection with conventional immunoassays. Western blot analysis demonstrated similarities in the migration patterns between bovine TME in sheep, the bovine adapted TME inoculum, and L-BSE. Overall, these results demonstrate that sheep are susceptible to the bovine adapted TME agent, and the tissue distribution of PrPSc in sheep with bovine TME is distinct from classical scrapie.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric D Cassmann
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA, United States
| | - S Jo Moore
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Jodi D Smith
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Justin J Greenlee
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA, United States
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22
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Gandhi J, Antonelli AC, Afridi A, Vatsia S, Joshi G, Romanov V, Murray IVJ, Khan SA. Protein misfolding and aggregation in neurodegenerative diseases: a review of pathogeneses, novel detection strategies, and potential therapeutics. Rev Neurosci 2019; 30:339-358. [PMID: 30742586 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2016-0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Protein folding is a complex, multisystem process characterized by heavy molecular and cellular footprints. Chaperone machinery enables proper protein folding and stable conformation. Other pathways concomitant with the protein folding process include transcription, translation, post-translational modifications, degradation through the ubiquitin-proteasome system, and autophagy. As such, the folding process can go awry in several different ways. The pathogenic basis behind most neurodegenerative diseases is that the disruption of protein homeostasis (i.e. proteostasis) at any level will eventually lead to protein misfolding. Misfolded proteins often aggregate and accumulate to trigger neurotoxicity through cellular stress pathways and consequently cause neurodegenerative diseases. The manifestation of a disease is usually dependent on the specific brain region that the neurotoxicity affects. Neurodegenerative diseases are age-associated, and their incidence is expected to rise as humans continue to live longer and pursue a greater life expectancy. We presently review the sequelae of protein misfolding and aggregation, as well as the role of these phenomena in several neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, transmissible spongiform encephalopathies, and spinocerebellar ataxia. Strategies for treatment and therapy are also conferred with respect to impairing, inhibiting, or reversing protein misfolding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Gandhi
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, 101 Nicolls Road, Health Sciences Center, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8434, USA.,Medical Student Research Institute, St. George's University School of Medicine, Grenada, West Indies
| | - Anthony C Antonelli
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, 101 Nicolls Road, Health Sciences Center, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8434, USA
| | - Adil Afridi
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, 101 Nicolls Road, Health Sciences Center, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8434, USA
| | - Sohrab Vatsia
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Lenox Hill Hospital, 130 East 77th Street, New York, NY 10075, USA
| | - Gunjan Joshi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Stony Brook Southampton Hospital, 240 Meeting House Lane, Southampton, NY 11968, USA
| | - Victor Romanov
- Department of Urology, Health Sciences Center T9-040, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, 101 Nicolls Road, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8093, USA
| | - Ian V J Murray
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, St. George's University School of Medicine, Grenada, West Indies
| | - Sardar Ali Khan
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, 101 Nicolls Road, Health Sciences Center, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8434, USA.,Department of Urology, Health Sciences Center T9-040, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, 101 Nicolls Road, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8093, USA
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23
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Terry C, Wadsworth JDF. Recent Advances in Understanding Mammalian Prion Structure: A Mini Review. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 12:169. [PMID: 31338021 PMCID: PMC6629788 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Prions are lethal pathogens, which cause fatal neurodegenerative diseases in mammals. They are unique infectious agents and are composed of self-propagating multi-chain assemblies of misfolded host-encoded prion protein (PrP). Understanding prion structure is fundamental to understanding prion disease pathogenesis however to date, the high-resolution structure of authentic ex vivo infectious prions remains unknown. Advances in determining prion structure have been severely impeded by the difficulty in recovering relatively homogeneous prion particles from infected brain and definitively associating infectivity with the PrP assembly state. Recently, however, images of highly infectious ex vivo PrP rods that produce prion-strain specific disease phenotypes in mice have been obtained using cryo-electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. These images have provided the most detailed description of ex vivo mammalian prions reported to date and have established that prions isolated from multiple strains have a common hierarchical structure. Misfolded PrP is assembled into 20 nm wide rods containing two fibers, each with double helical repeating substructure, separated by a characteristic central gap 8–10 nm in width. Irregularly structured material with adhesive properties distinct to that of the fibers is present within the central gap of the rod. Prions are clearly distinguishable from non-infectious recombinant PrP fibrils generated in vitro and from all other propagating protein structures so far described in other neurodegenerative diseases. The basic architecture of mammalian prions appears to be exceptional and fundamental to their lethal pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra Terry
- Molecular Systems for Health Research Group, School of Human Sciences, London Metropolitan University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan D F Wadsworth
- MRC Prion Unit at UCL, UCL Institute of Prion Diseases, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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24
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Babelhadj B, Di Bari MA, Pirisinu L, Chiappini B, Gaouar SBS, Riccardi G, Marcon S, Agrimi U, Nonno R, Vaccari G. Prion Disease in Dromedary Camels, Algeria. Emerg Infect Dis 2018; 24:1029-1036. [PMID: 29652245 PMCID: PMC6004840 DOI: 10.3201/eid2406.172007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Prions cause fatal and transmissible neurodegenerative diseases, including
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans, scrapie in small ruminants, and bovine
spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). After the BSE epidemic, and the associated
human infections, began in 1996 in the United Kingdom, general concerns have
been raised about animal prions. We detected a prion disease in dromedary camels
(Camelus dromedarius) in Algeria. Symptoms suggesting prion
disease occurred in 3.1% of dromedaries brought for slaughter to the Ouargla
abattoir in 2015–2016. We confirmed diagnosis by detecting pathognomonic
neurodegeneration and disease-specific prion protein (PrPSc) in brain
tissues from 3 symptomatic animals. Prion detection in lymphoid tissues is
suggestive of the infectious nature of the disease. PrPSc biochemical
characterization showed differences with BSE and scrapie. Our identification of
this prion disease in a geographically widespread livestock species requires
urgent enforcement of surveillance and assessment of the potential risks to
human and animal health.
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25
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Abstract
Currently all prion diseases are without effective treatment and are universally fatal. It is increasingly being recognized that the pathogenesis of many neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer disease (AD), includes "prion-like" properties. Hence, any effective therapeutic intervention for prion disease could have significant implications for other neurodegenerative diseases. Conversely, therapies that are effective in AD might also be therapeutically beneficial for prion disease. AD-like prion disease has no effective therapy. However, various vaccine and immunomodulatory approaches have shown great success in animal models of AD, with numerous ongoing clinical trials of these potential immunotherapies. More limited evidence suggests that immunotherapies may be effective in prion models and in naturally occurring prion disease. In particular, experimental data suggest that mucosal vaccination against prions can be effective for protection against orally acquired prion infection. Many prion diseases, including natural sheep scrapie, bovine spongiform encephalopathy, chronic wasting disease, and variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, are thought to be acquired peripherally, mainly by oral exposure. Mucosal vaccination would be most applicable to this form of transmission. In this chapter we review various immunologically based strategies which are under development for prion infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Wisniewski
- Center for Cognitive Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States; Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States; Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States; Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States.
| | - Fernando Goñi
- Center for Cognitive Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States; Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
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26
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Joiner S, Asante EA, Linehan JM, Brock L, Brandner S, Bellworthy SJ, Simmons MM, Hope J, Collinge J, Wadsworth JDF. Experimental sheep BSE prions generate the vCJD phenotype when serially passaged in transgenic mice expressing human prion protein. J Neurol Sci 2017; 386:4-11. [PMID: 29406965 PMCID: PMC5946165 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2017.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The epizootic prion disease of cattle, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), causes variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) in humans following dietary exposure. While it is assumed that all cases of vCJD attributed to a dietary aetiology are related to cattle BSE, sheep and goats are susceptible to experimental oral challenge with cattle BSE prions and farmed animals in the UK were undoubtedly exposed to BSE-contaminated meat and bone meal during the late 1980s and early 1990s. Although no natural field cases of sheep BSE have been identified, it cannot be excluded that some BSE-infected sheep might have entered the European human food chain. Evaluation of the zoonotic potential of sheep BSE prions has been addressed by examining the transmission properties of experimental brain isolates in transgenic mice that express human prion protein, however to-date there have been relatively few studies. Here we report that serial passage of experimental sheep BSE prions in transgenic mice expressing human prion protein with methionine at residue 129 produces the vCJD phenotype that mirrors that seen when the same mice are challenged with vCJD prions from patient brain. These findings are congruent with those reported previously by another laboratory, and thereby strongly reinforce the view that sheep BSE prions could have acted as a causal agent of vCJD within Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Joiner
- MRC Prion Unit at UCL, UCL Institute of Prion Diseases, London, UK
| | | | | | - Lara Brock
- MRC Prion Unit at UCL, UCL Institute of Prion Diseases, London, UK
| | | | | | | | - James Hope
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, Surrey, UK
| | - John Collinge
- MRC Prion Unit at UCL, UCL Institute of Prion Diseases, London, UK
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27
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Casas E, Kehrli ME. A Review of Selected Genes with Known Effects on Performance and Health of Cattle. Front Vet Sci 2016; 3:113. [PMID: 28018909 PMCID: PMC5156656 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2016.00113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
There are genetic conditions that influence production in dairy and beef cattle. The objective of this review was to describe relevant genetic conditions that have been associated with productivity and health in cattle. Genes or genomic regions that have been identified as a candidate for the condition will be included, and the genetic basis of the condition will be defined. Genes and genetic conditions included in this review are bovine leukocyte adhesion deficiency, deficiency of the uridine monophosphate synthase, bovine chronic interstitial nephritis, horn development, myostatin, complex vertebral malformation, leptin, osteopetrosis, apoptosis peptide activating factor 1, chondrodysplastic dwarfism, caseins, calpastatin, umbilical hernia, lactoglobulin, citrullinemia, cholesterol deficiency, prions, thyroglobulin, diacylglycerol acyltransferase, syndactyly, maple syrup urine disease, slick hair, Factor XI deficiency, and μ-Calpain. This review is not meant to be comprehensive, and relevant information is provided to ascertain genetic markers associated with the conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Casas
- National Animal Disease Center, USDA, ARS, Ames, IA, USA
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28
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MacLea KS. What Makes a Prion: Infectious Proteins From Animals to Yeast. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 329:227-276. [PMID: 28109329 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2016.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
While philosophers in ancient times had many ideas for the cause of contagion, the modern study of infective agents began with Fracastoro's 1546 proposal that invisible "spores" spread infectious disease. However, firm categorization of the pathogens of the natural world would need to await a mature germ theory that would not arise for 300 years. In the 19th century, the earliest pathogens described were bacteria and other cellular microbes. By the close of that century, the work of Ivanovsky and Beijerinck introduced the concept of a virus, an infective particle smaller than any known cell. Extending into the early-mid-20th century there was an explosive growth in pathogenic microbiology, with a cellular or viral cause identified for nearly every transmissible disease. A few occult pathogens remained to be discovered, including the infectious proteins (prions) proposed by Prusiner in 1982. This review discusses the prions identified in mammals, yeasts, and other organisms, focusing on the amyloid-based prions. I discuss the essential biochemical properties of these agents and the application of this knowledge to diseases of protein misfolding and aggregation, as well as the utility of yeast as a model organism to study prion and amyloid proteins that affect human and animal health. Further, I summarize the ideas emerging out of these studies that the prion concept may go beyond proteinaceous infectious particles and that prions may be a subset of proteins having general nucleating or seeding functions involved in noninfectious as well as infectious pathogenic protein aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S MacLea
- University of New Hampshire, Manchester, NH, United States.
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Haley NJ, Siepker C, Greenlee JJ, Richt JA. Limited amplification of chronic wasting disease prions in the peripheral tissues of intracerebrally inoculated cattle. J Gen Virol 2016; 97:1720-1724. [PMID: 27031704 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease, classified as a prion disease or transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) similar to bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). Cervids affected by CWD accumulate an abnormal protease-resistant prion protein throughout the central nervous system (CNS), as well as in both lymphatic and excretory tissues - an aspect of prion disease pathogenesis not observed in cattle with BSE. Using seeded amplification through real-time quaking-induced conversion, we investigated whether the bovine host or prion agent was responsible for this aspect of TSE pathogenesis. We blindly examined numerous central and peripheral tissues from cattle inoculated with CWD for prion seeding activity. Seeded amplification was readily detected in the CNS, though rarely observed in peripheral tissues, with a limited distribution similar to that of BSE prions in cattle. This seems to indicate that prion peripheralization in cattle is a host-driven characteristic of TSE infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Haley
- Department of Basic Sciences, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, USA.,Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Christopher Siepker
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Justin J Greenlee
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Jürgen A Richt
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
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O. Bastian F. Is Alzheimer's Disease Infectious?<br><i>Relative to the CJD Bacterial Infection Model of Neurodegeneration</i>. AIMS Neurosci 2015. [DOI: 10.3934/neuroscience.2015.4.240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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