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Yassin W, de Moura FB, Withey SL, Cao L, Kangas BD, Bergman J, Kohut SJ. Resting state networks of awake adolescent and adult squirrel monkeys using ultra-high field (9.4T) functional magnetic resonance imaging. eNeuro 2024; 11:ENEURO.0173-23.2024. [PMID: 38627065 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0173-23.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Resting state networks (RSNs) are increasingly forwarded as candidate biomarkers for neuropsychiatric disorders. Such biomarkers may provide objective measures for evaluating novel therapeutic interventions in nonhuman primates often used in translational neuroimaging research. This study aimed to characterize the RSNs of awake squirrel monkeys and compare the characteristics of those networks in adolescent and adult subjects. Twenty-seven squirrel monkeys (n=12 adolescents [6 male/6 female] ∼2.5 years and n=15 adults [7 male/8 female] ∼9.5 years) were gradually acclimated to awake scanning procedures; whole-brain fMRI images were acquired with a 9.4 Tesla scanner. Group level independent component (ICA) analysis (30 ICs) with dual regression was used to detect and compare RSNs. Twenty ICs corresponding to physiologically meaningful networks representing a range of neural functions, including motor, sensory, reward, and cognitive processes were identified in both adolescent and adult monkeys. The reproducibility of these RSNs was evaluated across several ICA model orders. Adults showed a trend for greater connectivity compared to adolescent subjects in two of the networks of interest: (1) in the right occipital region with the OFC network and (2) in the left temporal cortex, bilateral occipital cortex, and cerebellum with the posterior cingulate network. However, when age was entered into the above model, this trend for significance was lost. These results demonstrate that squirrel monkey RSNs are stable and consistent with RSNs previously identified in humans, rodents, and other nonhuman primate species. These data also identify several networks in adolescence that are conserved and others that may change into adulthood.Significance Statement Functional magnetic resonance imaging procedures have revealed important information about how the brain is modified by experimental manipulations, disease states, and aging throughout the lifespan. Preclinical neuroimaging, especially in nonhuman primates, has become a frequently used means to answer targeted questions related to brain resting-state functional connectivity. The present study characterized resting state networks (RSNs) in adult and adolescent squirrel monkeys; twenty RSNs corresponding to networks representing a range of neural functions were identified. The RSNs identified here can be utilized in future studies examining the effects of experimental manipulations on brain connectivity in squirrel monkeys. These data also may be useful for comparative analysis with other primate species to provide an evolutionary perspective for understanding brain function and organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walin Yassin
- Behavioral Neuroimaging Laboratory, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478
- Behavioral Biology Program, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02478
| | - Fernando B de Moura
- Behavioral Neuroimaging Laboratory, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478
- Behavioral Biology Program, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478
- McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02478
| | - Sarah L Withey
- Behavioral Biology Program, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02478
| | - Lei Cao
- Behavioral Neuroimaging Laboratory, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478
- Behavioral Biology Program, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478
- McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478
| | - Brian D Kangas
- Behavioral Biology Program, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02478
| | - Jack Bergman
- Behavioral Biology Program, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02478
| | - Stephen J Kohut
- Behavioral Neuroimaging Laboratory, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478
- Behavioral Biology Program, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478
- McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02478
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2
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Sengupta A, Wang F, Mishra A, Reed JL, Chen LM, Gore JC. Detection and characterization of resting state functional networks in squirrel monkey brain. Cereb Cortex Commun 2023; 4:tgad018. [PMID: 37753115 PMCID: PMC10518810 DOI: 10.1093/texcom/tgad018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Resting-state fMRI based on analyzing BOLD signals is widely used to derive functional networks in the brain and how they alter during disease or injury conditions. Resting-state networks can also be used to study brain functional connectomes across species, which provides insights into brain evolution. The squirrel monkey (SM) is a non-human primate (NHP) that is widely used as a preclinical model for experimental manipulations to understand the organization and functioning of the brain. We derived resting-state networks from the whole brain of anesthetized SMs using Independent Component Analysis of BOLD acquisitions. We detected 15 anatomically constrained resting-state networks localized in the cortical and subcortical regions as well as in the white-matter. Networks encompassing visual, somatosensory, executive control, sensorimotor, salience and default mode regions, and subcortical networks including the Hippocampus-Amygdala, thalamus, basal-ganglia and brainstem region correspond well with previously detected networks in humans and NHPs. The connectivity pattern between the networks also agrees well with previously reported seed-based resting-state connectivity of SM brain. This study demonstrates that SMs share remarkable homologous network organization with humans and other NHPs, thereby providing strong support for their suitability as a translational animal model for research and additional insight into brain evolution across species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anirban Sengupta
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Nashville, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America
- Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Feng Wang
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Nashville, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America
- Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Arabinda Mishra
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Nashville, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America
- Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Jamie L Reed
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Nashville, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America
- Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Li Min Chen
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Nashville, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America
- Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America
- Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - John C Gore
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Nashville, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America
- Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America
- Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States of America
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States of America
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3
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Yassin W, de Moura FB, Withey SL, Cao L, Kangas BD, Bergman J, Kohut SJ. Resting state networks of awake adolescent and adult squirrel monkeys using ultra-high field (9.4T) functional magnetic resonance imaging. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.08.523000. [PMID: 36711620 PMCID: PMC9881954 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.08.523000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Resting state networks (RSNs) are increasingly forwarded as candidate biomarkers for neuropsychiatric disorders. Such biomarkers may provide objective measures for evaluating novel therapeutic interventions in nonhuman primates often used in translational neuroimaging research. This study aimed to characterize the RSNs of awake squirrel monkeys and compare the characteristics of those networks in adolescent and adult subjects. Twenty-seven squirrel monkeys ( n =12 adolescents [6 male/6 female] ∼2.5 years and n =15 adults [7 male/8 female] ∼9.5 years) were gradually acclimated to awake scanning procedures; whole-brain fMRI images were acquired with a 9.4 Tesla scanner. Group level independent component (IC) analysis (30 ICs) with dual regression was used to detect and compare RSNs. Twenty ICs corresponding to physiologically meaningful networks representing a range of neural functions, including motor, sensory, reward (e.g., basal ganglia), and cognitive processes were identified in both adolescent and adult monkeys. Significant age-related differences between the adult and adolescent subjects (adult > adolescent) were found in two networks of interest: (1) the right upper occipital region with an OFC IC and (2) the left temporal cortex, bilateral visual areas, and cerebellum with the cingulate IC. These results demonstrate that squirrel monkey RSNs are stable and consistent with RSNs previously identified in humans, rodents, and other nonhuman primate species. These data also identify several networks in adolescence that are conserved and others that may change into adulthood. Significance Statement Functional magnetic resonance imaging procedures have revealed important information about how the brain is modified by experimental manipulations, disease states, and aging throughout the lifespan. Preclinical neuroimaging, especially in nonhuman primates, has become a frequently used means to answer targeted questions related to brain resting-state functional connectivity. The present study characterized resting state networks (RSNs) in adult and adolescent squirrel monkeys; twenty RSNs corresponding to networks representing a range of neural functions were identified. The RSNs identified here can be utilized in future studies examining the effects of experimental manipulations on brain connectivity in squirrel monkeys. These data also may be useful for comparative analysis with other primate species to provide an evolutionary perspective for understanding brain function and organization.
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4
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Royo J, Forkel SJ, Pouget P, Thiebaut de Schotten M. The squirrel monkey model in clinical neuroscience. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 128:152-164. [PMID: 34118293 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Clinical neuroscience research relying on animal models brought valuable translational insights into the function and pathologies of the human brain. The anatomical, physiological, and behavioural similarities between humans and mammals have prompted researchers to study cerebral mechanisms at different levels to develop and test new treatments. The vast majority of biomedical research uses rodent models, which are easily manipulable and have a broadly resembling organisation to the human nervous system but cannot satisfactorily mimic some disorders. For these disorders, macaque monkeys have been used as they have a more comparable central nervous system. Still, this research has been hampered by limitations, including high costs and reduced samples. This review argues that a squirrel monkey model might bridge the gap by complementing translational research from rodents, macaque, and humans. With the advent of promising new methods such as ultrasound imaging, tool miniaturisation, and a shift towards open science, the squirrel monkey model represents a window of opportunity that will potentially fuel new translational discoveries in the diagnosis and treatment of brain pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Royo
- Brain Connectivity and Behaviour Laboratory, Sorbonne University, Paris, France; Sorbonne University, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR7225, UM75, ICM, Movement Investigation and Therapeutics Team, Paris, France.
| | - Stephanie J Forkel
- Brain Connectivity and Behaviour Laboratory, Sorbonne University, Paris, France; Groupe d'Imagerie Neurofonctionnelle, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives-UMR 5293, CNRS, CEA University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France; Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neurosciences, King's College London, UK
| | - Pierre Pouget
- Brain Connectivity and Behaviour Laboratory, Sorbonne University, Paris, France; Sorbonne University, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR7225, UM75, ICM, Movement Investigation and Therapeutics Team, Paris, France
| | - Michel Thiebaut de Schotten
- Brain Connectivity and Behaviour Laboratory, Sorbonne University, Paris, France; Groupe d'Imagerie Neurofonctionnelle, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives-UMR 5293, CNRS, CEA University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.
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Nehete PN, Williams LE, Chitta S, Nehete BP, Patel AG, Ramani MD, Wisniewski T, Scholtzova H. Class C CpG Oligodeoxynucleotide Immunomodulatory Response in Aged Squirrel Monkey ( Saimiri Boliviensis Boliviensis). Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:36. [PMID: 32194391 PMCID: PMC7063459 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
One means of stimulating the mammalian innate immune system is via Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) being exposed to unmethylated cytosine-phosphate-guanine (CpG) DNA, also known as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) of microbial origin. Synthetic CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) with defined CpG motifs possess broad immunostimulatory properties that make CpG ODNs suitable as therapeutic interventions in a variety of human disease conditions, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Rodent models are often used to preclinically test the effectiveness of CpG ODN therapeutic agents for AD and other disorders. However, the translatability of findings in such models is limited due to the significant difference of the expression of TLR9 between primates and rodents. The squirrel monkey (SQM), a New World non-human primate (NHP), is known to be phylogenetically proximate to humans, and develops extensive age-dependent cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), a key pathological feature of AD. Hence, this model is currently being used to test AD therapeutics. In the present study, we conducted the first examination of Class C CpG ODN's immunomodulatory role in elderly SQMs. We documented the effectiveness of CpG ODN to trigger an immune response in an aged cohort whose immune system is senescent. The specific immune response patterns detected here closely resembled CpG ODN-induced immunostimulatory patterns observed in prior human studies. Overall, our findings provide critical data regarding the immunomodulatory potential of CpG ODN in this NHP model, allowing for future translational studies of innate immunity stimulation via TLR9 agonists for diverse indications, including AD therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pramod N. Nehete
- Department of Comparative Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Bastrop, TX, United States
- The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Lawrence E. Williams
- Department of Comparative Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Bastrop, TX, United States
| | - Sriram Chitta
- Department of Comparative Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Bastrop, TX, United States
| | - Bharti P. Nehete
- Department of Comparative Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Bastrop, TX, United States
| | - Akash G. Patel
- Department of Neurology, Center for Cognitive Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Margish D. Ramani
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Thomas Wisniewski
- Department of Neurology, Center for Cognitive Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Henrieta Scholtzova
- Department of Comparative Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Bastrop, TX, United States
- Department of Neurology, Center for Cognitive Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
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6
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Mulholland MM, Williams LE, Abee CR. Rearing condition may alter neonatal development of captive Bolivian squirrel monkeys (Saimiri boliviensis boliviensis). Dev Psychobiol 2020; 62:909-919. [PMID: 32072635 DOI: 10.1002/dev.21960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Nursery rearing has well-known consequences for primate species. Relative to some other primate species, research has indicated a reduced impact of nursery rearing on squirrel monkeys, particularly in terms of rates, severity, and persistence of abnormal behavior. We administered the Primate Neonatal Neurobehavioral Assessment to 29 dam-reared and 13 nursery-reared squirrel monkeys (Saimiri boliviensis boliviensis) at 2 and 6 weeks of age. Mixed-model ANOVAs comparing composite scores and individual assessment items across age, rearing status, and sex revealed a number of developmental differences. Dam-reared infants scored higher on all four composite measures compared to nursery-reared infants (p < .05) indicating that nursery-reared animals had slower motor development, were less active and attentive, and were more passive than their dam-reared counterparts. Consistent with infant rhesus macaques, nursery-reared squirrel monkeys showed an increased sensitivity to tactile stimulation (p < .05). Altogether, these results suggest a disruption of species-typical development when squirrel monkey infants are reared in a nursery setting, with activity, orientation, and state control areas most affected, though experimental research is needed to determine if this is a causal relationship. Contrary to previous behavioral research, there are likely developmental differences between dam-reared infant squirrel monkeys and those reared in a nursery setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele M Mulholland
- Keeling Center for Comparative Medicine and Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Bastrop, TX, USA.,Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Lawrence E Williams
- Keeling Center for Comparative Medicine and Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Bastrop, TX, USA
| | - Christian R Abee
- Keeling Center for Comparative Medicine and Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Bastrop, TX, USA
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7
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Mulholland MM, Williams LE, Abee CR. Neonatal activity and state control differences among three squirrel monkey subspecies (Saimiri sciureus sciureus, S. boliviensis boliviensis, and S. boliviensis peruviensis). Am J Primatol 2019; 82:e23048. [PMID: 31502301 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Squirrel monkeys are a long-standing biomedical model, with multiple species and subspecies housed in research facilities. Few studies have examined the developmental differences between these subspecies, which may affect research outcomes. The primate neonatal neurobehavioral assessment was completed at 2 weeks of age with 279 dam-reared squirrel monkeys (188 Saimiri boliviensis boliviensis, 45 S. b. peruviensis, and 46 Saimiri. sciureus sciureus). Activity, orientation to stimuli, state control, and motor maturity scores, as well as startle responses and number of vocalizations were compared across subspecies and sex using factorial analysis of covariance (ANCOVAs) controlling for birthweight. There were no differences in orientation or motor maturity scores (p > .05) among the three subspecies or between sexes; however, there were significant subspecies differences in motor activity and state control scores. Of the three subspecies, S. s. sciureus has the lowest state control and activity scores (p < .05). They also had the most exaggerated startle response/aversion to a sudden loud noise, vocalized significantly less, and were less likely to resist restraint during the assessment (p < .05). The three subspecies of squirrel monkeys did not differ in motor development and attention to external stimuli but were significantly different in state control and activity levels. Overall S. s. sciureus were less active, agitated, irritable, and easier to console compared to S. b. boliviensis and S. b. peruviensis. This supports field research on socioecology which documented different social structure and behavior in wild populations of S. s. sciureus compared to S. b. boliviensis and S. b. peruviensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele M Mulholland
- Michale E. Keeling Center for Comparative Medicine and Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Bastrop, Texas.,Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Lawrence E Williams
- Michale E. Keeling Center for Comparative Medicine and Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Bastrop, Texas
| | - Christian R Abee
- Michale E. Keeling Center for Comparative Medicine and Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Bastrop, Texas
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Campêlo AC, Souza-Alves JP, Lima IMSD, Araújo ACL, Oliveira-Silva LRB, Bezerra B. Home sweet home? Adjustments in the ecology, behaviour and vocalisations of Amazonian squirrel monkeys inhabiting an Atlantic forest fragment. ETHOL ECOL EVOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/03949370.2018.1522517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anielise C. Campêlo
- Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brasil
| | - João P. Souza-Alves
- Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brasil
| | | | - Ana C. Lima Araújo
- Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brasil
| | | | - Bruna Bezerra
- Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brasil
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9
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O'Shea DJ, Kalanithi P, Ferenczi EA, Hsueh B, Chandrasekaran C, Goo W, Diester I, Ramakrishnan C, Kaufman MT, Ryu SI, Yeom KW, Deisseroth K, Shenoy KV. Development of an optogenetic toolkit for neural circuit dissection in squirrel monkeys. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6775. [PMID: 29712920 PMCID: PMC5928036 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24362-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Optogenetic tools have opened a rich experimental landscape for understanding neural function and disease. Here, we present the first validation of eight optogenetic constructs driven by recombinant adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors and a WGA-Cre based dual injection strategy for projection targeting in a widely-used New World primate model, the common squirrel monkey Saimiri sciureus. We observed opsin expression around the local injection site and in axonal projections to downstream regions, as well as transduction to thalamic neurons, resembling expression patterns observed in macaques. Optical stimulation drove strong, reliable excitatory responses in local neural populations for two depolarizing opsins in anesthetized monkeys. Finally, we observed continued, healthy opsin expression for at least one year. These data suggest that optogenetic tools can be readily applied in squirrel monkeys, an important first step in enabling precise, targeted manipulation of neural circuits in these highly trainable, cognitively sophisticated animals. In conjunction with similar approaches in macaques and marmosets, optogenetic manipulation of neural circuits in squirrel monkeys will provide functional, comparative insights into neural circuits which subserve dextrous motor control as well as other adaptive behaviors across the primate lineage. Additionally, development of these tools in squirrel monkeys, a well-established model system for several human neurological diseases, can aid in identifying novel treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J O'Shea
- Neurosciences Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Paul Kalanithi
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Brian Hsueh
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Werapong Goo
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ilka Diester
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Otophysiologie, Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
- BrainLinks-BrainTools, Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | | | - Matthew T Kaufman
- Neurosciences Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | - Stephen I Ryu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Palo Alto Medical Foundation, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Kristen W Yeom
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Karl Deisseroth
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Krishna V Shenoy
- Neurosciences Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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10
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Ward JM, Vallender EJ. The resurgence and genetic implications of New World primates in biomedical research. Trends Genet 2012; 28:586-91. [PMID: 23099234 PMCID: PMC3500444 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2012.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2012] [Revised: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 09/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
There has been a recent resurgence of interest in New World monkeys within the biomedical research community, driven by both the sequencing of the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) genome and a growing demand for alternatives to Old World primates. New World monkeys offer attractive advantages over Old World species, including cheaper and simpler husbandry, while still maintaining a greater evolutionary proximity to humans compared with other animal models. Although numerous commonalities across primate species exist, there are also important genetic and reproductive differences that can and should play a critical role in selecting appropriate animal models. Common marmosets in particular have significantly reduced diversity at the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) loci and are born as hematopoietic chimeras. New World primates can make ideal translational models for research, but scientists must necessarily incorporate complete understandings of their genetic and phenotypic differences from humans and other model organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M. Ward
- New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, One Pine Hill Drive, Southborough, MA 01772, USA
| | - Eric J. Vallender
- New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, One Pine Hill Drive, Southborough, MA 01772, USA
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11
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Tardif S, Bales K, Williams L, Moeller EL, Abbott D, Schultz-Darken N, Mendoza S, Mason W, Bourgeois S, Ruiz J. Preparing New World monkeys for laboratory research. ILAR J 2006; 47:307-15. [PMID: 16963811 DOI: 10.1093/ilar.47.4.307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
New World monkeys represent an important but often poorly understood research resource. The relatively small size and low zoonotic risk of these animals make them appealing as research subjects in a number of areas. However, historic portrayal of many of these species as difficult to manage and handle is one of the factors that has limited their use. Basic guidelines are provided on management and handling approaches for the New World monkeys most commonly used in research: marmosets, squirrel monkeys, owl monkeys, and titi monkeys. Topics include transport and acclimation to a new facility, location changes within a facility, diet changes, removal from and return to social groups, capture and restraint, handling for anesthesia, postprocedural monitoring, and staff training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzette Tardif
- Southwest National Primate Research Center (SNPRC), San Antonio, TX, USA.
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12
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Abee
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of South Alabama College of Medicine, Mobile, USA
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13
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