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Heys M, Lloyd I, Westgarth C. 'Bowls are boring': Investigating enrichment feeding for pet dogs and the perceived benefits and challenges. Vet Rec 2024; 194:e3169. [PMID: 37349956 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.3169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Canine enrichment feeding (CEF) is recommended by canine professionals, yet research into its use by dog owners is absent. This study is the first to investigate who uses CEF and the perceived benefits and barriers. METHODS A cross-sectional survey advertised in July and August 2021 received 1750 usable responses about owner and dog demographics, feeding methods used, canine quality of life and behaviour (Mini-Canine Behavioural Assessment and Research Questionnaire [C-BARQ]). RESULTS Kongs, chews and activity toys were the most popular forms of CEF. CEF was most often used for a treat, delivering meals and keeping dogs busy. Owners not using CEF were more likely to be male and older. Dogs not fed using CEF were more likely to be older, of working type and have lower exercise needs. Furthermore, they were less likely to show meal interest, dog-directed fear or training difficulties. A common perceived benefit was mental stimulation; however, lack of time was commonly perceived to be a barrier. Certain feeding methods were associated with perceptions of reduced hunger and begging. LIMITATIONS The survey methodology means there is a risk of selection bias and conclusions cannot be drawn about causation. CONCLUSION CEF was perceived by most owners to benefit behavioural problems and reduce food seeking. Further research using experimental research designs is required to establish causality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline Heys
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Neston, UK
| | - Imogen Lloyd
- Department of Livestock and One Health, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Neston, UK
| | - Carri Westgarth
- Department of Livestock and One Health, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Neston, UK
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Candiani D, Drewe J, Forkman B, Herskin MS, Van Soom A, Aboagye G, Ashe S, Mountricha M, Van der Stede Y, Fabris C. Scientific and technical assistance on welfare aspects related to housing and health of cats and dogs in commercial breeding establishments. EFSA J 2023; 21:e08213. [PMID: 37719917 PMCID: PMC10500269 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2023.8213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
This Scientific Report addresses a mandate from the European Commission according to Article 31 of Regulation (EC) No 178/2002 on the welfare of cats and dogs in commercial breeding establishments kept for sport, hunting and companion purposes. The aim was to scrutinise recent recommendations made by the EU Platform on Animal Welfare Voluntary Initiative on measures to assist the preparation of policy options for the legal framework of commercial breeding of cats and dogs. Specifically, the main question addressed was if there is scientific evidence to support the measures for protection of cats and dogs in commercial breeding related to housing, health considerations and painful procedures. Three judgements were carried out based on scientific literature reviews and, where possible a review of national regulations. The first judgement addressed housing and included: type of accommodation, outdoor access, exercise, social behaviour, housing temperature and light requirements. The second judgement addressed health and included: age at first and last breeding, and breeding frequency. Judgement 3 addressed painful procedures (mutilations or convenience surgeries) and included: ear cropping, tail docking and vocal cord resections in dogs and declawing in cats. For each of these judgements, considerations were provided indicating where scientific literature is available to support recommendations on providing or avoiding specific housing, health or painful surgical interventions. Areas where evidence is lacking are indicated.
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Griffin KE, Arndt SS, Vinke CM. The Adaptation of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs to the Hierarchy of Dogs' Needs Using a Consensus Building Approach. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2620. [PMID: 37627411 PMCID: PMC10451230 DOI: 10.3390/ani13162620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
It is crucial for good dog welfare that humans be able to accurately and adequately recognize and meet dogs' needs. However, humans may do a poor job of recognizing dogs' needs due to their tendency to anthropomorphize. The aim of this study was to develop a framework for dogs' needs that would help humans to recognize and meet their actual needs, thereby improving dogs' quality of life. Using the Delphi method, to reach as close to a consensus as possible from an expert panel, Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs was adapted to become the Dogs' Hierarchy of Needs. To do so, the relevant scientific literature was reviewed to identify 37 specific dog needs, which were group into seven need groups. Those groups were then organized onto five need levels, which were as analogous to Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs as possible. The expert panel was asked to assess various aspects of the adapted hierarchy in comparison to the original, including face validity, whether they agreed with how the need levels were ordered in terms of importance/priority, and whether they felt that any need groups should be more or less prioritized for any specific dog categories (e.g., senior dogs). After three rounds of expert feedback, there was sufficient consensus for all aspects except items pertaining to the prioritization of any need groups for specific dog categories. That aspect of the adapted hierarchy will need to be readdressed in the next phase of this project: the development of a tool to assess the quality of life of dogs that reside in shelters/rescue organizations and post-adoption once they have been rehomed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen E. Griffin
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Division Animals in Science & Society, Animal Behaviour, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands; (S.S.A.); (C.M.V.)
- The Dog Rehoming Project, Irvine, CA 92604, USA
| | - Saskia S. Arndt
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Division Animals in Science & Society, Animal Behaviour, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands; (S.S.A.); (C.M.V.)
| | - Claudia M. Vinke
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Division Animals in Science & Society, Animal Behaviour, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands; (S.S.A.); (C.M.V.)
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Shu H, Gu X. Effect of a synthetic feline facial pheromone product on stress during transport in domestic cats: a randomised controlled pilot study. J Feline Med Surg 2022; 24:691-699. [PMID: 34493099 PMCID: PMC10812279 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x211041305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Transport can be a stressful experience for domestic cats. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of a new synthetic feline facial pheromone product on relieving stress in domestic cats during short-distance transport. METHODS A randomised, blinded, placebo-controlled pilot study was conducted. Prior to baseline screening, cat owners were trained via online meetings in the assessment of stress-related behaviours and overall stress visual analogue scoring. All assessments were completed 30 mins after the start of transport. A total of 150 domestic cats exhibiting stress-related behaviours during baseline screening were recruited and randomly assigned to either the treatment group (n = 75) or the placebo group (n = 75). For the placebo-controlled intervention, the product and placebo, which were identical in appearance, were provided to the treatment and placebo groups, respectively. Fifteen minutes after spraying the carriers with the product or placebo, cat owners were required to take their cat out and complete the same assessments (baseline screening). RESULTS After the intervention, the performance of the stress-related behaviours curling, lack of motion and meowing during transport outside the home was significantly reduced in the treatment group compared with the placebo group (P <0.05). When the baseline stress visual analogue scale (VAS) score was >2.94 cm, cats in the treatment group had significantly lower post-intervention stress VAS scores compared with those in the placebo group (P <0.05). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE A synthetic feline facial pheromone product can alleviate short-distance transport-related stress in domestic cats with higher stress scores. This finding will benefit domestic cats during transport outside of the home.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Shu
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xianhong Gu
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Beijing, China
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Challenges and Solutions Surrounding Environmental Enrichment for Dogs and Cats in a Scientific Environment. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11102980. [PMID: 34679999 PMCID: PMC8532686 DOI: 10.3390/ani11102980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Environmental enrichment is the provision of equipment or enhancement to an animal’s living area with the goal to improve animal welfare. Equipment is often provided without assessment of suitability or continuous revision. Enrichment constraints can vary between different animal settings and include limited space, budget and lack of opportunity for enhancement. Simple improvements and attention to the animal’s individual needs and preferences can allow further enrichment optimisation. Abstract Dogs and cats housed in research-, kennel- and cattery-type settings are reliant on caregivers to optimise their day-to-day experiences and welfare. The goal is to provide enriching environments for physical, social and environmental control; behavioural choice and opportunities to live as varied a life as possible. However, there are numerous challenges in these environments such as lack of appropriate enrichment for group housing, budget for equipment/training, study controls, time and space to make improvements. In addition, research settings are required to comply with legislation for care, husbandry and housing, and as standards differ between regions, conditions will vary between settings. Sharing knowledge in this field can only help drive a wider culture of care by helping improve the lives and welfare of animals cared for. This article presents some of the environmental enrichment strategies effective at the Waltham Petcare Science Institute, UK.
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Dog welfare using the Shelter Quality Protocol in long-term shelters in Minas Gerais State, Brazil. J Vet Behav 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jveb.2021.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Svenson KL, Paigen B. Recommended housing densities for research mice: filling the gap in data-driven alternatives. FASEB J 2019; 33:3097-3111. [PMID: 30521372 PMCID: PMC6404583 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201801972r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Space recommendations for mice made in the Guide for Care and Use of Laboratory Animals have not changed since 1972, despite important improvements in husbandry and caging practices. The 1996 version of the Guide put forth a challenge to investigators to produce new data evaluating the effects of space allocation on the well-being of mice. In this review, we summarize many studies published in response to this challenge. We distinguish between studies using ventilated or nonventilated caging systems and those evaluating reproductive performance or general well-being of adult mice. We discuss how these studies might affect current housing density considerations in both production and research settings and consider gaps in mouse housing density research. Additionally, we discuss reliable methods used to monitor and quantify general well-being of research mice. Collectively, this large body of new data suggests that husbandry practices dictating optimal breeding schemes and space allocation per mouse can be reconsidered. Specifically, these data demonstrate that prewean culling of litters has no benefit, trio breeding is an effective production strategy without adversely affecting pup survival and well-being, and housing of adult mice at densities of up to twice current Guide recommendations does not compromise well-being for most strains.-Svenson, K. L., Paigen, B. Recommended housing densities for research mice: filling the gap in data-driven alternatives.
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Ketter DA, Klima A, Küchenhoff H, Dobenecker B, Schmidt J, Erhard MH, Döring D. Effects of Calf Horn as Chews on the Behavior of Laboratory Dogs. J APPL ANIM WELF SCI 2019; 23:116-128. [PMID: 30761913 DOI: 10.1080/10888705.2019.1571921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
It is increasingly required that non-human animals in laboratories are provided with adequate enrichment to promote the welfare of the animals. In a previous publication we showed that laboratory dogs intensively used the horn of calf hooves as chewing objects. In this report, we describe the effect of calf horn on selected behaviors of 62 laboratory dogs (60 beagles, two Foxhound crossbreds) in three research facilities (A, B, C). In addition, we assessed the dogs' tooth condition and fecal consistency. The selected behaviors: "aggressive behavior," "mounting," "tussle," "coprophagy," "manipulation" of the equipment and "abnormal behavior" did not change. In facilities A and C, the dogs receiving horn showed a significant reduction in staying near the fence of the kennel and observing the outside area. By analyzing the overall behavior in facility B, we found that "exploration" increased with horn, whereas "inactivity," "social play" and "other social behavior" decreased. In conclusion, the results indicate that horn of calf hooves offers alternative stimulation. We found positive effects on tartar/plaque reduction and fecal consistency which should be confirmed in further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daphne A Ketter
- Chair of Animal Welfare, Ethology, Animal Hygiene and Husbandry, Veterinary Faculty, Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - André Klima
- Statistical Consulting Unit StaBLab, Department of Statistics, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Helmut Küchenhoff
- Statistical Consulting Unit StaBLab, Department of Statistics, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Britta Dobenecker
- Chair of Animal Nutrition and Dietetics, Veterinary Faculty, Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jörg Schmidt
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Michael H Erhard
- Chair of Animal Welfare, Ethology, Animal Hygiene and Husbandry, Veterinary Faculty, Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Dorothea Döring
- Chair of Animal Welfare, Ethology, Animal Hygiene and Husbandry, Veterinary Faculty, Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
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Enrichment Preferences of FIV-Infected and Uninfected Laboratory-Housed Cats. Viruses 2018; 10:v10070353. [PMID: 29970792 PMCID: PMC6071041 DOI: 10.3390/v10070353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental enrichment is critical for alleviating stress in laboratory felines. However, there is a paucity of information about suitable enrichment for cats. This study aimed to determine preferred enrichment options of individually-housed, castrated male domestic short hair cats (Felis catus) used in a longitudinal study of the effects of chronic feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) infection, and to determine if the FIV status of the cats affected enrichment preferences. Preference testing was performed with two types of grooming brushes, three different interactive play options, including a laser, ball, and petting interaction with a familiar investigator, and two types of toenail conditioning objects. We found that cats elected to be brushed, preferred social interaction and play with the laser to the ball, and preferred to scratch on an inclined-box toenail conditioning object compared to a horizontal, circular toenail conditioning object. There were individual preferences for enrichment opportunities. There were no differences in preferences between FIV-infected and sham-infected cats. These enrichment preferences may be used to advise laboratory animal facilities and researchers about how to best accommodate the behavioral needs of laboratory cats.
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Contreras ET, Hodgkins E, Tynes V, Beck A, Olea-Popelka F, Lappin MR. Effect of a Pheromone on Stress-Associated Reactivation of Feline Herpesvirus-1 in Experimentally Inoculated Kittens. J Vet Intern Med 2017; 32:406-417. [PMID: 29219213 PMCID: PMC5787191 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Stress contributes to reactivation of feline herpesvirus‐1 (FHV‐1). The usage of pheromones to decrease stress in FHV‐1 experimentally inoculated kittens has not previously been investigated. Hypothesis/Objectives To determine whether a feline pheromone would lessen stress, resulting in decreased recurrence of FHV‐1‐associated illness in kittens. Animals Twelve 5‐month‐old, purpose‐bred kittens. Methods Randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled clinical trial. Kittens previously infected with the same dose of FHV‐1 were randomized into 2 separate but identical group rooms. After a 2‐week equilibration period, a diffuser containing either the pheromone or placebo was placed in each of the rooms, and the kittens acclimated for an additional 2 weeks. Every 2 weeks thereafter, for the 8‐week study period, housing was alternated between kennel‐ and group housing. Blinded observers applied a standardized clinical and behavioral scoring rubric daily. After each 2‐week period, serum cortisol concentrations and quantitative PCR for FHV‐1 and glyceraldehyde 3‐phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) ratios were evaluated. Clinical, behavioral, and laboratory test results were compared between groups within individual and combined study periods. Results Sneezing occurred more frequently in the placebo group during individual (P = 0.006) and combined study periods (P = 0.001). Sleep at the end of observation periods occurred more frequently in the pheromone group during individual (P = 0.006) and combined study periods (P < 0.001). Conclusions and Clinical Importance The findings suggest that the pheromone decreased stress, and the decrease in stress response may have resulted in decreased sneezing associated with FHV‐1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena T Contreras
- Center for Companion Animal Studies at Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | | | - V Tynes
- Ceva Animal Health, Lenexa, KS
| | - A Beck
- Ceva Animal Health, Libourne, France
| | - F Olea-Popelka
- Center for Companion Animal Studies at Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | - M R Lappin
- Center for Companion Animal Studies at Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
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Environmental Aspects of Domestic Cat Care and Management: Implications for Cat Welfare. ScientificWorldJournal 2016; 2016:6296315. [PMID: 27774506 PMCID: PMC5059607 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6296315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Domestic cats (Felis silvestris catus) are the most commonly kept companion animals in the US with large populations of owned (86 million), free-roaming (70 million), research (13,000), and shelter (2-3 million) cats. Vast numbers of cats are maintained in homes and other facilities each year and are reliant on humans for all of their care. Understanding cat behavior and providing the highest quality environments possible, including positive human-cat interactions, based on research could help improve the outcomes of biomedical research, shelter adoptions, and veterinary care, as well as overall cat welfare. Often, however, cats' needs are inadequately met in homes and some aspects may also not be well met in research colonies and shelters, despite the fact that similar problems are likely to be encountered in all of these environments. This paper provides a brief overview of common welfare challenges associated with indoor housing of domestic cats. Essential considerations for cage confinement are reviewed, along with implications of poor cat coping, such as weakening of the human-animal bond and relinquishment to shelters. The important role that environmental management plays in cat behavior and welfare outcomes is explored along with the need for additional research in key areas.
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Desforges EJ, Moesta A, Farnworth MJ. Effect of a shelf-furnished screen on space utilisation and social behaviour of indoor group-housed cats (Felis silvestris catus). Appl Anim Behav Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2016.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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The view from the other side: Using animal studies to understand how they perceive their needs. J Vet Behav 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jveb.2016.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Alho AM, Pontes J, Pomba C. Guardians' Knowledge and Husbandry Practices of Feline Environmental Enrichment. J APPL ANIM WELF SCI 2016; 19:115-25. [PMID: 26756929 DOI: 10.1080/10888705.2015.1117976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Feline environmental enrichment can prevent numerous disorders including anxiety, stress, obesity, and feline idiopathic cystitis. Despite its easy implementation and low cost, it has received little attention. The main goal of this study was to assess guardians' knowledge concerning feline environmental enrichment and husbandry practices. A questionnaire was given to 130 companion animal guardians at the Lisbon Veterinary Faculty's Teaching Hospital. The applications of 22 environmental enrichment measures related to food/water, litter box, and space/entertainment areas were evaluated. The majority of the households studied (74.6%) had a moderately enriched environment. Hygiene-related measures were those most adopted by guardians, while those requiring guardians' commitment or previous awareness were the least implemented. A rating scale was proposed and applied to assess feline domestic environmental quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Margarida Alho
- a Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health (CIISA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, ULisboa , Lisbon , Portugal
| | - Joana Pontes
- b Animal Teaching Hospital of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , ULisboa , Lisbon , Portugal
| | - Constança Pomba
- a Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health (CIISA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, ULisboa , Lisbon , Portugal.,b Animal Teaching Hospital of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , ULisboa , Lisbon , Portugal
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Robbins L, Margulis SW. Music for the birds: effects of auditory enrichment on captive bird species. Zoo Biol 2016; 35:29-34. [DOI: 10.1002/zoo.21260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey Robbins
- Department of Animal Behavior, Ecology and Conservation; Canisius College; Buffalo New York
- University of Roehampton; Holybourne Avenue; London United Kingdom
| | - Susan W. Margulis
- Department of Animal Behavior, Ecology and Conservation; Canisius College; Buffalo New York
- Department of Biology; Canisius College; Buffalo New York
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Döring D, Haberland BE, Ossig A, Küchenhoff H, Dobenecker B, Hack R, Schmidt J, Erhard MH. Behavior of laboratory beagles: Assessment in a standardized behavior test using novel stimuli and situations. J Vet Behav 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jveb.2015.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Gazzano A, Bianchi L, Campa S, Mariti C. The prevention of undesirable behaviors in cats: Effectiveness of veterinary behaviorists' advice given to kitten owners. J Vet Behav 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jveb.2015.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Ellis JJ, Protopapadaki V, Stryhn H, Spears J, Cockram MS. Behavioural and faecal glucocorticoid metabolite responses of single caging in six cats over 30 days. Vet Rec Open 2014; 1:e000056. [PMID: 26392880 PMCID: PMC4562450 DOI: 10.1136/vropen-2014-000056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Revised: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim was to characterize the behaviour and faecal glucocorticoid metabolite (FGM) responses of six cats (Felis catus) to single caging for 30 days. DESIGN In this observational study, changes in outcome measures were monitored with habituation to caging. Continuous focal observations of the activity, location in the cage, and posture were conducted from video recordings for one 24-hour period/week/cat. Cat-Stress-Scores were recorded daily. All faecal samples were collected for analysis of FGM. RESULTS The percentage time spent eating increased, while percentage time spent grooming decreased, from week 1 to week 2. Cat-Stress-Score declined significantly from week 1 to week 2. FGM concentrations were significantly greater in week 1 than in week 5. A posthabituation time budget of the behaviour of the cats in the single cages showed that inactivity dominated the time budget and the cats were located on the shelf almost half of the time. CONCLUSIONS Results suggests that a shelf was a resource of value to the cats, and that its inclusion in enclosure design is important. Quantitative and qualitative behavioural data indicated that there was an initial stress response to caging that stabilised after the first week, while FGM concentration took longer to stabilise.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Ellis
- Department of Health Management , Sir James Dunn Animal Welfare Centre, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island , Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island , Canada
| | - V Protopapadaki
- Department of Health Management , Sir James Dunn Animal Welfare Centre, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island , Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island , Canada
| | - H Stryhn
- Department of Health Management , Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island , Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island , Canada
| | - J Spears
- Department of Biomedical Sciences , Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island , Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island , Canada
| | - M S Cockram
- Department of Health Management , Sir James Dunn Animal Welfare Centre, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island , Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island , Canada
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Döring D, Haberland BE, Ossig A, Küchenhoff H, Dobenecker B, Hack R, Schmidt J, Erhard MH. Behavior of laboratory beagles towards humans: Assessment in an encounter test and a simulation of experimental situations. J Vet Behav 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jveb.2014.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Stella J, Croney C, Buffington T. Environmental factors that affect the behavior and welfare of domestic cats (Felis silvestris catus) housed in cages. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2014.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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The predictive value of early behavioural assessments in pet dogs--a longitudinal study from neonates to adults. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101237. [PMID: 25003341 PMCID: PMC4086890 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies on behavioural development in domestic dogs are of relevance for matching puppies with the right families, identifying predispositions for behavioural problems at an early stage, and predicting suitability for service dog work, police or military service. The literature is, however, inconsistent regarding the predictive value of tests performed during the socialisation period. Additionally, some practitioners use tests with neonates to complement later assessments for selecting puppies as working dogs, but these have not been validated. We here present longitudinal data on a cohort of Border collies, followed up from neonate age until adulthood. A neonate test was conducted with 99 Border collie puppies aged 2–10 days to assess activity, vocalisations when isolated and sucking force. At the age of 40–50 days, 134 puppies (including 93 tested as neonates) were tested in a puppy test at their breeders' homes. All dogs were adopted as pet dogs and 50 of them participated in a behavioural test at the age of 1.5 to 2 years with their owners. Linear mixed models found little correspondence between individuals' behaviour in the neonate, puppy and adult test. Exploratory activity was the only behaviour that was significantly correlated between the puppy and the adult test. We conclude that the predictive validity of early tests for predicting specific behavioural traits in adult pet dogs is limited.
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Conditioning laboratory cats to handling and transport. Lab Anim (NY) 2014; 42:385-9. [PMID: 24051643 DOI: 10.1038/laban.361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
As research subjects, cats have contributed substantially to our understanding of biological systems, from the development of mammalian visual pathways to the pathophysiology of feline immunodeficiency virus as a model for human immunodeficiency virus. Few studies have evaluated humane methods for managing cats in laboratory animal facilities, however, in order to reduce fear responses and improve their welfare. The authors describe a behavioral protocol used in their laboratory to condition cats to handling and transport. Such behavioral conditioning benefits the welfare of the cats, the safety of animal technicians and the quality of feline research data.
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Damasceno J, Genaro G. Dynamics of the access of captive domestic cats to a feed environmental enrichment item. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2013.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Loyd KAT, Hernandez SM, Abernathy KJ, Shock BC, Marshall GJ. Risk behaviours exhibited by free-roaming cats in a suburban US town. Vet Rec 2013; 173:295. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.101222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. A. T. Loyd
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources; The University of Georgia; Athens Georgia USA
| | - S. M. Hernandez
- Department of Population Health; Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources and the Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study; The University of Georgia; Athens Georgia USA
| | - K. J. Abernathy
- National Geographic Remote Imaging; National Geographic Society; Washington DC USA
| | - B. C. Shock
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study; Department of Population Health; The University of Georgia; Athens Georgia USA
| | - G. J. Marshall
- National Geographic Remote Imaging; National Geographic Society; Washington DC USA
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Pullen AJ, Merrill RJN, Bradshaw JWS. The Effect of Familiarity on Behavior of Kenneled Dogs During Interactions With Conspecifics. J APPL ANIM WELF SCI 2013; 16:64-76. [DOI: 10.1080/10888705.2013.741003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Kogan LR, Schoenfeld-Tacher R, Simon AA. Behavioral effects of auditory stimulation on kenneled dogs. J Vet Behav 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jveb.2011.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Tanaka A, Wagner DC, Kass PH, Hurley KF. Associations among weight loss, stress, and upper respiratory tract infection in shelter cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2012; 240:570-6. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.240.5.570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Morris CL, Grandin T, Irlbeck NA. COMPANION ANIMALS SYMPOSIUM: Environmental enrichment for companion, exotic, and laboratory animals1. J Anim Sci 2011; 89:4227-38. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2010-3722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Careful assessment of the nutritional needs of cats and dogs must be taken into consideration in order to maintain optimum health, be part of a treatment regimen for a diseased state, or to maximize the quality of life in all animals. The goal of these World Small Animal Veterinary Association (WSAVA) Guidelines is that a nutritional assessment and specific nutritional recommendation is made for every patient on every visit. This will become known as the 5th Vital Assessment (5VA), following the four vital assessments of temperature, pulse, respiration and pain that are already addressed on each patient interaction. EVALUATION OF NUTRITIONAL STATUS A brief screening evaluation of nutritional status can be routinely and seamlessly performed during the history-taking and physical examination of every patient. Nutrition-related risk factors that can be easily identified from the history and physical examination include age (growing or old), suboptimal body condition score (overweight or thin), muscle loss, atypical or homemade diet, medical conditions or changes in appetite. An extended evaluation would follow if one or more risk factors is identified on screening. These guidelines provide criteria with which to evaluate the animal and the diet, as well as key feeding and environmental factors. In addition, recommendations for interpretation, analysis and action are included so that a plan for optimizing the animal's nutritional status can be instituted. TEAM APPROACH Client compliance with nutritional recommendations requires input from the veterinarian, veterinary technicians/nurses and hospital staff. A team approach to continuous nutritional education, implementation of appropriate protocols, and focused client communication, utilizing these WSAVA Nutritional Assessment Guidelines, is key to reaching this 5VA goal.
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Freeman L, Becvarova I, Cave N, MacKay C, Nguyen P, Rama B, Takashima G, Tiffin R, Tsjimoto H, van Beukelen P. WSAVA Nutritional Assessment Guidelines. J Small Anim Pract 2011; 52:385-96. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2011.01079.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Baldwin K, Bartges J, Buffington T, Freeman LM, Grabow M, Legred J, Ostwald D. AAHA nutritional assessment guidelines for dogs and cats. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2010; 46:285-96. [PMID: 20610704 DOI: 10.5326/0460285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Ellis SLH. Environmental enrichment: practical strategies for improving feline welfare. J Feline Med Surg 2010; 11:901-12. [PMID: 19857853 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2009.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PRACTICAL RELEVANCE The clinical application of evidence-based enrichment strategies for the domestic cat housed in a variety of confined environments, ranging from the veterinary cage to the domestic home, is of particular importance - both in relation to providing opportunity for appropriate feline behaviour, and in the prevention and treatment of behavioural and associated health problems (eg, feline lower urinary tract disease associated with negative emotional states such as generalised anxiety). Environmental enrichment has gained particular relevance in the light of current animal welfare legislation. For example, in the UK, the Animal Welfare Act 2006 stipulates that owners/keepers have a duty of care to their animal(s) that includes allowing the animal to exhibit normal behaviour patterns. EVIDENCE BASE Research into environmental enrichment as a means of improving animal welfare is still very much in its infancy, particularly in relation to the domestic cat. Thus, evidence-based studies are somewhat sparse and more are needed to validate current recommended enrichment practices. AUDIENCE This article aims to assist general veterinary practitioners to recognise how cats respond to confinement, and to understand what constitutes environmental enrichment, to help them implement or advise on appropriate enrichment strategies for cats confined in a hospital cage, home environment (particularly an indoor-only home), or cattery or rescue shelter, based on published evidence to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L H Ellis
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lincoln, Riseholme Park, Lincoln
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Meunier LD. Selection, acclimation, training, and preparation of dogs for the research setting. ILAR J 2006; 47:326-47. [PMID: 16963813 DOI: 10.1093/ilar.47.4.326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Dogs have made and will continue to make valuable contributions as animal models in biomedical research. A comprehensive approach from time of breeding through completion of in-life usage is necessary to ensure that high-quality dog models are used in studies. This approach ensures good care and minimizes the impact of interanimal variability on experimental results. Guidance related to choosing and developing high-quality laboratory dogs and managing canine research colonies is provided in this article. Ensuring that dogs are healthy, well adapted, and cooperative involves good communication between vendors, veterinarians, care staff, and researchers to develop appropriate dog husbandry programs. These programs are designed to minimize animal stress and distress from the postweaning period through the transfer and acclimation period within the research facility. Canine socialization and training programs provided by skilled personnel, together with comprehensive veterinary health programs, can further enhance animal welfare and minimize interanimal and group variability in studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- LaVonne D Meunier
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, King of Prussia, PA, USA.
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Buffington CAT, Westropp JL, Chew DJ, Bolus RR. Clinical evaluation of multimodal environmental modification (MEMO) in the management of cats with idiopathic cystitis. J Feline Med Surg 2006; 8:261-8. [PMID: 16616567 PMCID: PMC10822542 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2006.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This prospective observational study evaluated client-reported recurrence of lower urinary tract signs (LUTS) and other signs of abnormalities in cats with idiopathic cystitis after institution of multimodal environmental modification (MEMO). Forty-six client-owned indoor-housed cats with idiopathic cystitis, diagnosed based on a history of recurrent LUTS and evidence of absence of urolithiasis or bacterial urinary tract infection were studied. In addition to their usual care, clients were offered recommendations for MEMO based on a detailed environmental history. Cases were followed for 10 months by client contact to determine the effect of MEMO on LUTS and other signs. Significant (P<0.05) reductions in LUTS, fearfulness, nervousness, signs referable to the respiratory tract, and a trend (P<0.1) toward reduced aggressive behavior and signs referable to the lower intestinal tract were identified. These results suggest that MEMO is a promising adjunctive therapy for indoor-housed cats with LUTS, and should be followed up with prospective controlled clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Tony Buffington
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University Veterinary Hospital, 601 Vernon L. Tharp Street, Columbus, OH 43210-1089, USA.
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Abstract
In a survey conducted to determine enrichment activities for indoor cats in the caregivers' homes, 304 indoor-cat caregivers answered structured interviews about their cats' use of windows and other "fun activities." The survey asked caregivers about durations of window use, what cats watched through the windows, and in what other fun activities cats freely participated. The results indicate that, of 577 cats, 84.3% looked out windows a total of 5 hr or less a day, that cats observed 14 different categories of outdoor stimuli, and that cats participated in 17 categories of "other" fun activities. These results suggest that cats use windows and sunlight much less often than the welfare community may expect but that caregivers (owners), when possible, should consider providing access to these.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas L Wolfle
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Research, Washington, DC, USA
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