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Liu Y, Chen T, Guo M, Li Y, Zhang Q, Tan G, Yu L, Tan Y. FOXA2-Interacting FOXP2 Prevents Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition of Breast Cancer Cells by Stimulating E-Cadherin and PHF2 Transcription. Front Oncol 2021; 11:605025. [PMID: 33718155 PMCID: PMC7947682 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.605025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
FOXP2, a member of forkhead box transcription factor family, was first identified as a language-related gene that played an important role in language learning and facial movement. In addition, FOXP2 was also suggested regulating the progression of cancer cells. In previous studies, we found that FOXA2 inhibited epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in breast cancer cells. In this study, by identifying FOXA2-interacting proteins from FOXA2-pull-down cell lysates with Mass Spectrometry Analysis, we found that FOXP2 interacted with FOXA2. After confirming the interaction between FOXP2 and FOXA2 through Co-IP and immunofluorescence assays, we showed a correlated expression of FOXP2 and FOXA2 existing in clinical breast cancer samples. The overexpression of FOXP2 attenuated the mesenchymal phenotype whereas the stable knockdown of FOXP2 promoted EMT in breast cancer cells. Even though FOXP2 was believed to act as a transcriptional repressor in most cases, we found that FOXP2 could activate the expression of tumor suppressor PHF2. Meanwhile, we also found that FOXP2 could endogenously bind to the promoter of E-cadherin and activate its transcription. This transcriptional activity of FOXP2 relied on its interaction with FOXA2. Furthermore, the stable knockdown of FOXP2 enhanced the metastatic capacity of breast cancer cells in vivo. Together, the results suggested that FOXP2 could inhibit EMT by activating the transcription of certain genes, such as E-cadherin and PHF2, in concert with FOXA2 in breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, Hunan Engineering Research Center for Anticancer Targeted Protein Pharmaceuticals, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Taolin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, Hunan Engineering Research Center for Anticancer Targeted Protein Pharmaceuticals, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Mingyue Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, Hunan Engineering Research Center for Anticancer Targeted Protein Pharmaceuticals, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Yu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, Hunan Engineering Research Center for Anticancer Targeted Protein Pharmaceuticals, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, Hunan Engineering Research Center for Anticancer Targeted Protein Pharmaceuticals, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Guixiang Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, Hunan Engineering Research Center for Anticancer Targeted Protein Pharmaceuticals, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Li Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, Hunan Engineering Research Center for Anticancer Targeted Protein Pharmaceuticals, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Yongjun Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, Hunan Engineering Research Center for Anticancer Targeted Protein Pharmaceuticals, Hunan University, Changsha, China
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2
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Yamamoto M, McGhee JR, Hagiwara Y, Otake S, Kiyono H. Genetically manipulated bacterial toxin as a new generation mucosal adjuvant. Scand J Immunol 2001; 53:211-7. [PMID: 11251876 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3083.2001.00883.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Cholera toxin (CT) and heat-labile toxin (LT) of Escherichia coli act as adjuvants for the enhancement of mucosal and serum antibody (Ab) responses to mucosally co-administered protein antigen (Ag). Both LT and CT induce B7-2 expression on antigen-presenting cells (APCs) for subsequent co-stimulatory signalling to CD4+ T cells. CT directly affects CD4+ T cells activated via the TCR-CD3 complex with selective inhibition of Th1 responses whereas LT maintains Th1 cytokine responses with inhibition of interleukin (IL)-4 production. Interestingly, while CT failed to induce mucosal adjuvant activity in the absence of IL-4, LT did so. Nontoxic mutant (m)CTs (S61F and E112K) retain adjuvant properties by inducing CD4+ Th2 cells, which provided effective help for the Ag-specific mucosal immunoglobulin (Ig)A, as well as serum IgG1, IgE and IgA Ab responses. The mCT E112K has been shown to exhibit two distinct mechanisms for its adjuvanticity. Firstly, mCT enhanced the B7-2 expression of APCs. Secondly, this nontoxic CT derivative directly affected CD4+ T cells and selectively inhibited Th1 cytokine responses. Thus, several lines of evidence indicate that enzyme activity can be separated from adjuvant properties of CT and this offers promise for the development of safe delivery of vaccines for mucosal IgA responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Yamamoto
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Matsudo, Chiba 271-8587, Japan
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3
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Yasuda Y, Matano K, Asai T, Tochikubo K. Affinity purification of recombinant cholera toxin B subunit oligomer expressed in Bacillus brevis for potential human use as a mucosal adjuvant. FEMS IMMUNOLOGY AND MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 1998; 20:311-8. [PMID: 9626936 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.1998.tb01141.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
For use as a mucosal adjuvant for human vaccines, a simple method has been developed for the affinity purification of recombinant cholera toxin B subunit which had been expressed in a safe host, Bacillus brevis. Recombinant cholera toxin B subunit, adsorbed quantitatively to a D-galactose-agarose column, was eluted with an 0.1-0.4 M D-galactose gradient with a yield of > 90%. The cholera toxin B subunit preparation was similar to the native cholera toxin B subunit with respect to GM1 binding ability, remarkable stability of the pentamer, and the dissociation-reassociation property by shifting pHs. Cross-linking experiments with glutaraldehyde demonstrated that the pentameric form was predominant; tetrameric, trimeric, dimeric and monomeric forms were detected to a lesser extent, and additionally 10- and 15-mers were observed depending on the concentration of the cholera toxin B subunit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Yasuda
- Department of Microbiology, Nagoya City University Medical School, Nagoya, Japan.
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4
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Chakraborty S, Nair GB, Shinoda S. Pathogenic vibrios in the natural aquatic environment. REVIEWS ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 1997; 12:63-80. [PMID: 9273923 DOI: 10.1515/reveh.1997.12.2.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, members belonging to the genus Vibrio of the family Vibrionaceae have acquired increasing importance because of the association of several of its members with human disease. The most feared of the Vibrio species is Vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of cholera, a devastating disease of global significance. Other important vibrios of medical importance are V. parahemolyticus, V. vulnificus, V. mimicus, and to a lesser extent V. fluvialis, V. furnissii, V. hollisae, and V. damsela. Recent studies have also implicated V. alginolyticus and V. metschnikovii in human disease, although their complete significance has not yet been established. The virulence of all medically important vibrios is aided by a variety of traits that help breach human defenses. In this review, we provide an overview of the environmental distribution of the pathogenic vibrios and the important virulence traits that enable them to cause disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Chakraborty
- National Institute of Cholera & Enteric Diseases, Calcutta, India
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5
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Yamamoto K, Do Valle GR, Xu M, Miwatani T, Honda T. Amino acids of the cholera toxin from Vibrio cholerae O37 strain S7 which differ from those of strain O1. Gene 1995; 163:155-6. [PMID: 7557467 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(95)00415-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K Yamamoto
- Department of Bacterial Infections, Osaka University, Japan
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6
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Krasilnikov OV, Muratkhodjaev JN, Voronov SE, Yezepchuk YV. The ionic channels formed by cholera toxin in planar bilayer lipid membranes are entirely attributable to its B-subunit. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1991; 1067:166-70. [PMID: 1715187 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(91)90039-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The interaction of cholera toxin with planar bilayer lipid membranes (BLM) at low pH results in the formation of ionic channels, the conductance of which can be directly measured in voltage-clamp experiments. It is found that the B-subunit of cholera toxin (CT-B) also is able to induce ionic channels in BLM whereas the A-subunit is not able to do it. The increase of pH inhibited the channel-forming activity of CT-B. The investigation of pH-dependences of both the conductance and the cation-anion selectivity of the CT-B channel allowed us to suggest that the water pore of this channel is confined to the B-subunit of cholera toxin. The effective diameter of the CT-B channels water pores was directly measured in BLM and is equal to 2.1 +/- 0.2 nm. The channels formed by whole toxin and its B-subunit exhibit voltage-dependent activity. We believe these channels are relevant to the mode of action of cholera toxin and especially to the endosomal pathway of the A-subunit into cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- O V Krasilnikov
- Institute of Physiology, Uzbek Academy of Sciences, Tashkent, U.S.S.R
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7
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Lind CD, Davis RH, Guerrant RL, Kaper JB, Mathias JR. Effects of Vibrio cholerae recombinant strains on rabbit ileum in vivo. Enterotoxin production and myoelectric activity. Gastroenterology 1991; 101:319-24. [PMID: 2065905 DOI: 10.1016/0016-5085(91)90006-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have identified the effects of Vibrio cholerae and its enterotoxin, choleragen (CT A+B+), on the myoelectric activity of rabbit ileal loops in vivo. The response was defined as the migrating action potential complex, the single ring contraction that propels luminal contents aborad. In this study the same rabbit model is used to assess whether migrating action potential complex activity or fluid output is induced by recombinant strains of V. cholerae that produce no subunit of cholera toxin (CT A-B-) or only by the inactive binding subunit (CT A-B+). Three live strains were studied: El Tor wild-type N16961 (CT A+B+) and recombinant strains CVD106 (CT A-B+) and JBK70 (CT A-B-). Controls received sterile culture broth. Migrating action potential complex frequency in animals inoculated with CT A+B+ was significantly increased compared with that in all other experimental groups (P less than 0.01). Fluid output was also increased in animals inoculated with CT A+B+ compared with fluid output in all other groups (P less than 0.05). Migrating action potential complex frequency and fluid output in rabbits given CT A-B+ or CT A-B- did not differ from activity in controls. How these recombinant strains induce diarrhea is unknown, but the mechanism may involve bacterial colonization or production of an unknown toxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- C D Lind
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Virgina, Charlottesville
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8
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Donohue-Rolfe A, Jacewicz M, Keusch GT. Isolation and characterization of functional Shiga toxin subunits and renatured holotoxin. Mol Microbiol 1989; 3:1231-6. [PMID: 2677606 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.1989.tb00273.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Shiga toxin is a protein toxin produced by Shigella dysenteriae type I strains. In this report we present a procedure for the separation of functionally intact toxin A and B chains and for their reconstitution to form biologically active molecules. In agreement with the findings of others, the isolated A chain was shown to be a potent in vitro inhibitor of eukaryotic protein synthesis. The isolated B chain bound to HeLa cells and competitively inhibited the binding and cytotoxic activity of holotoxin. These findings show that the functional role of the B chain is to recognize cell surface functional receptors. By labelling the B subunit alone, prior to renaturation of holotoxin, the polypeptide chains were shown to associate noncovalently with a stoichiometry of one A chain and five B chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Donohue-Rolfe
- Department of Medicine, New England Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
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Janicot M, Desbuquois B. Fate of injected 125I-labeled cholera toxin taken up by rat liver in vivo. Generation of the active A1 peptide in the endosomal compartment. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1987; 163:433-42. [PMID: 3816813 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1987.tb10816.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Subcellular fractionation techniques have been used to assess the localization of injected 125I-labeled cholera toxin (125I-CT) taken up by rat liver in vivo, and to determine whether internalization of the toxin is required for the generation of the active A1 peptide. The uptake of injected 125I-CT into the liver is maximal at 5 min (about 10% injected dose/g). At this time the radioactivity is for the most part recovered in the microsomal (P) fraction, but later on it progressively associates with the mitochondrial-lysosomal (ML) and supernatant fractions. The radioactivity is enriched 7-fold in plasma membranes at 5-15 min, and 15-60-fold in Golgi-endosome (GE) fractions at 15-60 min. On analytical sucrose gradients the radioactivity associated with the P fraction is progressively displaced from the region of 5'-nucleotidase (a plasma membrane marker) to that of galactosyltransferase (a Golgi marker). On Percoll gradients, however, it is displaced towards acid phosphatase (a lysosomal marker). Density-shift experiments, using Triton WR 1339, suggest that some radioactivity associated with the P fraction (at 30 min) and all the radioactivity present in the ML fraction (at 2 h) is intrinsic to acid-phosphatase-containing structures, presumably lysosomes. Comparable experiments using 3,3'-diaminobenzidine cytochemistry indicate that the radioactivity present in GE fractions is separable from galactosyltransferase, and thus is presumably associated with endosomes. The fate of injected 125I-labeled cholera toxin B subunit differs from that of the whole toxin by a more rapid uptake (and/or clearance) of the ligand into subcellular fractions, and a greater accumulation of ligand in the ML fraction. Analysis of GE fractions by SDS/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis shows that, up to 10 min after injection of 125I-CT, about 80% of the radioactivity is recovered as A subunit and 20% as B subunit, similarly to control toxin. Later on there is a time-dependent decrease in the amount of A subunit and, at least with the intermediate GE fraction, a concomitant appearance of A1 peptide (about 15% of the total at 60 min). In contrast the radioactivity associated with plasma membranes remains indistinguishable from unused toxin. It is concluded that, upon interaction with hepatocytes, 125I-CT (both subunits A and B) sequentially associates with plasma membranes, endosomes and lysosomes, and that endosomes may represent the major subcellular site at which the A1 peptide is generated.
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11
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Characteristics of the B subunit of the thermolabile enterotoxin produced byEscherichia coli strain A?B+. Bull Exp Biol Med 1987. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00840150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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12
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Tyski S, Fujii Y, Lai CY. Purification and characterization of the active fragment from Bacillus thuringiensis delta-toxin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1986; 141:106-11. [PMID: 3026371 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(86)80341-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Limited tryptic hydrolysis of a partially purified delta-toxin (Mr = 100,000) from Bacillus thuringiensis, has produced a polypeptide fragment of Mr = 60,000 containing the full biological activity. The fragment was the only polypeptide observed in the polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis of the delta-toxin after treatment with trypsin and could be purified by DEAE-cellulose chromatography. Amino acid and partial sequence analyses indicate that the 60,000 Mr fragment has been derived from the mid-section of the holotoxin peptide; over 80% of Lys, 65% of Pro and 50% of His residues in the holotoxin have been lost in the active fragment. This section must contain the active site since its specific insecticidal activity is approximately twice that of the holotoxin. The active fragment shows complete cross-reactivity with the antiserum raised against the native toxin, and appeared to possess higher thermal stability than the mother protein. It provides a powerful tool for studies of the structure involved in the insecticidal activity.
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Pearson SD, Dixon JD, Nothwehr SF, Kurosky A. Isolation of high-specific-activity subunits of cholera toxin by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1986; 359:413-21. [PMID: 3016001 DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(86)80095-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Facile, rapid procedures for the separation of active cholera toxin subunits were developed, based on high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with a Nucleosil C8 reversed-phase column. These procedures were capable of completely resolving subunits A and B as well as S-carboxymethylated or reduced alpha-, gamma-, and beta-chains. The binding of HPLC-purified B subunit to GM1 ganglioside was essentially identical to that of cholera toxin when compared on a molar basis. The adenosine 5'-diphosphate-ribosyltransferase activity of HPLC-purified A subunit, reduced alpha-chain, or carboxymethyl alpha-chain was also determined to be reasonably high compared to that of cholera toxin or commercially prepared A subunit.
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14
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Lai CY. Bacterial protein toxins with latent ADP-ribosyl transferases activities. ADVANCES IN ENZYMOLOGY AND RELATED AREAS OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1986; 58:99-140. [PMID: 3012972 DOI: 10.1002/9780470123041.ch3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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15
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Duffy LK, Kurosky A, Lai CY. Cholera toxin A subunit: functional sites correlated with regions of secondary structure. Arch Biochem Biophys 1985; 239:549-55. [PMID: 2408574 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(85)90724-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The A subunit of cholera toxin contains the ADP-ribosyltransferase activity in its major constituent polypeptide A1 (Mr 23,000) which is responsible for the elevation of cAMP typically observed with most mammalian cell types after exposure to the toxin. The primary structure of the A subunit, recently established by sequence analyses, is presented and used as the basis for the secondary structure prediction according to the method of Chou and Fasman. The results indicated the presence of 27% alpha-helix, 25% beta-structure, 12% beta-turn, and 36% random coil. The majority of the beta-structure consisted of six strands located in the NH2-terminal portion of the molecule (residues 33-106) covering one-half of the region corresponding to the A1 polypeptide portion. The beta-sheet domain led immediately into the active site region characterized by the alternating structures of beta-pleated sheet and alpha-helix (residues 95-140) similar to that reported for other NAD+ binding proteins. The presence of this structural feature in the region was confirmed by the use of another predictive method (J. Garnier et al., J. Mol. Biol. 1978, 120, 97-120). In addition, two regions (residues 14-18 and 200-214), previously identified to contain binding sites for the B subunit as evidenced by chemical modification and monoclonal antibody studies, were found to be in alpha-helix configuration.
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16
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Xia QC, Chang D, Blacher R, Lai CY. The primary structure of the COOH-terminal half of cholera toxin subunit A1 containing the ADP-ribosylation site. Arch Biochem Biophys 1984; 234:363-70. [PMID: 6497377 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(84)90281-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The sequence of 96 amino acid residues from the COOH-terminus of the active subunit of cholera toxin, A1, has been determined as (sequence; see text) This is the largest fragment obtained by BrCN cleavage of the subunit A1 (Mr 23,000), and has previously been indicated to contain the active site for the adenylate cyclase-stimulating activity. Unequivocal identification of the COOH-terminal structure was achieved by separation and analysis of the terminal peptide after the specific chemical cleavage at the only cysteine residue in A1 polypeptide. The site of self ADP-ribosylation in the A1 subunit [C. Y. Lai, Q.-C. Xia, and P.T. Salotra (1983) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 116, 341-348] has now been identified as Arg-50 of this peptide, 46 residues removed from the COOH-terminus. The cysteine that forms disulfide bridge to A2 subunit in the holotoxin is at position 91.
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McClead RE, Gregory SA. Resistance of bovine colostral anti-cholera toxin antibody to in vitro and in vivo proteolysis. Infect Immun 1984; 44:474-8. [PMID: 6425223 PMCID: PMC263544 DOI: 10.1128/iai.44.2.474-478.1984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Pregnant cows immunized with cholera enterotoxin produce an immunoglobulin G class 1 antibody that enters the colostrum in high titer. After exposure to intestinal enzymes, this antibody remains immunologically reactive and inhibits intestinal fluid secretion in infant and adult rabbits exposed to cholera enterotoxin. Specific bovine colostral antibodies may be a source of passive immune protection for human infants and adults at risk for cholera and other enteric diseases.
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18
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Yamamoto T, Nakazawa T, Miyata T, Kaji A, Yokota T. Evolution and structure of two ADP-ribosylation enterotoxins, Escherichia coli heat-labile toxin and cholera toxin. FEBS Lett 1984; 169:241-6. [PMID: 6325242 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(84)80326-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Nucleotide sequence comparisons of the heat-labile enterotoxin (LTh) genes of E. coli pathogenic for humans with cholera toxin (CT) genes suggest that the two toxin genes have evolved from a common ancestry by a series of single base changes, while conserving the catalytic fragment A1 (ADP-ribose transferase). Based on the local hydrophilicity profiles of LTh and CT peptides, a transmembrane segment appears to be present in A1 in both toxins.
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19
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Yamamoto T, Tamura T, Yokota T. Primary structure of heat-labile enterotoxin produced by Escherichia coli pathogenic for humans. J Biol Chem 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)42952-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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21
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Lai CY, Xia QC, Salotra PT. Location and amino acid sequence around the ADP-ribosylation site in the cholera toxin active subunit A1. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1983; 116:341-8. [PMID: 6315008 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(83)90420-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Renatured, S-carboxymethylated subunit A1 of cholera toxin possess the ADP-ribose transferase activity (Lai, et.al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1981, 102, 1021). In the absence of acceptor self ADP-ribosylation of A1 subunit was observed. Stoicheometric incorporation of ADP-ribose moiety was achieved in 20 min at room temperature in a 0.1 - 0.2M PO4(Na) buffer, pH 6.6. On incubation of the complex with polyarginine, 75% of the enzyme-bound ADP-ribose moiety was transferred to the acceptor in 25 min. The ADP-ribosylated A1 was stable at low pH, and on cleavage with BrCN, the ADP-ribose moiety was found associated with peptide Cn I, the COOH-terminal fragment of A1 subunit. On further fragmentation with cathepsin D, a dodecapeptide containing ADP-ribose moiety was isolated whose structure was determined as: Asp-Glu-Glu-Leu-His-Arg-Gly-Tyr-Arg*-Asp-Arg-Tyr. The Arg* in the peptide was indicated to be the site of ADP-ribosylation.
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22
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Saunders DW, Schanbacher KJ, Bramucci MG. Mapping of a gene in Vibrio cholerae that determines the antigenic structure of cholera toxin. Infect Immun 1982; 38:1109-16. [PMID: 6185422 PMCID: PMC347864 DOI: 10.1128/iai.38.3.1109-1116.1982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In Ouchterlony-type immunodiffusion gels, the cholera toxin produced by the classical Vibrio cholerae strain 569B was indistinguishable from the cholera toxin of the Eltor strain RJ1. However, the cholera toxin produced by both of these strains was incompletely cross-reactive with the cholera toxin produced by the Eltor strain 3083-2. The allele of the gene responsible for the 569B and RJ1 type of toxin was designated vct-1, and the allele responsible for the 3083-2 type of toxin was designated vct-2. The vct-1 allele was transferred from RJ1 donors to 3083-2 recipients by conjugation. The vct locus was found to be between met and trp on the V. cholerae linkage map.
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Abstract
It has been shown that the injection of antiganglioside serum into the periaqueductal gray matter of rats blocks morphine induced analgesia. This result is due to the action of antibodies to GM1 ganglioside since the specific removal of these antibodies from the antiserum with pure GM1 ganglioside eliminates the blocking activity. Specificity for GM1 ganglioside was further shown by the blocking activity of choleragenoid, which binds specifically to GM1 sites. Antibodies to other brain constituents, namely S-100 protein and myelin, did not block the morphine analgesia.
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24
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25
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Lai CY, Cancedda F, Duffy LK. ADP-ribosyl transferase activity of cholera toxin polypeptide A1 and the effect of limited trypsinolysis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1981; 102:1021-7. [PMID: 6272811 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(81)91640-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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26
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Abstract
The drastic intestinal secretion of fluid and electrolytes that is characteristic of cholera is the result of reasonably well understood cellular and biochemical actions of the toxin secreted by Vibrio cholerae. Based on this understanding it is possible to devise new techniques for the treatment and prophylaxis of cholera to complement those based on fluid replacement therapy and sanitation.
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Duffy LK, Peterson JW, Kurosky A. Isolation and characterization of a precursor form of the 'A' subunit of cholera toxin. FEBS Lett 1981; 126:187-90. [PMID: 7238869 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(81)80238-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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28
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Pao C, Dyess B. Stringent control of RNA synthesis in the absence of guanosine 5‘-diphosphate-3‘-diphosphate. J Biol Chem 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)69769-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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29
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Vaughan M, Moss J. Mono (ADP-ribosyl)transferases and their effects on cellular metabolism. CURRENT TOPICS IN CELLULAR REGULATION 1981; 20:205-46. [PMID: 6276083 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-152820-1.50010-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Duffy LK, Lai CY. Involvement of arginine residues in the binding site of cholera toxin subunit B. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1979; 91:1005-10. [PMID: 118748 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(79)91979-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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32
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NAD glycohydrolase and ADP-ribosyltransferase activities are intrinsic to the A1 peptide of choleragen. J Biol Chem 1979. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)86416-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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33
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Lai CY, Cancedda F, Chang D. Primary structure of cholera toxin subunit A1: isolation, partial sequences and alignment of the BrCN fragments. FEBS Lett 1979; 100:85-9. [PMID: 437113 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(79)81136-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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34
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Tomasi M, Battistini A, Araco A, Roda LG, D'Agnolo G. The role of the reactive disulfide bond in the interaction of cholera-toxin functional regions. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1979; 93:621-7. [PMID: 421689 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1979.tb12862.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The chemical reactivity of disulfide bonds towards reducing agents, in the absence of denaturing conditions, in cholera toxin has been studied. Treatment of the toxin with dithiothreitol or other mercaptans gave selective reduction of one of the six disulfide bonds of the protein. This reactive disulfide links two distinct functional regions of the toxin, fragment alpha, which activates adenylate cyclase, and fragment gammabeta5, which recognizes the cell surface receptors. Upon reduction, the two fragments remain bound together and the secondary structure of the protein is retained. The two functional regions have been separated and purified only by methods based on charge differences. When mixed together, purified alpha and purified gammabeta5 fragments spontaneously and rapidly re-form the disulfide bond. However, reduction of the disulfide bond is an absolute requirement for freeing the catalytic site of the alpha functional region. Thus, while other non-covalent binding regions are involved in maintaining cholera toxin molecular structure, the reactive disulfide bond may play a role in the mechanism of cell intoxication.
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Tomasi M, Battistini A, Ausiello C, Roda LG, D'Agnolo G. The role of environmental parameters on the stability of cholera toxin functional regions. FEBS Lett 1978; 94:253-6. [PMID: 29788 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(78)80949-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Abstract
Choleragen exerts its effect on cells through activation of adenylate cyclase. Choleragen initially interacts with cells through binding of the B subunit of the toxin to the ganglioside GM1 on the cell surface. Subsequent events are less clear. Patching or capping of toxin on the cell surface may be an obligatory step in choleragen action. Studies in cell-free systems have demonstrated that activation of adenylate cyclase by choleragen requires NAD. In addition to NAD, requirements have been observed for ATP, GTP, and calcium-dependent regulatory protein. GTP also is required for the expression of choleragen-activated adenylate cyclase. In preparations from turkey erythrocytes, choleragen appears to inhibit an isoproterenol-stimulated GTPase. It has been postulated that by decreasing the activity of a specific GTPase, choleragen would stabilize a GTP-adenylate cyclase complex and maintain the cyclase in an activated state. Although the holotoxin is most effective in intact cells, with the A subunit having 1/20th of its activity and the B subunit (choleragenoid) being inactive, in cell-free systems the A subunit, specifically the A1 fragment, is required for adenylate cyclase activation. The B protomer is inactive. Choleragen, the A subunit, or A1 fragment under suitable conditions hydrolyzes NAD to ADP-ribose and nicotinamide (NAD glycohydrolase activity) and catalyzes the transfer of the ADP-ribose moiety of NAD to the guandino group of arginine (ADP-ribosyltransferase activity). The NAD glycohydrolase activity is similar to that exhibited by other NAD-dependent bacterial toxins (diphtheria toxin, Pseudomonas exotoxin A), which act by catalyzing the ADP-ribosylation of a specific acceptor protein. If the ADP-ribosylation of arginine is a model for the reaction catalyzed by choleragen in vivo, then arginine is presumably an analog of the amino acid which is ADP-ribosylated in the acceptor protein. It is postulated that choleragen exerts its effects on cells through the NAD-dependent ADP-ribosylation of an arginine or similar amino acid in either the cyclase itself or a regulatory protein of the cyclase system.
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Holmgren J, Svennerholm AM, Lönnroth I, Fall-Persson M, Markman B, Lundbeck H. Development of improved cholera vaccine based on subunit toxoid. Nature 1977; 269:602-4. [PMID: 72361 DOI: 10.1038/269602a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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39
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Kurosky A, Markel DE, Peterson JW. Covalent structure of the beta chain of cholera enterotoxin. J Biol Chem 1977. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)66963-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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41
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Sigler PB, Druyan ME, Kiefer HC, Finkelstein RA. Cholera Toxin Crystals Suitable for X-ray Diffraction. Science 1977. [DOI: 10.1126/science.197.4310.1277-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul B. Sigler
- Department of Biophysics and Theoretical Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | - Mary Ellen Druyan
- Department of Biochemistry, Loyola University School of Dentistry, Maywood, Illinois 60153
| | - Helen Chilton Kiefer
- Department of Biochemistry, Northwestern University Medical and Dental Schools, Chicago 60611
| | - Richard A. Finkelstein
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas 75235
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Sigler PB, Druyan ME, Kiefer HC, Finkelstein RA. Cholera Toxin Crystals Suitable for X-ray Diffraction. Science 1977. [DOI: 10.1126/science.197.4310.1277.b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul B. Sigler
- Department of Biophysics and Theoretical Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | - Mary Ellen Druyan
- Department of Biochemistry, Loyola University School of Dentistry, Maywood, Illinois 60153
| | - Helen Chilton Kiefer
- Department of Biochemistry, Northwestern University Medical and Dental Schools, Chicago 60611
| | - Richard A. Finkelstein
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas 75235
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Roda LG, Tomasi M, Battistini A, Luzzi I, Mastrantonio P, Zampieri A, D'Agnolo G. Heterogeneity of purified cholera toxin. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1977; 492:303-15. [PMID: 884132 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2795(77)90081-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The heterogeneity of Vibrio cholerae toxin, obtained from culture filtrates in homogeneous form by gel filtration and preparative disc gel electrophoresis has been studied. By means of disc electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gel cholera toxin was separated into three forms designated I (5%), II (15%) and III (80%). The toxic activity, amino acid content and molecular weight of the three forms were similar. The difference so far observed between the various electrophoretic fractions is a difference in net charge. Incubation of either cholera toxin II or cholera toxin III at relatively high pH leads to the formation of the more acidic forms. These forms, generated in vitro by deamidation of asparagine and/or glutamine residues, are indistinguishable from the toxins of similar electrophoretic mobilities isolated from crude culture filtrates.
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Kurosky A, Markel DE, Peterson JW, Fitch WM. Primary structure of cholera toxin beta-chain: a glycoprotein hormone analog? Science 1977; 195:299-301. [PMID: 831277 DOI: 10.1126/science.831277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The completed sequence of the beta-chain of cholera toxin (103 amino acid residues) was compared to the beta-chains of chorionic gonadotropin, thyrotropin, luteinizing, and follicle stimulating hormones. The overall chemical similarity of the toxin beta-chain to the hormones was not statistically different from random; however, a comparison of the first 40 residues of the toxin beta-chain to the glycoprotein hormones revealed a segment of the hormones which was significantly chemically similar. The probability was less than .003 that the similarity was due to chance.
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Lai CY, Mendez E, Chang D, Wang M. Primary structure of cholera toxin B-subunit. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1977; 74:215-22. [PMID: 836280 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(77)91396-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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46
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Wodnar-Filipowicz A, Lai CY. Stimulation of adenylate cyclase in washed pigeon erythrocyte membrane with cholera toxin and its subunits. Arch Biochem Biophys 1976; 176:465-71. [PMID: 185963 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(76)90189-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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