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Mukherjee D. Organic strawberry- Plausible vehicle of the hepatitis A virus transmission. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2022; 82:104517. [PMID: 36124212 PMCID: PMC9482076 DOI: 10.1016/j.amsu.2022.104517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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2
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Efficient capturing and sensitive detection of hepatitis A virus from solid foods (green onion, strawberry, and mussel) using protamine-coated iron oxide (Fe 3O 4) magnetic nanoparticles and real-time RT-PCR. Food Microbiol 2021; 102:103921. [PMID: 34809947 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2021.103921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis A virus (HAV) continues to be a public health concern and has caused large foodborne outbreaks and economic losses worldwide. Rapid detection of HAV in foods can help to confirm the source of outbreaks in a timely manner and prevent more people getting infected. In order to efficiently detect HAV at low levels of contamination in foods, rapid and easy-to-use techniques are required to separate and concentrate viral particles to a small volume. In the current study, HAV particles were eluted from green onion, strawberry, and mussel using glycine buffer (0.05 M glycine, 0.14 M NaCl, 0.2% (v/v) Tween 20, pH 9.0) and suspended viral particles were captured using protamine-coated magnetic nanoparticles (PMNPs). This process caused a selective concentration of the viral particles, which could be followed by quantitative real-time RT-PCR analysis. Results showed that pH, NaCl concentration, and PMNP amount used for the capturing had significant effects on the recovery efficiency of HAV (P < 0.05). The highest recovery rate was obtained at pH 9.0, 0.14 M NaCl, and 50 μL of PMNPs. The optimized PMNP capturing method enabled the rapid capture and concentration of HAV. A sensitive real-time RT-PCR test was developed with detection limits of 8.3 × 100 PFU/15 g, 8.3 × 101 PFU/50 g, and 8.3 × 100 PFU/5 g of HAV in green onion, strawberry, and mussel, respectively. In conclusion, the PMNP method is rapid and convenient in capturing HAV from complex solid food samples and can generate concentrated HAV sample solutions suitable for high-sensitivity real time RT-PCR detection of the virus.
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3
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Micheli L, Fasoli A, Attar A, Donia DT, Divizia M, Amine A, Palleschi G, Salazar Carballo PA, Moscone D. An ELIME assay for hepatitis A virus detection. Talanta 2021; 234:122672. [PMID: 34364473 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
An Enzyme Linked ImmunoMagnetic Electrochemical assay (ELIME) was developed for the detection of the hepatitis A virus (HAV). This system is based on the use of new polydopamine-modified magnetic nanobeads as solid support for the immunochemical chain, and an array of 8 screen-printed electrodes as a sensing platform. Enzymatic-by-product is quickly measured by differential pulse voltammetry. For this purpose, all analytical parameters were optimized; in particular, different blocking reagents were evaluated in order to minimize the nonspecific interaction of bioreagents. Using the ELIME assays, a quantitative determination of HAV can be achieved with a detection limit of 1·10-11 IU mL-1 and a working range between 10-10 - 5 × 10-7 IU mL-1. The cross-reactivity of the commercial monoclonal antibodies against HAV used in ELIME assays was tested for Coxsackie B4, resulting very low. The sensitivity was also investigated and compared with spectrophotometric sandwich ELISA. The average relative standard deviation (RSD) of the ELIME method was less than 5% for the assays performed on the same day, and 7% for the measurements made on different days. The proposed system was applied to the cell culture of HAV, which title was quantified by Real-Time Quantitative Reverse Transcription PCR (RT¬qPCR). To compare the results, a correlation between the units used in ELIME (IU mL-1) and those used in RT¬qPCR (genome mL-1) was established using a HAV-positive sample, resulting in 1 IU mL-1-10-4 gen mL-1 (R2 = 0.978). The ELIME tool exhibits good stability and high biological selectivity for HAV antigen detection and was successfully applied for the determination of HAV in tap water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Micheli
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133, Rome, Italy; Consorzio Interuniversitario Biostrutture e Biosistemi "INBB", Viale Medaglie d'Oro 305, 00136, Rome, Italy.
| | - Andrea Fasoli
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Aisha Attar
- Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Hassan II University of Casablanca, BP 146, Mohammedia, 20650, Morocco; Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The University of Illinois at Chicago, 835 S Wolcott Ave E403 (MC868), Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Domenica T Donia
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Roma "Tor Vergata", Via Montpellier, 1, 00133, Roma, Italy
| | - Maurizio Divizia
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Roma "Tor Vergata", Via Montpellier, 1, 00133, Roma, Italy
| | - Aziz Amine
- Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Hassan II University of Casablanca, BP 146, Mohammedia, 20650, Morocco
| | - Giuseppe Palleschi
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133, Rome, Italy; Consorzio Interuniversitario Biostrutture e Biosistemi "INBB", Viale Medaglie d'Oro 305, 00136, Rome, Italy
| | - Pedro A Salazar Carballo
- Neurochemistry and Neuroimaging Group, (Laboratory of Sensors, Biosensors and Materials) Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of La Laguna, Campus de Ofra s/n, 38071, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Danila Moscone
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133, Rome, Italy; Consorzio Interuniversitario Biostrutture e Biosistemi "INBB", Viale Medaglie d'Oro 305, 00136, Rome, Italy
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4
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Di Cola G, Fantilli AC, Pisano MB, Ré VE. Foodborne transmission of hepatitis A and hepatitis E viruses: A literature review. Int J Food Microbiol 2021; 338:108986. [PMID: 33257099 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.108986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Foodborne viruses have been recognized as a growing concern to the food industry and a serious public health problem. Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is responsible for the majority of viral outbreaks of food origin worldwide, while hepatitis E virus (HEV) has also been gaining prominence as a foodborne viral agent in the last years, due to its zoonotic transmission through the consumption of uncooked or undercooked infected meat or derivatives. However, there is a lack of scientific reports that gather all the updated information about HAV and HEV as foodborne viruses. A search of all scientific articles about HAV and HEV in food until March 2020 was carried out, using the keywords "HAV", "HEV", "foodborne", "outbreak" and "detection in food". Foodborne outbreaks due to HAV have been reported since 1956, mainly in the USA, and in Europe in recent years, where the number of outbreaks has been increasing throughout time, and nowadays it has become the continent with the highest foodborne HAV outbreak report. Investigation and detection of HAV in food is more recent, and the first detections were performed in the 1990s decade, most of them carried out on seafood, first, and frozen food, later. On the other hand, HEV has been mainly looked for and detected in food derived from reservoir animals, such as meat, sausages and pate of pigs and wild boars. For this virus, only isolated cases and small outbreaks of foodborne transmission have been recorded, most of them in industrialized countries, due to HEV genotype 3 or 4. Virus detection in food matrices requires special processing of the food matrix, followed by RNA detection by molecular techniques. For HAV, a real-time PCR has been agreed as the standard method for virus detection in food; in the case of HEV, a consensus assay for its detection in food has not been reached yet. Our investigation shows that there is still little data about HAV and HEV prevalence and frequency of contamination in food, prevalent viral strains, and sources of contamination, mainly in developing countries, where there is no research and legislation in this regard. Studies on these issues are needed to get a better understanding of foodborne viruses, their maintenance and their potential to cause diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guadalupe Di Cola
- Instituto de Virología "Dr. J. M. Vanella", Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Enfermera Gordillo Gomez s/n, CP: 5016 Córdoba, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina.
| | - Anabella C Fantilli
- Instituto de Virología "Dr. J. M. Vanella", Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Enfermera Gordillo Gomez s/n, CP: 5016 Córdoba, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - María Belén Pisano
- Instituto de Virología "Dr. J. M. Vanella", Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Enfermera Gordillo Gomez s/n, CP: 5016 Córdoba, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Viviana E Ré
- Instituto de Virología "Dr. J. M. Vanella", Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Enfermera Gordillo Gomez s/n, CP: 5016 Córdoba, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
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5
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La Rosa G, Mancini P, Bonanno Ferraro G, Iaconelli M, Veneri C, Paradiso R, De Medici D, Vicenza T, Proroga YTR, Di Maro O, Ciccaglione AR, Bruni R, Equestre M, Taffon S, Costantino A, Della Rotonda M, Suffredini E. Hepatitis A Virus Strains Circulating in the Campania Region (2015-2018) Assessed through Bivalve Biomonitoring and Environmental Surveillance. Viruses 2020; 13:v13010016. [PMID: 33374859 PMCID: PMC7824067 DOI: 10.3390/v13010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The genetic diversity of Hepatitis A Virus (HAV) circulating in the Campania Region in years 2015–2018 was investigated through the monitoring of sentinel bivalve shellfish and water matrices. Overall, 463 water samples (71 sewage samples, 353 coastal discharge waters, and 39 seawaters samples), and 746 bivalve shellfish samples were analyzed. Positivity for HAV was detected in 20/71 sewage samples, 14/353 coastal discharge waters, 5/39 seawaters, and 102/746 bivalve shellfish. Sixty-one of the positive samples were successfully sequenced and were characterized as genotype IA (n = 50) and IB (n = 11). The prevalent strain circulating in 2015 in both bivalves and waters was the IA strain responsible for the outbreak occurring around the same time in the Naples area. This variant was no longer identified in subsequent years (2017–2018) when, instead, appeared two of the IA variants of the multistate outbreak affecting men who have sex with men (MSM), VRD_521_2016, and RIVM-HAV16–090, with the former prevailing in both shellfish and water environments. HAV IB isolates were detected over the years in shellfish and in water matrices, but not in clinical samples, suggesting that this genotype had been circulating silently. An integrated surveillance system (environment/food/clinical cases) can be a useful tool to monitor changes in viral variants in the population, as well as an early warning system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina La Rosa
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (G.L.R.); (P.M.); (G.B.F.); (M.I.); (C.V.); (R.P.)
| | - Pamela Mancini
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (G.L.R.); (P.M.); (G.B.F.); (M.I.); (C.V.); (R.P.)
| | - Giusy Bonanno Ferraro
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (G.L.R.); (P.M.); (G.B.F.); (M.I.); (C.V.); (R.P.)
| | - Marcello Iaconelli
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (G.L.R.); (P.M.); (G.B.F.); (M.I.); (C.V.); (R.P.)
| | - Carolina Veneri
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (G.L.R.); (P.M.); (G.B.F.); (M.I.); (C.V.); (R.P.)
| | - Rosa Paradiso
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (G.L.R.); (P.M.); (G.B.F.); (M.I.); (C.V.); (R.P.)
| | - Dario De Medici
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (D.D.M.); (T.V.)
| | - Teresa Vicenza
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (D.D.M.); (T.V.)
| | - Yolande Therese Rose Proroga
- Department of Food Microbiology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, 80055 Portici, Italy; (Y.T.R.P.); (O.D.M.)
| | - Orlandina Di Maro
- Department of Food Microbiology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, 80055 Portici, Italy; (Y.T.R.P.); (O.D.M.)
| | - Anna Rita Ciccaglione
- Department of Infectious Diseases, NRL for Human Viral Hepatitis, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (A.R.C.); (R.B.); (M.E.); (S.T.); (A.C.)
| | - Roberto Bruni
- Department of Infectious Diseases, NRL for Human Viral Hepatitis, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (A.R.C.); (R.B.); (M.E.); (S.T.); (A.C.)
| | - Michele Equestre
- Department of Infectious Diseases, NRL for Human Viral Hepatitis, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (A.R.C.); (R.B.); (M.E.); (S.T.); (A.C.)
| | - Stefania Taffon
- Department of Infectious Diseases, NRL for Human Viral Hepatitis, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (A.R.C.); (R.B.); (M.E.); (S.T.); (A.C.)
| | - Angela Costantino
- Department of Infectious Diseases, NRL for Human Viral Hepatitis, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (A.R.C.); (R.B.); (M.E.); (S.T.); (A.C.)
| | - Maurizio Della Rotonda
- Executive Task Force Prevention and Veterinary Public Health, Region Campania, 80132 Naples, Italy;
| | - Elisabetta Suffredini
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (D.D.M.); (T.V.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-06-4990-2477
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Bridges DF, Bilbao‐Sainz C, Powell‐Palm MJ, Williams T, Wood D, Sinrod AJG, Ukpai G, McHugh TH, Rubinsky B, Wu VCH. Viability of
Listeria monocytogenes
and
Salmonella
Typhimurium after isochoric freezing. J Food Saf 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David F. Bridges
- United States Department of Agriculture Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service Albany California USA
| | - Cristina Bilbao‐Sainz
- United States Department of Agriculture Healthy Processed Foods Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service Albany California USA
| | | | - Tina Williams
- United States Department of Agriculture Bioproducts Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service Albany California USA
| | - Delilah Wood
- United States Department of Agriculture Bioproducts Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service Albany California USA
| | - Amanda J. G. Sinrod
- United States Department of Agriculture Healthy Processed Foods Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service Albany California USA
| | - Gideon Ukpai
- Department of Mechanical Engineering University of California Berkeley California USA
| | - Tara H. McHugh
- United States Department of Agriculture Healthy Processed Foods Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service Albany California USA
| | - Boris Rubinsky
- Department of Mechanical Engineering University of California Berkeley California USA
| | - Vivian C. H. Wu
- United States Department of Agriculture Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service Albany California USA
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7
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Nelson NP, Weng MK, Hofmeister MG, Moore KL, Doshani M, Kamili S, Koneru A, Haber P, Hagan L, Romero JR, Schillie S, Harris AM. Prevention of Hepatitis A Virus Infection in the United States: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, 2020. MMWR Recomm Rep 2020; 69:1-38. [PMID: 32614811 PMCID: PMC8631741 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.rr6905a1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
HEPATITIS A IS A VACCINE-PREVENTABLE, COMMUNICABLE DISEASE OF THE LIVER CAUSED BY THE HEPATITIS A VIRUS (HAV). THE INFECTION IS TRANSMITTED VIA THE FECAL-ORAL ROUTE, USUALLY FROM DIRECT PERSON-TO-PERSON CONTACT OR CONSUMPTION OF CONTAMINATED FOOD OR WATER. HEPATITIS A IS AN ACUTE, SELF-LIMITED DISEASE THAT DOES NOT RESULT IN CHRONIC INFECTION. HAV ANTIBODIES (IMMUNOGLOBULIN G [IGG] ANTI-HAV) PRODUCED IN RESPONSE TO HAV INFECTION PERSIST FOR LIFE AND PROTECT AGAINST REINFECTION; IGG ANTI-HAV PRODUCED AFTER VACCINATION CONFER LONG-TERM IMMUNITY. THIS REPORT SUPPLANTS AND SUMMARIZES PREVIOUSLY PUBLISHED RECOMMENDATIONS FROM THE ADVISORY COMMITTEE ON IMMUNIZATION PRACTICES (ACIP) REGARDING THE PREVENTION OF HAV INFECTION IN THE UNITED STATES. ACIP RECOMMENDS ROUTINE VACCINATION OF CHILDREN AGED 12-23 MONTHS AND CATCH-UP VACCINATION FOR CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS AGED 2-18 YEARS WHO HAVE NOT PREVIOUSLY RECEIVED HEPATITIS A (HEPA) VACCINE AT ANY AGE. ACIP RECOMMENDS HEPA VACCINATION FOR ADULTS AT RISK FOR HAV INFECTION OR SEVERE DISEASE FROM HAV INFECTION AND FOR ADULTS REQUESTING PROTECTION AGAINST HAV WITHOUT ACKNOWLEDGMENT OF A RISK FACTOR. THESE RECOMMENDATIONS ALSO PROVIDE GUIDANCE FOR VACCINATION BEFORE TRAVEL, FOR POSTEXPOSURE PROPHYLAXIS, IN SETTINGS PROVIDING SERVICES TO ADULTS, AND DURING OUTBREAKS.
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8
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Bozkurt H, Phan-Thien KY, van Ogtrop F, Bell T, McConchie R. Outbreaks, occurrence, and control of norovirus and hepatitis a virus contamination in berries: A review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 61:116-138. [PMID: 32008374 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1719383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Foodborne enteric viruses, in particular HuNoV and HAV, are the most common cause of the berry-linked viral diseases, and outbreaks around the world, and have become an important concern for health authorities. Despite the increased importance of berry fruits as a vehicle for foodborne viruses, there is limited information concerning the fate of foodborne viruses in the berry supply chain from farm to consumer. A comprehensive understanding of berry-associated viral outbreaks - with a focus on contamination sources, persistence, survival, and the effects of current postharvest and processing interventions and practices - is essential for the development of effective preventative strategies to reduce risk of illness. The purpose of this paper is twofold; (i) to critically review the published literature on the current state of knowledge regarding berry-associated foodborne viral outbreaks and the efficiency of berry processing practices and (ii) to identify and prioritize research gaps regarding practical and effective mechanism to reduce viral contamination of berries. The review found that fecally infected food handlers were the predominant source of preharvest and postharvest pathogenic viral contamination. Current industrial practices applied to fresh and frozen berries demonstrated limited efficacy for reducing the viral load. While maintaining best practice personal and environmental hygiene is a key intervention, the optimization of processing parameters (i.e., freezing, frozen storage, and washing) and/or development of alternative processing technologies to induce sufficient viral inactivation in berries along with retaining sensory and nutritional quality, is also an important direction for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayriye Bozkurt
- ARC Industrial Transformation Training Centre for Food Safety in the Fresh Produce Industry, Sydney Institute of Agriculture, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kim-Yen Phan-Thien
- ARC Industrial Transformation Training Centre for Food Safety in the Fresh Produce Industry, Sydney Institute of Agriculture, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Floris van Ogtrop
- ARC Industrial Transformation Training Centre for Food Safety in the Fresh Produce Industry, Sydney Institute of Agriculture, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Tina Bell
- ARC Industrial Transformation Training Centre for Food Safety in the Fresh Produce Industry, Sydney Institute of Agriculture, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Robyn McConchie
- ARC Industrial Transformation Training Centre for Food Safety in the Fresh Produce Industry, Sydney Institute of Agriculture, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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9
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Machado-Moreira B, Richards K, Brennan F, Abram F, Burgess CM. Microbial Contamination of Fresh Produce: What, Where, and How? Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2019; 18:1727-1750. [PMID: 33336968 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Promotion of healthier lifestyles has led to an increase in consumption of fresh produce. Such foodstuffs may expose consumers to increased risk of foodborne disease, as often they are not subjected to processing steps to ensure effective removal or inactivation of pathogenic microorganisms before consumption. Consequently, reports of ready-to-eat fruit and vegetable related disease outbreak occurrences have increased substantially in recent years, and information regarding these events is often not readily available. Identifying the nature and source of microbial contamination of these foodstuffs is critical for developing appropriate mitigation measures to be implemented by food producers. This review aimed to identify the foodstuffs most susceptible to microbial contamination and the microorganisms responsible for disease outbreaks from information available in peer-reviewed scientific publications. A total of 571 outbreaks were identified from 1980 to 2016, accounting for 72,855 infections and 173 deaths. Contaminated leafy green vegetables were responsible for 51.7% of reported outbreaks. Contaminated soft fruits caused 27.8% of infections. Pathogenic strains of Escherichia coli and Salmonella, norovirus, and hepatitis A accounted for the majority of cases. Large outbreaks resulted in particular biases such as the observation that contaminated sprouted plants caused 31.8% of deaths. Where known, contamination mainly occurred via contaminated seeds, water, and contaminated food handlers. There is a critical need for standardized datasets regarding all aspects of disease outbreaks, including how foodstuffs are contaminated with pathogenic microorganisms. Providing food business operators with this knowledge will allow them to implement better strategies to improve safety and quality of fresh produce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernardino Machado-Moreira
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin, Ireland.,Functional Environmental Microbiology, National Univ. of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Karl Richards
- Teagasc Johnstown Castle Environmental Research Centre, Wexford, Ireland
| | - Fiona Brennan
- Teagasc Johnstown Castle Environmental Research Centre, Wexford, Ireland
| | - Florence Abram
- Functional Environmental Microbiology, National Univ. of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
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10
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Shin H, Park H, Seo DJ, Jung S, Yeo D, Wang Z, Park KH, Choi C. Foodborne Viruses Detected Sporadically in the Fresh Produce and Its Production Environment in South Korea. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2019; 16:411-420. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2018.2580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hansaem Shin
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chung-Ang University, Anseong-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunkyung Park
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chung-Ang University, Anseong-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Joo Seo
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chung-Ang University, Anseong-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Soontag Jung
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chung-Ang University, Anseong-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Daseul Yeo
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chung-Ang University, Anseong-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Zhaoqi Wang
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chung-Ang University, Anseong-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Hwan Park
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong-si, Republic of Korea
- Bio and Environmental Technology Research Institute, Chung-Ang University, Anseong-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Changsun Choi
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chung-Ang University, Anseong-si, Republic of Korea
- Bio and Environmental Technology Research Institute, Chung-Ang University, Anseong-si, Republic of Korea
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11
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Marosevic D, Belting A, Schönberger K, Carl A, Wenzel JJ, Brey R. Hepatitis A Outbreak in the General Population due to a MSM-Associated HAV Genotype Linked to a Food Handler, November 2017-February 2018, Germany. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2019; 11:149-156. [PMID: 30868371 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-019-09375-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis A (HAV) is a viral infection causing a range of symptoms, sudden onset of fever, malaise, diarrhea, and jaundice. It is mostly transmitted fecal-oral through contaminated food, with immediate household and sexual contacts having a higher risk of infection. Since 2016 an increased number of HAV infections, mostly affecting men who have sex with men (MSM) have been noticed worldwide, with three main genotypes circulating. We report here on the first spillover outbreak of the MSM-associated HAV genotype RIVM-HAV16-090 in the German general population in November 2017-February 2018. In total, twelve cases could be attributed to the outbreak with the index case and a coworker in a butchers shop being the most probable source of the outbreak. The identical HAV genotype was detected in two environmental samples in the premises of the butchers shop and in nine cases. Outbreak control measures included detailed contact tracing and stool examinations, several environmental investigations, thorough cleaning, and disinfection of the premises of the butchers shop. Post-exposure vaccination was recommended to all unprotected contacts during the investigation. Furthermore, although hand-washing facilities were in accordance with the required law, additional installment of soap and disinfectant dispensers and contactless faucets has been recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Durdica Marosevic
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Oberschleißheim, Germany.
| | - Anne Belting
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | | | - Anja Carl
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Jürgen J Wenzel
- Consultant laboratory for HAV and HEV, Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Centre Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Roland Brey
- Health Authority Amberg-Sulzbach, Amberg, Germany
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12
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Wang W, Zhou Y, Xiao X, Yang G, Wang Q, Wei W, Liu Y, Yang H. Behavior of Salmonella Typhimurium on Fresh Strawberries Under Different Storage Temperatures and Wash Treatments. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2091. [PMID: 30271386 PMCID: PMC6146104 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Fresh strawberries are one of the most popular fruits in China and are vulnerable to microbial contamination. In this study, the behavior of Salmonella Typhimurium on fresh strawberries stored at refrigeration and room temperatures, as well as the effectiveness of mild heat wash treatments at 47, 50, and 53°C on bacterial survival was investigated. The modified Gompertz, Huang, log-linear, and Weibull models were used to fit bacterial growth and survival curves under different treatments. A secondary model based on linear regression was developed to describe the effect of washing temperature on the kinetic parameters of S. Typhimurium survival derived from the Weibull model. During 72 h storage, S. Typhimurium on fresh strawberries stored at 4°C was reduced by 1.35 log CFU/g and growth of 5.64 log CFU/g was observed when strawberries were stored at 25°C. Bacterial reductions of 1.22 ± 0.15, 1.92 ± 0.06, 2.27 ± 0.07 log CFU/g were obtained when washing was carried out at 47, 50 and 53°C for 240 s, respectively. The wash temperature was an important parameter for bacterial inactivation and bacterial populations declined significantly in conjunction with washing time (p < 0.05). Warm wash treatments lead the visible color changes of strawberries, showing a slightly darker appearance while acceptable. The goodness-of-fit indices indicated that the log-linear model provided a satisfactory fit to describe the bacterial survival at 4°C. According to the smaller Akaike information criterion (AIC) value, the modified Gompertz model performed slightly better than the Huang model in describing bacterial growth at 25°C. The high adj-R2 (≥0.90) and small RMSE (≤0.22) indicated the Weibull model better described bacterial behavior under mild heat treatments. We found a close linear relationship between wash temperatures and ln k and ln n. These models were validated by independent experimental data and the values of the bias and accuracy factors fell into the acceptable range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Wang
- MOA Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Plant Pest Control, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- MOA Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Plant Pest Control, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, School of Tea and Food Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Xingning Xiao
- MOA Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Plant Pest Control, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guiling Yang
- MOA Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Plant Pest Control, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- MOA Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Plant Pest Control, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Wei
- MOA Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Plant Pest Control, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuanjing Liu
- MOA Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Plant Pest Control, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hua Yang
- MOA Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Plant Pest Control, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
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13
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Alegbeleye OO, Singleton I, Sant'Ana AS. Sources and contamination routes of microbial pathogens to fresh produce during field cultivation: A review. Food Microbiol 2018; 73:177-208. [PMID: 29526204 PMCID: PMC7127387 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 12/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Foodborne illness resulting from the consumption of contaminated fresh produce is a common phenomenon and has severe effects on human health together with severe economic and social impacts. The implications of foodborne diseases associated with fresh produce have urged research into the numerous ways and mechanisms through which pathogens may gain access to produce, thereby compromising microbiological safety. This review provides a background on the various sources and pathways through which pathogenic bacteria contaminate fresh produce; the survival and proliferation of pathogens on fresh produce while growing and potential methods to reduce microbial contamination before harvest. Some of the established bacterial contamination sources include contaminated manure, irrigation water, soil, livestock/ wildlife, and numerous factors influence the incidence, fate, transport, survival and proliferation of pathogens in the wide variety of sources where they are found. Once pathogenic bacteria have been introduced into the growing environment, they can colonize and persist on fresh produce using a variety of mechanisms. Overall, microbiological hazards are significant; therefore, ways to reduce sources of contamination and a deeper understanding of pathogen survival and growth on fresh produce in the field are required to reduce risk to human health and the associated economic consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ian Singleton
- School of Applied Sciences, Sighthill Campus, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Anderson S Sant'Ana
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
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14
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Cella E, Riva E, Angeletti S, Fogolari M, Blasi A, Scolamacchia V, Spoto S, Bazzardi R, Lai A, Sagnelli C, Sagnelli E, Ciccozzi M. Genotype I hepatitis A virus introduction in Italy: Bayesian phylogenetic analysis to date different epidemics. J Med Virol 2018; 90:1493-1502. [PMID: 29738070 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Despite a significant decrease in acute hepatitis A in the last 2 decades in Italy, outbreaks were observed occurring mostly in southern Italy. In this study, Bayesian phylogenetic analysis was used to analyze the origin of these epidemics. With this aim, 5 different data sets of hepatitis A virus sequences were built to perform genotyping by the neighbor-joining method to estimate the evolutionary rates by using a Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo approach and to investigate the demographic history by independent Markov chain Monte Carlo runs enforcing both a strict and relaxed clock. The estimated mean value of the evolutionary rate, representing Ia and Ib strains, was 1.21 × 10-3 and 2.0 × 10-3 substitutions/site/year, respectively. The Bayesian maximum clade credibility tree of hepatitis A virus (HAV) Ia and Ib strains showed that Italian sequences mostly formed separate clusters. The root of the time for the most recent common ancestor (tMRCA) for HAV Ia and Ib strains dated back to 1981 and to 1988, respectively, showing in both cases different epidemic entrances. Phylodynamic analysis showed that genotype Ia increased in 1997, when the Apulia epidemic started, then suffered a bottleneck, probably consequent to vaccination and to the herd immunity, followed by a new increase in virus population in the years 2013-2014 consequent to the epidemic caused by the ingestion of mixed frozen berries. A similar trend without an evident bottleneck was observed also in the case of genotype Ib. In conclusion, the Bayesian phylogenetic analysis represents a good tool to measure the effectiveness of the public health plans used for HAV control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Cella
- Unit of Medical Statistics and Molecular Epidemiology, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Riva
- Unit of Virology, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Angeletti
- Unit of Clinical Laboratory Science, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Marta Fogolari
- Unit of Clinical Laboratory Science, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Aletheia Blasi
- Unit of Clinical Laboratory Science, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Vittoria Scolamacchia
- Unit of Clinical Laboratory Science, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Spoto
- Internal Medicine Department, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Riccardo Bazzardi
- Dipartimento di Igiene degli Alimenti, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, Sassari, Italy
| | - Alessia Lai
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Caterina Sagnelli
- Department of Mental Health and Public Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Evangelista Sagnelli
- Department of Mental Health and Public Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Massimo Ciccozzi
- Unit of Medical Statistics and Molecular Epidemiology, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Rome, Italy
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15
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Abstract
Microbial pollution is a serious food safety issue because it can lead to a wide range of foodborne diseases. A great number of foodborne diseases and outbreaks are reported in which contamination of fresh produce and animal products occurs from polluted sources with pathogenic bacteria, viruses and protozoa and such outbreaks are reviewed and the sources are revealed. Investigations of foodborne outbreaks involved meat production and fresh produce, namely, that occurred at the early stages of the food chain have shown certain sources of contamination. Domesticated food animals, as well as wild animals, flies and rodents can serve as a source of contamination of nearby produce-growing fields and can lead to human infection through direct contact at farms and, mostly, mail order hatcheries. The most of the fresh produce associated outbreaks have followed wildlife intrusion into growing fields or fecal contamination from nearly animal production facilities that likely led to produce contamination, polluted water used for irrigation and improper manure. Preventive measures, as part of implemented good agricultural practice systems are described. Controlling and minimizing pre-harvest contamination may be one of the key aspects of food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Bintsis
- Department of Agricultural Technology, TEI of West Macedonia, Florina, Greece
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16
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UV-C inactivation of foodborne bacterial and viral pathogens and surrogates on fresh and frozen berries. Int J Food Microbiol 2018; 275:8-16. [PMID: 29604491 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2018.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Outbreaks of foodborne illness associated with berries often involve contamination with hepatitis A virus (HAV) and norovirus but also bacteria such as Escherichia coli O157:H7 and parasites such as Cyclospora caytanensis. We evaluated the applicability of UV-C to the inactivation of pathogens on strawberries, raspberries and blueberries. Our three-step approach consisted of assessing the chemical safety of UV-C-irradiated berries, evaluating the sensory quality after UV-C treatment and finally studying the inactivation of the target microorganisms. Treatments lasting up to 9 min (4000 mJ cm-2) did not produce detectable levels of furan (<5 μg/kg), a known photolysis product of fructose with genotoxic activity and thus were assessed to be toxicologically safe. No effect on taste or appearance was observed, unless treatment was excessively long. 20 s of treatment (an average fluence of ~ 212 mJ cm-2) reduced active HAV titer by >1 log10 unit in 95% of cases except on frozen raspberries, while 120 s were required to inactivate murine norovirus to this extent on fresh blueberries. The mean inactivation of HAV and MNV was greater on blueberries (2-3 log10) than on strawberries and raspberries (<2 log10). MNV was more sensitive on fresh than on frozen berries, unlike HAV. Inactivation of Salmonella, E. coli O157:H7 and Listeria monocytogenes was poor on all three berries, no treatment reducing viable counts by >1 log10 unit. In most matrices, prolonging the treatment did not improve the result to any significant degree. The effect was near its plateau after 20 s of treatment. These results provide insight into the effectiveness of UV-C irradiation for inactivating bacterial and viral pathogens and surrogates on fresh and frozen berries having different surface types, under different physical conditions and at different levels of contamination. Overall they show that UV-C as single processing step is unsuitable to inactivate significant numbers of foodborne pathogens on berries.
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17
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Gómez‐Aldapa CA, Portillo‐Torres LA, Villagómez‐Ibarra JR, Rangel‐Vargas E, Téllez‐Jurado A, Cruz‐Gálvez AM, Castro‐Rosas J. Survival of foodborne bacteria on strawberries and antibacterial activities of
Hibiscus sabdariffa
extracts and chemical sanitizers on strawberries. J Food Saf 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A. Gómez‐Aldapa
- Área Académica de Química, Instituto de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería, Ciudad del Conocimiento, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo (UAEH)Carretera Pachuca‐Tulancingo Km. 4.5, C.P. 42183 Mineral de la Reforma, Hidalgo México
| | - Lizbeth A. Portillo‐Torres
- Área Académica de Química, Instituto de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería, Ciudad del Conocimiento, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo (UAEH)Carretera Pachuca‐Tulancingo Km. 4.5, C.P. 42183 Mineral de la Reforma, Hidalgo México
| | - José R. Villagómez‐Ibarra
- Área Académica de Química, Instituto de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería, Ciudad del Conocimiento, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo (UAEH)Carretera Pachuca‐Tulancingo Km. 4.5, C.P. 42183 Mineral de la Reforma, Hidalgo México
| | - Esmeralda Rangel‐Vargas
- Área Académica de Química, Instituto de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería, Ciudad del Conocimiento, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo (UAEH)Carretera Pachuca‐Tulancingo Km. 4.5, C.P. 42183 Mineral de la Reforma, Hidalgo México
| | - Alejandro Téllez‐Jurado
- Universidad Politécnica de PachucaCarretera Pachuca–Cd. Sahagún Km. 20, C.P. 43830, Rancho Luna, Ex‐Hacienda Santa Barbara, Zempoala, Hidalgo Mexico
| | - Andrés M. Cruz‐Gálvez
- Área Académica de Química, Instituto de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería, Ciudad del Conocimiento, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo (UAEH)Carretera Pachuca‐Tulancingo Km. 4.5, C.P. 42183 Mineral de la Reforma, Hidalgo México
- Universidad Politécnica de PachucaCarretera Pachuca–Cd. Sahagún Km. 20, C.P. 43830, Rancho Luna, Ex‐Hacienda Santa Barbara, Zempoala, Hidalgo Mexico
| | - Javier Castro‐Rosas
- Área Académica de Química, Instituto de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería, Ciudad del Conocimiento, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo (UAEH)Carretera Pachuca‐Tulancingo Km. 4.5, C.P. 42183 Mineral de la Reforma, Hidalgo México
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18
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Shayanfar S, Mena KD, Pillai SD. Quantifying the reduction in potential infection risks from non-O157 Shiga toxin producing Escherichia coli in strawberries by low dose electron beam processing. Food Control 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.04.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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19
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Xu R, Shieh YC, Stewart DS. Comparison of RNA extraction kits for the purification and detection of an enteric virus surrogate on green onions via RT-PCR. J Virol Methods 2016; 239:61-68. [PMID: 27836658 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2016.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) offers a rapid and sensitive molecular method for detection of enteric viruses. Unfortunately, these assays are often hampered by the low virus titre found in foods and PCR inhibition due to matrix carryover during RNA extraction. Four commercial RNA extraction kits (Qiagen's QIAamp Viral RNA Mini and UltraSens Virus kits, MoBio UltraClean Tissue & Cells RNA Isolation kit, and Ambion MagMAX Viral RNA Isolation kit) were evaluated for their ability to extract and purify MS2 bacteriophage RNA, an enteric virus surrogate, from inoculated green onions, a food which has been associated with viral gastroenteritis outbreaks. Inoculated green onion wash concentrates and green onion pieces with and without Qiagen QIAshredder homogenization were assayed in the kit comparison. MS2 detection and PCR inhibition were evaluated using a duplex real-time RT-PCR for MS2 and an exogenous internal amplification control (IAC) assay. Without homogenization, MS2 inoculated at 40pfu/g was detected in at least 4 lots of green onion wash concentrates using the silica-membrane spin-column kits. Inhibition was a factor for the magnetic silica-based MagMAX kit, which resulted in detection of MS2 in 1 of 5. Addition of QIAshredder homogenization prior to extraction did not adversely affect the silica-membrane kit results but improved the MS2 detection by MagMAX to 5 of 5 lots. Use of a 1:10 dilution of primary RNA extracts also improved detection. The QIAamp Viral RNA Mini and MagMAX kits were further compared for detection of MS2 from green onion pieces inoculated at 20 and 5pfu/g. Using homogenization, the MagMAX kit detected 20pfu/g in only 1 of 2 green onion lots, whereas the QIAamp Viral RNA kit detected 2 of 2 lots at 5 pfu/g without homogenization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoyang Xu
- Institute for Food Safety and Health, Illinois Institute of Technology, 6502 S. Archer Road, Bedford Park, IL 60501, United States.
| | - Y Carol Shieh
- U. S. Food and Drug Administration, 6502 S. Archer Road, Bedford Park, IL 60501, United States.
| | - Diana S Stewart
- U. S. Food and Drug Administration, 6502 S. Archer Road, Bedford Park, IL 60501, United States.
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20
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Goyal SM, Cannon JL. Human and Animal Viruses in Food (Including Taxonomy of Enteric Viruses). VIRUSES IN FOODS 2016. [PMCID: PMC7122939 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-30723-7_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, there has been an increase in the incidence of foodborne diseases worldwide, with viruses now being recognized as a major cause of these illnesses. The most common viruses implicated in foodborne disease are enteric viruses, which are found in the human gastrointestinal tract, excreted in human feces and transmitted by the fecal-oral route. Many different viruses are found in the gastrointestinal tract but not all are recognized as foodborne pathogens. The diseases caused by enteric viruses fall into three main types: gastroenteritis, enterically transmitted hepatitis, and illnesses that can affect other parts of the body such as the eye, the respiratory system and the central nervous system leading to conjunctivitis, poliomyelitis, meningitis and encephalitis. Viral pathogens excreted in human feces include noroviruses, sapoviruses, enteroviruses, adenoviruses, hepatitis A virus (HAV), hepatitis E virus (HEV), rotaviruses, and astroviruses. Most of these viruses have been associated with foodborne disease outbreaks. Noroviruses and HAV are commonly identified as foodborne causes of gastroenteritis and acute hepatitis, respectively.
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21
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Abstract
Enteric viruses are those human viruses that are primarily transmitted by the fecal-oral route, either by person-to-person contact or by ingestion of contaminated food or water. The importance of viral foodborne diseases is increasingly being recognized, and several international organizations have found that there is an upward trend in their incidence. Thus, in this review, state-of-the-art information regarding virus persistence in food and the environment is compiled.
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22
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Xu W, Chen H, Wu C. Salmonella and Escherichia coli O157:H7 Inactivation, Color, and Bioactive Compounds Enhancement on Raspberries during Frozen Storage after Decontamination Using New Formula Sanitizer Washing or Pulsed Light. J Food Prot 2016; 79:1107-14. [PMID: 27357029 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-15-379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Berries are normally washed before they are frozen. Washing with sanitizer and treatment with pulsed light (PL) were studied for their effectiveness to inactivate foodborne pathogens on raspberries during frozen storage, while maintaining or enhancing major quality parameters. Raspberries were inoculated with Salmonella or Escherichia coli O157:H7 and then underwent a washing treatment with citric acid plus sodium dodecyl sulfate (CA+SDS) or citric acid plus thymol (CA+THY) or treatment with PL (dry PL, water-assisted [wet] PL, and PL-SDS). Pathogen survival was determined immediately after treatments and during frozen storage at -20°C for 3 months. Washing with CA+SDS or CA+THY significantly reduced Salmonella (by 3.6 and 3.2 log CFU/g, respectively) and E. coli O157:H7 (by 4.1 and 3.7 log CFU/g, respectively). At the end of storage, washing with CA+SDS reduced Salmonella to 0.6 log CFU/g and E. coli O157:H7 to 0.5 log CFU/g; washing with CA+THY reduced Salmonella to 0.9 log CFU/g and E. coli O157:H7 to 0.5 log CFU/g. PL-SDS showed decontamination efficacy on raspberries, with 0.7 log CFU/g Salmonella and 0.9 log CFU/g E. coli O157:H7 surviving at the end of storage; in comparison, in the control, 1.6 log CFU/g Salmonella and 1.5 log CFU/g E. coli O157:H7 survived. Pathogen survival in raspberries that had been washed or treated with PL-SDS was significantly lower than in untreated raspberries. Major quality parameters, including color, total phenolic content, total anthocyanin content, total bacterial count, and total yeast and mold counts, were evaluated on raspberries immediately after treatments and during frozen storage. Redness increased in PL-treated raspberries. At the end of storage, PL-treated raspberries had significantly higher total phenolic content and total anthocyanin content compared with control samples. Washing with sanitizers and treatment with PL decreased the total bacterial count and total yeast and mold counts on raspberries and maintained the low counts. Our findings suggest that washing with a sanitizer or treatment with PL could be used to process frozen raspberries for enhanced food safety and quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqing Xu
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
| | - Haiqiang Chen
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - Changqing Wu
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA.
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23
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Huang R, Ye M, Li X, Ji L, Karwe M, Chen H. Evaluation of high hydrostatic pressure inactivation of human norovirus on strawberries, blueberries, raspberries and in their purees. Int J Food Microbiol 2016; 223:17-24. [PMID: 26874862 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Human norovirus (HuNoV) has been an increasing concern of foodborne illness related to fresh and frozen berries. In this study, high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) inactivation of HuNoV on fresh strawberries, blueberries, and raspberries and in their purees was investigated. Porcine gastric mucin (PGM)-conjugated magnetic beads (PGM-MBs) and real-time reverse transcriptional polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) were utilized for infectious HuNoV discrimination and quantification. Strawberry puree inoculated with HuNoV genogroup I.1 (GI.1) strain was HHP-treated at 450, 500 and 550 MPa for 2 min each at initial sample temperatures of 0, 4 and 20 °C. HuNoV GI.1 strain became more sensitive to HHP treatment as the temperature decreased from 20 to 0 °C. HuNoV GI.1 or genogroup II.4 (GII.4) strains were inoculated into three types of berries and their purees and treated at pressure levels from 250 to 650 MPa for 2 min at initial sample temperature of 0 °C. For the purees, the HHP condition needed to achieve >2.9 log reduction of HuNoV GI.1 strain and >4.0 log reduction of HuNoV GII.4 strain was found to be ≥ 550 MPa for 2 min at 0 °C. HHP treatment showed better inactivation effect of HuNoV on blueberries than on strawberry quarters and raspberries. HuNoV GI.1 strain was more resistant to HHP treatment than HuNoV GII.4 strain under different temperatures and environment. The physical properties and sensory qualities of HHP-treated and untreated blueberries and the three types of berry purees were evaluated. Color, pH and viscosity of blueberries and three berry purees showed no or slight changes after HHP treatment. Sensory evaluation demonstrated that HHP treatment of 550 MPa for 2 min at 0 °C did not significantly reduced the sensory qualities of three berry purees. The results demonstrated that the HHP treatment of 550 MPa for 2 min at 0 °C could be a potential nonthermal intervention for HuNoV in berry purees without adversely affecting their sensory qualities and physical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runze Huang
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Mu Ye
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Xinhui Li
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Lin Ji
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Mukund Karwe
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Haiqiang Chen
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA.
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24
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Abstract
A review of the relevant foodborne viruses is presented. Published data from scientific journals as well as the data presented in official reports and published on the Internet were used for this review. In the review, information is given for the main foodborne viruses, implicated virus species, and food matrices involved, some history data are given, as well as modes of transmission, and sources of the virus presence in food. Results of surveys on the presence of viruses in different kind of foods commodities (fresh produces and shellfish) and in some cases connections to caused outbreaks are presented. Also, possible zoonotic infection and implicated viruses that could be transmitted through food are given. Human Norovirus followed by hepatitis A virus are the most common foodborne viruses, which are transmitted by food consumed raw, such as shellfish, fresh vegetables, and berry fruit. In developed countries, hepatitis E virus is increasingly being recognized as an emerging viral foodborne pathogen that includes zoonotic transmission via pork products. The existing knowledge gaps and the major future expectations in the detection and surveillance of foodborne viruses are mentioned.
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25
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Silva SRMD, Maldonade IR, Ginani VC, Lima SA, Mendes VS, Azevedo MLX, Gurgel-Gonçalves R, Machado ER. Detection of intestinal parasites on field-grown strawberries in the Federal District of Brazil. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2015; 47:801-5. [PMID: 25626665 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0044-2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study evaluated the presence of pathogenic human parasites on field-grown strawberries in the Federal District of Brazil. METHODS A total of 48 samples of strawberries and 48 soil samples from 16 properties were analyzed. RESULTS Contaminated strawberries were detected in 56% of the properties. Schistosoma mansoni, Ascaris lumbricoides or Ascaris suum, Balantidium coli, Endolimax nana, and Entamoeba spp. were detected. Soil was contaminated with Entamoeba spp., Entamoeba coli, Strongyloides spp., Ancylostomatidae, and Hymenolepis nana. CONCLUSIONS Producers should be instructed on the safe handling of strawberries in order to reduce the incidence of strawberries that are contaminated with enteroparasites.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Iriani Rodrigues Maldonade
- Laboratório de Ciência de Alimentos, Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (Embrapa) Hortaliças, DF, Brasília
| | - Verônica Cortez Ginani
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Médica e Biologia de Vetores, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, DF, Brasília
| | | | | | | | - Rodrigo Gurgel-Gonçalves
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Médica e Biologia de Vetores, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, DF, Brasília
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Huang Y, Chen H. Inactivation of Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella and human norovirus surrogate on artificially contaminated strawberries and raspberries by water-assisted pulsed light treatment. Food Res Int 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2015.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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27
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Liu C, Huang Y, Chen H. Inactivation ofEscherichia ColiO157:H7 andSalmonella Entericaon Blueberries in Water Using Ultraviolet Light. J Food Sci 2015; 80:M1532-7. [DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.12910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chuhan Liu
- Dept. of Animal and Food Sciences; Univ. of Delaware; 531 South College Ave. Newark DE 19716-2150 U.S.A
| | - Yaoxin Huang
- Dept. of Animal and Food Sciences; Univ. of Delaware; 531 South College Ave. Newark DE 19716-2150 U.S.A
| | - Haiqiang Chen
- Dept. of Animal and Food Sciences; Univ. of Delaware; 531 South College Ave. Newark DE 19716-2150 U.S.A
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Survival of Salmonella spp. on surface-inoculated forced-air cooled and hydrocooled intact strawberries, and in strawberry puree. Food Control 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.11.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Fitzgerald M, Thornton L, O'Gorman J, O'Connor L, Garvey P, Boland M, Part AM, Rogalska J, Coughlan H, MacDiarmada J, Heslin J, Canny M, Finnegan P, Moran J, O'Flanagan D. Outbreak of hepatitis A infection associated with the consumption of frozen berries, Ireland, 2013--linked to an international outbreak. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 19. [PMID: 25375902 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es2014.19.43.20942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In May 2013, a European alert was issued regarding a hepatitis A virus (HAV) outbreak in Italy. In June 2013, HAV subgenotype IA with an identical sequence was identified in Ireland in three cases who had not travelled to Italy. The investigation consisted of descriptive epidemiology, a case-control study, microbiological testing of human and food specimens, molecular typing of positive specimens and food traceback. We identified 21 outbreak cases (14 confirmed primary cases) with symptom onset between 31 January and 11 October 2013. For the case-control study, we recruited 11 confirmed primary cases and 42 matched controls. Cases were more likely than controls to have eaten berry cheesecake (matched odds ratio (mOR): 12; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.3-114), whole frozen berries (mOR: 9.5; 95% CI: 1.0-89), yoghurt containing frozen berries (mOR: 6.6, 95% CI: 1.2-37) or raw celery (mOR: 4; 95% CI: 1.2-16). Among cases, 91% had consumed at least one of four products containing frozen berries (mOR: 12; 95% CI: 1.5-94). Sixteen food samples tested were all negative for HAV. As products containing frozen berries were implicated in the outbreak, the public were advised to heat-treat frozen berries before consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Fitzgerald
- Health Service Executive (HSE) - Health Protection Surveillance Centre (HPSC), Dublin, Ireland
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Gurtler JB, Bailey RB, Jin TZ, Fan X. Reduction of an E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella composite on fresh strawberries by varying antimicrobial washes and vacuum perfusion. Int J Food Microbiol 2014; 189:113-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2014.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Revised: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/02/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Outbreak of hepatitis A in the USA associated with frozen pomegranate arils imported from Turkey: an epidemiological case study. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2014; 14:976-81. [DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(14)70883-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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32
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Park SY, Ha SD. Thermal inactivation of hepatitis A virus in suspension and in dried mussels (Mytilus edulis). Int J Food Sci Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.12674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shin Young Park
- School of Food Science and Technology; Chung-Ang University; 72-1 Nae-Ri Daeduck-Myun Ansung Kyunggido 456-756 Korea
| | - Sang-Do Ha
- School of Food Science and Technology; Chung-Ang University; 72-1 Nae-Ri Daeduck-Myun Ansung Kyunggido 456-756 Korea
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33
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Molecular basis of the behavior of hepatitis a virus exposed to high hydrostatic pressure. Appl Environ Microbiol 2014; 80:6499-505. [PMID: 25107980 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01693-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Food-borne hepatitis A outbreaks may be prevented by subjecting foods at risk of virus contamination to moderate treatments of high hydrostatic pressure (HHP). A pretreatment promoting hepatitis A virus (HAV) capsid-folding changes enhances the virucidal effect of HHP, indicating that its efficacy depends on capsid conformation. HAV populations enriched in immature capsids (125S provirions) are more resistant to HHP, suggesting that mature capsids (150S virions) are more susceptible to this treatment. In addition, the monoclonal antibody (MAb) K24F2 epitope contained in the immunodominant site is a key factor for the resistance to HHP. Changes in capsid folding inducing a loss of recognition by MAb K24F2 render more susceptible conformations independently of the origin of such changes. Accordingly, codon usage-associated folding changes and changes stimulated by pH-dependent breathings, provided they confer a loss of recognition by MAb K24F2, induce a higher susceptibility to HHP. In conclusion, the resistance of HAV to HHP treatments may be explained by a low proportion of 150S particles combined with a good accessibility of the epitope contained in the immunodominant site close to the 5-fold axis.
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Huang R, Li X, Huang Y, Chen H. Strategies to enhance high pressure inactivation of murine norovirus in strawberry puree and on strawberries. Int J Food Microbiol 2014; 185:1-6. [PMID: 24927397 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2014.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Revised: 05/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Due to the increasing concern of viral infection related to berries, this study investigated strategies to enhance high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) inactivation of murine norovirus 1 (MNV-1), a human norovirus (HuNoV) surrogate, on strawberries and in strawberry puree. Strawberry puree was inoculated with ~10(6)PFU/g of MNV-1 and treated at 350 MPa for 2 min at initial sample temperatures of 0, 5, 10 and 20°C. MNV-1 became more sensitive to HHP as initial sample temperature decreased from 20 to 0°C. To determine the effect of pressure cycling on MNV-1 inactivation, inoculated puree samples were treated at 300 MPa and 0°C with 1, 2 and 4 cycles. Pressure cycling offered no distinct advantage over continuous HHP treatment. To determine the effect of presence of water during HHP on MNV-1 inactivation, strawberries inoculated with ~ 4 × 10(5)PFU/g of MNV-1 were either pressure-treated directly (dry state) or immersed in water during pressure treatment. MNV-1 was very resistant to pressure under the dry state condition, but became sensitive to pressure under the wet state condition. The inactivation curves of MNV-1 in strawberry puree and on strawberries were obtained at 300 and 350 MPa and initial sample temperature of 0°C. Except for the curve of strawberries treated at 350 MPa which had a concave downward shape, the other three curves were almost linear with R(2) value of 0.99. The fate of MNV-1 in the un-treated and pressure-treated strawberries and strawberry puree during frozen storage was determined. The virus was relatively stable and only reduced by <1.2 log during the 28-day frozen storage. In all, this study provides practical insights of designing strategies using HHP to inactivate HuNoV on strawberries and in strawberry puree assuming that HuNoV behaved similarly to MNV-1 when treated by HHP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runze Huang
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716-2150, USA
| | - Xinhui Li
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716-2150, USA
| | - Yaoxin Huang
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716-2150, USA
| | - Haiqiang Chen
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716-2150, USA.
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Swinkels HM, Kuo M, Embree G, Fraser Health Environmental Health Investigation Team C, Andonov A, Henry B, Buxton JA. Hepatitis A outbreak in British Columbia, Canada: the roles of established surveillance, consumer loyalty cards and collaboration, February to May 2012. Euro Surveill 2014; 19. [DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es2014.19.18.20792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-travel-related hepatitis A is rare in Canada. We describe a hepatitis A outbreak investigation in British Columbia in February to May 2012 in which exposure history was collected from nine confirmed non-travel-related cases. Suspected foods were tested for hepatitis A virus (HAV): a frozen fruit blend was identified as a common exposure for six of the nine cases using supermarket loyalty cards. Consumption of the product was confirmed in each case. Genetic analysis confirmed HAV genotype 1B in the six exposed cases. Of the three non-exposed cases, the virus could not be genotyped for two of them; the virus from the other case was found to be genotype 1A and this case was therefore not considered part of the outbreak. HAV was detected by PCR from pomegranate seeds, a component of the identified frozen fruit blend. Historically low levels of HAV infection in British Columbia triggered early recognition of the outbreak. Loyalty card histories facilitated product identification and a trace-back investigation implicated imported pomegranate seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Swinkels
- Office of the Medical Health Officer, Public Health Fraser Health Authority, Surrey, Canada
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - M Kuo
- Communicable Disease Prevention and Control Services, British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, Canada
| | - G Embree
- Health Protection, Public Health, Fraser Health Authority, Surrey, Canada
| | | | - A Andonov
- National Medical Laboratory, Canadian Science Centre for Human and Animal Health, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - B Henry
- Communicable Disease Prevention and Control Services, British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, Canada
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - J A Buxton
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Communicable Disease Prevention and Control Services, British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, Canada
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37
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Maunula L, von Bonsdorff CH. Emerging and re-emerging enteric viruses causing multinational foodborne disease outbreaks. Future Virol 2014. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl.13.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT: The development of molecular detection methods has led to recognition of viruses as important foodborne pathogens. The most common foodborne virus is norovirus, which together with HAV are transmitted via food consumed raw, such as shellfish, fresh produce and soft fruit. HEV is increasingly being recognized as an emerging foodborne virus in developed countries. The transmission route of HEV includes zoonotic transmission in association with pork products. Ongoing changes in food commerce and production from national to internationally-distributed foodstuffs are leading to widespread infections and multinational outbreaks. Recent large viral outbreaks have been linked to oysters, frozen berries and semidried tomatoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leena Maunula
- Department of Food & Environmental Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, PO Box 66, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Carl-Henrik von Bonsdorff
- Department of Food & Environmental Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, PO Box 66, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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38
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Bernard H, Faber M, Wilking H, Haller S, Höhle M, Schielke A, Ducomble T, Siffczyk C, Merbecks SS, Fricke G, Hamouda O, Stark K, Werber D, on behalf of the Outbreak Investigation Team. Large multistate outbreak of norovirus gastroenteritis associated with frozen strawberries, Germany, 2012. Euro Surveill 2014; 19:20719. [DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es2014.19.8.20719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Binary file ES_Abstracts_Final_ECDC.txt matches
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Affiliation(s)
- H Bernard
- Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
- These authors contributed equally
| | - M Faber
- These authors contributed equally
- Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - H Wilking
- Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - S Haller
- European Programme for Intervention Epidemiology, Stockholm, Sweden
- Postgraduate Training for Applied Epidemiology, Berlin, Germany
- Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - M Höhle
- Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - T Ducomble
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Stockholm, Sweden
- European Programme for Intervention Epidemiology, Stockholm, Sweden
- Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - C Siffczyk
- State Health Authority Brandenburg, Zossen, Germany
| | - S S Merbecks
- State Health Authority Saxony, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - G Fricke
- Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Food Safety, Berlin, Germany
| | - O Hamouda
- Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - K Stark
- Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - D Werber
- Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
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39
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Mathew R, Mason D, Kennedy JS. Vaccination issues in patients with chronic kidney disease. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 13:285-98. [PMID: 24405403 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2014.874950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Infections are an important cause of morbidity and mortality among patients at all stages of chronic kidney disease. Prevention through vaccination remains the best strategy to minimize the adverse consequences associated with these infectious diseases in this, and all, populations. Unfortunately, patients with chronic kidney disease demonstrate inadequacies of specific immune-cell function that are required for generating a protective vaccine response. Nevertheless, early vaccination of this high-risk population has demonstrated good clinical outcomes during progression to late-stage disease. We review the available evidence linking immune impairment in adult patients with late-stage chronic kidney disease to diminished vaccine responses. We highlight the importance of early vaccination in disease with high risk for development of CKD and novel vaccine approaches in development that may help to address improvement in protective boosting of immunity during late-stage disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy Mathew
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Stratton VA Medical Center, Albany, NY, USA
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40
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Control of Foodborne Viruses at Retail. RETAIL FOOD SAFETY 2014. [PMCID: PMC7122658 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1550-7_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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41
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Hepatitis A virus: host interactions, molecular epidemiology and evolution. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2013; 21:227-43. [PMID: 24200587 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2013.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2013] [Revised: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Infection with hepatitis A virus (HAV) is the commonest viral cause of liver disease and presents an important public health problem worldwide. Several unique HAV properties and molecular mechanisms of its interaction with host were recently discovered and should aid in clarifying the pathogenesis of hepatitis A. Genetic characterization of HAV strains have resulted in the identification of different genotypes and subtypes, which exhibit a characteristic worldwide distribution. Shifts in HAV endemicity occurring in different parts of the world, introduction of genetically diverse strains from geographically distant regions, genotype displacement observed in some countries and population expansion detected in the last decades of the 20th century using phylogenetic analysis are important factors contributing to the complex dynamics of HAV infections worldwide. Strong selection pressures, some of which, like usage of deoptimized codons, are unique to HAV, limit genetic variability of the virus. Analysis of subgenomic regions has been proven useful for outbreak investigations. However, sharing short sequences among epidemiologically unrelated strains indicates that specific identification of HAV strains for molecular surveillance can be achieved only using whole-genome sequences. Here, we present up-to-date information on the HAV molecular epidemiology and evolution, and highlight the most relevant features of the HAV-host interactions.
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Laidler MR, Tourdjman M, Buser GL, Hostetler T, Repp KK, Leman R, Samadpour M, Keene WE. Escherichia coli O157:H7 infections associated with consumption of locally grown strawberries contaminated by deer. Clin Infect Dis 2013; 57:1129-34. [PMID: 23876397 DOI: 10.1093/cid/cit468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An outbreak of Escherichia coli O157:H7 was identified in Oregon through an increase in Shiga toxin-producing E. coli cases with an indistinguishable, novel pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) subtyping pattern. METHODS We defined confirmed cases as persons from whom E. coli O157:H7 with the outbreak PFGE pattern was cultured during July-August 2011, and presumptive cases as persons having a household relationship with a case testing positive for E. coli O157:H7 and coincident diarrheal illness. We conducted an investigation that included structured hypothesis-generating interviews, a matched case-control study, and environmental and traceback investigations. RESULTS We identified 15 cases. Six cases were hospitalized, including 4 with hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). Two cases with HUS died. Illness was significantly associated with strawberry consumption from roadside stands or farmers' markets (matched odds ratio, 19.6; 95% confidence interval, 2.9-∞). A single farm was identified as the source of contaminated strawberries. Ten of 111 (9%) initial environmental samples from farm A were positive for E. coli O157:H7. All samples testing positive for E. coli O157:H7 contained deer feces, and 5 tested farm fields had ≥ 1 sample positive with the outbreak PFGE pattern. CONCLUSIONS The investigation identified fresh strawberries as a novel vehicle for E. coli O157:H7 infection, implicated deer feces as the source of contamination, and highlights problems concerning produce contamination by wildlife and regulatory exemptions for locally grown produce. A comprehensive hypothesis-generating questionnaire enabled rapid identification of the implicated product. Good agricultural practices are key barriers to wildlife fecal contamination of produce.
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Nordic outbreak investigation team C. Joint analysis by the Nordic countries of a hepatitis A outbreak, October 2012 to June 2013: frozen strawberries suspected. Euro Surveill 2013; 18. [DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es2013.18.27.20520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Binary file ES_Abstracts_Final_ECDC.txt matches
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Kingsley DH. High pressure processing and its application to the challenge of virus-contaminated foods. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2013; 5:1-12. [PMID: 23412716 PMCID: PMC3590410 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-012-9094-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 10/24/2012] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
High pressure processing (HPP) is an increasingly popular non-thermal food processing technology. Study of HPP's potential to inactivate foodborne viruses has defined general pressure levels required to inactivate hepatitis A virus, norovirus surrogates, and human norovirus itself within foods such as shellfish and produce. The sensitivity of a number of different picornaviruses to HPP is variable. Experiments suggest that HPP inactivates viruses via denaturation of capsid proteins which render the virus incapable of binding to its receptor on the surface of its host cell. Beyond the primary consideration of treatment pressure level, the effects of extending treatment times, temperature of initial pressure application, and matrix composition have been identified as critical parameters for designing HPP inactivation strategies. Research described here can serve as a preliminary guide to whether a current commercial process could be effective against HuNoV or HAV.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H Kingsley
- USDA Agricultural Research Service, Delaware State University, Dover, DE 19901, USA.
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45
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Inactivation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella spp. in strawberry puree by high hydrostatic pressure with/without subsequent frozen storage. Int J Food Microbiol 2013; 160:337-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2012.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Revised: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 11/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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46
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Sánchez G, Elizaquível P, Aznar R. Discrimination of infectious hepatitis A viruses by propidium monoazide real-time RT-PCR. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2012; 4:21-25. [PMID: 23412764 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-011-9074-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The discrimination of infectious and inactivated viruses remains a key obstacle when using quantitative RT-PCR (RT-qPCR) to quantify enteric viruses. In this study, propidium monoazide (PMA) and RNase pretreatments were evaluated for the detection and quantification of infectious hepatitis A virus (HAV). For thermally inactivated HAV, PMA treatment was more effective than RNase treatment for differentiating infectious and inactivated viruses, with HAV titers reduced by more than 2.4 log(10) units. Results showed that combining 50 μM of PMA and RT-qPCR selectively quantify infectious HAV in media suspensions. Therefore, PMA treatment previous to RT-qPCR detection is a promising alternative to assess HAV infectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Sánchez
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos, Avda. Agustín Escardino, 7. Paterna, Valencia, Spain.
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47
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D'Souza DH, Su X, Harte F. Comparison of reduction in foodborne viral surrogates by high pressure homogenization. J Food Prot 2011; 74:1840-6. [PMID: 22054183 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-11-217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
With the increasing global spread of human noroviral infections and the emergence of highly virulent noroviral strains, novel inactivation methods are needed to control foodborne outbreaks. High pressure homogenization (HPH) is a novel method that can be applied for foodborne virus reduction in fluids being continuously processed. Our objective in the present study was to compare the titer reduction by HPH between feline calicivirus strain F9 (FCV-F9) and murine norovirus 1 (MNV-1) as surrogates for human noroviruses, and MS2 (single-stranded F-RNA coliphage) and somatic coliphage φX174 (single-stranded DNA) as indicators of fecal contamination. Duplicate experiments with each virus in phosphate-buffered saline were carried out with homogenization pressures of 0, 100, 200, 250, and 300 MPa, with exposure temperatures of 24, 46, 63, 70, and 75°C, respectively, for <2 s. FCV-F9 was found highly susceptible to HPH treatment pressures of 300 MPa, with a reduction of >4.95 log PFU/ml. Lower pressures of 250, 200, and 100 MPa resulted in reductions of 1.61, 0.60, and 0.18 log PFU/ml of FCV-F9, respectively, while MNV-1 was not reduced at these lower pressures. Coliphage φX174 showed no significant reduction at 300 MPa or lower homogenization pressures in comparison with MS2, which did show 3.3-log PFU/ml reduction at 300 MPa. Future studies using juices for industrial application of HPH to determine microbial inactivation with simultaneous retention of sensory and nutritional value of foods are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doris H D'Souza
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The University of Tennessee-Knoxville, Food Safety and Processing Building, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-4591, USA.
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Widén F, Vågsholm I, Belák S, Muradrasoli S. Achievement V - Methods for breaking the transmission of pathogens along the food chain: Detection of viruses in food. Trends Food Sci Technol 2011; 22:S49-S57. [PMID: 32288228 PMCID: PMC7134880 DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2011.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Traditionally the focus for control of food-borne disease has been bacteria. During the last decade viruses have emerged as important sources of food borne human disease. Since the traditional bacteriological indicators, are not reliable for viral contamination, new methods are needed. PCR has enhanced the detection of virus in food. A challenge for developing detection reliable methods for viruses in food is that food matrices vary in composition, high sequence variability and inhibitors may be present. Therefore it is necessary to develop assays that have high diagnostic sensitivity, are broad and robust, and combine sample concentration and removal of inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik Widén
- The National Veterinary Institute (SVA), VIP, Section of Research and Development, Ulls Vag 2B, 75189 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ivar Vågsholm
- The Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Sec. Bacteriology and Food Safety, Sweden
| | - Sándor Belák
- The National Veterinary Institute (SVA), VIP, Section of Research and Development, Ulls Vag 2B, 75189 Uppsala, Sweden.,Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Sec. Virology and Parasitology, Sweden
| | - Shaman Muradrasoli
- The Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Sec. Bacteriology and Food Safety, Sweden
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Strawn LK, Schneider KR, Danyluk MD. Microbial Safety of Tropical Fruits. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2011; 51:132-45. [DOI: 10.1080/10408390903502864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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50
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Yoon Y, Kim K, Nam M, Shim WB, Ryu JG, Kim DH, You OJ, Chung DH. Microbiological Assessment in Strawberry Production and Recommendations to Establish a Good Agricultural Practice System. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2010; 7:1511-9. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2010.0611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yohan Yoon
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kyeongyeol Kim
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Minji Nam
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Won-Bo Shim
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Jae-Gee Ryu
- Division of Microbial Safety, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Doo-Ho Kim
- Division of Microbial Safety, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Oh-Jong You
- Division of Agromaterial Management, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Duck-Hwa Chung
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
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