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Davenport K, Liu J, Sarquis J, Beall M, Montoya A, Drexel J, Denis T, Toste R, Traversa D, Miró G. Performance of a point-of-care test for the detection of anti-Leishmania infantum antibodies is associated with immunofluorescent antibody titer and clinical stage of leishmaniosis in dogs from endemic regions. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2024; 53:101061. [PMID: 39025539 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2024.101061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Canine leishmaniosis (CanL) is caused by the protozoal parasite Leishmania infantum, which is transmitted by sand flies in warm climates across the world. Because dogs are considered a primary domestic reservoir for the parasite that causes leishmaniosis in humans, it is important from a One Health perspective that CanL be properly managed. In endemic regions, CanL is a common differential diagnosis in sick dogs because the clinical signs and clinicopathological disorders of the disease are non-specific, variable, and may overlap those of other common conditions. Diagnosis is based on the presence of compatible clinical signs, laboratory abnormalities, and confirmation by serological and parasitological evidence of infection. Here, we describe the performance of a point-of-care (POC) immunoassay that uses recombinant antigens to detect canine anti- L. infantum antibodies in a convenience sample set from a diagnostic laboratory, a group of canine patients with clinical staging, and in apparently healthy dogs from endemic areas. An immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT) was used as the semiquantitative reference method. In the convenience sample set with high IFAT titers (≥ 1:800), the POC immunoassay demonstrated perfect agreement with IFAT (100%; 90/90). Using samples from dogs staged as either LeishVet Stage 2 or 3 or LeishVet Stage 1, positive agreement of the POC immunoassay with the IFAT was 98.8% (82/83) and 83.8% (31/37), respectively. The negative agreement with IFAT was 98.9% (272/275) in apparently healthy dogs from endemic areas of Greece and Italy. Since the performance of the POC immunoassay was associated with IFAT titer and clinical stage of CanL, the test may help veterinarians when determining if CanL is likely responsible for a patient's clinical picture or when evaluating an apparently healthy patient prior to vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joe Liu
- IDEXX Laboratories, Inc., 1 IDEXX Drive, Westbrook, ME 04092, USA.
| | | | - Melissa Beall
- IDEXX Laboratories, Inc., 1 IDEXX Drive, Westbrook, ME 04092, USA.
| | - Ana Montoya
- Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Jan Drexel
- IDEXX Laboratories, Inc., 1 IDEXX Drive, Westbrook, ME 04092, USA.
| | - Tori Denis
- IDEXX Laboratories, Inc., 1 IDEXX Drive, Westbrook, ME 04092, USA.
| | - Ryan Toste
- IDEXX Laboratories, Inc., 1 IDEXX Drive, Westbrook, ME 04092, USA.
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Iniguez E, Kamhawi S. Discovery of new antigens for serodiagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in humans and dogs adds valuable tools to our arsenal. mBio 2024:e0107924. [PMID: 38995021 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01079-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Surveillance and sustained control of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) require reliable serodiagnostic tools. rK39, the gold standard antigen for VL diagnosis, is limited by its documented poor sensitivity in certain endemic regions, such as East Africa, and by the longevity of its antibodies, making it difficult to distinguish active from cured infections. In a recent publication in mBio, Roberts et al. (A. J. Roberts, H.B. Ong, S. Clare, C. Brandt, et al., mBio 15:e00859-24, 2024, https://doi.org/10.1128/mbio.00859-24) identified new immunogenic Leishmania candidates in dogs and humans. In dogs, combined antigens LdBPK_290790.1 + LdBPK_362700.1 (D4 +D46) distinguished symptomatic from asymptomatic infections. For humans, LdBPK_323600.1 (D36) antigen produced short-lived antibodies and performed well in patient cohorts from Bangladesh and Ethiopia, but not Kenya. This study adds promising new candidates to our serodiagnostic toolbox but highlights the need for more antigen discovery studies that may have to be focused on regional performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Iniguez
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Shaden Kamhawi
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
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Karampas G, Koulouraki S, Daikos GL, Nanou C, Aravantinos L, Eleftheriades M, Metallinou D, Christopoulos P. Visceral Leishmaniasis in a Twin Pregnancy: A Case Report and Review of the Literature. J Clin Med 2024; 13:2400. [PMID: 38673673 PMCID: PMC11051246 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13082400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), often referred to as kala-azar, is quite rare in developed countries during pregnancy. Only few studies have evaluated its impact on perinatal outcome. It is caused primarily by Leishmania donovani or Leishmania infantum and presents with a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations from cutaneous ulcers to multisystem disease. Differential diagnosis is challenging as symptoms and signs are insidious, mimicking other diseases. Misdiagnosis can result in severe adverse perinatal outcomes, even maternal/neonatal death. Early treatment with liposomal amphotericin-B (LAmB) is currently the first choice with adequate effectiveness. We report a rare case of VL in a twin pregnancy with onset at the second trimester, presenting with periodic fever with rigors, right flank pain, and gradual dysregulation of all three cell lines. The positive rK39 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay test confirmed the diagnosis. Treatment with LAmB resulted in clinical improvement within 48 h and in the delivery of two late-preterm healthy neonates with no symptoms or signs of vertical transmission. The one-year follow-up, of the mother and the neonates, was negative for recurrence. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of VL in a twin pregnancy, and consequently treatment and perinatal outcome are of great importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grigorios Karampas
- Second Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Aretaieio University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 115 28 Athens, Greece; (G.K.); (S.K.); (L.A.); (M.E.); (P.C.)
| | - Sevasti Koulouraki
- Second Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Aretaieio University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 115 28 Athens, Greece; (G.K.); (S.K.); (L.A.); (M.E.); (P.C.)
| | - George L. Daikos
- Mitera Hospital, 6, Erythrou Stavrou Str., 151 23 Athens, Greece;
| | - Christina Nanou
- Department of Midwifery, University of West Attica, 122 43 Athens, Greece;
| | - Leon Aravantinos
- Second Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Aretaieio University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 115 28 Athens, Greece; (G.K.); (S.K.); (L.A.); (M.E.); (P.C.)
| | - Makarios Eleftheriades
- Second Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Aretaieio University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 115 28 Athens, Greece; (G.K.); (S.K.); (L.A.); (M.E.); (P.C.)
| | - Dimitra Metallinou
- Department of Midwifery, University of West Attica, 122 43 Athens, Greece;
| | - Panagiotis Christopoulos
- Second Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Aretaieio University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 115 28 Athens, Greece; (G.K.); (S.K.); (L.A.); (M.E.); (P.C.)
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Getnet M, Minaye Dejen A, Abebaw D, Fentahun GG, Birhanu E. Diagnostic accuracy of serological rk-39 test for visceral Leishmaniasis: Systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0011938. [PMID: 38446789 PMCID: PMC10917292 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), or kala-azar, is a vector-borne tropical disease caused by a group of intracellular hemoflagellate protozoa belonging to the family of Trypanosomatide and the genus Leishmania. The disease is distributed around the world and transmitted via the bite of infected female Phlebotomine sandflies, and there is variation in the diagnostic accuracy. Therefore, this systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to determine the pooled global sensitivity and specificity of the rk-39 test and to evaluate if there is a difference between the different parts of the world. METHODS A systematic review and meta-analysis have been conducted on the diagnostic accuracy of dermoscopy. After setting eligibility criteria, literature was searched in four databases and one searching engine. Articles were screened, critically appraised, and extracted independently by two reviewers, and any disagreements were resolved with the involvement of a third person. The quality of the included studies had been assessed by the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies (QUADAS 2) tool. Pooled sensitivity and specificity were determined by bivariate random effect analysis. Heterogeneity was assessed by Higgins's I2, and when it was present, mitigation was conducted by using sensitivity analysis. RESULT A total of 409 studies were identified, and finally 18 articles were eligible for the review with a total sample size of 5, 253. The bivariate random effect meta-analysis of the 7 diagnostic accuracy studies showed a pooled sensitivity of 0.89 (0.76-0.95) and specificity of 0.86 (0.72-0.94). The +LR was 6.32 (95% CI: 2.85-14.02), the-LR was 0.13 (95% CI: 0.06-0.30), and the diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) was 47.8 (95% CI: 11.3-203.2). Abdel-Latif (2018) was both an outlier and influential for sensitivity, and Walter (2011) was both an outlier and influential for specificity, and removing them from sensitivity and specificity, respectively, was beneficial for reducing the heterogeneity. CONCLUSION Rk-39 is found to have highly accurate measures in the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis. Both sensitivity and specificity were found to be highly accurate in the diagnosis of leishmaniasis, with a pooled sensitivity of 0.91 (0.88-0.93) and a pooled specificity of 0.89 (0.85-0.91). ETHICAL CONSIDERATION As we will use secondary data for the systematic review and meta-analysis, ethical concerns are not necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihret Getnet
- Department of Human Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
- Department of Epidemiology and biostatistics, Institute of public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Addisu Minaye Dejen
- Department of Epidemiology and biostatistics, Institute of public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Dessie Abebaw
- Department of Epidemiology and biostatistics, Institute of public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Getachew Gedefaw Fentahun
- Department of Epidemiology and biostatistics, Institute of public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Emebet Birhanu
- Department of Human Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
- Department of Epidemiology and biostatistics, Institute of public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
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Dias DS, Machado JM, Ribeiro PAF, Machado AS, Ramos FF, Nogueira LM, Gonçalves AAM, Ramos LDS, Gandra IB, Coutinho FS, dos Santos M, da Silva JO, Chávez-Fumagalli MA, Teixeira-Neto RG, Chaves AT, Campos-da-Paz M, Souza AA, Giunchetti RC, Freitas SM, Lyon S, de Magalhães-Soares DF, Silveira JAG, Silva ES, Coelho EAF, Galdino AS. rMELEISH: A Novel Recombinant Multiepitope-Based Protein Applied to the Serodiagnosis of Both Canine and Human Visceral Leishmaniasis. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12020302. [PMID: 36839574 PMCID: PMC9958779 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12020302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a critical public health problem in over ninety countries. The control measures adopted in Brazil have been insufficient when it comes to preventing the spread of this overlooked disease. In this context, a precise diagnosis of VL in dogs and humans could help to reduce the number of cases of this disease. Distinct studies for the diagnosis of VL have used single recombinant proteins in serological assays; however, the results have been variable, mainly in relation to the sensitivity of the antigens. In this context, the development of multiepitope-based proteins could be relevant to solving such problem. METHODS a chimeric protein (rMELEISH) was constructed based on amino acid sequences from kinesin 39 (k39), alpha-tubulin, and heat-shock proteins HSP70 and HSP 83.1, and tested in enzyme-linked immunosorbent (ELISA) for the detection of L. infantum infection using canine (n = 140) and human (n = 145) sera samples. RESULTS in the trials, rMELEISH was able to discriminate between VL cases and cross-reactive diseases and healthy samples, with sensitivity and specificity values of 100%, as compared to the use of a soluble Leishmania antigenic extract (SLA). CONCLUSIONS the preliminary data suggest that rMELEISH has the potential to be tested in future studies against a larger serological panel and in field conditions for the diagnosis of canine and human VL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Silva Dias
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Microrganismos, Universidade Federal de São João Del-Rei (UFSJ), Campus Centro Oeste, Divinópolis 35501-296, MG, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, Belo Horizonte 30130-100, MG, Brazil
| | - Juliana Martins Machado
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Microrganismos, Universidade Federal de São João Del-Rei (UFSJ), Campus Centro Oeste, Divinópolis 35501-296, MG, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Aparecida Fernandes Ribeiro
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Microrganismos, Universidade Federal de São João Del-Rei (UFSJ), Campus Centro Oeste, Divinópolis 35501-296, MG, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, Belo Horizonte 30130-100, MG, Brazil
| | - Amanda Sanchez Machado
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, Belo Horizonte 30130-100, MG, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Fonseca Ramos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, Belo Horizonte 30130-100, MG, Brazil
| | - Lais Moreira Nogueira
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Microrganismos, Universidade Federal de São João Del-Rei (UFSJ), Campus Centro Oeste, Divinópolis 35501-296, MG, Brazil
| | - Ana Alice Maia Gonçalves
- Laboratório de Biologia das Interações Celulares, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Luana de Sousa Ramos
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Microrganismos, Universidade Federal de São João Del-Rei (UFSJ), Campus Centro Oeste, Divinópolis 35501-296, MG, Brazil
| | - Isadora Braga Gandra
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Microrganismos, Universidade Federal de São João Del-Rei (UFSJ), Campus Centro Oeste, Divinópolis 35501-296, MG, Brazil
| | - Flaviane Silva Coutinho
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Microrganismos, Universidade Federal de São João Del-Rei (UFSJ), Campus Centro Oeste, Divinópolis 35501-296, MG, Brazil
| | - Michelli dos Santos
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Microrganismos, Universidade Federal de São João Del-Rei (UFSJ), Campus Centro Oeste, Divinópolis 35501-296, MG, Brazil
| | - Jonatas Oliveira da Silva
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Microrganismos, Universidade Federal de São João Del-Rei (UFSJ), Campus Centro Oeste, Divinópolis 35501-296, MG, Brazil
| | - Miguel Angel Chávez-Fumagalli
- Computational Biology and Chemistry Research Group, Vicerrectorado de Investigación, Universidad Católica de Santa María, Urb. San José S/N, Arequipa 04000, Peru
| | - Rafael Gonçalves Teixeira-Neto
- Laboratório de Doenças Infecto-Parasitárias, Universidade Federal de São João Del-Rei, Divinópolis 35501-296, MG, Brazil
| | - Ana Thereza Chaves
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, Belo Horizonte 30130-100, MG, Brazil
| | - Mariana Campos-da-Paz
- Laboratório de Bioativos & Nanobiotecnologia, Universidade Federal de São João Del-Rei, Divinópolis 35501-296, MG, Brazil
| | - Amanda A. Souza
- Laboratório Nacional de Biociências (LNBio), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais, Campinas 13083-970, SP, Brazil
| | - Rodolfo Cordeiro Giunchetti
- Laboratório de Biologia das Interações Celulares, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Sonia Maria Freitas
- Laboratorio de Biofísica, Instituto de Biologia, University of Brasilia, Brasília 70910-900, DF, Brazil
| | - Sandra Lyon
- Fundação Hospitalar do Estado de Minas Gerais, Hospital Eduardo de Menezes, Belo Horizonte 30622-020, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Julia Angelica Gonçalves Silveira
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Sergio Silva
- Laboratório de Doenças Infecto-Parasitárias, Universidade Federal de São João Del-Rei, Divinópolis 35501-296, MG, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Antonio Ferraz Coelho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, Belo Horizonte 30130-100, MG, Brazil
| | - Alexsandro Sobreira Galdino
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Microrganismos, Universidade Federal de São João Del-Rei (UFSJ), Campus Centro Oeste, Divinópolis 35501-296, MG, Brazil
- Correspondence:
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Abstract
The leishmanin skin test (LST) has been used for decades to detect exposure and immunity to the parasite Leishmania, the causative agent of the neglected tropical disease leishmaniasis. In the LST, Leishmania antigen (leishmanin) is intradermally injected into the forearm. In an individual who has been previously infected, a delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction results in a measurable induration at the site of the injection, indicating that previous exposure to Leishmania has resulted in the development of cell-mediated immunity. LST positivity is associated with long-lasting protective immunity against reinfection, most notably as reported for visceral leishmaniasis (VL). Despite efforts over the past few decades, leishmanin antigen is no longer produced under good manufacturing practice (GMP) conditions anywhere in the world. Consequently, the use of the LST in epidemiological studies has declined in favor of serological and molecular tests. In this review, we provide a historical overview of the LST and justification for the reintroduction of leishmanin. A GMP-grade leishmanin can be used to detect immunity in vivo by the LST and can be investigated for use in an interferon-γ release assay (IGRA), which may serve as an in vitro version of the LST. The LST will be a valuable tool for surveillance and epidemiological studies in support of the VL elimination programs and as a surrogate marker of immunity in vaccine clinical trials.
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Improved Performance of ELISA and Immunochromatographic Tests Using a New Chimeric A2-Based Protein for Human Visceral Leishmaniasis Diagnosis. J Immunol Res 2021; 2021:5568077. [PMID: 34007852 PMCID: PMC8102099 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5568077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Methods A total of 1028 sera samples were used for the development and validation of ELISA (321 samples from L. infantum-infected patients, 62 samples from VL/AIDS coinfected patients, 236 samples from patients infected with other diseases, and 409 samples from healthy donors). A total of 520 sera samples were used to develop and validate ICT (249 samples from L. infantum-infected patients, 46 samples from VL/AIDS coinfected patients, 40 samples from patients infected with other diseases, and 185 samples from healthy donors). Findings. Using the validation sera panels, DTL-4-based ELISA displayed an overall sensitivity of 94.61% (95% CI: 89.94-97.28), a specificity of 99.41% (95% CI: 96.39-99.99), and an accuracy of 97.02% (95% CI: 94.61-98.38), while for ICT, sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy values corresponded to 91.98% (95% CI: 86.65-95.39), 100.00% (95% CI: 96.30-100.00), and 95.14% (95% CI: 91.62-97.15), respectively. When testing sera samples from VL/AIDS coinfected patients, DTL-4-ELISA displayed a sensitivity of 77.42% (95% CI: 65.48-86.16), a specificity of 99.41% (95% CI: 96.39-99.99), and an accuracy of 93.51% (95% CI: 89.49%-96.10%), while for DTL-4-ICT, sensitivity was 73.91% (95% CI: 59.74-84.40), specificity was 90.63% (95% CI: 81.02-95.63), and accuracy was 82.00% (95% CI: 73.63-90.91). Conclusion DTL-4 is a promising candidate antigen for serodiagnosis of VL patients, including those with VL/AIDS coinfection, when incorporated into ELISA or ICT test formats.
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Pereira JC, Dos Santos Sousa P, De Souza LMB, Pasquali AKS, Bates M, Bates P, Thomaz Soccol V. The efficacy of recombinant protein lbk39 for the diagnosis of leishmaniosis in dogs. Parasitology 2021; 148:302-310. [PMID: 33070782 PMCID: PMC11010170 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182020001997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniosis is one of the most important zoonotic diseases on the planet and dogs are the main reservoir of canine visceral leishmaniosis (CVL) in endemic areas. They play an important role in human infection because in dogs the disease appears long time after infection, and they can move uncontrollably, contributing to disperse the parasite. To take the decision to treat the animals or for euthanasia, in an elimination programme, in order to reduce the parasitic load, it is necessary to diagnose correctly, having more effective tools. Our group has developed a new recombinant antigen-based kinesin-related gene of Leishmania braziliensis (Lbk39), which shows 59% amino acid identity to the L. infantum homologue. The Lbk39 gene was synthesized, inserted into the pLEXSY-sat2 vector and transfected into L. tarentolae cells by electroporation. The recombinant protein was secreted in the culture with a C-terminal histidine marker, purified, generating a product at 337.68 μg mL-1. A total of 152 sera from dog's endemic and non-endemic areas were used, being 78 positives and 75 negatives. The antigen Lbk39 showed 100% sensitivity and 96.1% specificity. We compared this antigen with other antigens such as total extract of the parasite, TRDPP, and our data indicate that Lbk39 has potential application in the diagnosis of CVL through antibody detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce Carvalho Pereira
- Federal University of Paraná, Post-graduate Course in Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology, Polytechnic Centre, Jardim das Américas, CEP 81530-980, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Pedro Dos Santos Sousa
- Federal University of Paraná, Post-graduate Course in Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology, Polytechnic Centre, Jardim das Américas, CEP 81530-980, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Ligia Moraes Barizon De Souza
- Federal University of Paraná, Post-graduate Course in Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology, Polytechnic Centre, Jardim das Américas, CEP 81530-980, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Aline Kuhn Sbruzzi Pasquali
- Federal University of Paraná, Post-graduate Course in Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology, Polytechnic Centre, Jardim das Américas, CEP 81530-980, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Michelle Bates
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Paul Bates
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Vanete Thomaz Soccol
- Federal University of Paraná, Post-graduate Course in Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology, Polytechnic Centre, Jardim das Américas, CEP 81530-980, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
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JAMEIE F, DALIMI A, PIRESTANI M, MOHEBALI M. Development of a Multi-Epitope Recombinant Protein for the Diagnosis of Human Visceral Leishmaniasis. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2021; 16:1-10. [PMID: 33786042 PMCID: PMC7988677 DOI: 10.18502/ijpa.v16i1.5506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Iran is one of the endemic areas of Mediterranean Visceral Leishmaniasis, a disease caused by Leishmania infantum. In this work, we examined whether Proteína quimérica 10 (PQ10) recombinant protein is suitable for immunological diagnosis of human visceral leishmaniasis. METHODS The study was carried out in Tarbiat Modares University during 2016-2018. The coding sequence of PQ10 recombinant protein was sub-cloned in pET28 expression vector and was commercially synthesized by GENERAY Biotechnology, China. Sequencing with proper primers was done, the expression, optimization of expression and protein purification were performed, and the purified recombinant protein was confirmed by western blot. The efficacy of PQ10 for serodiagnosis was evaluated with 50 positive and 50 negative serum samples, which confirmed by the direct agglutination test and collected from individuals living in the visceral leishmaniasis endemic areas of Iran. ELISA was performed with the PQ10 recombinant protein. RESULTS The 95% CI sensitivity of ELISA that was evaluated with sera from naturally infected individuals was 84%. The 95% CI specificity value of the ELISA determined with sera from healthy individuals (50 serum samples) and from individuals with other infectious diseases was 82%. The 95% CI positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) were exterminated 82.35% and 83.67%, respectively. CONCLUSION We have used a recombinant synthetic protein to improve serodiagnosis of human visceral leishmaniasis. PQ10 could be useful for diagnosis of asymptomatic cases, as well as in the early phase of infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farnoosh JAMEIE
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abdolhossein DALIMI
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid PIRESTANI
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi MOHEBALI
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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10
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Cunha MA, Celeste BJ, Kesper N, Fugimori M, Lago MM, Ibanes AS, Ouki LM, Neto EAS, Fonseca FF, Silva MAL, Júnior WLB, Lindoso JAL. Frequency of Leishmania spp. infection among HIV-infected patients living in an urban area in Brazil: a cross-sectional study. BMC Infect Dis 2020; 20:885. [PMID: 33238943 PMCID: PMC7686951 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-020-05622-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is little information about the frequency of Leishmania infection in asymptomatic people living with HIV (PLWH) and about the performance of laboratory diagnostic methods in coinfected patients in Latin America. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the frequency of Leishmania spp. infection in HIV-infected patients living in an urban area in Brazil. Methods To detect Leishmania infection, diagnostic tests were performed to detect anti-Leishmania antibodies (ELISA using Leptomonas seymouri antigens; ELISA using rK39 antigens; ELISA using rK28 antigens; indirect fluorescent-antibody test (IFAT); direct agglutination test (DAT)) and Leishmania DNA (polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with the target genes kDNA and ITS-1). Results The frequency of at least one positive test was 15%. For ELISA using Leptomonas antigens and IFAT, there was an association between CD4+ T lymphocyte counts and test positivity, with a higher positivity of these tests in more immunosuppressed patients (CD4+ T cell count < 200/mm3). Conclusions According to our data, there was a high prevalence of Leishmania spp. infections in this population living with HIV. Although there is the possibility of cross-reaction, some tests that are considered highly specific for the diagnosis of Leishmania infection were positive. There was also an association between the positivity of some tests studied and lower values of CD4+ T lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Cunha
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Rua Cônego Monte, 110, Quintas, Natal/RN, Rio Grande do Norte, 59037-170, Brazil. .,Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, University of São Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
| | - B J Celeste
- Laboratory of Seroepidemiology and Immunobiology, Institute of Tropical Medicine of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - N Kesper
- Laboratory of Protozoology, Institute of Tropical Medicine of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - M Fugimori
- Laboratory of Seroepidemiology and Immunobiology, Institute of Tropical Medicine of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - M M Lago
- Outpatient sector, Emilio Ribas Institute for Infectious Diseases, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - A S Ibanes
- Outpatient sector, Emilio Ribas Institute for Infectious Diseases, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - L M Ouki
- Outpatient sector, Emilio Ribas Institute for Infectious Diseases, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - E A Simões Neto
- Department of Medicine Course, Federal University of Maranhão, Pinheiro, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - F F Fonseca
- Department of Diseases of Chronic Conditions and Sexually Transmitted Infections, Ministry of Health of Brazil, Brasília, Federal District, Brazil
| | - M A L Silva
- Parasitology, Aggeu Magalhães Research Center, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - W L Barbosa Júnior
- Parasitology, Aggeu Magalhães Research Center, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - J A L Lindoso
- Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, University of São Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratory of Protozoology, Institute of Tropical Medicine of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Outpatient sector, Emilio Ribas Institute for Infectious Diseases, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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11
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Reimão JQ, Coser EM, Lee MR, Coelho AC. Laboratory Diagnosis of Cutaneous and Visceral Leishmaniasis: Current and Future Methods. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E1632. [PMID: 33105784 PMCID: PMC7690623 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8111632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease with two main clinical forms: cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis. Diagnosis of leishmaniasis is still a challenge, concerning the detection and correct identification of the species of the parasite, mainly in endemic areas where the absence of appropriate resources is still a problem. Most accessible methods for diagnosis, particularly in these areas, do not include the identification of each one of more than 20 species responsible for the disease. Here, we summarize the main methods used for the detection and identification of leishmaniasis that can be performed by demonstration of the parasite in biological samples from the patient through microscopic examination, by in vitro culture or animal inoculation; by molecular methods through the detection of parasite DNA; or by immunological methods through the detection of parasite antigens that may be present in urine or through the detection of specific antibodies against the parasite. Potential new methods that can be applied for laboratory diagnosis of leishmaniasis are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Quero Reimão
- Departamento de Morfologia e Patologia Básica, Faculdade de Medicina de Jundiaí, Jundiaí 13202-550, Brazil; (J.Q.R.); (M.R.L.)
| | - Elizabeth Magiolo Coser
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-862, Brazil;
| | - Monica Ran Lee
- Departamento de Morfologia e Patologia Básica, Faculdade de Medicina de Jundiaí, Jundiaí 13202-550, Brazil; (J.Q.R.); (M.R.L.)
| | - Adriano Cappellazzo Coelho
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-862, Brazil;
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12
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Pereira IE, Silva KP, Menegati LM, Pinheiro AC, Assunção EAO, Araújo MDLP, Abass E, Duthie MS, Steinhoff U, Teixeira HC. Performance of recombinant proteins in diagnosis and differentiation of canine visceral leishmaniasis infected and vaccinated dogs. Eur J Microbiol Immunol (Bp) 2020; 10:165-171. [PMID: 32857712 PMCID: PMC7592511 DOI: 10.1556/1886.2020.00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Control of canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL), a major zoonotic disease in Brazil and many other tropical and subtropical countries, remains difficult as an accurate and reliable diagnosis is still missing. In endemic regions, infected dogs are the main parasitic reservoir host of human Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) infection. Vaccination of dogs against Leishmania infection constitutes an important strategy to prevent or to better control CVL, thus, a serological test that can discriminate between antibodies induced by immunization versus infection is highly desirable in order to improve and simplify diagnosis. Here, four recombinant proteins were evaluated for their ability to detect and differentiate between dogs that are infected with Leishmania or have been immunized with the anti-Leishmania vaccine Leish-Tec®. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis of the four Leishmania-specific IgG ELISA revealed superior performance of rK28, followed by rKLO8, rK39 and rLb6H. The rK28-based ELISA revealed not only the best accuracy against CVL, but also the lowest cross-reactivity with sera from Leish-Tec® immunized dogs. Our data show that the rK28-based ELISA is highly suitable for CVL screening as it shows high sensitivity with simultaneous low cross-reactivity. Further, the high specificity of the rKLO8 indicates its suitability for the confirmation of CVL diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid E Pereira
- 1Department of Parasitology, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, 36036-900, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Kyssia P Silva
- 1Department of Parasitology, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, 36036-900, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Laura M Menegati
- 1Department of Parasitology, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, 36036-900, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Aimara C Pinheiro
- 2Zoonosis Control Center, Municipal Health Secretariat, 35022-280, Governador Valadares, Brazil
| | - Elaine A O Assunção
- 2Zoonosis Control Center, Municipal Health Secretariat, 35022-280, Governador Valadares, Brazil
| | | | - Elfadil Abass
- 4Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Ulrich Steinhoff
- 6Institute for Medical Microbiology, Philipps University of Marburg, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Henrique C Teixeira
- 1Department of Parasitology, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, 36036-900, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
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13
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Recent advances and new strategies in Leishmaniasis diagnosis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:8105-8116. [PMID: 32845368 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10846-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a set of complex and multifaceted syndromes, with different clinical manifestations, caused by different species of the genus Leishmania spp. that can be characterized by at least four syndromes: visceral leishmaniasis (VL, also known as kala-azar), post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL), cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis (MCL). Among the most serious clinical forms, VL stands out, which causes the death of around 59,000 people annually. Fast and accurate diagnosis in VL is essential to reduce the disease's morbidity and mortality. There are a large number of diagnostic tests for leishmaniasis, however they do cross-react with other protozoa and their sensitivity changes according to the clinical form of the disease. Thus, it is essential and necessary to provide a diagnosis that is sufficiently sensitive to detect asymptomatic infected individuals and specific to discriminate individuals with other infectious and parasitic diseases, thus enabling more accurate diagnostic tools than those currently used. In this context, the aim of this review is to summarize the conventional diagnostic tools and point out the new advances and strategies on visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis diagnosis.
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14
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Karimi Kakh M, Golchin M, Kazemi Arababadi M, Daneshvar H. Application of the Leishmania infantum 21-kDa recombinant protein for the development of an immunochromatographic test. Parasite Immunol 2020; 42:e12770. [PMID: 32592182 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), caused by Leishmania infantum, is a systemic parasitic disease and presents a global health problem which can be fatal if not diagnosed and treated. Dogs are the main hosts and provide reservoirs for the transmission of the disease to humans. METHODS In this study, the gene encoding a 21-kDa protein was cloned and expressed as a fusion protein in Escherichia coli strain BL21 (DE3) for developing a rapid immunochromatographic test (ICT) to identify infected dogs. The expression of the recombinant 21-kDa protein (r21) was investigated using SDS-PAGE and Western blot methods. The purified r21-kDa protein was spotted onto ICT strips and tested by sera from experimentally infected, naturally infected and uninfected dogs. RESULTS The SDS-PAGE and Western blot methods showed the successful expression of r21-kDa protein. The ICT strip test revealed that the r21-kDa protein was detected by the sera of experimentally and naturally infected dogs. The specificity tests also confirmed no cross-reactivity with animals infected with Trypanosoma cruzi, Toxoplasma gondii and Ehrlichia canis. CONCLUSIONS Based on these findings, the new r21-kDa protein may be a suitable target for developing a new simple, specific and rapid serological method to detect VL in infected dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansoureh Karimi Kakh
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Science, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mehdi Golchin
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mohammad Kazemi Arababadi
- Immunology of Infectious Diseases Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Hamid Daneshvar
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Science, Kerman, Iran
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15
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Prospection of immunological biomarkers for characterization and monitoring of asymptomatic Leishmania ( Leishmania) infantum infection. Parasitology 2020; 147:1124-1132. [PMID: 32460936 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182020000852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In areas endemic for Leishmania infantum, an asymptomatic infection may be an indicator of the extent of transmission. The main goal of this study was to evaluate the applicability of measuring circulating immunological biomarkers as an alternative strategy to characterize and monitor L. infantum asymptomatic infections in combination with serological methods. To this end, 179 children from a region endemic for visceral leishmaniasis (VL), aged 1-10 years old, selected from a cross-sectional study, were identified as asymptomatic (n = 81) or uninfected (n = 98) by qPCR and/or serological tests (ELISA using L. infantum soluble antigen and rK39), and, together with serum samples of children diagnosed with VL (n = 43), were subjected to avidity tests and cytokine levels measurement. Avidity rates (AR) ranging from 41 to 70% were found in 29 children (66%) from the asymptomatic group. On the other hand, high AR (above 70%) were observed in 27 children (64%) from the VL group. Logistic Regression and Classification and Regression Tree (CART) analyses demonstrated that lower AR and IFN-γ production associated with higher IL-17A levels were hallmarks in asymptomatic L. infantum infections. Therefore, this study proposes an association of immunological biomarkers that can be used as a complementary strategy for the characterization and monitoring of asymptomatic VL infections in children living in endemic areas.
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16
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Abeijon C, Alves F, Monnerat S, Mbui J, Viana AG, Almeida RM, Bueno LL, Fujiwara RT, Campos-Neto A. Urine-based antigen detection assay for diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis using monoclonal antibodies specific for six protein biomarkers of Leishmania infantum / Leishmania donovani. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008246. [PMID: 32324742 PMCID: PMC7200010 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of an accurate protein-based antigen detection assay for diagnosis of active visceral leishmaniasis (VL) would represent a major clinical advance. VL is a serious and fatal disease caused by the parasites Leishmania infantum and Leishmania donovani. The gold standard confirmatory diagnostic test for VL is the demonstration of parasites or their DNA from aspirates from spleen, lymph node, and bone marrow or from blood buffy coats. Here we describe the production and use of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) for the development of a sensitive and specific antigen detection capture ELISA for VL diagnosis. This test simultaneously detects six leishmania protein biomarkers that we have previously described (Li-isd1, Li-txn1, Li-ntf2, Ld-mao1, Ld-ppi1 and Ld-mad1). The initial clinical validation of this new mAb-based multiplexed capture ELISA showed a sensitivity of ≥93%. The test was negative with 35 urine samples from healthy control subjects as well as with 30 patients with confirmed non-VL tropical diseases (cutaneous leishmaniasis, n = 6; Chagas disease, n = 6; schistosomiasis, n = 6; and tuberculosis, n = 12). These results strongly support the possible utility of this mAb-based multiplexed capture ELISA as a promising diagnostic test for active VL as well as for monitoring the treatment efficacy of this disease. The test is ready for upscaling and validation for clinical use. Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) or kala-azar is a systemic parasitic disease that is endemic in 75 countries with more than 500 million people at risk of infection. VL is caused primarily by the parasites known as Leishmania infantum and Leishmania donovani. It is estimated that VL affects 50,000–90,000 people each year, with 90% of the cases occurring in India, Kenya, Somalia, Sudan, South Sudan and Brazil. VL is a fatal disease if not treated. Laboratory diagnosis of this disease can be performed using several different approaches. However, there is still a need for a simple, non-expensive, sensitive and specific test that can be used not only for the accurate diagnosis of this serious disease but also to monitor the efficacy of its treatment. Here we describe a new test that can circumvent most of the drawbacks of existing approaches. This new test detects six leishmanial proteins or biomarkers that are eliminated in the urine of patients with VL. The test is a conventional ELISA assembled with monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) specific for each of the six different biomarkers and it is performed in urine samples of suspected patients. An initial clinical validation demonstrated that the test has a sensitivity of ≥93% and specificity of 100%. This new and accurate mAb-based multiplexed assay could be a useful resource to diagnose most clinical forms and/or the severity of the disease e.g., active VL, asymptomatic VL, post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis, VL/HIV co-infection, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Abeijon
- DetectoGen Inc., Grafton, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Fabiana Alves
- Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Jane Mbui
- KEMRI Centre for Clinical Research, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | | | - Lilian L. Bueno
- Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Antonio Campos-Neto
- DetectoGen Inc., Grafton, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: ,
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17
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do Vale INPC, Saliba JW, Fonseca GSF, Peruhype-Magalhães V, de Araújo FF, Pascoal-Xavier MA, Teixeira-Carvalho A, Campos FMF, Andrade MC, Lula JF, Reis AB, Lemos EM, de Carvalho SFG, Oliveira E, Martins-Filho OA. Laboratorial algorithm for serological diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis using rK39-ICT, DAT-LPC and FC-Simplex IgG1. J Immunol Methods 2020; 480:112765. [PMID: 32119888 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2020.112765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The performance of distinct serological tests (rK39-ICT, IFAT, DAT-LPC, FC-Simplex IgG1) was assessed and a laboratorial algorithm was proposed for accurate diagnosis of VL. DAT-LPC and FC-Simplex IgG1 showed outstanding accuracy (AUC = 0.93) to identify VL patients. The use of a sequential serological algorithm (rK39-ICT screening followed by DAT-LPC or FC-Simplex IgG1) improved the global accuracy for VL (97.2%) diagnosis. An alternative approach for diagnosis of VL has been also assessed for interchangeable use of serum/whole blood lysate samples in DAT-LPC and FC-Simplex IgG1. Our data showed an outstanding agreement for the results obtained with whole blood lysate samples as compared to serum samples (DAT-LPC =100%; FC-Simplex IgG1 = 99%). Together, these findings provide insights to improve the current overall accuracy of VL diagnosis and present innovative laboratorial tests and alternative samples from use in public health services.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Juliana Wilke Saliba
- Instituto René Rachou - Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - FIOCRUZ-Minas, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Edward Oliveira
- Instituto René Rachou - Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - FIOCRUZ-Minas, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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18
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Rezaei Z, Van Reet N, Pouladfar G, Kühne V, Ramezani A, Sarkari B, Pourabbas B, Büscher P. Expression of a rK39 homologue from an Iranian Leishmania infantum isolate in Leishmania tarentolae for serodiagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:593. [PMID: 31852505 PMCID: PMC6921591 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3839-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kinesin-related gene diversity among strains and species of Leishmania may impact the sensitivity and specificity of serodiagnostic tests for visceral leishmaniasis (VL). METHODS In this study, we report on the recombinant expression of this novel Iranian Leishmania infantum (MCAN14/47) homologue of rK39 (Li-rK39), in L. tarentolae. The diagnostic potential of the Li-rK39 antigen was evaluated in an ELISA, using sera from 100 VL patients, 190 healthy endemic controls, 46 non-endemic healthy controls and 47 patients with other infections. RESULTS The results showed a sensitivity of 96% and a specificity of 93.8%. A commercial rK39 immunochromatographic test (ICT) was 90% sensitive and 100% specific on the same cohort. CONCLUSIONS Here, we show that the K39 gene from an Iranian L. infantum isolate is heterozygous as compared to the sequence of the Brazilian L. infantum (former L. chagasi), whose antigen is incorporated in most rK39-based immunochromatographic tests. Therefore, Li-rK39 has the potential to be used as an alternative for VL diagnosis in Iran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Rezaei
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Professor Alborzi Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Nick Van Reet
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Gholamreza Pouladfar
- Professor Alborzi Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Vera Kühne
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Amin Ramezani
- Institute for Cancer Research, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Bahador Sarkari
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. .,Basic Sciences in Infectious Diseases Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Bahman Pourabbas
- Professor Alborzi Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Philippe Büscher
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
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de Souza LMB, Carvalho J, Bates MD, Petterle RR, Thomaz-Soccol V, Bates PA. Production of a kinesin-related recombinant protein (Lbk39) from Leishmania braziliensis by Leishmania tarentolae promastigotes and its application in the serodiagnosis of leishmaniasis. One Health 2019; 8:100111. [PMID: 31788531 PMCID: PMC6879997 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2019.100111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The leishmaniases are multifactorial zoonotic diseases requiring a multidisciplinary One Health approach for diagnosis and control. For leishmaniasis diagnosis, here we describe production of a new recombinant protein based on a kinesin-related gene of Leishmania braziliensis (Lbk39), which shows 59% amino acid identity to the L. infantum homologue. The Lbk39 gene was synthesized, inserted into the pLEXSY-sat2 vector and transfected into L. tarentolae cells by electroporation. Culturing was carried out, and the secreted recombinant protein with a C-terminal histidine tag purified using nickel affinity chromatography on the culture supernatant, yielding a final product at 0.4 mg/mL. An indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was standardised using sera from 74 Brazilian patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis and 11 with visceral leishmaniasis. Optimal ELISA conditions were established for the Lbk39 antigen in comparison with a crude extract from L. braziliensis. The sensitivity, specificity analysis and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve were determined with a significance level of 5%. The ROC curve showed a good accuracy with an area under curve (AUC) = 0.967, p < 0.001 (0.941-0.993) for CL patients and an AUC = 100 (100-100) for VL patients. The values of sensitivity and specificity were 88 and 98% for CL and 100 and 100% for VL, respectively. The study showed good production and expression of the target protein and has generated a potential new antigen for the diagnosis of leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lígia Moraes Barizon de Souza
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Avenida Coronel Francisco Heráclito dos Santos, 210 – Usina Piloto B, 81531-970 Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Joyce Carvalho
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Avenida Coronel Francisco Heráclito dos Santos, 210 – Usina Piloto B, 81531-970 Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Michelle D. Bates
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Ricardo Rasmussen Petterle
- Nucleus of Medical Education, Department of Community Health, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Rua Padre Camargo, 280 – 7th floor, 80060-240 Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Vanete Thomaz-Soccol
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Avenida Coronel Francisco Heráclito dos Santos, 210 – Usina Piloto B, 81531-970 Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Paul Andrew Bates
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK
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Development of a Multiplexed Assay for Detection of Leishmania donovani and Leishmania infantum Protein Biomarkers in Urine Samples of Patients with Visceral Leishmaniasis. J Clin Microbiol 2019; 57:JCM.02076-18. [PMID: 30787142 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.02076-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a serious and fatal disease caused by the parasites Leishmania infantum and Leishmania donovani The gold standard diagnostic test for VL is the demonstration of parasites or their DNA in spleen, lymph node, or bone marrow aspirates. Serological tests exist but cannot distinguish active VL from either prior exposure to the parasites or previously treated VL disease. Using mass spectroscopy, we have previously identified three L. infantum protein biomarkers (Li-isd1, Li-txn1, and Li-ntf2) in the urine of VL patients and developed a sensitive and specific urine-based antigen detection assay for the diagnosis of VL that occurs in Brazil (where VL is caused by L. infantum). However, unpublished observations from our laboratory at DetectoGen showed that these biomarkers were detected in only 55% to 60% of VL patients from India and Kenya, where the disease is caused by L. donovani Here, we report the discovery and characterization of two new biomarkers of L. donovani (Ld-mao1 and Ld-ppi1) present in the urine of VL patients from these two countries. Capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays using specific rabbit IgG and chicken IgY were developed, and the assays had sensitivities of 44.4% and 28.8% for the detection of Ld-mao1 and Ld-ppi1, respectively. In contrast, a multiplexed assay designed to simultaneously detect all five leishmanial biomarkers markedly increased the assay sensitivity to 82.2%. These results validate the utility of leishmanial protein biomarkers found in the urine of VL patients as powerful tools for the development of an accurate diagnostic test for this disease.
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Duthie MS, Lison A, Courtenay O. Advances toward Diagnostic Tools for Managing Zoonotic Visceral Leishmaniasis. Trends Parasitol 2018; 34:881-890. [PMID: 30131210 PMCID: PMC6168404 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2018.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a life-threatening outcome of Leishmania infantum or Leishmania donovani infection. Dogs are the primary domestic reservoir of L. infantum parasites, and ownership of infected dogs increases the risk of human VL. Controlling infection within dog populations is regarded as critical to VL management in endemic countries, both preventing progression of canine disease and limiting parasite transmission to humans and dogs. Here we discuss various strategies that are used to diagnose canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) and the possibilities of adapting these for use within population screening and control programs. In addition, given the variable transmissibility of L. infantum to the sand fly vector, we outline some possibilities for the preferential identification of 'super-spreader' dogs among the overall infected population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm S Duthie
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Ave E, Suite 400, Seattle, WA 98102, USA.
| | - Aurore Lison
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Orin Courtenay
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
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22
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Comparative evaluation of immunochromatographic dipstick test (ICT) rk39, soluble antigen ELISA and IFAT for the sero-diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in Morocco. Acta Trop 2018; 182:185-189. [PMID: 29545149 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A rapid, sensitive and specific tool for detection of Leishmania infantum infection in Humans would be highly desirable, because it would allow control interventions in endemic areas of visceral leishmaniasis. This study was carried out at the Reference National Laboratory of Leishmaniasis (RNLL) in National Institute of Hygiene (NIH) Morocco, in order to evaluate the diagnostic potential of immunochromatographic dipstick test (ICT) rk39 in Moroccan suspected VL patients. A total of 49 admitted patients with strong clinical suspicion of VL and 40 healthy controls were investigated for the performance of the ICT rk39. Bone marrow smears were examined for microscopic detection of Leishmania amastigotes obtained from the admitted patients. Only PCR and smear positive cases were considered as gold standard as well as confirmed cases of VL. Out of 49 suspected patients, twenty four (48.9%) were found PCR and smear-positive and twenty three (46.9%) were positive for ICT rk39. Voluntary healthy controls, which included twenty persons from the endemic zone and twenty from non-endemic zone of VL, were found all negative for the strip test. The sensitivity in sera was 75% by ELISA and 87.5% by IFAT, compared with 95.8% for ICT rk39. Specificity was 95.8%, with both tests ELISA and IFAT, and 100% by ICT rk39 respectively. Present study findings again reinforce that the ICT rk39 is a simple, reliable and easy-to-perform non-invasive diagnostic tool for visceral leishmaniasis in the endemic area of Morocco.
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23
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Nogueira CT, Cistia MLD, Urbaczek AC, Jusi MMG, Velásquez AMA, Machado RZ, Ferreira H, Henrique-Silva F, Langoni H, da Costa PI, Graminha MAS. Potential application of rLc36 protein for diagnosis of canine visceral leishmaniasis. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2018; 113:197-201. [PMID: 29412359 PMCID: PMC5804312 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760170171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is fatal if left untreated. Infected dogs are important reservoirs of the disease, and thus specific identification of infected animals is very important. Several diagnostic tests have been developed for canine VL (CVL); however, these tests show varied specificity and sensitivity. The present study describes the recombinant protein rLc36, expressed by Leishmania infantum, as potential antigen for more sensitive and specific diagnosis of CVL based on an immunoenzymatic assay. The concentration of 1.0 μg/mL of rLc36 enabled differentiation of positive and negative sera and showed a sensitivity of 85% and specificity of 71% (with 95% confidence), with an accuracy of 76%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Tita Nogueira
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, Instituto de Química, Campus de Araraquara, Araraquara, SP, Brasil
| | - Mayara Lúcia Del Cistia
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Campus de Araraquara, Araraquara, SP, Brasil
| | - Ana Carolina Urbaczek
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Química, Campus de São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brasil
| | - Márcia MG Jusi
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Campus de Jaboticabal, Jaboticabal, SP, Brasil
| | | | - Rosângela Zacarias Machado
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Campus de Jaboticabal, Jaboticabal, SP, Brasil
| | - Henrique Ferreira
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, Instituto de Biociências, Campus de Rio Claro, Rio Claro, SP, Brasil
| | - Flávio Henrique-Silva
- Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Departamento de Genética e Evolução, São Carlos, SP, Brasil
| | - Hélio Langoni
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e de Zootecnia, Campus de Botucatu, Botucatu, SP, Brasil
| | - Paulo Inácio da Costa
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Campus de Araraquara, Araraquara, SP, Brasil
| | - Márcia AS Graminha
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, Instituto de Química, Campus de Araraquara, Araraquara, SP, Brasil
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Campus de Araraquara, Araraquara, SP, Brasil
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24
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Riboldi E, Carvalho F, Romão PRT, Barcellos RB, Bello GL, Ramos RR, de Oliveira RT, Júnior JPA, Rossetti ML, Dallegrave E. Molecular Method Confirms Canine Leishmania Infection Detected by Serological Methods in Non-Endemic Area of Brazil. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2018. [PMID: 29529845 PMCID: PMC5858662 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2018.56.1.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In Brazil, visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is expanding and becoming urbanized, especially in non-endemic areas such as the State of Rio Grande do Sul. Considering that infected dogs are the main reservoir for zoonotic VL, this study evaluated the prevalence of canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) in the metropolitan area of Porto Alegre, a new area of expansion of VL in Brazil. Serum and plasma from 405 asymptomatic dogs from the municipalities of Canoas (n=107), São Leopoldo (n=216), and Novo Hamburgo (n=82) were tested for CVL using immunochromatographic (DPP®) and ELISA EIE® assays (2 assays officially adopted by the Brazilian government for the diagnosis of CVL) and real-time PCR to confirm the results. There was no agreement among serological and real-time PCR results, indicating that the Leishmania infection in asymptomatic animals with low parasite load, confirmed by negative parasitological tests (smears and parasite culture), need to be evaluated by molecular methods. The prevalence of LVC in the metropolitan region of Porto Alegre, confirmed by real-time PCR was 4% (5.6% in Canoas and 4.6% in São Leopoldo). The use of molecular method is essential for accurate diagnosis of CVL, especially in asymptomatic dogs in non-endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emeline Riboldi
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Patologia, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 90050-170, Brazil
| | - Flavio Carvalho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade Luterana do Brasil (ULBRA), Canoas, Rio Grande do Sul, 92425-900, Brazil
| | - Pedro Roosevelt Torres Romão
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular e Molecular, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Departamento de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS, 90050-170, Brazil
| | - Regina Bones Barcellos
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Científico Tecnológico (CDCT), Fundação Estadual de Produção e Pesquisa em Saúde (FEPPS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 90610-000, Brazil
| | - Graziele Lima Bello
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade Luterana do Brasil (ULBRA), Canoas, Rio Grande do Sul, 92425-900, Brazil
| | - Raquel Rocha Ramos
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Científico Tecnológico (CDCT), Fundação Estadual de Produção e Pesquisa em Saúde (FEPPS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 90610-000, Brazil
| | | | - João Pessoa Araújo Júnior
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Imunologia, Laboratório de Virologia/Diagnóstico Molecular, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, 18618-183, Brazil
| | - Maria Lucia Rossetti
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade Luterana do Brasil (ULBRA), Canoas, Rio Grande do Sul, 92425-900, Brazil.,Centro de Desenvolvimento Científico Tecnológico (CDCT), Fundação Estadual de Produção e Pesquisa em Saúde (FEPPS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 90610-000, Brazil
| | - Eliane Dallegrave
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Patologia, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 90050-170, Brazil
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25
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Bsrat A, Berhe M, Gadissa E, Taddele H, Tekle Y, Hagos Y, Abera A, G/micael M, Alemayhu T, Gugsa G, Aseffa A. Serological investigation of visceral Leishmania infection in human and its associated risk factors in Welkait District, Western Tigray, Ethiopia. Parasite Epidemiol Control 2018; 3:13-20. [PMID: 29774295 PMCID: PMC5952676 DOI: 10.1016/j.parepi.2017.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is major neglected public health problem in terms of geographical spread and incidence in Ethiopia. Magnitude, public health impact and dynamics of VL were not well studied in Welkait District, Western Tigray, though the area is known for VL. Hence, this study aimed to determine sero-prevalence of human VL and associated risk factors in Welkait as new foci. A cross sectional study design was employed in this study. Two stage stratified random sampling method was used to select study participants. Hence, a total of 329 human study participants were included for serological survey using ITleish and leishmanin skin tests. Semi structured questionnaire was also used to identify VL associated risk factors. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression statistical methods were used to determine the degree of association. The overall sero-prevalence of human VL in the study area was found to be 8.81%. Statistical significant difference in the prevalence of the disease was found among Sub-districts, sex, re-settlement, sleeping outdoor and dog ownership (P < 0.05). Participants who resettled from their original place were found 2 times (AOR = 2.143; 95% CI = 1.02, 14.20) more vulnerable to VL infection. Those who had an experience of sleeping outdoor were found almost 4 times (AOR = 4.29; 95% CI = 1.58, 11.69) more likely to be at risk of acquiring VL infection than those sleep indoor. Furthermore, individuals who owned dogs were 3 times more prone to the VL infection than their counterparts (AOR = 3.37; 95% CI = 1.29, 8.76). Alarming sero-positivity of human VL was recorded from new foci. Hence, it is recommended to improve the VL health services in the study area. The investigation also invites further study on VL dynamics in the study area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abrha Bsrat
- Mekelle University College of Veterinary Medicine, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Mebrahtu Berhe
- Veterinary Drug and Feed Administration and Control Authority, Tigray, Ethiopia
| | | | - Habtamu Taddele
- Mekelle University College of Veterinary Medicine, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Yohannes Tekle
- Mekelle University College of Veterinary Medicine, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Yohannes Hagos
- Mekelle University College of Veterinary Medicine, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Adugna Abera
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Messele G/micael
- Mekelle University College of Veterinary Medicine, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Tehetna Alemayhu
- Mekelle University College of Veterinary Medicine, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Getachew Gugsa
- Wollo University College of Veterinary Medicine, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Abraham Aseffa
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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26
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Travi BL, Cordeiro-da-Silva A, Dantas-Torres F, Miró G. Canine visceral leishmaniasis: Diagnosis and management of the reservoir living among us. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006082. [PMID: 29324838 PMCID: PMC5764232 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
This article reviews essential topics of canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) due to Leishmania infantum infection. It focuses on the current serological and molecular diagnostic methods used in epidemiological research and veterinary clinics to diagnose CVL and includes new point-of-care (POC) tests under development. The efficacy of different treatment regimens on the clinical improvement and infectiousness of dogs is also addressed. In the last section, the review provides a critical appraisal of the effectiveness of different control measures that have been implemented to curb disease transmission. Dogs are the principal reservoir hosts of L. infantum and consequently play a critical role in the transmission cycle of urban VL, which also affects humans. This review provides updated information on important topics such as diagnostic tests and dog treatments that improve dog health and decrease their transmission efficacy to insect vectors. A critical review of control measures is also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno L. Travi
- Department of Internal Medicine-Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Anabela Cordeiro-da-Silva
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Parasite Disease Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Filipe Dantas-Torres
- Department of Immunology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Guadalupe Miró
- Veterinary Faculty, Animal Health Department, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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27
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Performance of Leishmania PFR1 recombinant antigen in serological diagnosis of asymptomatic canine leishmaniosis by ELISA. BMC Vet Res 2017; 13:304. [PMID: 29061137 PMCID: PMC5654103 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-017-1224-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Leishmania infantum is a protozoan parasite transmitted by phlebotomine sand flies that causes life-threatening disease in humans and dogs. The dog is the primary reservoir of the parasite and early diagnosis of canine leishmaniosis is crucial at the clinical and epidemiological level. The currently available serological tests for CanL diagnostic show limitations therefore the aim of the present study was to investigate the diagnostic performance of an indirect antibody ELISA based on the Leishmania infantum recombinant antigen PFR1 in asymptomatically infected dogs. One hundred fifty-six dogs including Leishmania-free experimental Beagles and pet dogs from England, Scotland and Leishmania-endemic Murcia in Spain, were tested with the assay. The later were also tested with two commercial L. infantum crude antigen ELISAs (INgezim and Civtest, respectively) and a real-time kinetoplast PCR test. Results Anti-PFR1 antibodies were detected in the four groups of dogs, and the mean log-transformed optical density (OD) values were lowest in Beagles and in dogs from England and highest among dogs from Murcia (p < 0.05). Using the highest OD in beagles as the PFR1 ELISA cut-off point, the estimated seroprevalence was 27% (14-40%) in dogs from Murcia, 4% (0-9%) in dogs from Scotland and 3% (0-8%) in dogs from England (p < 0.05). Seroprevalence in dogs from Murcia according to the INgezim and Civtest ELISAs were 24% (12-37%) and 31% (18-45%), respectively, whilst the prevalence of infection based on PCR in these dogs was 73% (60-86). The percentages of PFR1-positive dogs that tested negative on the INgezim and Civtest ELISAs were 30% and 35%, respectively, and all of them tested positive on the PCR test. Relative to the PCR, the specificity, sensitivity and area under the ROC curve of the PFR1 ELISA were 100%, 36% and 0.74 (0.63-0.86), respectively. Conclusions The ability shown by the PFR1 ELISA to detect infected dogs that go undetected by the crude antigen ELISAs is clinically and epidemiologically useful and PFR1 could be considered a candidate for a multi-antigen-based immunoassay for early detection of L. infantum infected dogs. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12917-017-1224-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Multicentre evaluation of a direct agglutination test prototype kit (DAT-LPC) for diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis. Parasitology 2017; 144:1964-1970. [PMID: 28735574 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182017001378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we assessed the sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic accuracy of a previously developed direct agglutination test (DAT) using a freeze-dried antigen derived from Leishmania infantum promastigotes and composed in a prototype kit for visceral leishmaniasis (VL) diagnosis, named DAT-LPC. To evaluate DAT-LPC reproducibility, the kit was used to analyse 207 serum samples from VL patients and 80 serum samples from patients with other parasitic infections or healthy subjects in four laboratories from different public health institutions in Brazil. DAT-LPC showed sensitivity between 96·2 and 99·5% (P = 0·14), specificity ranging from 96·2 to 97·5% (P = 0·95), and diagnostic accuracy ranging from 96·5 to 99% (P = 0·34). The inter-laboratory reproducibility of qualitative results was classified as excellent (κ index: 0·94-0·97). The reproducibility of the end-titre results in relation to the reference laboratory, ranged from 31 to 85%. These results demonstrate an excellent performance of the DAT-LPC, and validate it for the diagnosis of VL that could replace the immunofluorescent antibody test as the routine diagnostic test in the Brazilian public health system.
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29
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Synthetic Peptides as Potential Antigens for Cutaneous Leishmaniosis Diagnosis. J Immunol Res 2017; 2017:5871043. [PMID: 28367456 PMCID: PMC5359444 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5871043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 11/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This work's goal was to research new candidate antigens for cutaneous leishmaniosis (CL). In order to reach the goal, we used random peptide phage display libraries screened using antibodies from Leishmania braziliensis patients. After selection, three peptides (P1, P2, and P3) were synthesized using Fmoc chemistry. The peptides individually or a mixture of them (MIX) was subsequently emulsified in complete and incomplete Freund's adjuvant and injected subcutaneously in golden hamsters. Sera from the hamsters administered with P1 presented antibodies that recognized proteins between 76 and 150 kDa from L. braziliensis. Sera from hamsters which had peptides P2 and P3, as well as the MIX, administered presented antibodies that recognized proteins between 52 and 76 kDa of L. braziliensis. The research on the similarity of the peptides' sequences in protein databases showed that they match a 63 kDa glycoprotein. The three peptides and the MIX were recognized by the sera from CL patients by immunoassay approach (ELISA). The peptides' MIX showed the best performance (79% sensitivity) followed by the P1 (72% sensitivity), and the AS presented 91% sensitivity. These results show a new route for discovering molecules for diagnosis or for immunoprotection against leishmaniosis.
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30
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Salles BCS, Costa LE, Alves PT, Dias ACS, Vaz ER, Menezes-Souza D, Ramos FF, Duarte MC, Roatt BM, Chávez-Fumagalli MA, Tavares CAP, Gonçalves DU, Rocha RL, Goulart LR, Coelho EAF. Leishmania infantum mimotopes and a phage-ELISA assay as tools for a sensitive and specific serodiagnosis of human visceral leishmaniasis. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2016; 87:219-225. [PMID: 27939286 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2016.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Serological methods used to diagnose visceral leishmaniasis (VL) are considered minimally invasive, but they present problems related with their sensitivity and/or specificity. In this study, a subtractive selection using the phage display technology against antibodies from healthy subjects living in endemic and non-endemic areas of disease, as well as from Chagas disease patients and those developing active VL, was developed. The aim of this study was to select bacteriophage-fused epitopes to be used in the serodiagnosis of human VL. Eight phage clones were selected after the bio-panning rounds, and their reactivity was evaluated in a phage-ELISA assay against a human serological panel. A wild-type clone and the recombinant K39-based immunochromatographic test were used as controls. In the results, it was shown that all clones showed an excellent performance to serologically identify VL patients, demonstrating the feasibility of the isolated phages for developing a specific and sensitive serodiagnosis of human VL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz C S Salles
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, 30130-100, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Lourena E Costa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, 30130-100, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Patrícia T Alves
- Laboratório de Nanobiotecnologia, Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Av. Amazonas s/n, Campus Umuarama, Bloco 2E, Sala 248, 38400-902, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ana C S Dias
- Laboratório de Nanobiotecnologia, Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Av. Amazonas s/n, Campus Umuarama, Bloco 2E, Sala 248, 38400-902, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Emília R Vaz
- Laboratório de Nanobiotecnologia, Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Av. Amazonas s/n, Campus Umuarama, Bloco 2E, Sala 248, 38400-902, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Daniel Menezes-Souza
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, 30130-100, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Departamento de Patologia Clínica, Coltec, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fernanda F Ramos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, 30130-100, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Mariana C Duarte
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, 30130-100, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Departamento de Patologia Clínica, Coltec, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Bruno M Roatt
- Departamento de Patologia Clínica, Coltec, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Miguel A Chávez-Fumagalli
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, 30130-100, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Carlos A P Tavares
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Denise U Gonçalves
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, 30130-100, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Regina L Rocha
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, 30130-100, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Luiz R Goulart
- Laboratório de Nanobiotecnologia, Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Av. Amazonas s/n, Campus Umuarama, Bloco 2E, Sala 248, 38400-902, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California-Davis, 95616, Davis, CA, USA.
| | - Eduardo A F Coelho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, 30130-100, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Departamento de Patologia Clínica, Coltec, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Martin SK, Thuita-Harun L, Adoyo-Adoyo M, Wasunna KM. A diagnostic ELISA for visceral leishmaniasis, based on antigen from media conditioned byLeishmania donovanipromastigotes. ANNALS OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND PARASITOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/00034983.1998.11813314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Ullah N, Nadhman A, Siddiq S, Mehwish S, Islam A, Jafri L, Hamayun M. Plants as Antileishmanial Agents: Current Scenario. Phytother Res 2016; 30:1905-1925. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nazif Ullah
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemical and Life Sciences; Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan; Mardan Pakistan
| | - Akhtar Nadhman
- Sulaiman Bin Abdullah Aba Al Khail Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences (SA-CIRBS); International Islamic University; Islamabad 44000 Pakistan
| | - Sumaira Siddiq
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemical and Life Sciences; Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan; Mardan Pakistan
| | - Shaila Mehwish
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemical and Life Sciences; Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan; Mardan Pakistan
| | - Arshad Islam
- Laboratório de Immunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisa em Ciências Biológicas, (NUPEB), Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas; Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto; Ouro Preto Minas Gerais 35.400-000 Brazil
| | - Laila Jafri
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences; Bahauddin Zakariya University; Multan Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Hamayun
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Chemical and Life Sciences; Abdul Wali Khan University; Mardan Pakistan
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Chauhan IS, Shukla R, Krishna S, Sekhri S, Kaushik U, Baby S, Pal C, Siddiqi MI, Sundar S, Singh N. Recombinant Leishmania Rab6 (rLdRab6) is recognized by sera from visceral leishmaniasis patients. Exp Parasitol 2016; 170:135-147. [PMID: 27666959 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2016.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Rab proteins form the largest branch of the Ras superfamily. Rab proteins are key regulators of intracellular vesicular transport and membrane trafficking. Although RabGTPases are well-recognized targets in human diseases but are under-explored therapeutically in the Leishmania parasite. Using a quantitative cytofluorimetric assay, we analyzed the composition and organization of Rab6GTPase protein which was found to be primarily localized on the parasite subpellicular membrane and flagellum due to its association with kinesin motor proteins in the cytoskeletal microtubules. Our aim was to also assess the diagnostic role of recombinant Rab6 protein from Leishmania donovani (rLdRab6) using sera/plasma of Indian visceral leishmaniasis (VL) patients. Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis indicated 100% sensitivity and 100% specificity for rLdRab6-based ELISA which was almost similar in comparison to recombinant K39-based ELISA (95.83% sensitivity and 100% specificity). Sera of patients from another intracellular pathogenic infection, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, did not contain any significant levels of anti-rLdRab6 antibody. Thus rLdRab6 accuracy in visceral leishmaniasis diagnosis makes it a promising antigen for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indira Singh Chauhan
- Biochemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, India
| | - Rantidev Shukla
- Biochemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, India
| | - Shagun Krishna
- Molecular and Structural Biology Division, CSIR Central Drug Research Institute, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, India
| | - Savita Sekhri
- Oscar Medicare Pvt. Ltd, Okhla Industrial Area, Phase-II, New Delhi, 110020, India
| | - Umesh Kaushik
- Oscar Medicare Pvt. Ltd, Okhla Industrial Area, Phase-II, New Delhi, 110020, India
| | - Sabitha Baby
- Department of Microbiology, Karuna Medical College, Vilayodi, Chittur, Palakkad, Kerala, 678103, India
| | - Chiranjib Pal
- Department of Zoology, West Bengal State University, Barasat, Parganas (N), Berunanpukuria, Malikapur, West Bengal, 700126, India
| | - Mohammad Imran Siddiqi
- Molecular and Structural Biology Division, CSIR Central Drug Research Institute, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, India
| | - Shyam Sundar
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Neeloo Singh
- Biochemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, India.
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Farahmand M, Nahrevanian H. Application of Recombinant Proteins for Serodiagnosis of Visceral Leishmaniasis in Humans and Dogs. IRANIAN BIOMEDICAL JOURNAL 2016; 20:128-34. [PMID: 26883952 PMCID: PMC4949976 DOI: 10.7508/ibj.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 01/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a zoonotic disease caused by leishmania species. Dogs are considered to be the main reservoir of VL. A number of methods and antigen-based assays are used for the diagnosis of leishmaniasis. However, currently available methods are mainly based on direct examination of tissues for the presence of parasites, which is highly invasive. A variety of serological tests are commonly applied for VL diagnosis, including indirect fluorescence antibody test, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), dot-ELISA, direct agglutination test, Western-blotting, and immunochromatographic test. However, when soluble antigens are used, serological tests are less specific due to cross-reactivity with other parasitic diseases. Several studies have attempted to replace soluble antigens with recombinant proteins to improve the sensitivity and the specificity of the immunodiagnostic tests. Major technological advances in recombinant antigens as reagents for the serological diagnosis of VL have led to high sensitivity and specificity of these serological tests. A great number of recombinant proteins have been shown to be effective for the diagnosis of leishmania infection in dogs, the major reservoir of L. infantum. Although few recombinant proteins with high efficacy provide reasonable results for the diagnosis of human and canine VL, more optimization is still needed for the appropriate antigens to provide high-throughput performance. This review aims to explore the application of different recombinant proteins for the serodiagnosis of VL in humans and dogs.
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Otranto D, Paradies P, Sasanelli M, Leone N, de Caprariis D, Chirico J, Spinelli R, Capelli G, Brandonisio O. Recombinant K39 Dipstick Immunochromatographic Test: A New Tool for the Serodiagnosis of Canine Leishmaniasis. J Vet Diagn Invest 2016; 17:32-7. [PMID: 15690948 DOI: 10.1177/104063870501700107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The spread of human leishmaniasis has prompted the scientific community to study dogs as reservoirs for Leishmania infantum. Canine leishmaniasis (CanL) is widespread in the Mediterranean area with a prevalence of up to 50%. The first step toward controlling the disease is to monitor its distribution, mainly in stray dogs. The validity of a recombinant K39 (rK39) dipstick test,a commercially available for the serodiagnosis of human leishmaniasis, was evaluated using sera from 165 dogs selected on the basis of positive or negative lymph node smears at parasitological examination. The results were compared with the indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) (cutoff 1:80). Sera from a group of dogs with other diagnosed diseases but negative for leishmaniasis were also tested to evaluate any cross-reactivity. Various procedures were used for testing whole blood samples. The relative specificity of the rK39 dipstick and IFAT was 100% (97 of 97) and 98.97% (96 of 97), whereas the relative sensitivity was 97.06% (66 of 68) and 98.53% (67 of 68), respectively. The results of the dipstick and IFAT corresponded except for 2 sera (k = 0.987). This data confirm the usefulness of rK39 antigen for diagnosing CanL both in symptomatic and asymptomatic dogs. The rK39 dipstick proved to be a rapid, sensitive, and specific test that may be very useful in the field for large-scale screening and also in veterinary practice, requiring minimal equipment and operator expertise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Otranto
- Department of Animal Health and Welfare, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Bari, Valenzano, Bari, Italy.
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Ramos-Jesus J, Pontes-de-Carvalho LC, Melo SMB, Alcântara-Neves NM, Dutra RF. A gold nanoparticle piezoelectric immunosensor using a recombinant antigen for detecting Leishmania infantum antibodies in canine serum. Biochem Eng J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2016.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Maia Z, Viana V, Muniz E, Gonçalves LO, Mendes CMC, Mehta SR, Badaro R. Risk Factors Associated with Human Visceral Leishmaniasis in an Urban Area of Bahia, Brazil. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2016; 16:368-76. [PMID: 27074100 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2015.1880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The early diagnosis of asymptomatic, acute, and subclinical Leishmania infections remains a challenge for controlling visceral leishmaniasis (VL). Individuals with acute VL represent <1% of Leishmania infections occurring in active transmission endemic areas. In this cross-sectional study with a prospective follow-up, we explored the risk factors associated with acquisition of Leishmania infection in an area with newly identified endemic VL. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ninety-four households were randomly selected from the study area, which included a population of 213 individuals (10% of the total population of Pé de Areia, Bahia, Brazil). Clinical and epidemiological surveys were prospectively performed to detect cases of asymptomatic infections, acute VL, and subclinical VL, using the leishmanin skin test (LST), and serological response to two Leishmania-specific antigens: rK39 and rK26. RESULTS Within the 92 households included in the study, the prevalence of Leishmania infection in individuals detected by positive serology was 91/197 (46.2%; 95% CI: 0.3937-0.5316) and by LST was 29/114 (25.4%; 95% CI: 0.1834-0.3414). Reactivity to both antigens was detected in 64/197 individuals (32.5%; 95% CI: 0.2634-0.3931). Among 89 individuals diagnosed with leishmaniasis, we found acute VL in one (1%), subclinical VL in 20 (22.5%), and asymptomatic Leishmania infection in 68 (76.4%) subjects. Use of repellents and bed nets showed no significant protection (prevalence ratio [PR] = 1.01, p = 1.0). Interestingly, individuals residing in houses with a sand backyard had significant protection against Leishmania infection (PR = 1.24, p = 0.049) compared to those with a different type or no backyard. Moreover, the presence of cat or dog at home was also not a risk factor (dog: PR = 1.14, 95% CI: 0.80-1.64; and cat: PR = 1.19, 95% CI: 0.78-1.81). We conclude that in newly discovered areas of transmission of L. infantum infection with sylvatic reservoirs, periodic surveys may be helpful in identifying risk factors for infection and optimizing prevention guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuinara Maia
- 1 Department of Medicine, Federal University of Bahia , Salvador, Brazil
| | - Vivian Viana
- 1 Department of Medicine, Federal University of Bahia , Salvador, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Muniz
- 1 Department of Medicine, Federal University of Bahia , Salvador, Brazil
| | | | | | - Sanjay R Mehta
- 3 Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California , San Diego, California
| | - Roberto Badaro
- 1 Department of Medicine, Federal University of Bahia , Salvador, Brazil
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Abeijon C, Daifalla N, Krautz-Peterson G, Pizzirani S, Beamer G, Frazatti-Gallina NM, Raw I, Campos-Neto A. Immunogenicity in dogs and protection against visceral leishmaniasis induced by a 14kDa Leishmania infantum recombinant polypeptide. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 5:1-7. [PMID: 26640609 DOI: 10.1016/j.trivac.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In areas were human visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is endemic, the domestic dog is the main parasite reservoir in the infectious cycle of Leishmania infantum. Development of prophylactic strategies to lower the parasite burden in dogs would reduce sand fly transmission thus lowering the incidence of zoonotic VL. Here we demonstrate that vaccination of dogs with a recombinant 14kDa polypeptide of L. infantum nuclear transport factor 2 (Li-ntf2) mixed with adjuvant BpMPLA-SE resulted in the production of specific anti-Li-ntf2 IgG antibodies as well as IFN-γ release by the animals' peripheral blood mononuclear cells stimulated with the antigen. In addition, immunization with this single and small 14kDa poplypeptide resulted in protracted progression of the infection of the animals after challenging with a high dose of virulent L. infantum. Five months after challenge the parasite load was lower in the bone marrow of immunized dogs compared to non-immunized animals. The antibody response to K39, a marker of active VL, at ten months after challenge was strong and significantly higher in the control dogs than in vaccinated animals. At the study termination vaccinated animals showed significantly more liver granulomas and lymphoid hyperplasia than non-vaccinated animals, which are both histological markers of resistance to infection. Together, these results indicate that the 14kDa polypeptide is an attractive protective molecule that can be easily incorporated in a leishmanial polyprotein vaccine candidate to augment/complement the overall protective efficacy of the final product.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Gillian Beamer
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts, Grafton MA
| | | | - Isaias Raw
- BioIndustrial Division, Butantan Institute/Foundation, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Venturin GL, Bragato JP, Silva KLO, de Lima VMF. Recombinant K28 antigen in ELISA in the diagnosis of canine visceral leishmaniosis. Parasite Immunol 2015; 37:670-3. [DOI: 10.1111/pim.12281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. L. Venturin
- Animal Science; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; São Paulo State University (UNESP); Araçatuba SP Brazil
| | - J. P. Bragato
- Animal Science; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; São Paulo State University (UNESP); Araçatuba SP Brazil
| | - K. L. O. Silva
- Animal Science; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; São Paulo State University (UNESP); Araçatuba SP Brazil
| | - V. M. F. de Lima
- Department of Surgery and Animal Reproduction; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; São Paulo State University (UNESP); Araçatuba SP Brazil
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40
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Reed SG, Coler RN, Mondal D, Kamhawi S, Valenzuela JG. Leishmania vaccine development: exploiting the host-vector-parasite interface. Expert Rev Vaccines 2015; 15:81-90. [PMID: 26595093 PMCID: PMC6019289 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2016.1105135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a disease transmitted by phlebotomine sand flies, fatal if untreated, and with no available human vaccine. In rodents, cellular immunity to Leishmania parasite proteins as well as salivary proteins of the sand fly is associated with protection, making them worthy targets for further exploration as vaccines. This review discusses the notion that a combination vaccine including Leishmania and vector salivary antigens may improve vaccine efficacy by targeting the parasite at its most vulnerable stage just after transmission. Furthermore, we put forward the notion that better modeling of natural transmission is needed to test efficacy of vaccines. For example, the fact that individuals living in endemic areas are exposed to sand fly bites and will mount an immune response to salivary proteins should be considered in pre-clinical and clinical evaluation of leishmaniasis vaccines. Nevertheless, despite remaining obstacles there is good reason to be optimistic that safe and effective vaccines against leishmaniasis can be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G Reed
- a Infectious Disease Research Institute , Seattle WA , USA
- b Department of Global Health , University of Washington , Seattle WA , USA
| | - R N Coler
- a Infectious Disease Research Institute , Seattle WA , USA
- b Department of Global Health , University of Washington , Seattle WA , USA
| | - D Mondal
- c International Center for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research, Centre for Nutrition and Food Security , Parasitology Laboratory , Dhaka , Bangladesh
| | - S Kamhawi
- d Vector Molecular Biology Section, LMVR , National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH , Rockville , MD , USA
| | - J G Valenzuela
- d Vector Molecular Biology Section, LMVR , National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH , Rockville , MD , USA
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D'Andrea LAZ, Fonseca EDS, Prestes-Carneiro LE, Guimarães RB, Yamashita RC, Soares CN, Hiramoto RM, Tolezano JE. The shadows of a ghost: a survey of canine leishmaniasis in Presidente Prudente and its spatial dispersion in the western region of São Paulo state, an emerging focus of visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil. BMC Vet Res 2015; 11:273. [PMID: 26503368 PMCID: PMC4623279 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-015-0583-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Visceral leishmaniasis is an emerging zoonosis and its geographic distribution is restricted to tropical and temperate regions. Most of the individuals infected in Latin America are in Brazil. Despite the control measures that have been adopted, the disease is spreading throughout new regions of the country. Domestic dogs are involved in the transmission cycle and are considered to be the main epidemiologic reservoir of Leishmania infantum (syn. L. chagasi). Our aim was to determine the prevalence of canine leishmaniasis (CL) and Ehrlichiosis infection in Presidente Prudente as well as the spatial dispersion of the disease in the western region of São Paulo state. METHODS Dogs underwent clinical examination and symptoms related to CL were recorded. Anti- Leishmania antibodies were detected using ELISA, rK39-immunocromatographic tests (DPP), and an indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT). Anti-E. canis antibodies were detected by IFAT. A follow-up was conducted in dogs that were positive in the ELISA at the baseline study. Data on the spatial distribution of L. longipalpis and CL in São Paulo state were obtained from Brazilian public health agencies. RESULTS Serum samples from 4547 dogs were analyzed. The seroprevalence of CL was 11.2% by ELISA and 4.5 % by IFAT. In the follow-up, seroprevalence was 32.9% by ELISA, 15.3% by IFAT, 11.8 % by DPP test, and 66.5% for E. canis. There was a significant positive association between Leishmania and E. canis infection (P < 0.0001). In the follow-up, clinical examinations revealed symptoms compatible with CL in 33.5% of the dogs. L. longipalpis was found in 24 and CL in 15 counties of the Presidente Prudente mesoregion. The dispersion route followed the west frontier of São Paulo state toward Paraná state. CONCLUSIONS Low CL and high ehrlichiosis prevalence rates were found in Presidente Prudente city. This emerging focus of CL is moving through the western region of São Paulo state toward the border of Paraná state. Integrated actions to fight the vector, parasites, infected dogs, and humans are needed to monitor the disease and implement strategies for epidemiologic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lourdes Aparecida Zampieri D'Andrea
- Center for Biomedical Sciences and Regional Laboratory, Adolfo Lutz Institute, Avenida Coronel Marcondes, 2357, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil. .,Health and Geography Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rua Roberto Simonsen, 305, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Elivelton da Silva Fonseca
- Health and Geography Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rua Roberto Simonsen, 305, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Luiz Euribel Prestes-Carneiro
- Immunology and Infectious Diseases Department, Oeste Paulista University, Rua José Bongiovani 700, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Raul Borges Guimarães
- Health and Geography Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rua Roberto Simonsen, 305, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Renata Corrêa Yamashita
- Center for Biomedical Sciences and Regional Laboratory, Adolfo Lutz Institute, Avenida Coronel Marcondes, 2357, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Célio Nereu Soares
- Center of Zoonosis Control, Rua Presidente Castelo Branco 93, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | | | - José Eduardo Tolezano
- Center for Parasitology and Mycology, Adolfo Lutz Institute, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 355, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Chapman LAC, Dyson L, Courtenay O, Chowdhury R, Bern C, Medley GF, Hollingsworth TD. Quantification of the natural history of visceral leishmaniasis and consequences for control. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:521. [PMID: 26490668 PMCID: PMC4618734 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-1136-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Visceral leishmaniasis has been targeted for elimination as a public health problem (less than 1 case per 10,000 people per year) in the Indian sub-continent by 2017. However, there is still a high degree of uncertainty about the natural history of the disease, in particular about the duration of asymptomatic infection and the proportion of asymptomatically infected individuals that develop clinical visceral leishmaniasis. Quantifying these aspects of the disease is key for guiding efforts to eliminate visceral leishmaniasis and maintaining elimination once it is reached. Methods Data from a detailed epidemiological study in Bangladesh in 2002–2004 was analysed to estimate key epidemiological parameters. The role of diagnostics in determining the probability and rate of progression to clinical disease was estimated by fitting Cox proportional hazards models. A multi-state Markov model of the natural history of visceral leishmaniasis was fitted to the data to estimate the asymptomatic infection period and the proportion of asymptomatic individuals going on to develop clinical symptoms. Results At the time of the study, individuals were taking several months to be diagnosed with visceral leishmaniasis, leading to many opportunities for ongoing transmission. The probability of progression to clinical disease was strongly associated with initial seropositivity and even more strongly with seroconversion, with most clinical symptoms developing within a year. The estimated average durations of asymptomatic infection and symptomatic infection for our model of the natural history are 147 days (95 % CI 130–166) and 140 days (95 % CI 123–160), respectively, and are significantly longer than previously reported estimates. We estimate from the data that 14.7 % (95 % CI 12.6-20.0 %) of asymptomatic individuals develop clinical symptoms—a greater proportion than previously estimated. Conclusions Extended periods of asymptomatic infection could be important for visceral leishmaniasis transmission, but this depends critically on the relative infectivity of asymptomatic and symptomatic individuals to sandflies. These estimates could be informed by similar analysis of other datasets. Our results highlight the importance of reducing times from onset of symptoms to diagnosis and treatment to reduce opportunities for transmission. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-015-1136-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lloyd A C Chapman
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Campus, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Louise Dyson
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Campus, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Orin Courtenay
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Campus, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Rajib Chowdhury
- Country Programme Manager - Bangladesh, KalaCORE Programme, Dhaka, Bangladesh.,Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Preventive and Social Medicine (NIPSOM), Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Caryn Bern
- UCSF School of Medicine, 550 16th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Graham F Medley
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
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Pedroso JA, Paola Salerno M, Spagnoletti G, Bertucci-Zoccali M, Zaccone G, Bianchi V, Romagnoli J, Citterio F. Elderly kidney transplant recipient with intermittent fever: a case report of leishmaniasis with acute kidney injury during liposomal amphotericin B therapy. Transplant Proc 2015; 46:2365-7. [PMID: 25242789 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2014.07.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We present a case report of visceral leishmaniasis in an elderly kidney transplant recipient (age, 73 years) with high intermittent fever in the 2 months before admission. Symptoms started 16 years after transplant. The patient received appropriate treatment with liposomal amphotericin and experienced transient increases in serum creatinine levels. Progression to dialysis was avoided with short duration of therapy (5 consecutive days, plus 1 more dose 1 week apart, a schedule alternative to 15-21 days [supported by the literature]) and a temporary reduction in tacrolimus exposure. After 4 months, recurrence of symptoms without other explanation required a second bone marrow aspirate; it revealed the persistence of amastigote forms. Visceral leishmaniasis is a potentially life-threatening infection; to the best of our knowledge, this is the oldest transplanted patient with a case of leishmaniasis described in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Pedroso
- Renal Transplant Unit, Organ Transplant Ph.D. Program, Policlinico Agostino Gemelli, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - M Paola Salerno
- Renal Transplant Unit, Organ Transplant Ph.D. Program, Policlinico Agostino Gemelli, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - G Spagnoletti
- Renal Transplant Unit, Organ Transplant Ph.D. Program, Policlinico Agostino Gemelli, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - M Bertucci-Zoccali
- Renal Transplant Unit, Organ Transplant Ph.D. Program, Policlinico Agostino Gemelli, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - G Zaccone
- Renal Transplant Unit, Organ Transplant Ph.D. Program, Policlinico Agostino Gemelli, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - V Bianchi
- Renal Transplant Unit, Organ Transplant Ph.D. Program, Policlinico Agostino Gemelli, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - J Romagnoli
- Renal Transplant Unit, Organ Transplant Ph.D. Program, Policlinico Agostino Gemelli, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - F Citterio
- Renal Transplant Unit, Organ Transplant Ph.D. Program, Policlinico Agostino Gemelli, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.
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Silva VMG, de-Araújo CF, Navarro IC, Oliveira PRS, Pontes-de-Carvalho L. Enhancement of experimental cutaneous leishmaniasis by Leishmania extract: identification of a disease-associated antibody specificity. BMC Res Notes 2015; 8:197. [PMID: 25971623 PMCID: PMC4440558 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-015-1158-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Both Leishmania braziliensis and Leishmania amazonensis induce cutaneous disease when injected in the skin of BALB/c mice. However, L. amazonensis may also visceralize in that strain of mice, infecting mainly the liver and spleen. In addition, whereas BALB/c mice die with a progressive cutaneous disease when infected by L. amazonensis, the infection by L. braziliensis is spontaneously cured. In a previous work, we have found that intravenous injections of L. amazonensis amastigote extract (LaE) potentiated a L. braziliensis infection in BALB/c mice, and that this infection-promoting activity could be inhibited by the addition of protease inhibitors to the extract. Methods In order to detect markers of disease evolution, in the present work we analyzed the specificity of the anti-L. amazonensis antibody response of L. braziliensis-infected BALB/c mice injected intravenously with saline or LaE, supplemented or not with protease inhibitors, by the Western blot technique. Results IgG1 antibodies recognizing an antigen with apparent molecular weight of 116 kDa were specifically detected in BALB/c mice that had been turned susceptible to L. braziliensis infection by injections of LaE. Conclusion A Th2 immune response (IgG1 antibody-producing) against this 116 kDa antigen, therefore, could be associated with susceptibility to severe Leishmania infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virgínia M G Silva
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, BA, 40296-710, Brazil. .,Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Jequié, BA, 45206-190, Brazil.
| | - Cíntia F de-Araújo
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, BA, 40296-710, Brazil.
| | - Isabela C Navarro
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, BA, 40296-710, Brazil.
| | - Pablo R S Oliveira
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, BA, 40296-710, Brazil.
| | - Lain Pontes-de-Carvalho
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, BA, 40296-710, Brazil. .,Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública, Salvador, BA, 40050-420, Brazil.
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Kumar NP, Srinivasan R, Anish TS, Nandakumar G, Jambulingam P. Cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania donovani in the tribal population of the Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve forest, Western Ghats, Kerala, India. J Med Microbiol 2015; 64:157-163. [DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.076695-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- N. Pradeep Kumar
- Vector Control Research Centre Field Station (ICMR), Kottayam, Kerala 686002, India
| | - R. Srinivasan
- Vector Control Research Centre (ICMR), Indira Nagar, Puducherry 605006, India
| | - T. S. Anish
- Government Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695011, India
| | - G. Nandakumar
- Government Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695011, India
| | - P. Jambulingam
- Vector Control Research Centre (ICMR), Indira Nagar, Puducherry 605006, India
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The sera from adult patients with suggestive signs of autoimmune diseases present antinuclear autoantibodies that cross-react with Leishmania infantum conserved proteins: Crude Leishmania histone and Soluble Leishmnia antigens. Immunol Res 2014; 61:154-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s12026-014-8589-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Abstract
Methods for the diagnosis of parasitic infections have stagnated in the past three decades. Labor-intensive methods such as microscopy still remain the mainstay of several diagnostic laboratories. There is a need for more rapid tests that do not sacrifice sensitivity and that can be used in both clinical settings as well as in poor resource field settings. The fields of diagnostic medical parasitology, treatment, and vaccines are undergoing dramatic change. In recent years, there has been tremendous effort to focus research on the development of newer diagnostic methods focusing on serological, molecular, and proteomic approaches. This article examines the various diagnostic tools that are being used in clinical laboratories, optimized in reference laboratories, and employed in mass screening programs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Momar Ndao
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- National Reference Centre for Parasitology, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Canada
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van Griensven J, Diro E, Lopez-Velez R, Ritmeijer K, Boelaert M, Zijlstra EE, Hailu A, Lynen L. A screen-and-treat strategy targeting visceral leishmaniasis in HIV-infected individuals in endemic East African countries: the way forward? PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e3011. [PMID: 25101627 PMCID: PMC4125108 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In the wake of the HIV epidemic, visceral leishmaniasis (VL), a disseminated protozoan infection caused by the Leishmania donovani complex, has been re-emerging, particularly in North Ethiopia where up to 40% of patients with VL are co-infected with HIV. Management of VL in HIV co-infection is complicated by increased drug toxicity, and high treatment failure and relapse rates with all currently available drugs, despite initiation of antiretroviral treatment. Tackling L. donovani infection before disease onset would thus be a logical approach. A screen-and-treat approach targeting latent or the early stage of infection has successfully been implemented in other HIV-associated opportunistic infections. While conceptually attractive in the context of VL-HIV, the basic understanding and evidence underpinning such an approach is currently lacking. Prospective cohort studies will have to be conducted to quantify the risk of VL in different risk groups and across CD4 cell count levels. This will allow developing clinical prognostic tools, integrating clinical, HIV and Leishmania infection markers. Interventional studies will be needed to evaluate prophylactic or pre-emptive treatment strategies for those at risk, ideally relying on an oral (combination) regimen. Issues like tolerability, emergence of resistance and drug interactions will require due attention. The need for maintenance therapy will have to be assessed. Based on the risk-benefit data, VL risk cut-offs will have to be identified to target treatment to those most likely to benefit. Such a strategy should be complemented with early initiation of antiretroviral treatment and other strategies to prevent HIV and Leishmania infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan van Griensven
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ermias Diro
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Rogelio Lopez-Velez
- Tropical Medicine. Infectious Diseases Department, Ramón y Cajal Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Koert Ritmeijer
- Public Health Department, Médecins Sans Frontières, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marleen Boelaert
- Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ed E. Zijlstra
- Rotterdam Centre for Tropical Medicine, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Asrat Hailu
- School of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Lutgarde Lynen
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
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Maciel DB, Silva TAM, Gomes LI, de Oliveira E, Tibúrcio MGS, de Oliveira RF, Avelar D, Barbosa JR, Furtado E, Rabello A, Silva LDA. Infection with Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum of 0 to 18-Month-old children living in a visceral leishmaniasis-endemic area in Brazil. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2014; 91:329-35. [PMID: 24935952 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.13-0418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The diagnosis of Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum infection in children from birth may serve as a reference for the early identification of cases that would progress to classical visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in endemic areas. This study prospectively evaluated newborns of mothers living in the municipality of Paracatu, Minas Gerais, Brazil. The infants were followed up at 6-month intervals by clinical examination, serological tests (immunofluorescence [IIF] and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with rK39 [ELISA-rK39]) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) until they had completed 18 months of age. A total of 166 pregnant women were included to evaluate the possible transfer of antibodies or even congenital transmission. Twenty-two of the women tested positive by IIF, four by ELISA-rK39, and one by PCR. Three infants of the 25 women with some positive test results were also positive in the first test (one by IIF, one by ELISA-rK39, and the third by ELISA-rK39 and PCR). One hundred and sixty infants were included in the study; of these, 43 had at least one positive sample over time. However, agreement between tests was low. Follow-up of children with a positive result in the tests studied revealed no progression to classical disease within a period of 18 months. In contrast, two children with negative IIF, PCR, and ELISA-rK39 results developed classical VL at 9 and 12 months of age. In conclusion, a positive test result was variable and sometimes temporary and agreement between tests was low. Therefore, the early diagnosis of Leishmania infection was not associated with the early identification of cases that would progress to classical VL in the endemic area studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Borges Maciel
- Pós-graduação em Medicina Tropical e Infectologia da Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Brasil; Fundação Ezequiel Dias, Belo Horizonte, Brasil; Laboratório de Pesquisas Clínicas, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou (CPqRR), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Belo Horizonte, Brasil
| | - Thaís Almeida M Silva
- Pós-graduação em Medicina Tropical e Infectologia da Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Brasil; Fundação Ezequiel Dias, Belo Horizonte, Brasil; Laboratório de Pesquisas Clínicas, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou (CPqRR), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Belo Horizonte, Brasil
| | - Luciana Inácia Gomes
- Pós-graduação em Medicina Tropical e Infectologia da Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Brasil; Fundação Ezequiel Dias, Belo Horizonte, Brasil; Laboratório de Pesquisas Clínicas, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou (CPqRR), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Belo Horizonte, Brasil
| | - Edward de Oliveira
- Pós-graduação em Medicina Tropical e Infectologia da Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Brasil; Fundação Ezequiel Dias, Belo Horizonte, Brasil; Laboratório de Pesquisas Clínicas, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou (CPqRR), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Belo Horizonte, Brasil
| | - Monique Gomes Salles Tibúrcio
- Pós-graduação em Medicina Tropical e Infectologia da Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Brasil; Fundação Ezequiel Dias, Belo Horizonte, Brasil; Laboratório de Pesquisas Clínicas, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou (CPqRR), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Belo Horizonte, Brasil
| | - Rafael Faria de Oliveira
- Pós-graduação em Medicina Tropical e Infectologia da Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Brasil; Fundação Ezequiel Dias, Belo Horizonte, Brasil; Laboratório de Pesquisas Clínicas, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou (CPqRR), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Belo Horizonte, Brasil
| | - Daniel Avelar
- Pós-graduação em Medicina Tropical e Infectologia da Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Brasil; Fundação Ezequiel Dias, Belo Horizonte, Brasil; Laboratório de Pesquisas Clínicas, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou (CPqRR), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Belo Horizonte, Brasil
| | - José Ronaldo Barbosa
- Pós-graduação em Medicina Tropical e Infectologia da Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Brasil; Fundação Ezequiel Dias, Belo Horizonte, Brasil; Laboratório de Pesquisas Clínicas, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou (CPqRR), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Belo Horizonte, Brasil
| | - Eliana Furtado
- Pós-graduação em Medicina Tropical e Infectologia da Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Brasil; Fundação Ezequiel Dias, Belo Horizonte, Brasil; Laboratório de Pesquisas Clínicas, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou (CPqRR), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Belo Horizonte, Brasil
| | - Ana Rabello
- Pós-graduação em Medicina Tropical e Infectologia da Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Brasil; Fundação Ezequiel Dias, Belo Horizonte, Brasil; Laboratório de Pesquisas Clínicas, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou (CPqRR), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Belo Horizonte, Brasil
| | - Luciana de Almeida Silva
- Pós-graduação em Medicina Tropical e Infectologia da Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Brasil; Fundação Ezequiel Dias, Belo Horizonte, Brasil; Laboratório de Pesquisas Clínicas, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou (CPqRR), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Belo Horizonte, Brasil
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Silva DTD, Starke-Buzetti WA, Alves-Martin MF, Paixão MDS, Tenório MDS, Lopes MLM. Comparative evaluation of several methods for Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis diagnosis. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA 2014; 23:179-86. [DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612014033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the serological methods using ELISA with recombinant-rK39 (ELISA-rK-39) and soluble extract-SE (ELISA-SE) antigens, the indirect fluorescence antibody test (IFAT) in comparison to an immunochromatography rapid diagnostic test (RDT-rK39) and with a direct parasitological exam (PA) for Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis (CVL) diagnosis. The results showed that 89% (60/67) of the dogs were positive for at least one serological diagnostic test. ELISA-SE was the test that detected anti-Leishmania antibodies in the serum of the highest number of dogs (71.6%) followed by ELISA-rK39 (65.7%), IFAT (65.7%) and RDT-rK39 (55.2%). PA detected the lowest numbers (40.3%) of positive dogs. In relation to the total of examined dogs, the Kappa indexes (p ≤ 0.05) showed a good agreement between ELISA-SE and IFAT (88.1%; k = 0.7237), and it was also observed in the comparison of RDT-rK39 with ELISA-SE (83.6%, k= 0.6561), IFAT (83.5%, k= 0.6605) and PA (85.0%, k= 0.7074). A bad agreement was detected in any association of ELISA-rk39 with the other tests in either symptomatic or asymptomatic animals. ELISA as well as RDT using recombinant antigenic protein (rK39) were the methods that detected the lowest prevalence rates (33.3%) of CVL in asymptomatic dogs. In conclusion, only one test does not adequately identify dogs with CVL and it is necessary the association of two or more diagnostic tests. Because of the good agreement indexes of RDT-rK39 when evaluated with ELISA-SE, IFAT and PA it was suggested as a complementary method to be used in association with either ELISA-SE or IFAT, particularly in the symptomatic dogs. Furthermore, new studies are recommended in order to improve the sensitivity of tests mainly for asymptomatic dogs.
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