1
|
Soni S, Walton-Filipczak S, Nho RS, Tesfaigzi Y, Mebratu YA. Independent role of caspases and Bik in augmenting influenza A virus replication in airway epithelial cells and mice. Virol J 2023; 20:78. [PMID: 37095508 PMCID: PMC10127399 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02027-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Caspases and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) have been shown to promote influenza A virus (IAV) replication. However, the relative importance and molecular mechanisms of specific caspases and their downstream substrate PARP1 in regulating viral replication in airway epithelial cells (AECs) remains incompletely elucidated. Here, we targeted caspase 2, 3, 6, and PARP1 using specific inhibitors to compare their role in promoting IAV replication. Inhibition of each of these proteins caused significant decline in viral titer, although PARP1 inhibitor led to the most robust reduction of viral replication. We previously showed that the pro-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 interacting killer (Bik) promotes IAV replication in the AECs by activating caspase 3. In this study, we found that as compared with AECs from wild-type mice, bik-deficiency alone resulted in ~ 3 logs reduction in virus titer in the absence of treatment with the pan-caspase inhibitor (Q-VD-Oph). Inhibiting overall caspase activity using Q-VD-Oph caused additional decline in viral titer by ~ 1 log in bik-/- AECs. Similarly, mice treated with Q-VD-Oph were protected from IAV-induced lung inflammation and lethality. Inhibiting caspase activity diminished nucleo-cytoplasmic transport of viral nucleoprotein (NP) and cleavage of viral hemagglutinin and NP in human AECs. These findings suggest that caspases and PARP1 play major roles to independently promote IAV replication and that additional mechanism(s) independent of caspases and PARP1 may be involved in Bik-mediated IAV replication. Further, peptides or inhibitors that target and block multiple caspases or PARP1 may be effective treatment targets for influenza infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sourabh Soni
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Stephanie Walton-Filipczak
- Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM, USA
- New Mexico Department of Game and Fish, Santa Fe, NM, USA
| | - Richard S Nho
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Yohannes Tesfaigzi
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yohannes A Mebratu
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Choudhary ML, Chaudhary U, Salve M, Shinde P, Padbidri V, Sangle SA, Salvi S, Bavdekar AR, D'costa P, Alagarasu K. Functional Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms in the MBL2 and TLR3 Genes Influence Disease Severity in Influenza A (H1N1)pdm09 Virus-Infected Patients from Maharashtra, India. Viral Immunol 2022; 35:303-309. [PMID: 35196173 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2021.0179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical outcome in influenza A (H1N1)pdm09 virus-infected subjects is determined by several factors, including host genetics. In the present study, single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the IFITM, MBL2, TLR3, TLR8, DDX58, IFIH1, CD55, and FCGR2, genes were investigated in influenza A (H1N1)pdm09 virus-infected subjects to find out their association with disease severity. Influenza A (H1N1)pdm09 virus-infected subjects with severe disease (n = 86) and mild disease (n = 293) from western India were included in the study. The SNPs were investigated by PCR-based methods. The results revealed a higher frequency of TLR3 rs5743313 T/T genotype [odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.55 (1.08-6.04) p = 0.039] and TLR3 two-locus haplotype rs3775291-rs3775290 T-A [OR with 95% CI 7.94 (2.05-30.68)] in severe cases. Lower frequency of the mutant allele of MBL2 rs1800450 [OR with 95% CI 0.51 (0.27-0.87), p = 0.01] and TLR3 two-locus haplotype rs3775291-rs3775290 T-G [OR with 95% CI 0.48 (0.27-0.85)] was observed in severe cases compared with cases with mild disease. Higher frequency of TLR3 two-locus haplotype rs3775291-rs3775290 T-A was observed in severe cases [OR with 95% CI 7.9 (2.0-30.7)]. The allele and genotype frequencies of other SNPs were not different between the study categories. The results suggest that the functional SNPs in MBL2 and TLR3 are associated with severe disease in influenza A (H1N1)pdm09 virus-infected subjects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Pooja Shinde
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | | | | | - Sonali Salvi
- Department of Medicine, BJ Medical College, Pune, India
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Abstract
Hyperactivation of the complement and coagulation systems is recognized as part of the clinical syndrome of COVID-19. Here we review systemic complement activation and local complement activation in response to the causative virus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and their currently known relationships to hyperinflammation and thrombosis. We also provide an update on early clinical findings and emerging clinical trial evidence that suggest potential therapeutic benefit of complement inhibition in severe COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Behdad Afzali
- Immunoregulation Section, Kidney Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Marina Noris
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Clinical Research Center for Rare Diseases "Aldo e Cele Daccò", Ranica, Italy.
- "Centro Anna Maria Astori", Bergamo, Italy.
| | - Bart N Lambrecht
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Mucosal Immunology, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium.
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
| | - Claudia Kemper
- Complement and Inflammation Research Section (CIRS), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Gupta A, Gupta GS. Status of mannose-binding lectin (MBL) and complement system in COVID-19 patients and therapeutic applications of antiviral plant MBLs. Mol Cell Biochem 2021; 476:2917-2942. [PMID: 33745077 PMCID: PMC7981598 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-021-04107-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a virus called "Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)." In the majority of patients, infection with COVID-19 may be asymptomatic or may cause only mild symptoms. However, in some patients, there can also be immunological problems, such as macrophage activation syndrome (CSS) that results in cytokine storm syndrome (CSS) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Comprehension of host-microbe communications is the critical aspect in the advancement of new therapeutics against infectious illnesses. Endogenous animal lectins, a class of proteins, may perceive non-self glycans found on microorganisms. Serum mannose-binding lectin (sMBL), as a part of the innate immune framework, recognizes a wide range of microbial microorganisms and activates complement cascade via an antibody-independent pathway. Although the molecular basis for the intensity of SARS-CoV-2 infection is not generally understood, scientific literature indicates that COVID-19 is correlated with unregulated activation of the complement in terms of disease severity. Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), inflammation, and immune paralysis contribute to unregulated complement activation. Pre-existing genetic defects in MBL and their association with complement play a major role in immune response dysregulation caused by SARS-CoV-2. In order to generate anti-complement-based therapies in Covid-19, an understanding of sMBL in immune response to SARS-CoV-2 and complement is therefore essential. This review highlights the role of endogenous sMBL and complement activation during SARS-CoV-2 infection and their therapeutic management by various agents, mainly plant lectins, since antiviral mannose-binding plant lectins (pMBLs) offer potential applications in the prevention and control of viral infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anita Gupta
- Chitkara School of Health Sciences, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India
| | - G S Gupta
- Department of Biophysics, Sector 25, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hayes B, Stanley J, Peppers BP. COVID-19 Recurrence Without Seroconversion in a Patient With Mannose-Binding Lectin Deficiency. ALLERGY & RHINOLOGY 2021; 12:21526567211024140. [PMID: 34178419 PMCID: PMC8202318 DOI: 10.1177/21526567211024140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Introduction The SARS-CoV-2 virus has infected more than 63,000,000 people worldwide after emerging from Wuhan, China in December 2019. This outbreak was declared a Public Health Emergency in January 2020, and a pandemic in March. While rare, reinfection with the virus has been reported on multiple occasions. Case Presentation We present a case report of an individual with mannose binding lectin deficiency who tested positive on two separate occasions, months apart, and did not develop IgG antibodies to SARS-CoV-2. This patient Is a 30- year-old female healthcare worker with a past medical history of ITP, pancreatitis, GERD, anxiety and recurrent pneumonia. She presented in March 2020 with fever, nasal congestion, and dry cough. She was diagnosed with COVID-19 in March 2020, via PCR through employee health. She was treated with a course azithromycin and hydroxychloroquine. Symptoms resolved, however in June 2020, SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies were negative. Seven months later in October, she once again developed symptoms which were milder. She was found to have a decreased level of mannose binding lectin, normal immunoglobulin levels, and normal streptococcus pneumonia IgG antibodies. On immune work-up after recovery, she was found to have a decreased level of mannose binding lectin (<50 ng/mL), normal immunoglobulin levels, and protective Streptococcus pneumoniae IgG antibodies with appropriate vaccine response. Her SARS-CoV-2 IgG returned back as positive 8 weeks after her second infection. Discussion This case illustrates that patients with mannose binding lectin deficiency may be at greater risk of re-infection than the general population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Breanne Hayes
- Internal Medicine Residency Program, West Virginia University Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Jonathan Stanley
- Department of Infectious Disease, West Virginia University Medicine United Hospital Center, Bridgeport, West Virginia
| | - Brian P Peppers
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, West Virginia University Medicine Children's Hospital, Morgantown, West Virginia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
Introduction: As the pathogen that caused the first influenza virus pandemic in this century, the swine-origin A(H1N1) pdm09 influenza virus has caused continuous harm to human public health. The evolution of hemagglutinin protein glycosylation sites, including the increase in number and positional changes, is an important way for influenza viruses to escape host immune pressure. Based on the traditional influenza virus molecular monitoring, special attention should be paid to the influence of glycosylation evolution on the biological characteristics of virus antigenicity, transmission and pathogenicity. The epidemiological significance of glycosylation mutants should be analyzed as a predictive tool for early warning of new outbreaks and pandemics, as well as the design of vaccines and drug targets.Areas covered: We review on the evolutionary characteristics of glycosylation on the HA protein of the A(H1N1)pdm09 influenza virus in the last ten years.Expert opinion: We discuss the crucial impact of evolutionary glycosylation on the biological characteristics of the virus and the host immune responses, summarize studies revealing different roles of glycosylation play during host adaptation. Although these studies show the significance of glycosylation evolution in host-virus interaction, much remains to be discovered about the mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pan Ge
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Ted M Ross
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.,Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Murugaiah V, Varghese PM, Beirag N, DeCordova S, Sim RB, Kishore U. Complement Proteins as Soluble Pattern Recognition Receptors for Pathogenic Viruses. Viruses 2021; 13:v13050824. [PMID: 34063241 PMCID: PMC8147407 DOI: 10.3390/v13050824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The complement system represents a crucial part of innate immunity. It contains a diverse range of soluble activators, membrane-bound receptors, and regulators. Its principal function is to eliminate pathogens via activation of three distinct pathways: classical, alternative, and lectin. In the case of viruses, the complement activation results in effector functions such as virion opsonisation by complement components, phagocytosis induction, virolysis by the membrane attack complex, and promotion of immune responses through anaphylatoxins and chemotactic factors. Recent studies have shown that the addition of individual complement components can neutralise viruses without requiring the activation of the complement cascade. While the complement-mediated effector functions can neutralise a diverse range of viruses, numerous viruses have evolved mechanisms to subvert complement recognition/activation by encoding several proteins that inhibit the complement system, contributing to viral survival and pathogenesis. This review focuses on these complement-dependent and -independent interactions of complement components (especially C1q, C4b-binding protein, properdin, factor H, Mannose-binding lectin, and Ficolins) with several viruses and their consequences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valarmathy Murugaiah
- Biosciences, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK; (V.M.); (P.M.V.); (N.B.); (S.D.)
| | - Praveen M. Varghese
- Biosciences, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK; (V.M.); (P.M.V.); (N.B.); (S.D.)
| | - Nazar Beirag
- Biosciences, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK; (V.M.); (P.M.V.); (N.B.); (S.D.)
| | - Syreeta DeCordova
- Biosciences, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK; (V.M.); (P.M.V.); (N.B.); (S.D.)
| | - Robert B. Sim
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK;
| | - Uday Kishore
- Biosciences, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK; (V.M.); (P.M.V.); (N.B.); (S.D.)
- Correspondence: or
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Chen S, Kasper B, Zhang B, Lashua LP, Ross TM, Ghedin E, Mahal LK. Age-Dependent Glycomic Response to the 2009 Pandemic H1N1 Influenza Virus and Its Association with Disease Severity. J Proteome Res 2020; 19:4486-4495. [PMID: 32981324 PMCID: PMC7640967 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.0c00455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Influenza A viruses cause a spectrum of responses, from mild coldlike symptoms to severe respiratory illness and death. Intrinsic host factors, such as age, can influence disease severity. Glycosylation plays a critical role in influenza pathogenesis; however, the molecular drivers of influenza outcomes remain unknown. In this work, we characterized the host glycomic response to the H1N1 2009 pandemic influenza A virus (H1N1pdm09) as a function of age-dependent severity in a ferret model. Using our dual-color lectin microarray technology, we examined baseline glycosylation and glycomic response to infection in newly weaned and aged animals, models for young children and the elderly, respectively. Compared to adult uninfected ferrets, we observed higher levels of α-2,6-sialosides, the receptor for H1N1pdm09, in newly weaned and aged animals. We also observed age-dependent loss of O-linked α-2,3-sialosides. The loss of these highly charged groups may impact viral clearance by mucins, which corresponds to the lower clearance rates observed in aged animals. Upon infection, we observed dramatic changes in the glycomes of aged animals, a population severely impacted by the virus. In contrast, no significant alterations were observed in the newly weaned animals, which show mild to moderate responses to the H1N1pdm09. High mannose, a glycan recently identified as a marker of severity in adult animals, increased with severity in the aged population. However, the response was delayed, in line with the delayed development of pneumonia observed. Overall, our results may help explain the differential susceptibility to influenza A infection and severity observed as a function of age.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuhui Chen
- Biomedical Research Institute, Department of Chemistry, New York University, NY, 10003, USA
| | - Brian Kasper
- Biomedical Research Institute, Department of Chemistry, New York University, NY, 10003, USA
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Mount Sinai Center for Transformative Disease Modeling, Icahn Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Lauren P. Lashua
- Center for Genomics & Systems Biology, Department of Biology, New York University, NY, 10003, USA
| | - Ted M. Ross
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Elodie Ghedin
- Center for Genomics & Systems Biology, Department of Biology, New York University, NY, 10003, USA
- Systems Genomics Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, NIAID/NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20894, USA
| | - Lara K. Mahal
- Biomedical Research Institute, Department of Chemistry, New York University, NY, 10003, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G2, CANADA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kumar NA, Kunnakkadan U, Thomas S, Johnson JB. In the Crosshairs: RNA Viruses OR Complement? Front Immunol 2020; 11:573583. [PMID: 33133089 PMCID: PMC7550403 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.573583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Complement, a part of the innate arm of the immune system, is integral to the frontline defense of the host against innumerable pathogens, which includes RNA viruses. Among the major groups of viruses, RNA viruses contribute significantly to the global mortality and morbidity index associated with viral infection. Despite multiple routes of entry adopted by these viruses, facing complement is inevitable. The initial interaction with complement and the nature of this interaction play an important role in determining host resistance versus susceptibility to the viral infection. Many RNA viruses are potent activators of complement, often resulting in virus neutralization. Yet, another facet of virus-induced activation is the exacerbation in pathogenesis contributing to the overall morbidity. The severity in disease and death associated with RNA virus infections shows a tip in the scale favoring viruses. Growing evidence suggest that like their DNA counterparts, RNA viruses have co-evolved to master ingenious strategies to remarkably restrict complement. Modulation of host genes involved in antiviral responses contributed prominently to the adoption of unique strategies to keep complement at bay, which included either down regulation of activation components (C3, C4) or up regulation of complement regulatory proteins. All this hints at a possible “hijacking” of the cross-talk mechanism of the host immune system. Enveloped RNA viruses have a selective advantage of not only modulating the host responses but also recruiting membrane-associated regulators of complement activation (RCAs). This review aims to highlight the significant progress in the understanding of RNA virus–complement interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Asok Kumar
- Viral Disease Biology, Department of Pathogen Biology, Rajiv Gandhi Center for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, India.,Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Umerali Kunnakkadan
- Viral Disease Biology, Department of Pathogen Biology, Rajiv Gandhi Center for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, India.,Department of Biotechnology, University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Sabu Thomas
- Cholera and Biofilm Research Lab, Department of Pathogen Biology, Rajiv Gandhi Center for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - John Bernet Johnson
- Viral Disease Biology, Department of Pathogen Biology, Rajiv Gandhi Center for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ram Kumar Pandian S, Arunachalam S, Deepak V, Kunjiappan S, Sundar K. Targeting complement cascade: an alternative strategy for COVID-19. 3 Biotech 2020; 10:479. [PMID: 33088671 PMCID: PMC7571295 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-02464-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The complement system is a stakeholder of the innate and adaptive immune system and has evolved as a crucial player of defense with multifaceted biological effects. Activation of three complement pathways leads to consecutive enzyme reactions resulting in complement components (C3 and C5), activation of mast cells and neutrophils by anaphylatoxins (C3a and C5a), the formation of membrane attack complex (MAC) and end up with opsonization. However, the dysregulation of complement cascade leads to unsolicited cytokine storm, inflammation, deterioration of alveolar lining cells, culminating in acquired respiratory destructive syndrome (ARDS). Similar pathogenesis is observed with the middle east respiratory syndrome (MERS), severe acquired respiratory syndrome (SARS), and SARS-CoV-2. Activation of the lectin pathway via mannose-binding lectin associated serine protease 2 (MASP2) is witnessed under discrete viral infections including COVID-19. Consequently, the spontaneous activation and deposits of complement components were traced in animal models and autopsy of COVID-19 patients. Pre-clinical and clinical studies evidence that the inhibition of complement components results in reduced complement deposits on target and non-target tissues, and aid in recovery from the pathological conditions of ARDS. Complement inhibitors (monoclonal antibody, protein, peptide, small molecules, etc.) exhibit great promise in blocking the activity of complement components and its downstream effects under various pathological conditions including SARS-CoV. Therefore, we hypothesize that targeting the potential complement inhibitors and complement cascade to counteract lung inflammation would be a better strategy to treat COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sureshbabu Ram Kumar Pandian
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bio and Chemical Engineering, Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education, Krishnankoil, Tamilnadu 626126 India
| | - Sankarganesh Arunachalam
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bio and Chemical Engineering, Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education, Krishnankoil, Tamilnadu 626126 India
| | - Venkataraman Deepak
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bio and Chemical Engineering, Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education, Krishnankoil, Tamilnadu 626126 India
- Department of Human Sciences, University of Derby, London, United Kingdom
| | - Selvaraj Kunjiappan
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bio and Chemical Engineering, Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education, Krishnankoil, Tamilnadu 626126 India
| | - Krishnan Sundar
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bio and Chemical Engineering, Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education, Krishnankoil, Tamilnadu 626126 India
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Vinayagam S, Sattu K. SARS-CoV-2 and coagulation disorders in different organs. Life Sci 2020; 260:118431. [PMID: 32946915 PMCID: PMC7490584 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a prominent pandemic disease that emerged in China and hurriedly stretched worldwide. There are many reports on COVID-19 associated with the amplified incidence of thrombotic events. In this review, we focused on COVID-19 coupled with the coagulopathy contributes to severe outcome inclusive of comorbidities such as venous thromboembolism, stroke, diabetes, lung, heart attack, AKI, and liver injury. Initially, the COVID-19 patient associated coagulation disorders show an elevated level of the D-dimer, fibrinogen, and less lymphocyte count such as lymphopenia. COVID-19 associated with the Kawasaki disease has acute vasculitis in childhood which further affects the vessels found all over the body. COVID-19 linked with the thrombotic microangiopathy triggers the multiple vasculitis along with the arterioles thrombosis, medium, large venous and arterial vessels mediates the disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). SARS-Co-V-2 patients have reduced primary platelet production, increased destruction of the platelet, decreased circulating platelet leads to the condition of increased thrombocytopenia which contributes to the coagulation disorder. Endothelial dysfunction plays an important role in the coagulation disorders via increased generation of the thrombin and stops fibrinolysis further leads to hypercoagulopathy. Along with that endothelial dysfunction activates the complement system pathways and contributes to the acute and chronic inflammation via cytokine storm with the production of the cytokines and chemokines, coagulation in different organs such as lung, brain, liver, heart, kidney and further leads to multi-organ failure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sathishkumar Vinayagam
- Department of Biotechnology, Periyar University PG, Extension Centre, Dharmapuri, Tamil Nadu 636701, India
| | - Kamaraj Sattu
- Department of Biotechnology, Periyar University PG, Extension Centre, Dharmapuri, Tamil Nadu 636701, India.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Glycomic analysis of host response reveals high mannose as a key mediator of influenza severity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:26926-26935. [PMID: 33046650 PMCID: PMC7604487 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2008203117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus infection causes a range of outcomes from mild illness to death. The molecular mechanisms leading to these differential host responses are currently unknown. Herein, we identify the induction of high mannose, a glycan epitope, as a key mediator of severe disease outcome. We propose a mechanism in which activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR) upon influenza virus infection induces cell surface high mannose, which is then recognized by the innate immune lectin MBL2, activating the complement cascade and leading to subsequent inflammation. This work is the first to systematically study host glycomic changes in response to influenza virus infection, identifying high mannose as a key feature of differential host response. Influenza virus infections cause a wide variety of outcomes, from mild disease to 3 to 5 million cases of severe illness and ∼290,000 to 645,000 deaths annually worldwide. The molecular mechanisms underlying these disparate outcomes are currently unknown. Glycosylation within the human host plays a critical role in influenza virus biology. However, the impact these modifications have on the severity of influenza disease has not been examined. Herein, we profile the glycomic host responses to influenza virus infection as a function of disease severity using a ferret model and our lectin microarray technology. We identify the glycan epitope high mannose as a marker of influenza virus-induced pathogenesis and severity of disease outcome. Induction of high mannose is dependent upon the unfolded protein response (UPR) pathway, a pathway previously shown to associate with lung damage and severity of influenza virus infection. Also, the mannan-binding lectin (MBL2), an innate immune lectin that negatively impacts influenza outcomes, recognizes influenza virus-infected cells in a high mannose-dependent manner. Together, our data argue that the high mannose motif is an infection-associated molecular pattern on host cells that may guide immune responses leading to the concomitant damage associated with severity.
Collapse
|
13
|
Noris M, Benigni A, Remuzzi G. The case of complement activation in COVID-19 multiorgan impact. Kidney Int 2020; 98:314-322. [PMID: 32461141 PMCID: PMC7246017 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2020.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The novel coronavirus disease COVID-19 originates in the lungs, but it may extend to other organs, causing, in severe cases, multiorgan damage, including cardiac injury and acute kidney injury. In severe cases, the presence of kidney injury is associated with increased risk of death, highlighting the relevance of this organ as a target of SARS-CoV-2 infection. COVID-19-associated tissue injury is not primarily mediated by viral infection, but rather is a result of the inflammatory host immune response, which drives hypercytokinemia and aggressive inflammation that affect lung parenchymal cells, diminishing oxygen uptake, but also endothelial cells, resulting in endotheliitis and thrombotic events and intravascular coagulation. The complement system represents the first response of the host immune system to SARS-CoV-2 infection, but there is growing evidence that unrestrained activation of complement induced by the virus in the lungs and other organs plays a major role in acute and chronic inflammation, endothelial cell dysfunction, thrombus formation, and intravascular coagulation, and ultimately contributes to multiple organ failure and death. In this review, we discuss the relative role of the different complement activation products in the pathogenesis of COVID-19-associated tissue inflammation and thrombosis and propose the hypothesis that blockade of the terminal complement pathway may represent a potential therapeutic option for the prevention and treatment of lung and multiorgan damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Noris
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Clinical Research Center for Rare Diseases Aldo e Cele Daccò and Centro Anna Maria Astori, Science and Technology Park Kilometro Rosso, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Ariela Benigni
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Clinical Research Center for Rare Diseases Aldo e Cele Daccò and Centro Anna Maria Astori, Science and Technology Park Kilometro Rosso, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Remuzzi
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Clinical Research Center for Rare Diseases Aldo e Cele Daccò and Centro Anna Maria Astori, Science and Technology Park Kilometro Rosso, Bergamo, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Murugaiah V, Tsolaki AG, Kishore U. Collectins: Innate Immune Pattern Recognition Molecules. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1204:75-127. [PMID: 32152944 PMCID: PMC7120701 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-1580-4_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Collectins are collagen-containing C-type (calcium-dependent) lectins which are important pathogen pattern recognising innate immune molecules. Their primary structure is characterised by an N-terminal, triple-helical collagenous region made up of Gly-X-Y repeats, an a-helical coiled-coil trimerising neck region, and a C-terminal C-type lectin or carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD). Further oligomerisation of this primary structure can give rise to more complex and multimeric structures that can be seen under electron microscope. Collectins can be found in serum as well as in a range of tissues at the mucosal surfaces. Mannanbinding lectin can activate the complement system while other members of the collectin family are extremely versatile in recognising a diverse range of pathogens via their CRDs and bring about effector functions designed at the clearance of invading pathogens. These mechanisms include opsonisation, enhancement of phagocytosis, triggering superoxidative burst and nitric oxide production. Collectins can also potentiate the adaptive immune response via antigen presenting cells such as macrophages and dendritic cells through modulation of cytokines and chemokines, thus they can act as a link between innate and adaptive immunity. This chapter describes the structure-function relationships of collectins, their diverse functions, and their interaction with viruses, bacteria, fungi and parasites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valarmathy Murugaiah
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, London, UB8 3PH, UK
| | - Anthony G Tsolaki
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, London, UB8 3PH, UK
| | - Uday Kishore
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, London, UB8 3PH, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Influenza virus N-linked glycosylation and innate immunity. Biosci Rep 2019; 39:BSR20171505. [PMID: 30552137 PMCID: PMC6328934 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20171505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses cause seasonal epidemics and sporadic pandemics in humans. The virus’s ability to change its antigenic nature through mutation and recombination, and the difficulty in developing highly effective universal vaccines against it, make it a serious global public health challenge. Influenza virus’s surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin and neuraminidase, are all modified by the host cell’s N-linked glycosylation pathways. Host innate immune responses are the first line of defense against infection, and glycosylation of these major antigens plays an important role in the generation of host innate responses toward the virus. Here, we review the principal findings in the analytical techniques used to study influenza N-linked glycosylation, the evolutionary dynamics of N-linked glycosylation in seasonal versus pandemic and zoonotic strains, its role in host innate immune responses, and the prospects for lectin-based therapies. As the efficiency of innate immune responses is a critical determinant of disease severity and adaptive immunity, the study of influenza glycobiology is of clinical as well as research interest.
Collapse
|
16
|
Askarian F, Wagner T, Johannessen M, Nizet V. Staphylococcus aureus modulation of innate immune responses through Toll-like (TLR), (NOD)-like (NLR) and C-type lectin (CLR) receptors. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2018; 42:656-671. [PMID: 29893825 PMCID: PMC6098222 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuy025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Early recognition of pathogens by the innate immune system is crucial for bacterial clearance. Many pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) such as Toll-like (TLRs) and (NOD)-like (NLRs) receptors have been implicated in initial sensing of bacterial components. The intracellular signaling cascades triggered by these receptors result in transcriptional upregulation of inflammatory pathways. Although this step is crucial for bacterial elimination, it is also associated with the potential for substantial immunopathology, which underscores the need for tight control of inflammatory responses. The leading human bacterial pathogen Staphylococcus aureus expresses over 100 virulence factors that exert numerous effects upon host cells. In this manner, the pathogen seeks to avoid host recognition or perturb PRR-induced innate immune responses to allow optimal survival in the host. These immune system interactions may result in enhanced bacterial proliferation but also provoke systemic cytokine responses associated with sepsis. This review summarizes recent findings on the various mechanisms applied by S. aureus to modulate or interfere with inflammatory responses through PRRs. Detailed understanding of these complex interactions can provide new insights toward future immune-stimulatory therapeutics against infection or immunomodulatory therapeutics to suppress or correct dysregulated inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Askarian
- Research Group of Host Microbe Interaction, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems & Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Theresa Wagner
- Research Group of Host Microbe Interaction, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Mona Johannessen
- Research Group of Host Microbe Interaction, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Victor Nizet
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems & Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Zogheib E, Nyga R, Cornu M, Sendid B, Monconduit J, Jounieaux V, Maizel J, Segard C, Chouaki T, Dupont H. Prospective Observational Study on the Association Between Serum Mannose-Binding Lectin Levels and Severe Outcome in Critically Ill Patients with Pandemic Influenza Type A (H1N1) Infection. Lung 2017; 196:65-72. [PMID: 29273833 PMCID: PMC7101572 DOI: 10.1007/s00408-017-0067-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Mannose-binding lectin (MBL) plays an important role in the innate immune response. In addition to activating the complement, MBL can induce cytokine production and contribute to a deleterious inflammatory response with severe A(H1N1)pdm09 virus infection. Our aim was to determine if serum MBL levels correlate with the risk of mortality in intensive care units (ICU) patients with A(H1N1)pdm09 infection. Methods Prospective observational study was performed in ICU patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome due to influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus. Demographic characteristics and severity indices were recorded at ICU admission. MBL was assayed from blood drawn at influenza diagnosis within 24–48 h following the ICU admission. Outcomes were compared according to MBL levels. Results are expressed as median and interquartile range. Results Serum MBL levels were studied in 27 patients (age: 56 [IQR 29] years) with severe A(H1N1)pdm09 infection and in 70 healthy controls. Median admission SAPSII and SOFA scores were 49 [IQR 26] and 12 [IQR 5], respectively. Mortality rate after a 30-day was 37%. MBL was significantly higher in non-survivors (3741 [IQR 2336] ng/ml) vs survivors (215 [IQR 1307] ng/ml), p = 0.006, as well as control group (1814 [IQR 2250] ng/ml), p = 0.01. In contrast, MBL levels in survivors group were significantly lower than the controls group (215 [IQR 1307] ng/ml vs. 1814 [IQR 2250] ng/ml, p = 0.005). MBL cut-off > 1870 ng/ml had a sensitivity of 80% and a specificity of 88.2% for mortality [AUC = 0.82 (95% CI 0.63–0.94)]. Kaplan–Meier analysis demonstrated a strong association between MBL levels and mortality (log-rank 7.8, p = 0.005). MBL > 1870 ng/ml was independently associated with mortality (HR = 8.7, 95% CI 1.2–29.1, p = 0.007). Conclusions This study shows that baseline MBL > 1870 ng/ml is associated with higher mortality in ICU patients with severe A(H1N1)pdm09 infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elie Zogheib
- Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit, Amiens University Hospital, Amiens, France. .,INSERM U1088, Jules Verne University of Picardy, Amiens, France.
| | - Remy Nyga
- Medical Parasitology and Mycology Department, Amiens University Hospital, Amiens, France
| | - Marjorie Cornu
- Medical Parasitology and Mycology Department, CHU, Lille, France.,INSERM U995, Team Fungal Associated Invasive & Inflammatory Diseases, Lille Inflammation Research International Center, Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Boualem Sendid
- Medical Parasitology and Mycology Department, CHU, Lille, France.,INSERM U995, Team Fungal Associated Invasive & Inflammatory Diseases, Lille Inflammation Research International Center, Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Julien Monconduit
- Respiratory Intensive Care Unit, Amiens University Hospital, Amiens, France
| | - Vincent Jounieaux
- Respiratory Intensive Care Unit, Amiens University Hospital, Amiens, France
| | - Julien Maizel
- INSERM U1088, Jules Verne University of Picardy, Amiens, France.,Medical Intensive Care Unit, Amiens University Hospital, Amiens, France
| | - Christine Segard
- Medical Virology Department, Amiens University Hospital, Amiens, France
| | - Taïeb Chouaki
- Medical Parasitology and Mycology Department, Amiens University Hospital, Amiens, France
| | - Hervé Dupont
- Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit, Amiens University Hospital, Amiens, France.,INSERM U1088, Jules Verne University of Picardy, Amiens, France
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Wu BW, Metcalf JP. Editorial: Mannose-binding lectin in fighting influenza: promise or peril? J Leukoc Biol 2017; 95:702-704. [PMID: 27929378 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0114003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- By Wenxin Wu
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Jordan P Metcalf
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, Department of Medicine, and .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Yu L, Shang S, Tao R, Wang C, Zhang L, Peng H, Chen Y. High doses of recombinant mannan-binding lectin inhibit the binding of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus with cells expressing DC-SIGN. APMIS 2017; 125:655-664. [PMID: 28493491 DOI: 10.1111/apm.12695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The pandemic influenza A (H1N1)pdm09 virus continues to be a threat to human health. Low doses of mannan-binding lectin (MBL) (<1 μg/mL) were shown not to protect against influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 infection. However, the effect of high doses of MBL has not been investigated. Dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule-3 grabbing non-integrin (DC-SIGN) has been proposed as an alternative receptor for influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus. In this study, we examined the expression of DC-SIGN on DCs as well as on acute monocytic leukemia cell line, THP-1. High doses of recombinant or human MBL inhibited binding of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 to both these cell types in the presence of complement derived from bovine serum. Further, anti-DC-SIGN monoclonal antibody inhibited binding of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 to both DC-SIGN-expressing DCs and THP-1 cells. This study demonstrates that high doses of MBL can inhibit binding of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus to DC-SIGN-expressing cells in the presence of complement. Our results suggest that DC-SIGN may be an alternative receptor for influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yu
- Division of Infection Disease, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Neonatal Diseases, Children Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Sir Runrun Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shiqiang Shang
- Division of Infection Disease, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Neonatal Diseases, Children Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ran Tao
- Division of Infection Disease, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Neonatal Diseases, Children Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Caiyun Wang
- Division of Infection Disease, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Neonatal Diseases, Children Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Division of Infection Disease, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Neonatal Diseases, Children Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hao Peng
- Department of Pediatrics, Pingxiang Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Pingxiang, China
| | - Yinghu Chen
- Division of Infection Disease, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Neonatal Diseases, Children Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Low mannose-binding lectin levels and haplotypes associated with low mannose-binding lectin production have been associated with infection and severe sepsis. We tested the hypothesis that mannose-binding lectin levels would be associated with severe infection in a large cohort of critically ill children. DESIGN Prospective cohort study. SETTING Medical and Surgical PICUs, Boston Children's Hospital. PATIENTS Children less than 21 years old admitted to the ICUs from November 2009 to November 2010. INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS We measured mannose-binding lectin levels in 479 of 520 consecutively admitted children (92%) with severe or life-threatening illness. We genotyped 213 Caucasian children for mannose-binding lectin haplotype tagging variants and assigned haplotypes. In the univariate analyses of mannose-binding lectin levels with preadmission characteristics, levels were higher in patients with preexisting renal disease. Patients who received greater than 100 mL/kg of fluids in the first 24 hours after admission had markedly lower mannose-binding lectin, as did patients who underwent spinal fusion surgery. Mannose-binding lectin levels had no association with infection status at admission, or with progression from systemic inflammatory response syndrome to sepsis or septic shock. Although mannose-binding lectin haplotypes strongly influenced mannose-binding lectin levels in the predicted relationship, low mannose-binding lectin-producing haplotypes were not associated with increased risk of infection. CONCLUSIONS Mannose-binding lectin levels are largely genetically determined. This relationship was preserved in children during critical illness, despite the effect of large-volume fluid administration on mannose-binding lectin levels. Previous literature evaluating an association between mannose-binding lectin levels and severe infection is inconsistent; we found no relationship in our PICU cohort. We found that mannose-binding lectin levels were lower after aggressive fluid resuscitation and suggest that studies of mannose-binding lectin in critically ill patients should assess mannose-binding lectin haplotypes to reflect preillness levels.
Collapse
|
21
|
CLEC5A-Mediated Enhancement of the Inflammatory Response in Myeloid Cells Contributes to Influenza Virus Pathogenicity In Vivo. J Virol 2016; 91:JVI.01813-16. [PMID: 27795434 PMCID: PMC5165214 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01813-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Human infections with influenza viruses exhibit mild to severe clinical outcomes as a result of complex virus-host interactions. Induction of inflammatory mediators via pattern recognition receptors may dictate subsequent host responses for pathogen clearance and tissue damage. We identified that human C-type lectin domain family 5 member A (CLEC5A) interacts with the hemagglutinin protein of influenza viruses expressed on lentiviral pseudoparticles through lectin screening. Silencing CLEC5A gene expression, blocking influenza-CLEC5A interactions with anti-CLEC5A antibodies, or dampening CLEC5A-mediated signaling using a spleen tyrosine kinase inhibitor consistently reduced the levels of proinflammatory cytokines produced by human macrophages without affecting the replication of influenza A viruses of different subtypes. Infection of bone marrow-derived macrophages from CLEC5A-deficient mice showed reduced levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and IP-10 but elevated alpha interferon (IFN-α) compared to those of wild-type mice. The heightened type I IFN response in the macrophages of CLEC5A-deficient mice was associated with upregulated TLR3 mRNA after treatment with double-stranded RNA. Upon lethal challenges with a recombinant H5N1 virus, CLEC5A-deficient mice showed reduced levels of proinflammatory cytokines, decreased immune cell infiltration in the lungs, and improved survival compared to the wild-type mice, despite comparable viral loads noted throughout the course of infection. The survival difference was more prominent at a lower dose of inoculum. Our results suggest that CLEC5A-mediated enhancement of the inflammatory response in myeloid cells contributes to influenza pathogenicity in vivo and may be considered a therapeutic target in combination with effective antivirals. Well-orchestrated host responses together with effective viral clearance are critical for optimal clinical outcome after influenza infections.
IMPORTANCE Multiple pattern recognition receptors work in synergy to sense viral RNA or proteins synthesized during influenza replication and mediate host responses for viral control. Well-orchestrated host responses may help to maintain the inflammatory response to minimize tissue damage while inducing an effective adaptive immune response for viral clearance. We identified that CLEC5A, a C-type lectin receptor which has previously been reported to mediate flavivirus-induced inflammatory responses, enhanced induction of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines in myeloid cells after influenza infections. CLEC5A-deficient mice infected with influenza virus showed reduced inflammation in the lungs and improved survival compared to that of the wild-type mice despite comparable viral loads. The survival difference was more prominent at a lower dose of inoculum. Collectively, our results suggest that dampening CLEC5A-mediated inflammatory responses in myeloid cells reduces immunopathogenesis after influenza infections.
Collapse
|
22
|
Expression and characterization of recombinant chicken mannose binding lectin. Immunobiology 2016; 222:518-528. [PMID: 27817988 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2016.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mannose binding lectin (MBL) is a serum collagenous C-type lectin that plays an important role in the innate immune protection against pathogens. Previously, human and mouse studies have demonstrated that MBL binds a broad range of pathogens that results in their neutralization through agglutination, enhanced phagocytosis, and/or complement activation via the lectin pathway. The role of MBL in chicken is not well understood although the MBL concentration in serum seems to correlate with protection against infections. To investigate the role of MBL in chicken further, recombinant chicken MBL (RcMBL) was produced in HeLa R19 cells and purified using mannan affinity chromatography followed by gel filtration. RcMBL was shown to be structurally and functionally similar to native chicken MBL (NcMBL) isolated from serum. RcMBL is expressed as an oligomeric protein (mixture of trimers and oligomerized trimers) with a monomeric mass of 26kDa as determined by mass spectrometry, corresponding to the predicted mass. Glycan array analysis indicated that RcMBL bound most strongly to high-mannose glycans but also glycans with terminal fucose and GlcNac residues. The biological activity of RcMBL was demonstrated via its capacity to agglutinate Salmonella Typhimurium and to inhibit the hemagglutination activity of influenza A virus. The production of a structurally well-characterized and functionally active RcMBL will facilitate detailed studies into the protective role of MBL in innate defense against pathogens in chicken and other avian species.
Collapse
|
23
|
Li Y, Xu J, Shi W, Chen C, Shao Y, Zhu L, Lu W, Han X. Mesenchymal stromal cell treatment prevents H9N2 avian influenza virus-induced acute lung injury in mice. Stem Cell Res Ther 2016; 7:159. [PMID: 27793190 PMCID: PMC5084318 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-016-0395-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The avian influenza virus (AIV) can cross species barriers and expand its host range from birds to mammals, even humans. Avian influenza is characterized by pronounced activation of the proinflammatory cytokine cascade, which perpetuates the inflammatory response, leading to persistent systemic inflammatory response syndrome and pulmonary infection in animals and humans. There are currently no specific treatment strategies for avian influenza. Methods We hypothesized that mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) would have beneficial effects in the treatment of H9N2 AIV-induced acute lung injury in mice. Six- to 8-week-old C57BL/6 mice were infected intranasally with 1 × 104 MID50 of A/HONG KONG/2108/2003 [H9N2 (HK)] H9N2 virus to induce acute lung injury. After 30 min, syngeneic MSCs were delivered through the caudal vein. Three days after infection, we measured the survival rate, lung weight, arterial blood gas, and cytokines in both bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and serum, and assessed pathological changes to the lungs. Results MSC administration significantly palliated H9N2 AIV-induced pulmonary inflammation by reducing chemokines and proinflammatory cytokines levels, as well as reducing inflammatory cell recruit into the lungs. Thus, H9N2 AIV-induced lung injury was markedly alleviated in mice treated with MSCs. Lung histopathology and arterial blood gas analysis were improved in mice with H9N2 AIV-induced lung injury following MSC treatment. Conclusions MSC treatment significantly reduces H9N2 AIV-induced acute lung injury in mice and is associated with reduced pulmonary inflammation. These results indicate a potential role for MSC therapy in the treatment of clinical avian influenza.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Department of Chronic Communicable Disease, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China.,Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210093, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Xu
- Institute of Toxicology & Functional Assessment, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiqing Shi
- Institute of Toxicology & Functional Assessment, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Chen
- Department of Chronic Communicable Disease, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Shao
- Department of Chronic Communicable Disease, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Limei Zhu
- Department of Chronic Communicable Disease, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Lu
- Department of Chronic Communicable Disease, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China.
| | - XiaoDong Han
- Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210093, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Mebratu YA, Smith KR, Agga GE, Tesfaigzi Y. Inflammation and emphysema in cigarette smoke-exposed mice when instilled with poly (I:C) or infected with influenza A or respiratory syncytial viruses. Respir Res 2016; 17:75. [PMID: 27363862 PMCID: PMC4929744 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-016-0392-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The length of time for cigarette smoke (CS) exposure to cause emphysema in mice is drastically reduced when CS exposure is combined with viral infection. However, the extent of inflammatory responses and lung pathologies of mice exposed to CS and infected with influenza A virus (IAV), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), or treated with the viral derivative dsRNA (polyinosine-polycytidylic acid [poly (I:C)] have not been compared. METHODS Mice were exposed to CS or filtered air for 4 weeks and received a single dose of vehicle, AV, or RSV infection and extent of inflammation and emphysema was evaluated 14 d later. In another set of experiments, mice were instilled with poly (I:C) twice a week during the third and fourth weeks of CS exposure and immediately analyzed for extent of inflammation and lung pathologies. RESULTS In CS-exposed mice, inflammation was characterized mainly by macrophages, lymphocytes, and neutrophils after IAV infection, mainly by lymphocytes, and neutrophils after RSV infection, and mainly by lymphocytes and neutrophils after poly (I:C) instillations. Despite increased inflammation, extent of emphysema by poly (I:C) was very mild; but was robust and similar for both IAV and RSV infections with enhanced MMP-12 mRNA expression and TUNEL positivity. Both IAV and RSV infections increased the levels of IL-17, IL-1β, IL-12b, IL-18, IL-23a, Ccl-2, Ccl-7 mRNAs in the lungs of CS-exposed mice with IAV causing more increases than RSV. CONCLUSION CS-induced inflammatory responses and extent of emphysematous changes differ depending on the type of viral infection. These animal models may be useful to study the mechanisms by which different viruses exacerbate CS-induced inflammation and emphysema.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yohannes A Mebratu
- COPD Program, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, 2425 Ridgecrest Drive SE, Albuquerque, NM, 87108, USA.
| | - Kevin R Smith
- COPD Program, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, 2425 Ridgecrest Drive SE, Albuquerque, NM, 87108, USA
| | - Getahun E Agga
- Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, R, Clay Center, Nebraska, USA
| | - Yohannes Tesfaigzi
- COPD Program, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, 2425 Ridgecrest Drive SE, Albuquerque, NM, 87108, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Tang Y, Ma D, Ming S, Zhang L, Zhou J, Shan G, Chen Z, Lu X, Zuo D. Mannan-binding lectin reduces CpG DNA-induced inflammatory cytokine production by human monocytes. Microbiol Immunol 2016; 59:231-7. [PMID: 25664598 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Revised: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Mannan-binding lectin (MBL) belongs to the collectin family and functions as an opsonin that can also initiate complement activation. Our previous study showed that MBL serves as a double-stranded RNA binding protein that attenuates polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidylic acid-induced TLR3 activation. Prompted by these findings, in the present study cross-talk between MBL and CpG-DNA-induced TLR9 activation was investigated. Here, it was found that MBL also interacts with the TLR9 agonist, CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG-ODN), in a calcium-dependent manner. Purified MBL protein suppressed activation of nuclear factor-kappa B signaling and subsequent production of proinflammatory cytokines from human monocytes induced by CpG-ODN 2006. These observations indicate that MBL can down-regulate CpG DNA-induced TLR9 activation, emphasizing the importance of understanding the interaction of MBL with TLR agonist in host immune defense.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Tang
- Department of Immunology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Foo SS, Reading PC, Jaillon S, Mantovani A, Mahalingam S. Pentraxins and Collectins: Friend or Foe during Pathogen Invasion? Trends Microbiol 2015; 23:799-811. [PMID: 26482345 PMCID: PMC7127210 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2015.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2015] [Revised: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Innate immunity serves as the frontline defence against invading pathogens. Despite decades of research, new insights are constantly challenging our understanding of host-elicited immunity during microbial infections. Recently, two families of humoral innate immune proteins, pentraxins and collectins, have become a major focus of research in the field of innate immunity. Pentraxins and collectins are key players in activating the humoral arm of innate immunity, taking centre stage in immunoregulation and disease modulation. However, increasing evidence suggests that pentraxins and collectins can also mediate pathogenic effects during some infections. Herein, we discuss the protective and pathogenic effects of pentraxins and collectins, as well as their therapeutic significance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suan-Sin Foo
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Patrick C Reading
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Sébastien Jaillon
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Department of Inflammation and Immunology, 20089, Rozzano, Milano, Italy
| | - Alberto Mantovani
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Department of Inflammation and Immunology, 20089, Rozzano, Milano, Italy; Humanitas University, 20089, Rozzano, Milano, Italy
| | - Suresh Mahalingam
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Hoeksema M, Tripathi S, White M, Qi L, Taubenberger J, van Eijk M, Haagsman H, Hartshorn KL. Arginine-rich histones have strong antiviral activity for influenza A viruses. Innate Immun 2015; 21:736-45. [PMID: 26138524 DOI: 10.1177/1753425915593794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
While histones are best known for DNA binding and transcription-regulating properties, they also have antimicrobial activity against a broad range of potentially pathogenic organisms. Histones are abundant in neutrophil extracellular traps, where they play an important role in NET-mediated antimicrobial killing. Here, we show anti-influenza activity of histones against both seasonal H3N2 and H1N1, but not pandemic H1N1. The arginine rich histones, H3 and H4, had greater neutralizing and viral aggregating activity than the lysine rich histones, H2A and H2B. Of all core histones, histone H4 is most potent in neutralizing IAV, and incubation with IAV with histone H4 results in a decrease in uptake and viral replication by epithelial cells when measured by qRT-PCR. The antiviral activity of histone H4 is mediated principally by direct effects on viral particles. Histone H4 binds to IAV as assessed by ELISA and co-sedimentation of H4 with IAV. H4 also induces aggregation, as assessed by confocal microscopy and light transmission assays. Despite strong antiviral activity against the seasonal IAV strains, H4 was inactive against pandemic H1N1. These findings indicate a possible role for histones in the innate immune response against IAV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marloes Hoeksema
- Boston University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston MA, USA Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - Shweta Tripathi
- Boston University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston MA, USA
| | - Mitchell White
- Boston University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston MA, USA
| | - Li Qi
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda MD, USA
| | | | - Martin van Eijk
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - Henk Haagsman
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - Kevan L Hartshorn
- Boston University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Guo J, Cao Y, Qin K, Zhao X, Wang D, Li Z, Xin L, Shu Y, Zhou J. Limited effect of recombinant human mannose-binding lectin on the infection of novel influenza A (H7N9) virus in vitro. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 458:77-81. [PMID: 25634695 PMCID: PMC7092832 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.01.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Mannose-binding lectin (MBL), a pattern-recognition molecule in serum, recognizes specific hexose sugars rich in mannose and N-acetylglucosamine on bacterium, yeasts, viruses as well as apoptotic cells. It has been well-identified that MBL has antiviral effects via binding to seasonal influenza H1 and H3 subtype viruses. Influenza A (H7N9) virus, a novel reassortant virus to human population, possesses the surface hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes from duck and wild-bird influenza viruses and internal genes from poultry H9N2 viruses. As of Dec 7th, 2014, a total of 467 human infections and 183 fatal cases have been identified. Here, recombinant human (rh) MBL was tested for its binding and effects on hemagglutination inhibition (HI) and NA activity inhibition (NAI) of avian H7N9, H9N2 and human H3N2 viruses. We discovered that rhMBL exhibited a strong binding to H7N9 virus as human H3N2 did at high virus titers. However, it performed a significantly weaker HI activity effect on H7N9 comparing to those of H3N2 and H9N2, even at a much higher concentration (3.67 ± 0.33 vs. 0.026 ± 0.001 and 0.083 ± 0.02 μg/mL, respectively). Similarly, minor NAI effect of rhMBL, even at up to 10 μg/mL, was found on H7N9 virus while it displayed significant effects on both H3N2 and H9N2 at a lowest concentration of 0.0807 ± 0.009 and 0.0625 μg/mL, respectively. The HI and NAI effects of rhMBL were calcium-dependent and mediated by lectin domain. Our findings suggest that MBL, the host innate molecule, has differential interference effects with human and avian influenza virus and limited antiviral effect against H7N9 virus. Comparable binding of rhMBL to avian H7N9 virus as human H3N2 virus. Limited antiviral effect of rhMBL against avian H7N9 virus. Insensitivity of H7N9 virus to rhMBL may confer its infection severity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinlei Guo
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing 102206, PR China
| | - Yang Cao
- Center of Growth, Metabolism and Aging, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, No.29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, PR China
| | - Kun Qin
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing 102206, PR China
| | - Xiaopeng Zhao
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing 102206, PR China
| | - Donghong Wang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing 102206, PR China
| | - Zi Li
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing 102206, PR China
| | - Li Xin
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing 102206, PR China
| | - Yuelong Shu
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing 102206, PR China
| | - Jianfang Zhou
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing 102206, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Kjærup RM, Dalgaard TS, Norup LR, Hamzic E, Sørensen P, Juul-Madsen HR. Characterization of cellular and humoral immune responses after IBV infection in chicken lines differing in MBL serum concentration. Viral Immunol 2014; 27:529-42. [PMID: 25343382 PMCID: PMC4259184 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2014.0088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chickens from two inbred lines selected for high (L10H) or low (L10L) mannose-binding lectin (MBL) serum concentrations were infected with infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), and innate as well as adaptive immunological parameters were measured throughout the experimental period. Chickens with high MBL serum concentrations were found to have less viral load in the trachea than chickens with low MBL serum concentrations indicating that these chickens were less severely affected by the infection. This study is the first to show that MBL expression is present in the lungs of healthy chickens and that the expression is upregulated at days 3 postinfection (p.i.) in L10H chickens. Furthermore, in the liver of infected chickens, the MBL expression was upregulated at day 7 p.i., despite the fact that the MBL serum concentrations were decreased below baseline at that time point. The number of TCRγδ+CD8α+ cells in the blood of noninfected chickens increased from week 0 to 3 p.i. However, the number of cells was higher in L10H chickens than in L10L chickens throughout the experiment. No increase was observed in the number of TCRγδ+CD8α+ cells in the blood of the infected L10H and L10L chickens. The numbers of B cells at week 3 p.i. were higher for noninfected L10L chickens than for the other chickens. No differences were observed between the infected and noninfected L10H chickens or between the infected L10H and L10L chickens. Furthermore, at week 3 p.i., the number of monocytes was higher in infected and noninfected L10H chickens than in the infected and noninfected L10L chickens. Thus, these results indicate that MBL is produced locally and may be involved in the regulation of the cellular immune response after an IBV infection. However, MBL did not appear to influence the humoral immune response after IBV infection in this study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Edin Hamzic
- AgroParisTech, UMR1313 Génétique Animale et Biologie Integrative, Paris, France
- INRA, UMR1313 Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Poul Sørensen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
GASPARINI R, AMICIZIA D, LAI P, BRAGAZZI N, PANATTO D. Compounds with anti-influenza activity: present and future of strategies for the optimal treatment and management of influenza. Part II: Future compounds against influenza virus. JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE AND HYGIENE 2014; 55:109-29. [PMID: 26137785 PMCID: PMC4718316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
In the first part of this overview, we described the life cycle of the influenza virus and the pharmacological action of the currently available drugs. This second part provides an overview of the molecular mechanisms and targets of still-experimental drugs for the treatment and management of influenza. Briefly, we can distinguish between compounds with anti-influenza activity that target influenza virus proteins or genes, and molecules that target host components that are essential for viral replication and propagation. These latter compounds have been developed quite recently. Among the first group, we will focus especially on hemagglutinin, M2 channel and neuraminidase inhibitors. The second group of compounds may pave the way for personalized treatment and influenza management. Combination therapies are also discussed. In recent decades, few antiviral molecules against influenza virus infections have been available; this has conditioned their use during human and animal outbreaks. Indeed, during seasonal and pandemic outbreaks, antiviral drugs have usually been administered in mono-therapy and, sometimes, in an uncontrolled manner to farm animals. This has led to the emergence of viral strains displaying resistance, especially to compounds of the amantadane family. For this reason, it is particularly important to develop new antiviral drugs against influenza viruses. Indeed, although vaccination is the most powerful means of mitigating the effects of influenza epidemics, antiviral drugs can be very useful, particularly in delaying the spread of new pandemic viruses, thereby enabling manufacturers to prepare large quantities of pandemic vaccine. In addition, antiviral drugs are particularly valuable in complicated cases of influenza, especially in hospitalized patients. To write this overview, we mined various databases, including Embase, PubChem, DrugBank and Chemical Abstracts Service, and patent repositories.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R. GASPARINI
- Correspondence: R. Gasparini, Department of Health Sciences of Genoa University, via Pastore 1, 16132 Genoa, Italy - E-mail:
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Genster N, Takahashi M, Sekine H, Endo Y, Garred P, Fujita T. Lessons learned from mice deficient in lectin complement pathway molecules. Mol Immunol 2014; 61:59-68. [PMID: 25060538 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2014.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Revised: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The lectin pathway of the complement system is initiated when the pattern-recognition molecules, mannose-binding lectin (MBL), ficolins or collectin-11, bind to invading pathogens or damaged host cells. This leads to activation of MBL/ficolin/collectin-11 associated serine proteases (MASPs), which in turn activate downstream complement components, ultimately leading to elimination of the pathogen. Mice deficient in the key molecules of lectin pathway of complement have been generated in order to build knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of the lectin pathway in health and disease. Despite differences in the genetic arrangements of murine and human orthologues of lectin pathway molecules, the knockout mice have proven to be valuable models to explore the effect of deficiency states in humans. In addition, new insight and unexpected findings on the diverse roles of lectin pathway molecules in complement activation, pathogen infection, coagulation, host tissue injury and developmental biology have been revealed by in vivo investigations. This review provides an overview of the mice deficient in lectin pathway molecules and highlights some of the most important findings that have resulted from studies of these.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ninette Genster
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Section 7631 Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Minoru Takahashi
- Department of Immunology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Hideharu Sekine
- Department of Immunology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Yuichi Endo
- Radioisotope Center, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Peter Garred
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Section 7631 Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Teizo Fujita
- Fukushima General Hygiene Institute, Fukushima, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Liu H, Zhou J, Ma D, Lu X, Ming S, Shan G, Zhang X, Hou J, Chen Z, Zuo D. Mannan binding lectin attenuates double-stranded RNA-mediated TLR3 activation and innate immunity. FEBS Lett 2014; 588:866-72. [PMID: 24530528 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.01.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Mannan binding lectin (MBL) functions as a pattern recognition molecule (PRM) which is able to initiate complement activation. Here, we characterize a previously unrecognized attribute of MBL as a double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) binding protein capable of modifying Toll like receptor 3 (TLR3) activation. MBL interacts with poly(I:C) and suppresses poly(I:C)-induced activation of TLR3 pathways and subsequent cytokine production. In addition, MBL binds to TLR3 directly. Surprisingly, disrupting the interaction between MBL and complement receptor 1 (CR1) or restraining the traffic of MBL to phagosome reversed the MBL limited TLR3 activation. We demonstrate the importance of MBL guided ligands intracellular localization, emphasizing the significance of understanding the dynamics of TLR agonists complexed with MBL or other PRMs inside the cell in immune defense.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongzhi Liu
- Department of Immunology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Jia Zhou
- Department of Immunology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Di Ma
- Department of Immunology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Xiao Lu
- Department of Immunology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Siqi Ming
- Department of Immunology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Guiqiu Shan
- Department of Immunology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Guangzhou General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command, Guangzhou 510010, China
| | - Xiaoyong Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology Unit, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Jinlin Hou
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology Unit, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Zhengliang Chen
- Department of Immunology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Daming Zuo
- Department of Immunology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Han Y, Ling MT, Mao H, Zheng J, Liu M, Lam KT, Liu Y, Tu W, Lau YL. Influenza virus-induced lung inflammation was modulated by cigarette smoke exposure in mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86166. [PMID: 24465940 PMCID: PMC3897646 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Although smokers have increased susceptibility and severity of seasonal influenza virus infection, there is no report about the risk of 2009 pandemic H1N1 (pdmH1N1) or avian H9N2 (H9N2/G1) virus infection in smokers. In our study, we used mouse model to investigate the effect of cigarette smoke on pdmH1N1 or H9N2 virus infection. Mice were exposed to cigarette smoke for 21 days and then infected with pdmH1N1 or H9N2 virus. Control mice were exposed to air in parallel. We found that cigarette smoke exposure alone significantly upregulated the lung inflammation. Such prior cigarette smoke exposure significantly reduced the disease severity of subsequent pdmH1N1 or H9N2 virus infection. For pdmH1N1 infection, cigarette smoke exposed mice had significantly lower mortality than the control mice, possibly due to the significantly decreased production of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Similarly, after H9N2 infection, cigarette smoke exposed mice displayed significantly less weight loss, which might be attributed to lower cytokines and chemokines production, less macrophages, neutrophils, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells infiltration and reduced lung damage compared to the control mice. To further investigate the underlying mechanism, we used nicotine to mimic the effect of cigarette smoke both in vitro and in vivo. Pre-treating the primary human macrophages with nicotine for 72 h significantly decreased their expression of cytokines and chemokines after pdmH1N1 or H9N2 infection. The mice subcutaneously and continuously treated with nicotine displayed significantly less weight loss and lower inflammatory response than the control mice upon pdmH1N1 or H9N2 infection. Moreover, α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor knockout mice had more body weight loss than wild-type mice after cigarette smoke exposure and H9N2 infection. Our study provided the first evidence that the pathogenicity of both pdmH1N1 and H9N2 viruses was alleviated in cigarette smoke exposed mice, which might partially be attributed to the immunosuppressive effect of nicotine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Han
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Man To Ling
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Huawei Mao
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Zheng
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical College, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Kwok Tai Lam
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenwei Tu
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail: (Y. Lau); (WT)
| | - Yu-Lung Lau
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail: (Y. Lau); (WT)
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Takahashi K, Moyo P, Chigweshe L, Chang WC, White MR, Hartshorn KL. Efficacy of recombinant chimeric lectins, consisting of mannose binding lectin and L-ficolin, against influenza A viral infection in mouse model study. Virus Res 2013; 178:495-501. [PMID: 24140629 PMCID: PMC3885334 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2013.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Revised: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Influenza A virus infection could result in fatal complications. Although immunization is the most effective prevention it is not effective to pandemic infection and is less effective or not approved for certain age groups. Some influenza virus strains have developed resistance to antiviral agents. Thus, new therapeutic agents are urgently needed. We focused on innate immune molecules, including mannose-binding lectin (MBL). In order to optimize its antiviral activities, we have previously generated three recombinant chimeric lectins (RCL), by introducing portions of L-ficolin, another innate immune lectin. Our in vitro characterizations previously selected RCL2 and RCL3 for further investigations against viruses, including influenza viruses. Here, we examined efficacy of these lectins against infection with PR8 (H1N1) influenza A virus using mouse model studies and a human tracheal epithelial cell system. Our results provide in vivo evidence that RCL3 is effective agent against influenza virus infection. The therapeutic mechanisms are in part by providing host protective responses mediated by cytokines. We conclude that RCL3 is a potential new innate immune anti-influenza virus therapeutic agent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazue Takahashi
- Program of Developmental Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Tripathi S, White MR, Hartshorn KL. The amazing innate immune response to influenza A virus infection. Innate Immun 2013; 21:73-98. [PMID: 24217220 DOI: 10.1177/1753425913508992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAVs) remain a major health threat and a prime example of the significance of innate immunity. Our understanding of innate immunity to IAV has grown dramatically, yielding new concepts that change the way we view innate immunity as a whole. Examples include the role of p53, autophagy, microRNA, innate lymphocytes, endothelial cells and gut commensal bacteria in pulmonary innate immunity. Although the innate response is largely beneficial, it also contributes to major complications of IAV, including lung injury, bacterial super-infection and exacerbation of reactive airways disease. Research is beginning to dissect out which components of the innate response are helpful or harmful. IAV uses its limited genetic complement to maximum effect. Several viral proteins are dedicated to combating innate responses, while other viral structural or replication proteins multitask as host immune modulators. Many host innate immune proteins also multitask, having roles in cell cycle, signaling or normal lung biology. We summarize the plethora of new findings and attempt to integrate them into the larger picture of how humans have adapted to the threat posed by this remarkable virus. We explore how our expanded knowledge suggests ways to modulate helpful and harmful inflammatory responses, and develop novel treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Tripathi
- Boston University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mitchell R White
- Boston University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kevan L Hartshorn
- Boston University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
The role of mannose-binding lectin in severe sepsis and septic shock. Mediators Inflamm 2013; 2013:625803. [PMID: 24223476 PMCID: PMC3808714 DOI: 10.1155/2013/625803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe sepsis and septic shock are a primary cause of death in patients in intensive care unit (ICU). Investigations upon genetic susceptibility profile to systemic complications during severe infections are a field of increasing scientific interest. Particularly when adaptive immune system is compromised or immature, innate immunity plays a key role in the immediate defense against invasive pathogens. Mannose-binding lectin (MBL) is a serum protein that recognizes a wide range of pathogenic microorganisms and activates complement cascade via the antibody-independent pathway. More than 30% of humans harbor mutations in MBL gene (MBL2) resulting in reduced plasmatic levels and activity. Increased risk of infection acquisition has been largely documented in MBL-deficient patients, but the real impact of this form of innate immunosuppression upon clinical outcome is not clear. In critically ill patients higher incidence and worse prognosis of severe sepsis/septic shock appear to be associated with low-producers haplotypes. However an excess of MBL activation might be also harmful due to the possibility of an unbalanced proinflammatory response and an additional host injury. Strategies of replacement therapies in critically ill patients with severe infections are under investigation but still far to be applied in clinical practice.
Collapse
|
37
|
Sun S, Zhao G, Liu C, Wu X, Guo Y, Yu H, Song H, Du L, Jiang S, Guo R, Tomlinson S, Zhou Y. Inhibition of complement activation alleviates acute lung injury induced by highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus infection. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2013; 49:221-30. [PMID: 23526211 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2012-0428oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The acute lung injury (ALI) that occurs after the highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus infection is associated with an abnormal host innate immune response. Because the complement system plays a central role in innate immunity and because aberrant complement activation is associated with a variety of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, we investigated the complement involvement in the pathogenesis of ALI induced by H5N1 virus infection. We showed that ALI in H5N1-infected mice was caused by excessive complement activation, as demonstrated by deposition of C3, C5b-9, and mannose-binding lectin (MBL)-C in lung tissue, and by up-regulation of MBL-associated serine protease-2 and the complement receptors C3aR and C5aR. Treatment of H5N1-infected mice with a C3aR antagonist led to significantly reduced inflammation in lungs, alleviating ALI. Furthermore, complement inhibition with an anti-C5a antibody or complement depletion with cobra venom factor after H5N1 challenge resulted in a similar level of protection to that seen in C3aR antagonist-treated mice. These results indicate that excessive complement activation plays an important role in mediating H5N1-induced ALI and that inhibition of complement may be an effective clinical intervention and adjunctive treatment for H5N1-induced ALI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shihui Sun
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Brudner M, Karpel M, Lear C, Chen L, Yantosca LM, Scully C, Sarraju A, Sokolovska A, Zariffard MR, Eisen DP, Mungall BA, Kotton DN, Omari A, Huang IC, Farzan M, Takahashi K, Stuart L, Stahl GL, Ezekowitz AB, Spear GT, Olinger GG, Schmidt EV, Michelow IC. Lectin-dependent enhancement of Ebola virus infection via soluble and transmembrane C-type lectin receptors. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60838. [PMID: 23573288 PMCID: PMC3614905 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Mannose-binding lectin (MBL) is a key soluble effector of the innate immune system that recognizes pathogen-specific surface glycans. Surprisingly, low-producing MBL genetic variants that may predispose children and immunocompromised individuals to infectious diseases are more common than would be expected in human populations. Since certain immune defense molecules, such as immunoglobulins, can be exploited by invasive pathogens, we hypothesized that MBL might also enhance infections in some circumstances. Consequently, the low and intermediate MBL levels commonly found in human populations might be the result of balancing selection. Using model infection systems with pseudotyped and authentic glycosylated viruses, we demonstrated that MBL indeed enhances infection of Ebola, Hendra, Nipah and West Nile viruses in low complement conditions. Mechanistic studies with Ebola virus (EBOV) glycoprotein pseudotyped lentiviruses confirmed that MBL binds to N-linked glycan epitopes on viral surfaces in a specific manner via the MBL carbohydrate recognition domain, which is necessary for enhanced infection. MBL mediates lipid-raft-dependent macropinocytosis of EBOV via a pathway that appears to require less actin or early endosomal processing compared with the filovirus canonical endocytic pathway. Using a validated RNA interference screen, we identified C1QBP (gC1qR) as a candidate surface receptor that mediates MBL-dependent enhancement of EBOV infection. We also identified dectin-2 (CLEC6A) as a potentially novel candidate attachment factor for EBOV. Our findings support the concept of an innate immune haplotype that represents critical interactions between MBL and complement component C4 genes and that may modify susceptibility or resistance to certain glycosylated pathogens. Therefore, higher levels of native or exogenous MBL could be deleterious in the setting of relative hypocomplementemia which can occur genetically or because of immunodepletion during active infections. Our findings confirm our hypothesis that the pressure of infectious diseases may have contributed in part to evolutionary selection of MBL mutant haplotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Brudner
- Programs of Developmental Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Marshall Karpel
- Programs of Developmental Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Calli Lear
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Li Chen
- Programs of Developmental Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - L. Michael Yantosca
- Programs of Developmental Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Corinne Scully
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ashish Sarraju
- Programs of Developmental Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Anna Sokolovska
- Programs of Developmental Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - M. Reza Zariffard
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Damon P. Eisen
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bruce A. Mungall
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Livestock Industries, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Darrell N. Kotton
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Amel Omari
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - I-Chueh Huang
- New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Michael Farzan
- New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kazue Takahashi
- Programs of Developmental Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Lynda Stuart
- Programs of Developmental Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Gregory L. Stahl
- CETRI, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Alan B. Ezekowitz
- Programs of Developmental Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Gregory T. Spear
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Gene G. Olinger
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Emmett V. Schmidt
- Programs of Developmental Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (EVS); (ICM)
| | - Ian C. Michelow
- Programs of Developmental Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (EVS); (ICM)
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Abstract
Influenza has a long history of causing morbidity and mortality in the human population through routine seasonal spread and global pandemics. The high mutation rate of the RNA genome of the influenza virus, combined with assortment of its multiple genomic segments, promote antigenic diversity and new subtypes, allowing the virus to evade vaccines and become resistant to antiviral drugs. There is thus a continuing need for new anti-influenza therapy using novel targets and creative strategies. In this review, we summarize prospective future therapeutic regimens based on recent molecular and genomic discoveries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sailen Barik
- Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Disease, Cleveland State University, 2351 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44115, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Soluble host defense lectins in innate immunity to influenza virus. J Biomed Biotechnol 2012; 2012:732191. [PMID: 22665991 PMCID: PMC3362216 DOI: 10.1155/2012/732191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Host defenses against viral infections depend on a complex interplay of innate (nonspecific) and adaptive (specific) components. In the early stages of infection, innate mechanisms represent the main line of host defense, acting to limit the spread of virus in host tissues prior to the induction of the adaptive immune response. Serum and lung fluids contain a range of lectins capable of recognizing and destroying influenza A viruses (IAV). Herein, we review the mechanisms by which soluble endogenous lectins mediate anti-IAV activity, including their role in modulating IAV-induced inflammation and disease and their potential as prophylactic and/or therapeutic treatments during severe IAV-induced disease.
Collapse
|
41
|
van Riel D, Kuiken T. The role of cell tropism for the pathogenesis of influenza in humans. Future Virol 2012. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl.12.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Seasonal, pandemic and avian influenza viruses are able to infect humans, but the disease outcome often differs, ranging from mild upper respiratory tract disease to fatal pneumonia. The cell tropism of influenza viruses is thought to be an important determinant of these factors. Therefore, this review focuses on the factors that, together, determine the cell tropism of influenza viruses. These include: the receptor specificity of the viral hemagglutinin and the distribution of these receptors in the respiratory tract; the presence of inhibitory factors in the fluid lining the respiratory mucosa; and the requirement for host cell proteases that can cleave the precursor hemagglutinin of influenza viruses. Finally, we will discuss how the route of inoculation influences the cell types infected by influenza viruses and associated pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Debby van Riel
- Department of Virology, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thijs Kuiken
- Department of Virology, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|