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Biswas PS. Vaccine-Induced Immunological Memory in Invasive Fungal Infections - A Dream so Close yet so Far. Front Immunol 2021; 12:671068. [PMID: 33968079 PMCID: PMC8096976 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.671068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The invasive fungal infections (IFIs) are a major cause of mortality due to infectious disease worldwide. Majority of the IFIs are caused by opportunistic fungi including Candida, Aspergillus and Cryptococcus species. Lack of approved antifungal vaccines and the emergence of antifungal drug-resistant strains pose major constraints in controlling IFIs. A comprehensive understanding of the host immune response is required to develop novel fungal vaccines to prevent death from IFIs. In this review, we have discussed the challenges associated with the development of antifungal vaccines. We mentioned how host-pathogen interactions shape immunological memory and development of long-term protective immunity to IFIs. Furthermore, we underscored the contribution of long-lived innate and adaptive memory cells in protection against IFIs and summarized the current vaccine strategies.
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2
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Immune defence to invasive fungal infections: A comprehensive review. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 130:110550. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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3
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Chellappan DK, Yee LW, Xuan KY, Kunalan K, Rou LC, Jean LS, Ying LY, Wie LX, Chellian J, Mehta M, Satija S, Singh SK, Gulati M, Dureja H, Da Silva MW, Tambuwala MM, Gupta G, Paudel KR, Wadhwa R, Hansbro PM, Dua K. Targeting neutrophils using novel drug delivery systems in chronic respiratory diseases. Drug Dev Res 2020; 81:419-436. [PMID: 32048757 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils are essential effector cells of immune system for clearing the extracellular pathogens during inflammation and immune reactions. Neutrophils play a major role in chronic respiratory diseases. In respiratory diseases such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cystic fibrosis, lung cancer and others, there occurs extreme infiltration and activation of neutrophils followed by a cascade of events like oxidative stress and dysregulated cellular proteins that eventually result in apoptosis and tissue damage. Dysregulation of neutrophil effector functions including delayed neutropil apoptosis, increased neutrophil extracellular traps in the pathogenesis of asthma, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease enable neutrophils as a potential therapeutic target. Accounting to their role in pathogenesis, neutrophils present as an excellent therapeutic target for the treatment of chronic respiratory diseases. This review highlights the current status and the emerging trends in novel drug delivery systems such as nanoparticles, liposomes, microspheres, and other newer nanosystems that can target neutrophils and their molecular pathways, in the airways against infections, inflammation, and cancer. These drug delivery systems are promising in providing sustained drug delivery, reduced therapeutic dose, improved patient compliance, and reduced drug toxicity. In addition, the review also discusses emerging strategies and the future perspectives in neutrophil-based therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh K Chellappan
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Lim W Yee
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kong Y Xuan
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kishen Kunalan
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Lim C Rou
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Leong S Jean
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Lee Y Ying
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Lee X Wie
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jestin Chellian
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Meenu Mehta
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Saurabh Satija
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Sachin K Singh
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Monica Gulati
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Harish Dureja
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharishi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Mateus Webba Da Silva
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ulster University, County Londonderry, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Murtaza M Tambuwala
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ulster University, County Londonderry, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Gaurav Gupta
- School of Phamacy, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Jaipur, India
| | - Keshav R Paudel
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ridhima Wadhwa
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Philip M Hansbro
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute (HMRI) & School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kamal Dua
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, Australia.,Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute (HMRI) & School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
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4
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Torres-Acosta MA, Harrison RP, Csaszar E, Rito-Palomares M, Brunck MEG. Ex vivo Manufactured Neutrophils for Treatment of Neutropenia-A Process Economic Evaluation. Front Med (Lausanne) 2019; 6:21. [PMID: 30881955 PMCID: PMC6405517 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2019.00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutropenia is a common side-effect of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) chemotherapy characterized by a critical drop in neutrophil blood concentration. Neutropenic patients are prone to infections, experience poorer clinical outcomes, and require expensive medical care. Although transfusions of donor neutrophils are a logical solution to neutropenia, this approach has not gained clinical traction, primarily due to challenges associated with obtaining sufficiently large numbers of neutrophils from donors whilst logistically managing their extremely short shelf-life. A protocol has been developed that produces clinical-scale quantities of neutrophils from hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPC) in 10 L single-use bioreactors (1). This strategy could be used to mass produce neutrophils and generate sufficient cell numbers to allow decisive clinical trials of neutrophil transfusion. We present a bioprocess model for neutrophil production at relevant clinical-scale. We evaluated two production scenarios, and the impact on cost of goods (COG) of multiple model parameters including cell yield, materials costs, and process duration. The most significant contributors to cost were consumables and raw materials, including the cost of procuring HSPC-containing umbilical cord blood. The model indicates that the most cost-efficient culture volume (batch size) is ~100 L in a single bioreactor. This study serves as a framework for decision-making and optimization strategies when contemplating the production of clinical quantities of cells for allogeneic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Richard P Harrison
- Centre for Biological Engineering, Holywell Park, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom.,Wolfson Centre for Stem Cells, Tissue Engineering and Modelling (STEM), School of Medicine, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth Csaszar
- Centre for Commercialization of Regenerative Medicine, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Marco Rito-Palomares
- Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Marion E G Brunck
- Centro de Biotecnología FEMSA, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Mexico
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5
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Feldman MB, Vyas JM, Mansour MK. It takes a village: Phagocytes play a central role in fungal immunity. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2018; 89:16-23. [PMID: 29727727 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2018.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Phagocytosis is an essential step in the innate immune response to invasive fungal infections. This process is carried out by a proverbial "village" of professional phagocytic cells, which have evolved efficient machinery to recognize and ingest pathogens, namely macrophages, neutrophils and dendritic cells. These innate immune cells drive early cytokine production, fungicidal activity, antigen presentation and activation of the adaptive immune system. Despite the development of antifungal agents with potent activity, the biological activity of professional phagocytic innate immune cells has proven indispensable in protecting a host from invasive fungal infections. Additionally, an emerging body of evidence suggests non-professional phagocytes, such as airway epithelial cells, carry out phagocytosis and may play a critical role in the elimination of fungal pathogens. Here, we review recent advances of phagocytosis by both professional and non-professional phagocytes in response to fungal pathogens, with a focus on invasive aspergillosis as a model disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Feldman
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jatin M Vyas
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114 USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Michael K Mansour
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114 USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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6
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Baistrocchi SR, Lee MJ, Lehoux M, Ralph B, Snarr BD, Robitaille R, Sheppard DC. Posaconazole-Loaded Leukocytes as a Novel Treatment Strategy Targeting Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis. J Infect Dis 2017; 215:1734-1741. [PMID: 27799353 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiw513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Impaired delivery of antifungals to hyphae within necrotic lesions is thought to contribute to therapeutic failure in invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA). We hypothesized that transfusion of leukocytes loaded ex vivo with the lipophilic antifungal posaconazole could improve delivery of antifungals to the sites of established infection and improve outcome in experimental IPA. Methods The HL-60 leukemia cell line was differentiated to a neutrophil-like phenotype (differentiated HL-60 [dHL-60] cells) and then exposed to a range of posaconazole concentrations. The functional capacity and antifungal activity of these cells were assessed in vitro and in a mouse model of IPA. Results Posaconazole levels in dHL-60 cells were 265-fold greater than the exposure concentration. Posaconazole-loaded cells were viable and maintained their capacity to undergo active chemotaxis. Contact-dependent transfer of posaconazole from dHL-60 cells to hyphae was observed in vitro, resulting in decreased fungal viability. In a neutropenic mouse model of IPA, treatment with posaconazole-loaded dHL-60 cells resulted in significantly reduced fungal burden in comparison to treatment with dHL-60 cells alone. Conclusions Posaconazole accumulates at high concentrations in dHL-60 cells and increases their antifungal activity in vitro and in vivo. These findings suggest that posaconazole-loading of leukocytes may hold promise for the therapy of IPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane R Baistrocchi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University.,Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre
| | - Mark J Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University.,Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre
| | - Melanie Lehoux
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University.,Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre
| | - Benjamin Ralph
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University.,Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre
| | - Brendan D Snarr
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University.,Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre
| | - Robert Robitaille
- Biochemistry Division, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, CIUSSS Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Donald C Sheppard
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University.,Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre
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7
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Macromolecular Conjugate and Biological Carrier Approaches for the Targeted Delivery of Antibiotics. Antibiotics (Basel) 2017; 6:antibiotics6030014. [PMID: 28677631 PMCID: PMC5617978 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics6030014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 06/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
For the past few decades, the rapid rise of antibiotic multidrug-resistance has presented a palpable threat to human health worldwide. Meanwhile, the number of novel antibiotics released to the market has been steadily declining. Therefore, it is imperative that we utilize innovative approaches for the development of antimicrobial therapies. This article will explore alternative strategies, namely drug conjugates and biological carriers for the targeted delivery of antibiotics, which are often eclipsed by their nanomedicine-based counterparts. A variety of macromolecules have been investigated as conjugate carriers, but only those most widely studied in the field of infectious diseases (e.g., proteins, peptides, antibodies) will be discussed in detail. For the latter group, blood cells, especially erythrocytes, have been successfully tested as homing carriers of antimicrobial agents. Bacteriophages have also been studied as a candidate for similar functions. Once these alternative strategies receive the amount of research interest and resources that would more accurately reflect their latent applicability, they will inevitably prove valuable in the perennial fight against antibiotic resistance.
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8
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Pérez-Torrado R, Querol A. Opportunistic Strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae: A Potential Risk Sold in Food Products. Front Microbiol 2016; 6:1522. [PMID: 26779173 PMCID: PMC4705302 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, fungal infections have emerged as an important health problem associated with more people who present deficiencies in the immune system, such as HIV or transplanted patients. Saccharomyces cerevisiae is one of the emerging fungal pathogens with a unique characteristic: its presence in many food products. S. cerevisiae has an impeccably good food safety record compared to other microorganisms like virus, bacteria and some filamentous fungi. However, humans unknowingly and inadvertently ingest large viable populations of S. cerevisiae (home-brewed beer or dietary supplements that contain yeast). In the last few years, researchers have studied the nature of S. cerevisiae strains and the molecular mechanisms related to infections. Here we review the last advance made in this emerging pathogen and we discuss the implication of using this species in food products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Pérez-Torrado
- Food Biotechnology Department, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de los Alimentos - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Valencia, Spain
| | - Amparo Querol
- Food Biotechnology Department, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de los Alimentos - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Valencia, Spain
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9
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Grguric-Smith LM, Lee HH, Gandhi JA, Brennan MB, DeLeon-Rodriguez CM, Coelho C, Han G, Martinez LR. Neutropenia exacerbates infection by Acinetobacter baumannii clinical isolates in a murine wound model. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:1134. [PMID: 26528277 PMCID: PMC4607880 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The Gram negative coccobacillus Acinetobacter baumannii has become an increasingly prevalent cause of hospital-acquired infections in recent years. The majority of clinical A. baumannii isolates display high-level resistance to antimicrobials, which severely compromises our capacity to care for patients with A. baumannii disease. Neutrophils are of major importance in the host defense against microbial infections. However, the contribution of these cells of innate immunity in host resistance to cutaneous A. baumannii infection has not been directly investigated. Hence, we hypothesized that depletion of neutrophils increases severity of bacterial disease in an experimental A. baumannii murine wound model. In this study, the Ly-6G-specific monoclonal antibody (mAb), 1A8, was used to generate neutropenic mice and the pathogenesis of several A. baumannii clinical isolates on wounded cutaneous tissue was investigated. We demonstrated that neutrophil depletion enhances bacterial burden using colony forming unit determinations. Also, mAb 1A8 reduces global measurements of wound healing in A. baumannii-infected animals. Interestingly, histological analysis of cutaneous tissue excised from A. baumannii-infected animals treated with mAb 1A8 displays enhanced collagen deposition. Furthermore, neutropenia and A. baumannii infection alter pro-inflammatory cytokine release leading to severe microbial disease. Our findings provide a better understanding of the impact of these innate immune cells in controlling A. baumannii skin infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hiu H Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Long Island University-Post Brookville, NY, USA ; Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, New York Institute of Technology Old Westbury, NY, USA
| | - Jay A Gandhi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Long Island University-Post Brookville, NY, USA
| | - Melissa B Brennan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Long Island University-Post Brookville, NY, USA
| | | | - Carolina Coelho
- Centre for Molecular & Cellular Biology of Inflammation, Kings College London, UK
| | - George Han
- Montefiore Medical Center, Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Luis R Martinez
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, New York Institute of Technology Old Westbury, NY, USA
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10
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Pérez-Torrado R, Llopis S, Perrone B, Gómez-Pastor R, Hube B, Querol A. Comparative genomic analysis reveals a critical role of de novo nucleotide biosynthesis for Saccharomyces cerevisiae virulence. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122382. [PMID: 25816288 PMCID: PMC4376706 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the number of human infection cases produced by the food related species Saccharomyces cerevisiae has increased. Whereas many strains of this species are considered safe, other 'opportunistic' strains show a high degree of potential virulence attributes and can cause infections in immunocompromised patients. Here we studied the genetic characteristics of selected opportunistic strains isolated from dietary supplements and also from patients by array comparative genomic hybridization. Our results show increased copy numbers of IMD genes in opportunistic strains, which are implicated in the de novo biosynthesis of the purine nucleotides pathway. The importance of this pathway for virulence of S. cerevisiae was confirmed by infections in immunodeficient murine models using a GUA1 mutant, a key gene of this pathway. We show that exogenous guanine, an end product of this pathway in its triphosphorylated form, increases the survival of yeast strains in ex vivo blood infections. Finally, we show the importance of the DNA damage response that activates dNTP biosynthesis in yeast cells during ex vivo blood infections. We conclude that opportunistic yeasts may use an enhanced de novo biosynthesis of the purine nucleotides pathway to increase survival and favor infections in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Silvia Llopis
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de los Alimentos, CSIC, Valencia, Spain
| | - Benedetta Perrone
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de los Alimentos, CSIC, Valencia, Spain
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences Microbiology and Food Technologies Unit University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Rocío Gómez-Pastor
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de los Alimentos, CSIC, Valencia, Spain
| | - Bernhard Hube
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans-Knoell-Institute (HKI), Jena, Germany
- Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Amparo Querol
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de los Alimentos, CSIC, Valencia, Spain
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