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Bhattacharjee A, Sahoo OS, Sarkar A, Bhattacharya S, Chowdhury R, Kar S, Mukherjee O. Infiltration to infection: key virulence players of Helicobacter pylori pathogenicity. Infection 2024; 52:345-384. [PMID: 38270780 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-023-02159-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aims to comprehensively review the multifaceted factors underlying the successful colonization and infection process of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), a prominent Gram-negative pathogen in humans. The focus is on elucidating the functions, mechanisms, genetic regulation, and potential cross-interactions of these elements. METHODS Employing a literature review approach, this study examines the intricate interactions between H. pylori and its host. It delves into virulence factors like VacA, CagA, DupA, Urease, along with phase variable genes, such as babA, babC, hopZ, etc., giving insights about the bacterial perspective of the infection The association of these factors with the infection has also been added in the form of statistical data via Funnel and Forest plots, citing the potential of the virulence and also adding an aspect of geographical biasness to the virulence factors. The biochemical characteristics and clinical relevance of these factors and their effects on host cells are individually examined, both comprehensively and statistically. RESULTS H. pylori is a Gram-negative, spiral bacterium that successfully colonises the stomach of more than half of the world's population, causing peptic ulcers, gastric cancer, MALT lymphoma, and other gastro-duodenal disorders. The clinical outcomes of H. pylori infection are influenced by a complex interplay between virulence factors and phase variable genes produced by the infecting strain and the host genetic background. A meta-analysis of the prevalence of all the major virulence factors has also been appended. CONCLUSION This study illuminates the diverse elements contributing to H. pylori's colonization and infection. The interplay between virulence factors, phase variable genes, and host genetics determines the outcome of the infection. Despite biochemical insights into many factors, their comprehensive regulation remains an understudied area. By offering a panoramic view of these factors and their functions, this study enhances understanding of the bacterium's perspective, i.e. H. pylori's journey from infiltration to successful establishment within the host's stomach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arghyadeep Bhattacharjee
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, Durgapur, West Bengal, 713209, India
- Department of Microbiology, Kingston College of Science, Beruanpukuria, Barasat, West Bengal, 700219, India
| | - Om Saswat Sahoo
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, Durgapur, West Bengal, 713209, India
| | - Ahana Sarkar
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, Durgapur, West Bengal, 713209, India
| | - Saurabh Bhattacharya
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O.B. 12272, 9112001, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Rukhsana Chowdhury
- School of Biological Sciences, RKM Vivekananda Educational and Research Institute Narendrapur, Kolkata, India
| | - Samarjit Kar
- Department of Mathematics, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, Durgapur, West Bengal, 713209, India
| | - Oindrilla Mukherjee
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, Durgapur, West Bengal, 713209, India.
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Mahmoudzadeh-Sagheb A, Panahi M, Jami S, Moudi B, Mahmoudzadeh-Sagheb H, Heidari Z. Survivin as a potential biomarker for early diagnosis of the progression of precancerous lesions to gastric cancer. Int J Biol Markers 2024; 39:52-58. [PMID: 38055975 DOI: 10.1177/03936155231217268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastric cancer is a common cancer developed in a carcinogenesis process from precancerous lesions including chronic gastritis, intestinal metaplasia, and dysplasia. Survivin, an inhibitor-of-apoptosis protein, is associated with the initiation and progression of gastric cancer. The present study aimed to evaluate the immunohistochemical expression patterns of survivin and its relationship with early diagnosis of gastric cancer in Iranian patients. METHODS In this retrospective case-control study, immunoexpression of survivin was investigated on sections obtained from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue blocks of 38 chronic gastritis, 32 intestinal metaplasia, 20 dysplasia, 28 gastric adenocarcinoma, and 22 controls. RESULTS Survivin immunoexpression in chronic gastritis was higher than controls, but this difference was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). However, survivin immunoexpression had a steady significant increase from control and chronic gastritis to intestinal metaplasia to dysplasia to gastric adenocarcinoma (P < 0.05). Sensitivity, specificity, and area under the curve of survivin immunohistochemical test for the diagnosis of gastric cancer were 87.5%, 74.4%, and 0.85, respectively. Males had a significantly higher survivin expression than females (P < 0.001). Also, survivin expression was significantly higher in older patients than in younger ones (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION It seems that the steady increase in survivin expression from different precancerous lesions to gastric adenocarcinoma suggests that survivin can be used as a potential biomarker for the prevention and early diagnosis of gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mehran Panahi
- Department of Histology, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Setareh Jami
- Department of Histology, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Bita Moudi
- Department of Histology, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Research Institute of Cellular and Molecular Sciences in Infectious Diseases, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Hamidreza Mahmoudzadeh-Sagheb
- Department of Histology, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Research Institute of Cellular and Molecular Sciences in Infectious Diseases, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Zahra Heidari
- Department of Histology, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Research Institute of Cellular and Molecular Sciences in Infectious Diseases, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
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Yang S, Hao S, Ye H, Zhang X. Cross-talk between Helicobacter pylori and gastric cancer: a scientometric analysis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1353094. [PMID: 38357448 PMCID: PMC10864449 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1353094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Helicobacter pylori (HP) is considered a leading risk factor for gastric cancer (GC). The aim of this article is to conduct bibliometric and visual analysis to assess scientific output, identify highly cited papers, summarize current knowledge, and explore recent hotspots and trends in HP/GC research. Methods A bibliographic search was conducted on October 24, 2023, to retrieve relevant studies on HP/GC research between 2003 and 2022. The search terms were attached to HP and GC. The main data were from the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC). Data visualization was performed using Biblioshiny, VOSviewer, and Microsoft Excel. Results In HP/GC research, 1970 papers were retrieved. The total number of papers (Np) in HP/GC was growing from 2003 to 2022. China and Japan were in the leading position and made the most contributions to HP/GC. Vanderbilt University and the US Department of Veterans Affairs had the highest Np. The most productive authors were Peek Jr Richard M. and Piazuelo M Blanca. Helicobacter received the most Np, while Gastroenterology had the most total citations (TC). High-cited publications and keyword clustering were used to identify the current status and trends in HP/GC research, while historical citation analysis provided insight into the evolution of HP/GC research. The hot topics included the effect of HP on gastric tumorigenesis and progression, the pathogenesis of HP-induced GC (HP factors), and the mechanisms by which HP affects GC (host factors). Research in the coming years could focus on topics such as autophagy, gut microbiota, immunotherapy, exosomes, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT). Conclusion This study evaluated the global scientific output in HP/GC research and its quantitative characteristics, identified the essential works, and collected information on the current status, main focuses and emerging trends in HP/GC research to provide academics with guidance for future paths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Yang
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Shaodong Hao
- Spleen-Stomach Department, Fangshan Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Ye
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xuezhi Zhang
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
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Reyes VE. Helicobacter pylori and Its Role in Gastric Cancer. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1312. [PMID: 37317287 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11051312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer is a challenging public health concern worldwide and remains a leading cause of cancer-related mortality. The primary risk factor implicated in gastric cancer development is infection with Helicobacter pylori. H. pylori induces chronic inflammation affecting the gastric epithelium, which can lead to DNA damage and the promotion of precancerous lesions. Disease manifestations associated with H. pylori are attributed to virulence factors with multiple activities, and its capacity to subvert host immunity. One of the most significant H. pylori virulence determinants is the cagPAI gene cluster, which encodes a type IV secretion system and the CagA toxin. This secretion system allows H. pylori to inject the CagA oncoprotein into host cells, causing multiple cellular perturbations. Despite the high prevalence of H. pylori infection, only a small percentage of affected individuals develop significant clinical outcomes, while most remain asymptomatic. Therefore, understanding how H. pylori triggers carcinogenesis and its immune evasion mechanisms is critical in preventing gastric cancer and mitigating the burden of this life-threatening disease. This review aims to provide an overview of our current understanding of H. pylori infection, its association with gastric cancer and other gastric diseases, and how it subverts the host immune system to establish persistent infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor E Reyes
- Department of Pediatrics and Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX 77555-0372, USA
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Longitudinal associations of serum survivin with the severity and prognosis of community-acquired pneumonia patients. Respir Investig 2023; 61:84-94. [PMID: 36336629 DOI: 10.1016/j.resinv.2022.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Survivin is a member of apoptosis inhibitor proteins that evokes cellular proliferation and inhibits apoptosis. However, the role of survivin in community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) patients remains to be firmly established. The aim of this cohort study was to evaluate the correlations of serum survivin with the severity and prognosis of CAP patients. METHODS This research included 470 eligible CAP patients. Serum fasting samples were drawn from patients, and serum survivin was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Meanwhile, demographic characteristics and clinical information were collected. The prognosis of CAP patients was tracked. RESULTS Serum survivin gradually decreased with elevated CAP severity scores. Additionally, the correlative analysis suggested that serum survivin was associated with many clinical characteristics. Furthermore, mixed linear and logistic regression models indicated that serum survivin was negatively associated with severity. After adjusting for confounding factors, logistic regression analyses found that lower serum survivin on admission elevated the risks of mechanical ventilation, vasoactive agent usage, longer hospital stays, ICU admission, and even death during hospitalization. Serum survivin in combination with CAP severity scores elevated the predictive capacities for severity and death in CAP patients compared with a single indicator. CONCLUSION On admission, there are inverse dose-response associations of serum survivin with severity and poor prognosis in CAP patients, demonstrating that serum survivin may be involved in the pathophysiology process of CAP. Serum survivin may serve as a potential biomarker for disease evaluation and prognosis in CAP patients.
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Gamma-glutamyltransferase of Helicobacter pylori alters the proliferation, migration, and pluripotency of mesenchymal stem cells by affecting metabolism and methylation status. J Microbiol 2022; 60:627-639. [DOI: 10.1007/s12275-022-1575-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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GGT5 Is an Independent Prognostic Biomarker in Stomach Adenocarcinoma. Can J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 2022:9983351. [PMID: 35257007 PMCID: PMC8898138 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9983351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer is one of the cancers with the highest incidence in the world. Gamma-glutamyltransferase 5 (GGT5) is expressed in different cancers and its role in cancers remains unclear. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the value of GGT5 in stomach adenocarcinoma (STAD). In TCGA, patients with high GGT5 expression had poor overall survival (P=0.006). Based on GSE62254, high expression of GGT5 was associated with poor OS (P=0.014) and PFS (P=0.042). The same result was observed in GSE14210. We further discovered that GGT5 expression was associated with stage, grade, and T stage. Further prognostic analysis of GGT5 showed that GGT5 was associated with prognosis in both univariate analysis (P=0.032) and multivariate analysis (P=0.029). We used gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) to explore the possible mechanism of GGT5. GSEA suggests that overexpression of GGT5 may be involved in leukocyte transendothelial migration, JAK-STAT signaling pathway, MAPK signaling pathway, and melanoma. The high-expression GGT5 group had higher concentrations of M2 macrophages, T cell regulators, and monocytes, but the contents of plasma cells and M1 macrophages were higher in the low-expression GGT5 group. The results showed that the ESTIMATEScore, ImmuneScore, and StromalScore of the high-expression GGT5 group were higher than those of the low-expression GGT5 group. PD1 and CTLA4 expression levels were higher in the high-expression GGT5 group. The high-expression GGT5 group may be more effective for immunotherapy. These results suggested that GGT5 could be a potential prognostic molecular predictor in STAD.
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Wang N, Zhou F, Chen C, Luo H, Guo J, Wang W, Yang J, Li L. Role of Outer Membrane Vesicles From Helicobacter pylori in Atherosclerosis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:673993. [PMID: 34790655 PMCID: PMC8591407 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.673993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection is thought to be involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Studies have shown the association between helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) and coronary artery disease. It is interesting to find H. pylori DNA and cytotoxin-associated gene A (CagA) protein in atherosclerotic plaque. Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs), secreted by H. pylori, exert effects in the distant organ or tissue. However, whether or not OMVs from H. pylori are involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis remains unknown. Our present study found that treatment with OMVs from CagA-positive H. pylori accelerated atherosclerosis plaque formation in ApoE–/– mice. H. pylori-derived OMVs inhibited proliferation and promoted apoptosis of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), which was also reflected in in vivo studies. These effects were normalized to some degree after treatment with lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-depleted CagA-positive OMVs or CagA-negative OMVs. Treatment with H. pylori-derived OMVs increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and enhanced the activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) in HUVECs, which were reversed to some degree in the presence of a superoxide dismutase mimetic TEMPOL and a NF-κB inhibitor BAY11-7082. Expressions of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), two inflammatory factors, were augmented after treatment with OMVs from H. pylori. These suggest that H. pylori-derived OMVs accelerate atherosclerosis plaque formation via endothelium injury. CagA and LPS from H. pylori-OMVs, at least in part, participate in these processes, which may be involved with the activation of ROS/NF-κB signaling pathway. These may provide a novel strategy to reduce the incidence and development of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Hypertension Research, Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Chongqing, China
| | - Faying Zhou
- Department of Neurology and Centre for Clinical Neuroscience, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Caiyu Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Hypertension Research, Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Chongqing, China
| | - Hao Luo
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Hypertension Research, Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Chongqing, China
| | - Jingwen Guo
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Hypertension Research, Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Hypertension Research, Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Chongqing, China
| | - Jian Yang
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Liangpeng Li
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Hypertension Research, Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Chongqing, China
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Autophagy induced by H. pylori VacA regulated the survival mechanism of the SGC7901 human gastric cancer cell line. Genes Genomics 2021; 43:1223-1230. [PMID: 34398448 PMCID: PMC8429402 DOI: 10.1007/s13258-021-01151-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Background Vacuolating cytotoxin (VacA) is an important virulence factor of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori). It was previously believed that VacA can trigger the cascade of apoptosis on mitochondria to lead to cell apoptosis. Recently, it was found that VacA can induce autophagy. However, the molecular mechanism by which VacA induces autophagy is largely unknown. Objective We aimed to explore the molecular mechanism of autophagy induced by H. pylori in gastric cancer cells and the effect of autophagy on the survival of gastric cancer cells. Methods The autophagy of human gastric cancer cell line SGC7901 was detected by Western blot and RT-PCR in the treatment of VacA protein of H. pylori. The relationship between autophagy and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the proliferation of gastric cancer cells were studied by gene expression silences (siRNA) and CM-H2DCFDA (DCF) staining. Results The results showed that VacA protein secreted by H. pylori in the supernatant stimulated autophagy in SGC7901 cells. After VacA protein treatment, the mRNA expressions of BECN1, ATG7 and PIK3C3, were up-regulated. ATG7 silencing by siRNA inhibited VacA-induced autophagy. Furthermore, our data demonstrated that VacA protein increased ROS levels. Addition of the antioxidant N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC) suppressed the levels of ROS, leading to inhibition of autophagy. Conclusions H. pylori VacA is a key toxin that induces autophagy by increased ROS levels. And our findings demonstrated that VacA significantly inhibited proliferation in SGC7901 cells.
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Elhosseiny NM, Elhezawy NB, Sayed RM, Khattab MS, El Far MY, Attia AS. γ-Glutamyltransferase as a Novel Virulence Factor of Acinetobacter baumannii Inducing Alveolar Wall Destruction and Renal Damage in Systemic Disease. J Infect Dis 2021; 222:871-879. [PMID: 32421167 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
A thorough understanding of Acinetobacter baumannii pathogenicity is the key to identifying novel drug targets. In the current study, we characterize the γ-glutamyltransferase enzyme (GGT) as a novel virulence factor. A GGT assay showed that the enzyme is secreted via the type II secretion system and results in higher extracellular activity for the hypervirulent AB5075 than the laboratory-adapted strain American Type Culture Collection 17978. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay revealed that the former secretes larger amounts of GGT, and a rifampicin messenger RNA stability study showed that one reason for this could be the longer AB5075 ggt transcript half-life. Infection models confirmed that GGT is required for the virulence of A. baumannii. Finally, we show that clinical isolates with significantly higher extracellular GGT activity resulted in more severe infections, and assay of immune response and tissue damage markers confirm this correlation. The current findings establish for the first time the role of the GGT in the pathogenicity of A. baumannii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noha M Elhosseiny
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nada B Elhezawy
- Clinical Pharmacy Undergraduate Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rehab M Sayed
- Natural Product Research Department, National Center of Radiation Research and Technology, Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Marwa S Khattab
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Miran Y El Far
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahram Canadian University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ahmed S Attia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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Baj J, Forma A, Sitarz M, Portincasa P, Garruti G, Krasowska D, Maciejewski R. Helicobacter pylori Virulence Factors-Mechanisms of Bacterial Pathogenicity in the Gastric Microenvironment. Cells 2020; 10:E27. [PMID: 33375694 PMCID: PMC7824444 DOI: 10.3390/cells10010027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer constitutes one of the most prevalent malignancies in both sexes; it is currently the fourth major cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. The pathogenesis of gastric cancer is associated with the interaction between genetic and environmental factors, among which infection by Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is of major importance. The invasion, survival, colonization, and stimulation of further inflammation within the gastric mucosa are possible due to several evasive mechanisms induced by the virulence factors that are expressed by the bacterium. The knowledge concerning the mechanisms of H. pylori pathogenicity is crucial to ameliorate eradication strategies preventing the possible induction of carcinogenesis. This review highlights the current state of knowledge and the most recent findings regarding H. pylori virulence factors and their relationship with gastric premalignant lesions and further carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Baj
- Department of Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-400 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Alicja Forma
- Chair and Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Monika Sitarz
- Department of Conservative Dentistry with Endodontics, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Piero Portincasa
- Clinica Medica “Augusto Murri”, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy;
| | - Gabriella Garruti
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantations, University of Bari “Aldo Moro” Medical School, Piazza G. Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy;
| | - Danuta Krasowska
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Paediatric Dermatology of Medical University of Lublin, 20-081 Lublin, Poland;
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Sanhueza C, Bennett JC, Valenzuela-Valderrama M, Contreras P, Lobos-González L, Campos A, Wehinger S, Lladser Á, Kiessling R, Leyton L, Quest AF. Caveolin-1-Mediated Tumor Suppression Is Linked to Reduced HIF1α S-Nitrosylation and Transcriptional Activity in Hypoxia. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12092349. [PMID: 32825247 PMCID: PMC7565942 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12092349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Caveolin-1 (CAV1) is a well-established nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, whose function as a tumor suppressor is favored by, but not entirely dependent on, the presence of E-cadherin. Tumors are frequently hypoxic and the activation of the hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF1α) promotes tumor growth. HIF1α is regulated by several post-translational modifications, including S-nitrosylation. Here, we evaluate the mechanisms underlying tumor suppression by CAV1 in cancer cells lacking E-cadherin in hypoxia. Our main findings are that CAV1 reduced HIF activity and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor expression in vitro and in vivo. This effect was neither due to reduced HIF1α protein stability or reduced nuclear translocation. Instead, HIF1α S-nitrosylation observed in hypoxia was diminished by the presence of CAV1, and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibition by Nω-Nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride (L-NAME) reduced HIF1α transcriptional activity in cells to the same extent as observed upon CAV1 expression. Additionally, arginase inhibition by (S)-(2-Boronoethyl)-L-cysteine (BEC) partially rescued cells from the CAV1-mediated suppression of HIF1α transcriptional activity. In vivo, CAV1-mediated tumor suppression was dependent on NOS activity. In summary, CAV1-dependent tumor suppression in the absence of E-cadherin is linked to reduced HIF1α transcriptional activity via diminished NOS-mediated HIF1α S-nitrosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Sanhueza
- Cellular Communication Laboratory, Center for studies on Exercise, Metabolism and Cancer (CEMC), Program of Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile; (C.S.); (J.C.B.); (P.C.); (A.C.); (S.W.); (L.L.)
- Instituto Oncológico Fundación Arturo López Pérez, Santiago 7500921, Chile
| | - Jimena Castillo Bennett
- Cellular Communication Laboratory, Center for studies on Exercise, Metabolism and Cancer (CEMC), Program of Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile; (C.S.); (J.C.B.); (P.C.); (A.C.); (S.W.); (L.L.)
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Santiago 8380000, Chile; (M.V.-V.); (L.L.-G.)
| | - Manuel Valenzuela-Valderrama
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Santiago 8380000, Chile; (M.V.-V.); (L.L.-G.)
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Celular, Instituto de Investigación e Innovación en Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Central de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile
| | - Pamela Contreras
- Cellular Communication Laboratory, Center for studies on Exercise, Metabolism and Cancer (CEMC), Program of Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile; (C.S.); (J.C.B.); (P.C.); (A.C.); (S.W.); (L.L.)
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Santiago 8380000, Chile; (M.V.-V.); (L.L.-G.)
| | - Lorena Lobos-González
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Santiago 8380000, Chile; (M.V.-V.); (L.L.-G.)
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Clínica Alemana Universidad Del Desarrollo, Santiago 7710162, Chile
| | - América Campos
- Cellular Communication Laboratory, Center for studies on Exercise, Metabolism and Cancer (CEMC), Program of Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile; (C.S.); (J.C.B.); (P.C.); (A.C.); (S.W.); (L.L.)
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Santiago 8380000, Chile; (M.V.-V.); (L.L.-G.)
| | - Sergio Wehinger
- Cellular Communication Laboratory, Center for studies on Exercise, Metabolism and Cancer (CEMC), Program of Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile; (C.S.); (J.C.B.); (P.C.); (A.C.); (S.W.); (L.L.)
- Thrombosis Research Center, Medical Technology School, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunohaematology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Excellence Research Program on Healthy Aging (PIEI-ES), Universidad de Talca, Talca 3460000, Chile
| | - Álvaro Lladser
- Laboratory of Immunoncology, Fundación Ciencia & Vida; Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián; Santiago 7780272, Chile;
| | - Rolf Kiessling
- Immune and Gene Therapy Laboratory, Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 17164 Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Lisette Leyton
- Cellular Communication Laboratory, Center for studies on Exercise, Metabolism and Cancer (CEMC), Program of Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile; (C.S.); (J.C.B.); (P.C.); (A.C.); (S.W.); (L.L.)
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Santiago 8380000, Chile; (M.V.-V.); (L.L.-G.)
| | - Andrew F.G. Quest
- Cellular Communication Laboratory, Center for studies on Exercise, Metabolism and Cancer (CEMC), Program of Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile; (C.S.); (J.C.B.); (P.C.); (A.C.); (S.W.); (L.L.)
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Santiago 8380000, Chile; (M.V.-V.); (L.L.-G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +56-2-29786832
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Zhang Y, Feng Q, Zhou S, Chen H. Downregulation of serum survivin correlates with increased inflammation, enhanced disease severity and worse prognosis in sepsis patients. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e20272. [PMID: 32664056 PMCID: PMC7360292 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000020272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the role of survivin in sepsis patients.Serum samples of 288 sepsis patients and 290 healthy individuals (as healthy controls) were collected 24 hours within enrollment. Serum survivin and inflammatory cytokines were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and biochemical indexes were recorded. In sepsis patients, acute pathologic and chronic health evaluation II score and sequential organ failure assessment score were evaluated, and 28-day mortality was recorded.Survivin was greatly decreased in sepsis patients compared to healthy controls (P < .001) and it predicted decreased sepsis risk (area under curve (AUC): 0.921, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.900-0.942). For clinical characteristics of sepsis patients, survivin was negatively correlated with acute pathologic and chronic health evaluation II score (P < .001), score and sequential organ failure assessment score (P < .001), serum creatinine (P < .001), white blood cell (P = .037), C-reactive protein (P < .001), tumor necrosis factor-α (P < .001), interleukin (IL)-1β (P < .001), IL-6 (P < .001), and IL-8 (P < .001), while positively correlated with albumin (P < .001). For prognosis of sepsis patients, survivin was decreased in deaths compared to survivors (P < .001), and it predicted decreased death risk (AUC: 0.625, 95% CI: 0.558-0.692). Meanwhile, accumulating mortality was decreased in survivin high patients compared to survivin low patients (P = .006). However, multivariate logistic regression revealed survivin was not an independent predictive factor for 28-day mortality, indicating it might interact with other independent factors to affect prognosis of sepsis patients.Survivin was decreased in sepsis patients and predicted decreased sepsis risk. Meanwhile, survivin was correlated with declined inflammation, reduced disease severity, and favorable prognosis in sepsis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanmin Zhang
- Emergency Department, HanDan Central Hospital (East), Handan, China
| | - Qiang Feng
- Department of Cardiology, HanDan Central Hospital, Handan, China
| | - Shaoying Zhou
- Emergency Department, HanDan Central Hospital (East), Handan, China
| | - Huimin Chen
- Emergency Department, HanDan Central Hospital (East), Handan, China
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14
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Zarzecka U, Harrer A, Zawilak-Pawlik A, Skorko-Glonek J, Backert S. Chaperone activity of serine protease HtrA of Helicobacter pylori as a crucial survival factor under stress conditions. Cell Commun Signal 2019; 17:161. [PMID: 31796064 PMCID: PMC6892219 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-019-0481-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serine protease HtrA exhibits both proteolytic and chaperone activities, which are involved in cellular protein quality control. Moreover, HtrA is an important virulence factor in many pathogens including Helicobacter pylori, for which the crucial stage of infection is the cleavage of E-cadherin and other cell-to-cell junction proteins. METHODS The in vitro study of H. pylori HtrA (HtrAHp) chaperone activity was carried out using light scattering assays and investigation of lysozyme protein aggregates. We produced H. pylori ∆htrA deletion and HtrAHp point mutants without proteolytic activity in strain N6 and investigated the survival of the bacteria under thermal, osmotic, acidic and general stress conditions as well as the presence of puromycin or metronidazole using serial dilution tests and disk diffusion method. The levels of cellular and secreted proteins were examined using biochemical fraction and Western blotting. We also studied the proteolytic activity of secreted HtrAHp using zymography and the enzymatic digestion of β-casein. Finally, the consequences of E-cadherin cleavage were determined by immunofluorescence microscopy. RESULTS We demonstrate that HtrAHp displays chaperone activity that inhibits the aggregation of lysozyme and is stable under various pH and temperature conditions. Next, we could show that N6 expressing only HtrA chaperone activity grow well under thermal, pH and osmotic stress conditions, and in the presence of puromycin or metronidazole. In contrast, in the absence of the entire htrA gene the bacterium was more sensitive to a number of stresses. Analysing the level of cellular and secreted proteins, we noted that H. pylori lacking the proteolytic activity of HtrA display reduced levels of secreted HtrA. Moreover, we compared the amounts of secreted HtrA from several clinical H. pylori strains and digestion of β-casein. We also demonstrated a significant effect of the HtrAHp variants during infection of human epithelial cells and for E-cadherin cleavage. CONCLUSION Here we identified the chaperone activity of the HtrAHp protein and have proven that this activity is important and sufficient for the survival of H. pylori under multiple stress conditions. We also pinpointed the importance of HtrAHp chaperone activity for E- cadherin degradation and therefore for the virulence of this eminent pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urszula Zarzecka
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.,Department of General and Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Aileen Harrer
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anna Zawilak-Pawlik
- Department of Microbiology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Skorko-Glonek
- Department of General and Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Steffen Backert
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.
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15
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Ansari S, Yamaoka Y. Helicobacter pylori Virulence Factors Exploiting Gastric Colonization and its Pathogenicity. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E677. [PMID: 31752394 PMCID: PMC6891454 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11110677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori colonizes the gastric epithelial cells of at least half of the world's population, and it is the strongest risk factor for developing gastric complications like chronic gastritis, ulcer diseases, and gastric cancer. To successfully colonize and establish a persistent infection, the bacteria must overcome harsh gastric conditions. H. pylori has a well-developed mechanism by which it can survive in a very acidic niche. Despite bacterial factors, gastric environmental factors and host genetic constituents together play a co-operative role for gastric pathogenicity. The virulence factors include bacterial colonization factors BabA, SabA, OipA, and HopQ, and the virulence factors necessary for gastric pathogenicity include the effector proteins like CagA, VacA, HtrA, and the outer membrane vesicles. Bacterial factors are considered more important. Here, we summarize the recent information to better understand several bacterial virulence factors and their role in the pathogenic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamshul Ansari
- Department of Microbiology, Chitwan Medical College and Teaching Hospital, Bharatpur 44200, Chitwan, Nepal;
| | - Yoshio Yamaoka
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Yufu, Oita 879-5593, Japan
- Global Oita Medical Advanced Research Center for Health, Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Yufu, Oita 879-5593, Japan
- Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology Section, Baylor College of Medicine, 2002 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Borneo Medical and Health Research Centre, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabaru, Sabah 88400, Malaysia
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16
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Valenzuela-Valderrama M, Cerda-Opazo P, Backert S, González MF, Carrasco-Véliz N, Jorquera-Cordero C, Wehinger S, Canales J, Bravo D, Quest AFG. The Helicobacter pylori Urease Virulence Factor Is Required for the Induction of Hypoxia-Induced Factor-1α in Gastric Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11060799. [PMID: 31185594 PMCID: PMC6627347 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11060799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic Helicobacter pylori infection increases the risk of gastric cancer and induction of hypoxia-induced factor (HIF), which is frequently associated with the development and progression of several types of cancer. We recently showed that H. pylori activation of the PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway in gastric cells increased HIF-1α expression. Here, we identified the H. pylori virulence factor responsible for HIF-1α induction. A mutant of the H. pylori 84-183 strain was identified with reduced ability to induce HIF-1α. Coomassie blue staining of extracts from these bacteria separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) revealed poor expression of urease subunits that correlated with reduced urease activity. This finding was confirmed in the 26695 strain, where urease mutants were unable to induce HIF-1α expression. Of note, HIF-1α induction was also observed in the presence of the urease inhibitor acetohydroxamic acid at concentrations (of 20 mM) that abrogated urease activity in bacterial culture supernatants, suggesting that enzymatic activity of the urease is not required for HIF-1α induction. Finally, the pre-incubation of the human gastric adenocarcinoma cell line AGS with blocking antibodies against Toll-like receptor-2 (TLR2), but not TLR4, prevented HIF-1α induction. In summary, these results reveal a hitherto unexpected role for the urease protein in HIF-1α induction via TLR2 activation following H. pylori infection of gastric cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Valenzuela-Valderrama
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Celular, Instituto de Innovación e Investigación en Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Central de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile.
- Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Enfermedades Crónicas (ACCDiS), Independencia, Santiago 8380000, Chile.
| | - Paulina Cerda-Opazo
- Laboratorio de Comunicaciones Celulares, Centro de estudios en Ejercicio, Metabolismo y Cáncer (CEMC), Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Independencia, Santiago 8380000, Chile.
| | - Steffen Backert
- Department of Biology, Division of Microbiology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - María Fernanda González
- Laboratorio de Comunicaciones Celulares, Centro de estudios en Ejercicio, Metabolismo y Cáncer (CEMC), Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Independencia, Santiago 8380000, Chile.
| | - Nicolás Carrasco-Véliz
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Celular, Instituto de Innovación e Investigación en Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Central de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile.
| | - Carla Jorquera-Cordero
- Laboratorio de Comunicaciones Celulares, Centro de estudios en Ejercicio, Metabolismo y Cáncer (CEMC), Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Independencia, Santiago 8380000, Chile.
| | - Sergio Wehinger
- Thrombosis Research Center, Medical Technology School, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunohaematology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Excellence Research Program on Healthy Aging (PIEI-ES), Universidad de Talca, Talca 3460000, Chile.
| | - Jimena Canales
- Laboratorio de Comunicaciones Celulares, Centro de estudios en Ejercicio, Metabolismo y Cáncer (CEMC), Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Independencia, Santiago 8380000, Chile.
| | - Denisse Bravo
- Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Enfermedades Crónicas (ACCDiS), Independencia, Santiago 8380000, Chile.
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Oral, Departamento de Patología y Medicina Oral, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de Chile, Independencia, Santiago 8380000, Chile.
| | - Andrew F G Quest
- Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Enfermedades Crónicas (ACCDiS), Independencia, Santiago 8380000, Chile.
- Laboratorio de Comunicaciones Celulares, Centro de estudios en Ejercicio, Metabolismo y Cáncer (CEMC), Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Independencia, Santiago 8380000, Chile.
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17
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Bravo J, Díaz P, Corvalán AH, Quest AFG. A Novel Role for Helicobacter pylori Gamma-Glutamyltranspeptidase in Regulating Autophagy and Bacterial Internalization in Human Gastric Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11060801. [PMID: 31185677 PMCID: PMC6627848 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11060801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The risk of developing gastric cancer is strongly linked to Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection. Alternatively, autophagy is a conserved response that is important in cellular homeostasis and provides protection against bacterial infections. Although H. pylori is typically considered an extracellular bacterium, several reports indicate that it internalizes, possibly to avoid exposure to antibiotics. Mechanisms by which H. pylori manipulates host cell autophagic processes remain unclear and, importantly, none of the available studies consider a role for the secreted H. pylori virulence factor gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (HpGGT) in this context. Here, we identify HpGGT as a novel autophagy inhibitor in gastric cells. Our experiments revealed that deletion of HpGGT increased autophagic flux following H. pylori infection of AGS and GES-1 gastric cells. In AGS cells, HpGGT disrupted the late stages of autophagy by preventing degradation in lysosomes without affecting lysosomal acidification. Specifically, HpGGT impaired autophagic flux by disrupting lysosomal membrane integrity, which leads to a decrease in lysosomal cathepsin B activity. Moreover, HpGGT was necessary for efficient internalization of the bacteria into gastric cells. This important role of HpGGT in internalization together with the ability to inhibit autophagy posits HpGGT as a key virulence factor in the development of gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimena Bravo
- Laboratory of Cellular Communication, Center for the Study of Exercise, Metabolism and Cancer (CEMC), Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile.
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Santiago 8380492, Chile.
| | - Paula Díaz
- Laboratory of Cellular Communication, Center for the Study of Exercise, Metabolism and Cancer (CEMC), Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile.
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Santiago 8380492, Chile.
| | - Alejandro H Corvalán
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Santiago 8380492, Chile.
- Laboratory of Oncology, Department of Hematology and Oncology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330034, Chile.
| | - Andrew F G Quest
- Laboratory of Cellular Communication, Center for the Study of Exercise, Metabolism and Cancer (CEMC), Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile.
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Santiago 8380492, Chile.
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Elhosseiny NM, Elhezawy NB, Attia AS. Comparative proteomics analyses of Acinetobacter baumannii strains ATCC 17978 and AB5075 reveal the differential role of type II secretion system secretomes in lung colonization and ciprofloxacin resistance. Microb Pathog 2019; 128:20-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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19
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Pandey A, Tripathi SC, Shukla S, Mahata S, Vishnoi K, Misra SP, Misra V, Mitra S, Dwivedi M, Bharti AC. Differentially localized survivin and STAT3 as markers of gastric cancer progression: Association with Helicobacter pylori. Cancer Rep (Hoboken) 2018; 1:e1004. [PMID: 32729225 DOI: 10.1002/cnr2.1004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Localization and differential expression of STAT3 and survivin in cancer cells are often related to distinct cellular functions. The involvement of survivin and STAT3 in gastric cancer has been reported in separate studies but without clear understanding of their kinetics in cancer progression. METHODS We examined intracellular distribution of STAT3 and survivin in gastric adenocarcinoma and compared it with normal and precancer tissues using immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Analysis of a total of 156 gastric samples comprising 61 histologically normal, 30 precancerous tissues (comprising intestinal metaplasia and dysplasia), and 65 adenocarcinomas, collected as endoscopic biopsies from treatment naïve study participants, revealed a significant (P < .001) increase in overall protein levels. Survivin expression was detectable in both cytoplasmic (90.8%) and nuclear (87.7%) compartments in gastric adenocarcinomas lesions. Precancerous dysplastic gastric lesions exhibited a moderate survivin expression (56.7%) localized in cytoplasmic compartment. Similarly, STAT3 and pSTAT3 expression was detected at high level in gastric cancer lesions. The levels of compartmentalized expression of survivin and STAT3/pSTAT3 correlated in precancerous and adenocarcinoma lesions. Although overexpression of these proteins was found associated with the tobacco use and alcohol consumption, their expression invariably and strongly correlated with concurrent Helicobacter pylori infection. Receiver operating characteristic analysis of nuclear survivin, STAT3, and pSTAT3 in different study groups showed acceptable positive and negative predictive values with area under the curve above 0.8 (P < .001). CONCLUSION Overall, our results suggest that overall increase in survivin and STAT3 and their subcellular localization are key determinants of gastric cancer progression, which can be collectively used as potential disease biomarkers and therapeutic targets for gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvind Pandey
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas, USA.,Division of Molecular Oncology, National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research (ICMR), Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | | | - Shirish Shukla
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Sutapa Mahata
- Division of Molecular Oncology, National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research (ICMR), Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India.,Division of Pathology and Cancer Screening, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, Kolkata, India
| | - Kanchan Vishnoi
- Division of Molecular Oncology, National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research (ICMR), Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India.,Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Sri Prakash Misra
- Department of Gastroenterology, Moti Lal Nehru Medical College, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vatsala Misra
- Department of Pathology, Moti Lal Nehru Medical College, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sankar Mitra
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Manisha Dwivedi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Moti Lal Nehru Medical College, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Alok C Bharti
- Division of Molecular Oncology, National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research (ICMR), Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India.,Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
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20
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Cerda-Opazo P, Valenzuela-Valderrama M, Wichmann I, Rodríguez A, Contreras-Reyes D, Fernández EA, Carrasco-Aviño G, Corvalán AH, Quest AF. Inverse expression of survivin and reprimo correlates with poor patient prognosis in gastric cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 9:12853-12867. [PMID: 29560115 PMCID: PMC5849179 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of the study was to determine the relationship between Survivin and Reprimo transcript/protein expression levels, and gastric cancer outcome. METHODS In silico correlations between an agnostic set of twelve p53-dependent apoptosis and cell-cycle genes were explored in the gastric adenocarcinoma TCGA database, using cBioPortal. Findings were validated by regression analysis of RNAseq data. Separate regression analyses were performed to assess the impact of p53 status on Survivin and Reprimo. Quantitative reverse-transcription PCR (RT-qPCR) and immunohistochemistry confirmed in silico findings on fresh-frozen and paraffin-embedded gastric cancer tissues, respectively. Wild-type (AGS, SNU-1) and mutated p53 (NCI-N87) cell lines transfected with pEGFP-Survivin or pCMV6-Reprimo were evaluated by RT-qPCR and Western blotting. Kaplan-Meier method and Long-Rank test were used to assess differences in patient outcome. RESULTS cBioPortal analysis revealed an inverse correlation between Survivin and Reprimo expression (Pearson's r= -0.3, Spearman's ρ= -0.55). RNAseq analyses confirmed these findings (Spearman's ρ= -0.37, p<4.2e-09) and revealed p53 dependence in linear regression models (p<0.05). mRNA and protein levels validated these observations in clinical samples (p<0.001). In vitro analysis in cell lines demonstrated that increasing Survivin reduced Reprimo, while increasing Reprimo reduced Survivin expression, but only did so in p53 wild-type gastric cells (p<0.05). Survivin-positive but Reprimo-negative patients displayed shorter overall survival rates (p=0.047, Long Rank Test) (HR=0.32; 95%IC: 0.11-0.97; p=0.044). CONCLUSIONS TCGA RNAseq data analysis, evaluation of clinical samples and studies in cell lines identified an inverse relationship between Survivin and Reprimo. Elevated Survivin and reduced Reprimo protein expression correlated with poor patient prognosis in gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Cerda-Opazo
- Laboratorio de Comunicaciones Celulares, Centro de Estudios en Ejercicio, Metabolismo y Cáncer (CEMC), Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad De Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Gastric Cancer Research Group - Laboratory of Oncology, UC Center for Investigational Oncology (CITO), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Santiago, Chile
| | - Manuel Valenzuela-Valderrama
- Laboratorio de Comunicaciones Celulares, Centro de Estudios en Ejercicio, Metabolismo y Cáncer (CEMC), Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad De Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Central de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ignacio Wichmann
- Gastric Cancer Research Group - Laboratory of Oncology, UC Center for Investigational Oncology (CITO), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Santiago, Chile
- Core Biodata, Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrés Rodríguez
- Gastric Cancer Research Group - Laboratory of Oncology, UC Center for Investigational Oncology (CITO), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniel Contreras-Reyes
- Gastric Cancer Research Group - Laboratory of Oncology, UC Center for Investigational Oncology (CITO), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Santiago, Chile
| | - Elmer A. Fernández
- CIDIE – CONICET - Facultad de Ingeniería, Campus Universitario, Universidad Católica de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- National Bioinformatics Consortia (BIA) of Argentina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gonzalo Carrasco-Aviño
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital Clínico José Joaquín Aguirre, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alejandro H. Corvalán
- Gastric Cancer Research Group - Laboratory of Oncology, UC Center for Investigational Oncology (CITO), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Santiago, Chile
- Core Biodata, Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrew F.G. Quest
- Laboratorio de Comunicaciones Celulares, Centro de Estudios en Ejercicio, Metabolismo y Cáncer (CEMC), Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad De Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Santiago, Chile
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Díaz P, Valenzuela Valderrama M, Bravo J, Quest AFG. Helicobacter pylori and Gastric Cancer: Adaptive Cellular Mechanisms Involved in Disease Progression. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:5. [PMID: 29403459 PMCID: PMC5786524 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is the major risk factor associated with the development of gastric cancer. The transition from normal mucosa to non-atrophic gastritis, triggered primarily by H. pylori infection, initiates precancerous lesions which may then progress to atrophic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia. Further progression to dysplasia and gastric cancer is generally believed to be attributable to processes that no longer require the presence of H. pylori. The responses that develop upon H. pylori infection are directly mediated through the action of bacterial virulence factors, which drive the initial events associated with transformation of infected gastric cells. Besides genetic and to date poorly defined environmental factors, alterations in gastric cell stress-adaptive mechanisms due to H. pylori appear to be crucial during chronic infection and gastric disease progression. Firstly, H. pylori infection promotes gastric cell death and reduced epithelial cell turnover in the majority of infected cells, resulting in primary tissue lesions associated with an initial inflammatory response. However, in the remaining gastric cell population, adaptive responses are induced that increase cell survival and proliferation, resulting in the acquisition of potentially malignant characteristics that may lead to precancerous gastric lesions. Thus, deregulation of these intrinsic survival-related responses to H. pylori infection emerge as potential culprits in promoting disease progression. This review will highlight the most relevant cellular adaptive mechanisms triggered upon H. pylori infection, including endoplasmic reticulum stress and the unfolded protein response, autophagy, oxidative stress, and inflammation, together with a subsequent discussion on how these factors may participate in the progression of a precancerous lesion. Finally, this review will shed light on how these mechanisms may be exploited as pharmacological targets, in the perspective of opening up new therapeutic alternatives for non-invasive risk control in gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Díaz
- Cellular Communication Laboratory, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Center for Molecular Studies of the Cell, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Manuel Valenzuela Valderrama
- Cellular Communication Laboratory, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Instituto de Investigación e Innovación en Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Central de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jimena Bravo
- Cellular Communication Laboratory, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Center for Molecular Studies of the Cell, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrew F G Quest
- Cellular Communication Laboratory, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Center for Molecular Studies of the Cell, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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22
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Álvarez A, Uribe F, Canales J, Romero C, Soza A, Peña MA, Antonelli M, Almarza O, Cerda O, Toledo H. KCTD5 and Ubiquitin Proteasome Signaling Are Required for Helicobacter pylori Adherence. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:450. [PMID: 29114497 PMCID: PMC5660694 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to establish infection, bacterial pathogens modulate host cellular processes by using virulence factors, which are delivered from the bacteria to the host cell leading to cellular reprogramming. In this context, several pathogens regulate the ubiquitin proteasome system in order to regulate the cellular effectors required for their successful colonization and persistance. In this study, we investigated how Helicobacter pylori affect the ubiquitination of the host proteins to achieve the adherence to the cells, using AGS gastric epithelial cells cultured with H. pylori strains, H. pylori 26695 and two isogenic mutants H. pylori cag::cat and vacA::apha3, to characterize the ability of H. pylori to reprogram the ubiquitin proteasome systems. The infection assays suggest that the ubiquitination of the total proteins does not change when cells were co-culture with H. pylori. We also found that the proteasome activity is necessary for H. pylori adhesion to AGS cells and the adherence increases when the level of KCTD5, an adaptor of Cullin-3, decrease. Moreover, we found that KCTD5 is ubiquitinated and degraded by the proteasome system and that CagA and VacA played no role on reducing KCTD5 levels. Furthermore, H. pylori impaired KCTD5 ubiquitination and did not increase global proteasome function. These results suggest that H. pylori affect the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) to facilitate the adhesion of this microorganism to establish stable colonization in the gastric epithelium and improve our understanding of how H. pylori hijack host systems to establish the adherence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alhejandra Álvarez
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Faculty of Medicine, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Felipe Uribe
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Faculty of Medicine, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jimena Canales
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Faculty of Medicine, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cristóbal Romero
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Faculty of Medicine, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrea Soza
- Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Chile
| | - María A Peña
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Faculty of Medicine, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marcelo Antonelli
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Faculty of Medicine, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Oscar Almarza
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Faculty of Medicine, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Oscar Cerda
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Faculty of Medicine, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Millennium Nucleus of Ion Channels-Associated Diseases (MiNICAD), Santiago, Chile
| | - Héctor Toledo
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Faculty of Medicine, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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23
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Yoon H, Kim SG, Kim BK, Shin E, Kim N, Lee HJ, Kang GH, Jung HC. Helicobacter pylori Eradication Downregulates Cellular Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein 2 in Gastric Carcinogenesis. Gut Liver 2017; 11:79-86. [PMID: 27282269 PMCID: PMC5221864 DOI: 10.5009/gnl15585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2015] [Revised: 01/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims To evaluate the expression of cellular inhibitor of apoptosis protein 2 (cIAP2) during gastric carcinogenesis after Helicobacter pylori (HP) infection and after HP eradication. Methods We divided non-cancer patients into four groups according to the status of HP infection and atrophic gastritis (AG)/intestinal metaplasia (IM). We compared cIAP2 mRNA expression among these four groups and patients with HP-positive early gastric cancer (EGC) by using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). We evaluated the expression of cIAP2 messenger RNA (mRNA)/protein by using real-time PCR/immunohistochemistry and the degree of apoptosis with a terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated nick end labeling assay before and 12 months after endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) in HP-positive EGC patients, regardless of whether they had undergone eradication therapy. Results The expression of cIAP2 mRNA was significantly higher in the groups with HP(+), AG/IM(+), and HP-positive EGC than in the control, HP(+), and AG/IM(−) groups (p<0.005). In the HP eradication group, the expression of cIAP2 mRNA/protein significantly decreased (p=0.006) and apoptosis increased at the 12-month follow-up after ESD. In the HP noneradication group, the aforementioned changes were not found during the same follow-up period. Conclusions The expression of cIAP2 increased during gastric carcinogenesis after HP infection; HP eradication in the patients who had undergone ESD for EGC reversed overexpression of cIAP2 and suppressed cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyuk Yoon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Sang Gyun Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Bo Kyoung Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun Shin
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Nayoung Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyuk-Joon Lee
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Gyeong Hoon Kang
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun Chae Jung
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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24
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Proteolysis in Helicobacter pylori-Induced Gastric Cancer. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:toxins9040134. [PMID: 28398251 PMCID: PMC5408208 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9040134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent infections with the human pathogen and class-I carcinogen Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) are closely associated with the development of acute and chronic gastritis, ulceration, gastric adenocarcinoma and lymphoma of the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) system. Disruption and depolarization of the epithelium is a hallmark of H. pylori-associated disorders and requires extensive modulation of epithelial cell surface structures. Hence, the complex network of controlled proteolysis which facilitates tissue homeostasis in healthy individuals is deregulated and crucially contributes to the induction and progression of gastric cancer through processing of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, cell surface receptors, membrane-bound cytokines, and lateral adhesion molecules. Here, we summarize the recent reports on mechanisms how H. pylori utilizes a variety of extracellular proteases, involving the proteases Hp0169 and high temperature requirement A (HtrA) of bacterial origin, and host matrix-metalloproteinases (MMPs), a disintegrin and metalloproteinases (ADAMs) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs). H. pylori-regulated proteases represent predictive biomarkers and attractive targets for therapeutic interventions in gastric cancer.
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25
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Canales J, Valenzuela M, Bravo J, Cerda-Opazo P, Jorquera C, Toledo H, Bravo D, Quest AFG. Helicobacter pylori Induced Phosphatidylinositol-3-OH Kinase/mTOR Activation Increases Hypoxia Inducible Factor-1α to Promote Loss of Cyclin D1 and G0/G1 Cell Cycle Arrest in Human Gastric Cells. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:92. [PMID: 28401064 PMCID: PMC5368181 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a human gastric pathogen that has been linked to the development of several gastric pathologies, such as gastritis, peptic ulcer, and gastric cancer. In the gastric epithelium, the bacterium modifies many signaling pathways, resulting in contradictory responses that favor both proliferation and apoptosis. Consistent with such observations, H. pylori activates routes associated with cell cycle progression and cell cycle arrest. H. pylori infection also induces the hypoxia-induced factor HIF-1α, a transcription factor known to promote expression of genes that permit metabolic adaptation to the hypoxic environment in tumors and angiogenesis. Recently, however, also roles for HIF-1α in the repair of damaged DNA and inhibition of gene expression were described. Here, we investigated signaling pathways induced by H. pylori in gastric cells that favor HIF-1α expression and the consequences thereof in infected cells. Our results revealed that H. pylori promoted PI3K/mTOR-dependent HIF-1α induction, HIF-1α translocation to the nucleus, and activity as a transcription factor as evidenced using a reporter assay. Surprisingly, however, transcription of known HIF-1α effector genes evaluated by qPCR analysis, revealed either no change (LDHA and GAPDH), statistically insignificant increases SLC2A1 (GLUT-1) or greatly enhance transcription (VEGFA), but in an HIF-1α-independent manner, as quantified by PCR analysis in cells with shRNA-mediated silencing of HIF-1α. Instead, HIF-1α knockdown facilitated G1/S progression and increased Cyclin D1 protein half-life, via a post-translational pathway. Taken together, these findings link H. pylori-induced PI3K-mTOR activation to HIF-1α induced G0/G1 cell cycle arrest by a Cyclin D1-dependent mechanism. Thus, HIF-1α is identified here as a mediator between survival and cell cycle arrest signaling activated by H. pylori infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimena Canales
- Laboratorio de Comunicaciones Celulares, Facultad De Medicina, Centro de Estudios Moleculares De la Célula, Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Enfermedades Crónicas, Programa De Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad de Chile Santiago, Chile
| | - Manuel Valenzuela
- Laboratorio de Comunicaciones Celulares, Facultad De Medicina, Centro de Estudios Moleculares De la Célula, Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Enfermedades Crónicas, Programa De Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad de ChileSantiago, Chile; Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Central de ChileSantiago, Chile
| | - Jimena Bravo
- Laboratorio de Comunicaciones Celulares, Facultad De Medicina, Centro de Estudios Moleculares De la Célula, Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Enfermedades Crónicas, Programa De Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad de Chile Santiago, Chile
| | - Paulina Cerda-Opazo
- Laboratorio de Comunicaciones Celulares, Facultad De Medicina, Centro de Estudios Moleculares De la Célula, Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Enfermedades Crónicas, Programa De Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad de Chile Santiago, Chile
| | - Carla Jorquera
- Laboratorio de Comunicaciones Celulares, Facultad De Medicina, Centro de Estudios Moleculares De la Célula, Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Enfermedades Crónicas, Programa De Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad de Chile Santiago, Chile
| | - Héctor Toledo
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad de Chile Santiago, Chile
| | - Denisse Bravo
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Oral, Departamento de Patología y Medicina Oral, Facultad De Odontología, Universidad de Chile Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrew F G Quest
- Laboratorio de Comunicaciones Celulares, Facultad De Medicina, Centro de Estudios Moleculares De la Célula, Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Enfermedades Crónicas, Programa De Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad de Chile Santiago, Chile
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26
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Elhosseiny NM, El-Tayeb OM, Yassin AS, Lory S, Attia AS. The secretome of Acinetobacter baumannii ATCC 17978 type II secretion system reveals a novel plasmid encoded phospholipase that could be implicated in lung colonization. Int J Med Microbiol 2016; 306:633-641. [PMID: 27713027 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2016.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Revised: 09/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Acinetobacter baumannii infections are compounded with a striking lack of treatment options. In many Gram-negative bacteria, secreted proteins play an important early role in avoiding host defences. Typically, these proteins are targeted to the external environment or into host cells using dedicated transport systems. Despite the fact that medically relevant species of Acinetobacter possess a type II secretion system (T2SS), only recently, its significance as an important pathway for delivering virulence factors has gained attention. Using in silico analysis to characterize the genetic determinants of the T2SS, which are found clustered in other organisms, in Acinetobacter species, they appear to have a unique genetic organization and are distributed throughout the genome. When compared to other T2SS orthologs, individual components of the T2SS apparatus showed the highest similarity to those of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. A mutant of Acinetobacter baumannii strain ATCC 17978 lacking the secretin component of the T2SS (ΔgspD), together with a trans-complemented mutant, were tested in a series of in vitro and in vivo assays to determine the role of T2SS in pathogenicity. The ΔgspD mutant displayed decreased lipolytic activity, associated with attenuated colonization ability in a murine pneumonia model. These phenotypes are linked to LipAN, a novel plasmid-encoded phospholipase, identified through mass spectroscopy as a T2SS substrate. Recombinant LipAN showed specific phospholipase activity in vitro. Proteomics on the T2-dependent secretome of ATCC 17978 strain revealed its potential dedication to the secretion of a number of lipolytic enzymes, among others which could contribute to its virulence. This study highlights the role of T2SS as an active contributor to the virulence of A. baumannii potentially through secretion of a newly identified phospholipase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noha M Elhosseiny
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, 11562, Egypt; Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ossama M El-Tayeb
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, 11562, Egypt
| | - Aymen S Yassin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, 11562, Egypt
| | - Stephen Lory
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ahmed S Attia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, 11562, Egypt.
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27
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Keilberg D, Ottemann KM. HowHelicobacter pylorisenses, targets and interacts with the gastric epithelium. Environ Microbiol 2016; 18:791-806. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Keilberg
- Department of Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology; University of California Santa Cruz; 1156 High Street METX Santa Cruz CA 95064 USA
| | - Karen M. Ottemann
- Department of Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology; University of California Santa Cruz; 1156 High Street METX Santa Cruz CA 95064 USA
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28
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Valenzuela MA, Canales J, Corvalán AH, Quest AFG. Helicobacter pylori-induced inflammation and epigenetic changes during gastric carcinogenesis. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:12742-12756. [PMID: 26668499 PMCID: PMC4671030 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i45.12742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 08/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The sequence of events associated with the development of gastric cancer has been described as “the gastric precancerous cascade”. This cascade is a dynamic process that includes lesions, such as atrophic gastritis, intestinal metaplasia and dysplasia. According to this model, Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection targets the normal gastric mucosa causing non-atrophic gastritis, an initiating lesion that can be cured by clearing H. pylori with antibiotics or that may then linger in the case of chronic infection and progress to atrophic gastritis. The presence of virulence factors in the infecting H. pylori drives the carcinogenesis process. Independent epidemiological and animal studies have confirmed the sequential progression of these precancerous lesions. Particularly long-term follow-up studies estimated a risk of 0.1% for atrophic gastritis/intestinal metaplasia and 6% in case of dysplasia for the long-term development of gastric cancer. With this in mind, a better understanding of the genetic and epigenetic changes associated with progression of the cascade is critical in determining the risk of gastric cancer associated with H. pylori infection. In this review, we will summarize some of the most relevant mechanisms and focus predominantly but not exclusively on the discussion of gene promoter methylation and miRNAs in this context.
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29
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Sanhueza C, Wehinger S, Castillo Bennett J, Valenzuela M, Owen GI, Quest AFG. The twisted survivin connection to angiogenesis. Mol Cancer 2015; 14:198. [PMID: 26584646 PMCID: PMC4653922 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-015-0467-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Survivin, a member of the inhibitor of apoptosis family of proteins (IAPs) that controls cell division, apoptosis, metastasis and angiogenesis, is overexpressed in essentially all human cancers. As a consequence, the gene/protein is considered an attractive target for cancer treatment. Here, we discuss recent findings related to the regulation of survivin expression and its role in angiogenesis, particularly in the context of hypoxia. We propose a novel role for survivin in cancer, whereby expression of the protein in tumor cells promotes VEGF synthesis, secretion and angiogenesis. Mechanistically, we propose the existence of a positive feed-back loop involving PI3-kinase/Akt activation and enhanced β-Catenin-TCF/LEF-dependent VEGF expression followed by secretion. Finally, we elaborate on the possibility that this mechanism operating in cancer cells may contribute to enhanced tumor vascularization by vasculogenic mimicry together with conventional angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Sanhueza
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory (CMPL), Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, 8330024, Chile
| | - S Wehinger
- Interdisciplinary Excellence Research Program on Healthy Aging (PIEI-ES), Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - J Castillo Bennett
- Cellular Communication Laboratory, Center for Molecular Studies of the Cell (CEMC), Program of Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Faculty of Medicine, Av. Independencia 1027, Santiago, Chile.,Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Santiago, Chile
| | - M Valenzuela
- Cellular Communication Laboratory, Center for Molecular Studies of the Cell (CEMC), Program of Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Faculty of Medicine, Av. Independencia 1027, Santiago, Chile.,Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Santiago, Chile
| | - G I Owen
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Santiago, Chile.,Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas & Center UC Investigation in Oncology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - A F G Quest
- Cellular Communication Laboratory, Center for Molecular Studies of the Cell (CEMC), Program of Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Faculty of Medicine, Av. Independencia 1027, Santiago, Chile. .,Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Santiago, Chile.
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30
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Helicobacter pylori CagA Suppresses Apoptosis through Activation of AKT in a Nontransformed Epithelial Cell Model of Glandular Acini Formation. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:761501. [PMID: 26557697 PMCID: PMC4628739 DOI: 10.1155/2015/761501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Revised: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
H. pylori infection is the most important environmental risk to develop gastric cancer, mainly through its virulence factor CagA. In vitro models of CagA function have demonstrated a phosphoprotein activity targeting multiple cellular signaling pathways, while cagA transgenic mice develop carcinomas of the gastrointestinal tract, supporting oncogenic functions. However, it is still not completely clear how CagA alters cellular processes associated with carcinogenic events. In this study, we evaluated the capacity of H. pylori CagA positive and negative strains to alter nontransformed MCF-10A glandular acini formation. We found that CagA positive strains inhibited lumen formation arguing for an evasion of apoptosis activity of central acini cells. In agreement, CagA positive strains induced a cell survival activity that correlated with phosphorylation of AKT and of proapoptotic proteins BIM and BAD. Anoikis is a specific type of apoptosis characterized by AKT and BIM activation and it is the mechanism responsible for lumen formation of MCF-10A acini in vitro and mammary glands in vivo. Anoikis resistance is also a common mechanism of invading tumor cells. Our data support that CagA positive strains signaling function targets the AKT and BIM signaling pathway and this could contribute to its oncogenic activity through anoikis evasion.
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31
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Immunization with Heat Shock Protein A and γ-Glutamyl Transpeptidase Induces Reduction on the Helicobacter pylori Colonization in Mice. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130391. [PMID: 26102080 PMCID: PMC4478016 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The human gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a successful colonizer of the stomach. H. pylori infection strongly correlates with the development and progression of chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, and gastric malignances. Vaccination is a promising strategy for preventing H. pylori infection. In this study, we evaluated the candidate antigens heat shock protein A (HspA) and H. pylori γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) for their effectiveness in development of subunit vaccines against H. pylori infection. rHspA, rGGT, and rHspA-GGT, a fusion protein based on HspA and GGT, were constructed and separately expressed in Escherichia coli and purified. Mice were then immunized intranasally with these proteins, with or without adjuvant. Immunized mice exhibited reduced bacterial colonization in stomach. The highest reduction in bacterial colonization was seen in mice immunized with the fusion protein rHspA-GGT when paired with the mucosal adjuvant LTB. Protection against H. pylori colonization was mediated by a strong systemic and localized humoral immune response, as well as a balanced Th1/Th2 cytokine response. In addition, immunofluorescence microscopy confirmed that rHspA-GGT specific rabbit antibodies were able to directly bind H. pylori in vitro. These results suggest antibodies are essential to the protective immunity associated with rHspA-GGT immunization. In summary, our results suggest HspA and GGT are promising vaccine candidates for protection against H. pylori infection.
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32
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Reverse-Phase Microarray Analysis Reveals Novel Targets in Lymph Nodes of Bacillus anthracis Spore-Challenged Mice. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0129860. [PMID: 26091359 PMCID: PMC4474663 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthrax is a frequently fatal infection of many animal species and men. The causative agent Bacillus anthracis propagates through the lymphatic system of the infected host; however, the specific interactions of the host and microbe within the lymphatics are incompletely understood. We report the first description of the phosphoprotein signaling in the lymph nodes of DBA/2 mice using a novel technique combining the reverse-phase microarray with the laser capture microdissesction. Mice were challenged into foot pads with spores of toxinogenic, unencapsulated Sterne strain. The spores quickly migrated to the regional popliteal lymph nodes and spread to the bloodstream as early as 3 h post challenge. All mice died before 72 h post challenge from the systemic disease accompanied by a widespread LN tissue damage by bacteria, including the hemorrhagic necrotizing lymphadenitis, infiltration of CD11b+ and CD3+ cells, and massive proliferation of bacteria in lymph nodes. A macrophage scavenger receptor CD68/macrosialin was upregulated and found in association with vegetative bacteria likely as a marker of their prior interaction with macrophages. The major signaling findings among the 65 tested proteins included the reduced MAPK signaling, upregulation of STAT transcriptional factors, and altered abundance of a number of pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins with signaling properties opposing each other. Downregulation of ERK1/2 was associated with the response of CD11b+ macrophages/dendritic cells, while upregulation of the pro-apoptotic Puma indicated a targeting of CD3+ T-cells. A robust upregulation of the anti-apoptotic survivin was unexpected because generally it is not observed in adult tissues. Taken together with the activation of STATs it may reflect a new pathogenic mechanism aimed to delay the onset of apoptosis. Our data emphasize a notion that the net biological outcome of disease is determined by a cumulative impact of factors representing the microbial insult and the protective capacity of the host.
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Abstract
Helicobacter pylori relies on multiple colonization and virulence factors to persist in the human stomach for life. In addition, these factors can be modulated and vary to suit the ever-changing environment within the host individual. This article outlines the novel developments in this field of research during the past year, highlighting the cag pathogenicity island, VacA, γ-glutamyl-transpeptidase as well as including recent advances in protein structure, bacteria-host interaction, and the role of stomach microbiota.
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Tarnawski AS, Ahluwalia A, Jones MK. Increased susceptibility of aging gastric mucosa to injury: The mechanisms and clinical implications. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:4467-4482. [PMID: 24782600 PMCID: PMC4000484 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i16.4467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This review updates the current views on aging gastric mucosa and the mechanisms of its increased susceptibility to injury. Experimental and clinical studies indicate that gastric mucosa of aging individuals-“aging gastropathy”-has prominent structural and functional abnormalities vs young gastric mucosa. Some of these abnormalities include a partial atrophy of gastric glands, impaired mucosal defense (reduced bicarbonate and prostaglandin generation, decreased sensory innervation), increased susceptibility to injury by a variety of damaging agents such as ethanol, aspirin and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), impaired healing of injury and reduced therapeutic efficacy of ulcer-healing drugs. Detailed analysis of the above changes indicates that the following events occur in aging gastric mucosa: reduced mucosal blood flow and impaired oxygen delivery cause hypoxia, which leads to activation of the early growth response-1 (egr-1) transcription factor. Activation of egr-1, in turn, upregulates the dual specificity phosphatase, phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome ten (PTEN) resulting in activation of pro-apoptotic caspase-3 and caspase-9 and reduced expression of the anti-apoptosis protein, survivin. The imbalance between pro- and anti-apoptosis mediators results in increased apoptosis and increased susceptibility to injury. This paradigm has human relevance since increased expression of PTEN and reduced expression of survivin were demonstrated in gastric mucosa of aging individuals. Other potential mechanisms operating in aging gastric mucosa include reduced telomerase activity, increase in replicative cellular senescence, and reduced expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and importin-α-a nuclear transport protein essential for transport of transcription factors to nucleus. Aging gastropathy is an important and clinically relevant issue because of: (1) an aging world population due to prolonged life span; (2) older patients have much greater risk of gastroduodenal ulcers and gastrointestinal complications (e.g., NSAIDs-induced gastric injury) than younger patients; and (3) increased susceptibility of aging gastric mucosa to injury can be potentially reduced or reversed pharmacologically.
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Twin-arginine translocation system in Helicobacter pylori: TatC, but not TatB, is essential for viability. mBio 2014; 5:e01016-13. [PMID: 24449753 PMCID: PMC3903283 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01016-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The twin-arginine translocation (Tat) system, needed to transport folded proteins across biological membranes, has not been characterized in the gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori. Analysis of all H. pylori genome sequences available thus far reveals the presence of single copies of tatA, tatB, and tatC needed for the synthesis of a fully functional Tat system. Based on the presence of the twin-arginine hallmark in their signal sequence, only four H. pylori proteins appear to be Tat dependent: hydrogenase (HydA), catalase-associated protein (KapA), biotin sulfoxide reductase (BisC), and the ubiquinol cytochrome oxidoreductase Rieske protein (FbcF). In the present study, targeted mutations were aimed at tatA, tatB, tatC, or queA (downstream gene control). While double homologous recombination mutations in tatB and queA were easily obtained, attempts at disrupting tatA proved unsuccessful, while deletion of tatC led to partial mutants following single homologous recombination, with cells retaining a chromosomal copy of tatC. Double homologous recombination tatC mutants were obtained only when a plasmid-borne, isopropyl-β-d-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG)-inducible copy of tatC was introduced prior to transformation. These conditional tatC mutants could grow only in the presence of IPTG, suggesting that tatC is essential in H. pylori. tatB and tatC mutants had lower hydrogenase and catalase activities than the wild-type strain did, and the ability of tatC mutants to colonize mouse stomachs was severely affected compared to the wild type. Chromosomal complementation of tatC mutants restored hydrogenase and catalase activities to wild-type levels, and additional expression of tatC in wild-type cells resulted in elevated Tat-dependent enzyme activities. Unexpectedly, the tat strains had cell envelope defects. This work reports the first characterization of the twin-arginine translocation (Tat) system in the gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori. While tatB mutants were easily obtained, only single-crossover partial tatC mutants or conditional tatC mutants could be generated, indicating that tatC is essential in H. pylori, a surprising finding given the fact that only four proteins are predicted to be translocated by the Tat system in this bacterium. The levels of activity of hydrogenase and catalase, two of the predicted Tat-dependent enzymes, were affected in these mutants. In addition, all tat mutants displayed cell envelope defects, and tatC mutants were deficient in mouse colonization.
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Ricci V, Giannouli M, Romano M, Zarrilli R. Helicobacter pylori gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase and its pathogenic role. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:630-638. [PMID: 24574736 PMCID: PMC3921472 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i3.630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Revised: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/30/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) is a bacterial virulence factor that converts glutamine into glutamate and ammonia, and converts glutathione into glutamate and cysteinylglycine. H. pylori GGT causes glutamine and glutathione consumption in the host cells, ammonia production and reactive oxygen species generation. These products induce cell-cycle arrest, apoptosis, and necrosis in gastric epithelial cells. H. pylori GGT may also inhibit apoptosis and induce gastric epithelial cell proliferation through the induction of cyclooxygenase-2, epidermal growth factor-related peptides, inducible nitric oxide synthase and interleukin-8. H. pylori GGT induces immune tolerance through the inhibition of T cell-mediated immunity and dendritic cell differentiation. The effect of GGT on H. pylori colonization and gastric persistence are also discussed.
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