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Flores-Valdez MA, Velázquez-Fernández JB, Pedroza-Roldán C, Aceves-Sánchez MDJ, Gutiérrez-Ortega A, López-Romero W, Barba-León J, Rodríguez-Campos J. Proteome and immunogenicity differences in BCG Pasteur ATCC 35734 and its derivative, the vaccine candidate BCGΔBCG1419c during planktonic growth in 7H9 and Proskauer Beck media. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2024; 144:102432. [PMID: 38041962 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2023.102432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023]
Abstract
Bacillus Calmette-Guèrin (BCG) remains as the only vaccine employed to prevent tuberculosis (TB) during childhood. Among factors likely contributing to the variable efficacy of BCG is the modification in its antigenic repertoire that may arise from in vitro growth conditions. Our vaccine candidate, BCGΔBCG1419c, improved protection against TB in mice and guinea pigs with bacteria grown in either 7H9 OADC Tween 80 or in Proskauer Beck Tween 80 media in independent studies. Here, we compared the proteomes of planktonic cultures of BCG and BCGΔBCG1419c, grown in both media. Further to this, we compared systemic immunogenicity ex vivo elicited by both types of BCG strains and cultures when used to vaccinate BALB/c mice. Both the parental strain BCG Pasteur ATCC 35734, and its isogenic mutant BCGΔBCG1419c, had several medium-dependent changes. Moreover, ex vivo immune responses to a multiantigenic (PPD) or a single antigenic (Ag85A) stimulus were also medium-dependent. Then, not only the presence or absence of the BCG1419c gene in our strains under study affected the proteome produced in vitro but also that this was affected by culture medium, potentially leading to changes in the capacity to induce ex vivo immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Alberto Flores-Valdez
- Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y diseño del Estado de Jalisco, A.C., Av. Normalistas 800, Col. Colinas de la Normal, Guadalajara, Jalisco, 44270, Mexico.
| | | | - César Pedroza-Roldán
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinaria, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Zapopan, Mexico.
| | - Michel de Jesús Aceves-Sánchez
- Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y diseño del Estado de Jalisco, A.C., Av. Normalistas 800, Col. Colinas de la Normal, Guadalajara, Jalisco, 44270, Mexico.
| | - Abel Gutiérrez-Ortega
- Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y diseño del Estado de Jalisco, A.C., Av. Normalistas 800, Col. Colinas de la Normal, Guadalajara, Jalisco, 44270, Mexico.
| | - Wendy López-Romero
- Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y diseño del Estado de Jalisco, A.C., Av. Normalistas 800, Col. Colinas de la Normal, Guadalajara, Jalisco, 44270, Mexico.
| | - Jeannette Barba-León
- Departamento de Salud Pública, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Zapopan, Jalisco, 45200, Mexico.
| | - Jacobo Rodríguez-Campos
- Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y diseño del Estado de Jalisco (CIATEJ), A. C., Unidad de Servicios Analíticos y Metrológicos, Av. Normalistas 800, Col. Colinas de la Normal, 44270, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
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2
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Rahlwes KC, Dias BR, Campos PC, Alvarez-Arguedas S, Shiloh MU. Pathogenicity and virulence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Virulence 2023; 14:2150449. [PMID: 36419223 PMCID: PMC9817126 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2022.2150449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is the causative agent of tuberculosis, an infectious disease with one of the highest morbidity and mortality rates worldwide. Leveraging its highly evolved repertoire of non-protein and protein virulence factors, Mtb invades through the airway, subverts host immunity, establishes its survival niche, and ultimately escapes in the setting of active disease to initiate another round of infection in a naive host. In this review, we will provide a concise synopsis of the infectious life cycle of Mtb and its clinical and epidemiologic significance. We will also take stock of its virulence factors and pathogenic mechanisms that modulate host immunity and facilitate its spread. Developing a greater understanding of the interface between Mtb virulence factors and host defences will enable progress toward improved vaccines and therapeutics to prevent and treat tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn C. Rahlwes
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Beatriz R.S. Dias
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Priscila C. Campos
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Samuel Alvarez-Arguedas
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Michael U. Shiloh
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA,Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA,CONTACT Michael U. Shiloh
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3
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Mittal E, Roth AT, Seth A, Singamaneni S, Beatty W, Philips JA. Single cell preparations of Mycobacterium tuberculosis damage the mycobacterial envelope and disrupt macrophage interactions. eLife 2023; 12:e85416. [PMID: 36852737 PMCID: PMC9998084 DOI: 10.7554/elife.85416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
For decades, investigators have studied the interaction of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) with macrophages, which serve as a major cellular niche for the bacilli. Because Mtb are prone to aggregation, investigators rely on varied methods to disaggregate the bacteria for these studies. Here, we examined the impact of routinely used preparation methods on bacterial cell envelope integrity, macrophage inflammatory responses, and intracellular Mtb survival. We found that both gentle sonication and filtering damaged the mycobacterial cell envelope and markedly impacted the outcome of infections in mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages. Unexpectedly, sonicated bacilli were hyperinflammatory, eliciting dramatically higher TLR2-dependent gene expression and elevated secretion of IL-1β and TNF-α. Despite evoking enhanced inflammatory responses, sonicated bacilli replicated normally in macrophages. In contrast, Mtb that had been passed through a filter induced little inflammatory response, and they were attenuated in macrophages. Previous work suggests that the mycobacterial cell envelope lipid, phthiocerol dimycocerosate (PDIM), dampens macrophage inflammatory responses to Mtb. However, we found that the impact of PDIM depended on the method used to prepare Mtb. In conclusion, widely used methodologies to disaggregate Mtb may introduce experimental artifacts in Mtb-host interaction studies, including alteration of host inflammatory signaling, intracellular bacterial survival, and interpretation of bacterial mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekansh Mittal
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of MedicineSt LouisUnited States
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of MedicineSt LouisUnited States
| | - Andrew T Roth
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of MedicineSt LouisUnited States
| | - Anushree Seth
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Washington University in St. LouisSt LouisUnited States
| | - Srikanth Singamaneni
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Washington University in St. LouisSt LouisUnited States
- Siteman Cancer Center, Washington UniversitySt. LouisUnited States
| | - Wandy Beatty
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of MedicineSt LouisUnited States
| | - Jennifer A Philips
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of MedicineSt LouisUnited States
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of MedicineSt LouisUnited States
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4
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Asadian M, Hassanzadeh SM, Safarchi A, Douraghi M. The effect of in vitro consecutive passages and culture medium on the genetic variations in BCG Pasteur 1173P2 vaccine. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0280294. [PMID: 36689397 PMCID: PMC9870133 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0280294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the introduction of the Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine, the genomes of vaccine strains have undergone variations due to repeated passages in different laboratories and vaccine production facilities. Genetic variations have been considered as one of the effective factors in the BCG variable protective efficacy. Consecutive subcultures have been shown to play an essential role in causing genetic variations in several microorganisms, including Mycobacterium bovis BCG. Therefore, the world health organization (WHO) recommendation to limit the passages of master seed lot in the BCG vaccine production should be considered. Besides, the role of other external variables such as quality of the raw ingredients of the culture media, the type of the culture medium and the cultivation methods in the vaccine production has been poorly studied. Here, the effect of passages and culture medium on genetic variations in a BCG seed lot was investigated during a year. The findings of this study revealed a total of 19 variants compared to seed lot while the passages were more than the number recommended by WHO. The first culture of seed lot in the Sauton broth and Middlebrook 7H9 media, and the last subculture in Sauton broth had the least and the most variants, respectively. The observation of the higher number of variants in the last cultures on Sauton broth and Middlebrook 7H9 in comparison to the first and the middle cultures may indicate the effect of passages on the genetic variations in BCG. Additionally, more variants in BCG grown in the Sauton broth do not necessarily represent the greater ability of this medium to cause genetic mutations. For a better conclusion, it is required to examine the medium components as independent variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahla Asadian
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Azadeh Safarchi
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Masoumeh Douraghi
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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5
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Guallar-Garrido S, Almiñana-Rapún F, Campo-Pérez V, Torrents E, Luquin M, Julián E. BCG Substrains Change Their Outermost Surface as a Function of Growth Media. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 10:40. [PMID: 35062701 PMCID: PMC8779077 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10010040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) efficacy as an immunotherapy tool can be influenced by the genetic background or immune status of the treated population and by the BCG substrain used. BCG comprises several substrains with genetic differences that elicit diverse phenotypic characteristics. Moreover, modifications of phenotypic characteristics can be influenced by culture conditions. However, several culture media formulations are used worldwide to produce BCG. To elucidate the influence of growth conditions on BCG characteristics, five different substrains were grown on two culture media, and the lipidic profile and physico-chemical properties were evaluated. Our results show that each BCG substrain displays a variety of lipidic profiles on the outermost surface depending on the growth conditions. These modifications lead to a breadth of hydrophobicity patterns and a different ability to reduce neutral red dye within the same BCG substrain, suggesting the influence of BCG growth conditions on the interaction between BCG cells and host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Guallar-Garrido
- Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; (S.G.-G.); (F.A.-R.); (V.C.-P.); (M.L.)
| | - Farners Almiñana-Rapún
- Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; (S.G.-G.); (F.A.-R.); (V.C.-P.); (M.L.)
| | - Víctor Campo-Pérez
- Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; (S.G.-G.); (F.A.-R.); (V.C.-P.); (M.L.)
- Bacterial Infections and Antimicrobial Therapies Group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Baldiri Reixac 15-21, 08028 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Eduard Torrents
- Bacterial Infections and Antimicrobial Therapies Group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Baldiri Reixac 15-21, 08028 Barcelona, Spain;
- Microbiology Section, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Biology Faculty, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marina Luquin
- Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; (S.G.-G.); (F.A.-R.); (V.C.-P.); (M.L.)
| | - Esther Julián
- Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; (S.G.-G.); (F.A.-R.); (V.C.-P.); (M.L.)
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6
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Hermann C, King CG. TB or not to be: what specificities and impact do antibodies have during tuberculosis? OXFORD OPEN IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 2:iqab015. [PMID: 36845566 PMCID: PMC9914581 DOI: 10.1093/oxfimm/iqab015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis, an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), is a major cause of global morbidity and mortality. The primary barrier to the development of an effective tuberculosis vaccine is our failure to fully understand the fundamental characteristics of a protective immune response. There is an increasing evidence that mobilization of antibody and B cell responses during natural Mtb infection and vaccination play a role in host protection. Several studies have assessed the levels of Mtb-specific antibodies induced during active disease as well as the potential of monoclonal antibodies to modulate bacterial growth in vitro and in vivo. A major limitation of these studies, however, is that the specific antigens capable of eliciting humoral responses are largely unknown. As a result, information about antibody dynamics and function, which might fundamentally transform our understanding of host Mtb immunity, is missing. Importantly, Mtb infection also induces the recruitment, accumulation and colocalization of B and T cells in the lung, which are positively correlated with protection in humans and animal models of disease. These ectopic lymphoid tissues generally support local germinal center reactions for the proliferation and ongoing selection of effector and memory B cells in the mucosa. Efforts to leverage such responses for human health, however, require a more complete understanding of how antibodies and B cells contribute to the local and systemic host Mtb immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemens Hermann
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, University Hospital of Basel, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Carolyn G King
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, University Hospital of Basel, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland,Correspondence address. Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, University Hospital of Basel, Hebelstrasse 20, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland. Tel: +41 61 265 3874; E-mail:
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7
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Verma D, Chan ED, Ordway DJ. The double-edged sword of Tregs in M tuberculosis, M avium, and M absessus infection. Immunol Rev 2021; 301:48-61. [PMID: 33713043 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Immunity against different Mycobacteria species targeting the lung requires distinctly different pulmonary immune responses for bacterial clearance. Many parameters of acquired and regulatory immune responses differ quantitatively and qualitatively from immunity during infection with Mycobacteria species. Nontuberculosis Mycobacteria species (NTM) Mycobacterium avium- (M avium), Mycobacterium abscessus-(M abscessus), and the Mycobacteria species Mycobacterium tuberculosis-(Mtb). Herein, we discuss the potential implications of acquired and regulatory immune responses in the context of animal and human studies, as well as future directions for efforts to treat Mycobacteria diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepshikha Verma
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Edward D Chan
- Department of Medicine, Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Denver, CO, USA.,Departments of Medicine and Academic Affairs, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA.,Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Diane J Ordway
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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8
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Wenzel M, Dekker MP, Wang B, Burggraaf MJ, Bitter W, van Weering JRT, Hamoen LW. A flat embedding method for transmission electron microscopy reveals an unknown mechanism of tetracycline. Commun Biol 2021; 4:306. [PMID: 33686188 PMCID: PMC7940657 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-01809-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Transmission electron microscopy of cell sample sections is a popular technique in microbiology. Currently, ultrathin sectioning is done on resin-embedded cell pellets, which consumes milli- to deciliters of culture and results in sections of randomly orientated cells. This is problematic for rod-shaped bacteria and often precludes large-scale quantification of morphological phenotypes due to the lack of sufficient numbers of longitudinally cut cells. Here we report a flat embedding method that enables observation of thousands of longitudinally cut cells per single section and only requires microliter culture volumes. We successfully applied this technique to Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Mycobacterium bovis, and Acholeplasma laidlawii. To assess the potential of the technique to quantify morphological phenotypes, we monitored antibiotic-induced changes in B. subtilis cells. Surprisingly, we found that the ribosome inhibitor tetracycline causes membrane deformations. Further investigations showed that tetracycline disturbs membrane organization and localization of the peripheral membrane proteins MinD, MinC, and MreB. These observations are not the result of ribosome inhibition but constitute a secondary antibacterial activity of tetracycline that so far has defied discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Wenzel
- Bacterial Cell Biology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, Amsterdam University Medical Centers - Location VUMC, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Chemical Biology, Department for Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Marien P Dekker
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR), Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Centers - Location VUMC, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Biwen Wang
- Bacterial Cell Biology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maroeska J Burggraaf
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, Amsterdam University Medical Centers - Location VUMC, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wilbert Bitter
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, Amsterdam University Medical Centers - Location VUMC, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines, and Systems, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan R T van Weering
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR), Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Centers - Location VUMC, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Leendert W Hamoen
- Bacterial Cell Biology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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9
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PE_PGRS33, an Important Virulence Factor of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Potential Target of Host Humoral Immune Response. Cells 2021; 10:cells10010161. [PMID: 33467487 PMCID: PMC7830552 DOI: 10.3390/cells10010161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
PE_PGRS proteins are surface antigens of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and a few other pathogenic mycobacteria. The PE_PGRS33 protein is among the most studied PE_PGRSs. It is known that the PE domain of PE_PGRS33 is required for the protein translocation through the mycobacterial cell wall, where the PGRS domain remains available for interaction with host receptors. Interaction with Toll like receptor 2 (TLR2) promotes secretion of inflammatory chemokines and cytokines, which are key in the immunopathogenesis of tuberculosis (TB). In this review, we briefly address some key challenges in the development of a TB vaccine and attempt to provide a rationale for the development of new vaccines aimed at fostering a humoral response against Mtb. Using PE_PGRS33 as a model for a surface-exposed antigen, we exploit the availability of current structural data using homology modeling to gather insights on the PGRS domain features. Our study suggests that the PGRS domain of PE_PGRS33 exposes four PGII sandwiches on the outer surface, which, we propose, are directly involved through their loops in the interactions with the host receptors and, as such, are promising targets for a vaccination strategy aimed at inducing a humoral response.
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10
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Pascoe J, Hendon-Dunn CL, Birch CP, Williams GA, Chambers MA, Bacon J. Optimisation of Mycobacterium bovis BCG Fermentation and Storage Survival. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12090900. [PMID: 32971826 PMCID: PMC7558299 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12090900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (M. bovis BCG) was generated over a century ago for protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and is one the oldest vaccines still in use. The BCG vaccine is currently produced using a pellicle growth method, which is a complex and lengthy process that has been challenging to standardise. Fermentation for BCG vaccine production would reduce the complexity associated with pellicle growth and increase batch to batch reproducibility. This more standardised growth lends itself to quantification of the total number of bacilli in the BCG vaccine by alternative approaches, such as flow cytometry, which can also provide information about the metabolic status of the bacterial population. The aim of the work reported here was to determine which batch fermentation conditions and storage conditions give the most favourable outcomes in terms of the yield and stability of live M. bovis BCG Danish bacilli. We compared different media and assessed growth over time in culture, using total viable counts, total bacterial counts, and turbidity throughout culture. We applied fluorescent viability dyes and flow cytometry to measure real-time within-culture viability. Culture samples were stored in different cryoprotectants at different temperatures to assess the effect of these combined conditions on bacterial titres. Roisin’s minimal medium and Middlebrook 7H9 medium gave comparable, high titres in fermenters. Flow cytometry proved to be a useful tool for enumeration of total bacterial counts and in the assessment of within-culture cell viability and cell death. Of the cryoprotectants evaluated, 5% (v/v) DMSO showed the most significant positive effect on survival and reduced the negative effects of low temperature storage on M. bovis BCG Danish viability. In conclusion, we have shown a reproducible, more standardised approach for the production, evaluation, and storage of high titre, viable, BCG vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Pascoe
- TB Research Group, Public Health England, National Infection Service, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, UK; (J.P.); (C.L.H.-D.)
| | - Charlotte L. Hendon-Dunn
- TB Research Group, Public Health England, National Infection Service, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, UK; (J.P.); (C.L.H.-D.)
| | - Colin P.D. Birch
- Department of Epidemiological Sciences, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK;
| | - Gareth A. Williams
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; (G.A.W.); (M.A.C.)
| | - Mark A. Chambers
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; (G.A.W.); (M.A.C.)
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Joanna Bacon
- TB Research Group, Public Health England, National Infection Service, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, UK; (J.P.); (C.L.H.-D.)
- Correspondence:
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11
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Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis remains the leading cause of death attributed to a single infectious organism. Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG), the standard vaccine against M. tuberculosis, is thought to prevent only 5% of all vaccine-preventable deaths due to tuberculosis, thus an alternative vaccine is required. One of the principal barriers to vaccine development against M. tuberculosis is the complexity of the immune response to infection, with uncertainty as to what constitutes an immunological correlate of protection. In this paper, we seek to give an overview of the immunology of M. tuberculosis infection, and by doing so, investigate possible targets of vaccine development. This encompasses the innate, adaptive, mucosal and humoral immune systems. Though MVA85A did not improve protection compared with BCG alone in a large-scale clinical trial, the correlates of protection this has revealed, in addition to promising results from candidate such as VPM1002, M72/ASO1E and H56:IC31 point to a brighter future in the field of TB vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedict Brazier
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ UK
| | - Helen McShane
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ UK
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12
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Guallar-Garrido S, Campo-Pérez V, Sánchez-Chardi A, Luquin M, Julián E. Each Mycobacterium Requires a Specific Culture Medium Composition for Triggering an Optimized Immunomodulatory and Antitumoral Effect. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8050734. [PMID: 32423030 PMCID: PMC7284523 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8050734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) remains the first treatment option for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (BC) patients. In research laboratories, M. bovis BCG is mainly grown in commercially available media supplemented with animal-derived agents that favor its growth, while biomass production for patient treatment is performed in Sauton medium which lacks animal-derived components. However, there is not a standardized formulation of Sauton medium, which could affect mycobacterial characteristics. Here, the impact of culture composition on the immunomodulatory and antitumor capacity of M. bovis BCG and Mycolicibacterium brumae, recently described as efficacious for BC treatment, has been addressed. Both mycobacteria grown in Middlebrook and different Sauton formulations, differing in the source of nitrogen and amount of carbon source, were studied. Our results indicate the relevance of culture medium composition on the antitumor effect triggered by mycobacteria, indicating that the most productive culture medium is not necessarily the formulation that provides the most favorable immunomodulatory profile and the highest capacity to inhibit BC cell growth. Strikingly, each mycobacterial species requires a specific culture medium composition to provide the best profile as an immunotherapeutic agent for BC treatment. Our results highlight the relevance of meticulousness in mycobacteria production, providing insight into the application of these bacteria in BC research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Guallar-Garrido
- Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; (S.G.-G.); (V.C.-P.); (M.L.)
| | - Víctor Campo-Pérez
- Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; (S.G.-G.); (V.C.-P.); (M.L.)
- Bacterial Infections and Antimicrobial Therapies group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alejandro Sánchez-Chardi
- Servei de Microscòpia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain;
- Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marina Luquin
- Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; (S.G.-G.); (V.C.-P.); (M.L.)
| | - Esther Julián
- Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; (S.G.-G.); (V.C.-P.); (M.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-93-5814870
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13
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Abstract
Are antibodies important for protection against tuberculosis? The jury has been out for more than 100 years. B cell depletion in experimental Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection failed to identify a major role for these cells in immunity to tuberculosis. However, recent identification of naturally occurring antibodies in humans that are protective during M. tuberculosis infection has reignited the debate. Here, we discuss the evidence for a protective role for antibodies in tuberculosis and consider the feasibility of designing novel tuberculosis vaccines targeting humoral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Li
- Centre for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Centre for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Tsinghua University School of Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Babak Javid
- Centre for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Centre for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Tsinghua University School of Medicine, Beijing, China.
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14
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The Mycobacterium tuberculosis capsule: a cell structure with key implications in pathogenesis. Biochem J 2019; 476:1995-2016. [PMID: 31320388 PMCID: PMC6698057 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20190324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial capsules have evolved to be at the forefront of the cell envelope, making them an essential element of bacterial biology. Efforts to understand the Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) capsule began more than 60 years ago, but the relatively recent development of mycobacterial genetics combined with improved chemical and immunological tools have revealed a more refined view of capsule molecular composition. A glycogen-like α-glucan is the major constituent of the capsule, with lower amounts of arabinomannan and mannan, proteins and lipids. The major Mtb capsular components mediate interactions with phagocytes that favor bacterial survival. Vaccination approaches targeting the mycobacterial capsule have proven successful in controlling bacterial replication. Although the Mtb capsule is composed of polysaccharides of relatively low complexity, the concept of antigenic variability associated with this structure has been suggested by some studies. Understanding how Mtb shapes its envelope during its life cycle is key to developing anti-infective strategies targeting this structure at the host-pathogen interface.
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15
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Tanner R, Villarreal-Ramos B, Vordermeier HM, McShane H. The Humoral Immune Response to BCG Vaccination. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1317. [PMID: 31244856 PMCID: PMC6579862 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacillus Calmette Guérin (BCG) is the only currently available vaccine against tuberculosis (TB), but it confers incomplete and variable protection against pulmonary TB in humans and bovine TB (bTB) in cattle. Insights into the immune response induced by BCG offer an underexploited opportunity to gain knowledge that may inform the design of a more efficacious vaccine, which is urgently needed to control these major global epidemics. Humoral immunity in TB and bTB has been neglected, but recent studies supporting a role for antibodies in protection against TB has driven a growing interest in determining their relevance to vaccine development. In this manuscript we review what is known about the humoral immune response to BCG vaccination and re-vaccination across species, including evidence for the induction of specific B cells and antibodies; and how these may relate to protection from TB or bTB. We discuss potential explanations for often conflicting findings and consider how factors such as BCG strain, manufacturing methodology and route of administration influence the humoral response. As novel vaccination strategies include BCG prime-boost regimens, the literature regarding off-target immunomodulatory effects of BCG vaccination on non-specific humoral immunity is also reviewed. Overall, reported outcomes to date are inconsistent, but indicate that humoral responses are heterogeneous and may play different roles in different species, populations, or individual hosts. Further study is warranted to determine whether a new TB vaccine could benefit from the targeting of humoral as well as cell-mediated immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Tanner
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Bernardo Villarreal-Ramos
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, United Kingdom
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, United Kingdom
| | - H. Martin Vordermeier
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, United Kingdom
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, United Kingdom
| | - Helen McShane
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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16
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Retention of EsxA in the Capsule-Like Layer of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Is Associated with Cytotoxicity and Is Counteracted by Lung Surfactant. Infect Immun 2019; 87:IAI.00803-18. [PMID: 30602503 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00803-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the pathogen that causes tuberculosis, primarily infects macrophages but withstands the host cell's bactericidal effects. EsxA, also called virulence factor 6-kDa early secretory antigenic target (ESAT-6), is involved in phagosomal rupture and cell death. We provide confocal and electron microscopy data showing that M. tuberculosis bacteria grown without detergent retain EsxA on their surface. Lung surfactant has detergent-like properties and effectively strips off this surface-associated EsxA, which advocates a novel mechanism of lung surfactant-mediated defense against pathogens. Upon challenge of human macrophages with these M. tuberculosis bacilli, the amount of surface-associated EsxA rapidly declines in a phagocytosis-independent manner. Furthermore, M. tuberculosis bacteria cultivated under exclusion of detergent exert potent cytotoxic activity associated with bacterial growth. Together, this study suggests that the surface retention of EsxA contributes to the cytotoxicity of M. tuberculosis and highlights how cultivation conditions affect the experimental outcome.
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17
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Ates LS, Sayes F, Frigui W, Ummels R, Damen MPM, Bottai D, Behr MA, van Heijst JWJ, Bitter W, Majlessi L, Brosch R. RD5-mediated lack of PE_PGRS and PPE-MPTR export in BCG vaccine strains results in strong reduction of antigenic repertoire but little impact on protection. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007139. [PMID: 29912964 PMCID: PMC6023246 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis is the deadliest infectious disease worldwide. Although the BCG vaccine is widely used, it does not efficiently protect against pulmonary tuberculosis and an improved tuberculosis vaccine is therefore urgently needed. Mycobacterium tuberculosis uses different ESX/Type VII secretion (T7S) systems to transport proteins important for virulence and host immune responses. We recently reported that secretion of T7S substrates belonging to the mycobacteria-specific Pro-Glu (PE) and Pro-Pro-Glu (PPE) proteins of the PGRS (polymorphic GC-rich sequences) and MPTR (major polymorphic tandem repeat) subfamilies required both a functional ESX-5 system and a functional PPE38/71 protein for secretion. Inactivation of ppe38/71 and the resulting loss of PE_PGRS/PPE-MPTR secretion were linked to increased virulence of M. tuberculosis strains. Here, we show that a predicted total of 89 PE_PGRS/PPE-MPTR surface proteins are not exported by certain animal-adapted strains of the M. tuberculosis complex including M. bovis. This Δppe38/71-associated secretion defect therefore also occurs in the M. bovis-derived tuberculosis vaccine BCG and could be partially restored by introduction of the M. tuberculosis ppe38-locus. Epitope mapping of the PPE-MPTR protein PPE10, further allowed us to monitor T-cell responses in splenocytes from BCG/M. tuberculosis immunized mice, confirming the dependence of PPE10-specific immune-induction on ESX-5/PPE38-mediated secretion. Restoration of PE_PGRS/PPE-MPTR secretion in recombinant BCG neither altered global antigenic presentation or activation of innate immune cells, nor protective efficacy in two different mouse vaccination-infection models. This unexpected finding stimulates a reassessment of the immunomodulatory properties of PE_PGRS/PPE-MPTR proteins, some of which are contained in vaccine formulations currently in clinical evaluation. One of the major findings of the pioneering Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv genome sequencing project was the identification of the highly abundant PE and PPE proteins, named after their N-terminal motifs Pro–Glu (PE) or Pro–Pro–Glu (PPE). Within the 20 years of research since then, many claims were made that PE/PPE proteins, including the two large subgroups encoded by repetitive sequences with very high GC content (PE_PGRS and PPE-MPTR families), are exported to the bacterial surface or beyond, and show broad immunomodulatory impact on host-pathogen interaction. We thus screened strains from different branches of the M. tuberculosis complex, including the attenuated Mycobacterium bovis BCG vaccine strains, for their capacity to export PE_PGRS/PPE-MPTR proteins. Strikingly, we found that BCG strains were unable to export the plethora of PE_PGRS/PPE-MPTR proteins due to the absence of the region of difference RD5, which in M. tuberculosis encodes PPE38, required for PE_PGRS/PPE-MPTR export. Surprisingly, the restoration of PE_PGRS/PPE-MPTR export by genetic complementation in recombinant BCG did not result in immunomodulatory changes or altered protection in mouse models. Our results thus put into perspective the numerous reports on virulence-associated immunomodulatory impact of individual PE_PGRS and PPE-MPTR proteins and open novel questions on their biological function(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis S. Ates
- Institut Pasteur, Unit for Integrated Mycobacterial Pathogenomics, CNRS UMR3525, Paris, France
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- * E-mail: (LSA); (RB)
| | - Fadel Sayes
- Institut Pasteur, Unit for Integrated Mycobacterial Pathogenomics, CNRS UMR3525, Paris, France
| | - Wafa Frigui
- Institut Pasteur, Unit for Integrated Mycobacterial Pathogenomics, CNRS UMR3525, Paris, France
| | - Roy Ummels
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Merel P. M. Damen
- Institut Pasteur, Unit for Integrated Mycobacterial Pathogenomics, CNRS UMR3525, Paris, France
- Section Molecular Microbiology, Amsterdam Institute of Molecules, Medicine & Systems, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Daria Bottai
- University of Pisa, Department of Biology, Pisa, Italy
| | - Marcel A. Behr
- McGill International TB Centre, Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program at the McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, Montreal, Canada
| | - Jeroen W. J. van Heijst
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Wilbert Bitter
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Section Molecular Microbiology, Amsterdam Institute of Molecules, Medicine & Systems, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Laleh Majlessi
- Institut Pasteur, Unit for Integrated Mycobacterial Pathogenomics, CNRS UMR3525, Paris, France
| | - Roland Brosch
- Institut Pasteur, Unit for Integrated Mycobacterial Pathogenomics, CNRS UMR3525, Paris, France
- * E-mail: (LSA); (RB)
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18
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Ealand CS, Machowski EE, Kana BD. β-lactam resistance: The role of low molecular weight penicillin binding proteins, β-lactamases and ld-transpeptidases in bacteria associated with respiratory tract infections. IUBMB Life 2018; 70:855-868. [PMID: 29717815 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Disruption of peptidoglycan (PG) biosynthesis in the bacterial cell wall by β-lactam antibiotics has transformed therapeutic options for bacterial infections. These antibiotics target the transpeptidase domains in penicillin binding proteins (PBPs), which can be classified into high and low molecular weight (LMW) counterparts. While the essentiality of the former has been extensively demonstrated, the physiological roles of LMW PBPs remain poorly understood. Herein, we review the function of LMW PBPs, β-lactamases and ld-transpeptidases (Ldts) in pathogens associated with respiratory tract infections. More specifically, we explore their roles in mediating β-lactam resistance. Using a comparative genomics approach, we identified a high degree of genetic redundancy for LMW PBPs which retain the motifs, SxxN, SxN and KTG required for catalytic activity. Differences in domain architecture suggest distinct physiological roles, possibly related to bacterial cell cycle and/or adaptation to various environmental conditions. Many of the LMW PBPs play an important role in β-lactam resistance either through mutation or variation in abundance. In all of the bacterial genomes assessed, at least one β-lactamase homologue is present, suggesting that enzymatic degradation of β-lactams is a highly conserved resistance mechanism. Furthermore, the presence of Ldt homologues in the majority of species surveyed suggests that alternative PG crosslinking may further mediate β-lactam drug resistance. A deeper understanding of the interplay between these different mechanisms of β-lactam resistance will provide a framework for new therapeutics, which are urgently required given the rapid emergence of antimicrobial resistance. © 2018 IUBMB Life, 70(9):855-868, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher S Ealand
- DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand and the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Edith E Machowski
- DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand and the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Bavesh D Kana
- DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand and the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa.,MRC-CAPRISA HIV-TB Pathogenesis and Treatment Research Unit, Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, CAPRISA, Durban, South Africa
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19
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Moliva JI, Hossfeld AP, Canan CH, Dwivedi V, Wewers MD, Beamer G, Turner J, Torrelles JB. Exposure to human alveolar lining fluid enhances Mycobacterium bovis BCG vaccine efficacy against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in a CD8 + T-cell-dependent manner. Mucosal Immunol 2018; 11:968-978. [PMID: 28930287 PMCID: PMC5860920 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2017.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Current tuberculosis (TB) treatments include chemotherapy and preventative vaccination with Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG). In humans, however, BCG vaccination fails to fully protect against pulmonary TB. Few studies have considered the impact of the human lung mucosa (alveolar lining fluid (ALF)), which modifies the Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) cell wall, revealing alternate antigenic epitopes on the bacterium surface that alter its pathogenicity. We hypothesized that ALF-induced modification of BCG would induce better protection against aerosol infection with M.tb. Here we vaccinated mice with ALF-exposed BCG, mimicking the mycobacterial cell surface properties that would be present in the lung during M.tb infection. ALF-exposed BCG-vaccinated mice were more effective at reducing M.tb bacterial burden in the lung and spleen, and had reduced lung inflammation at late stages of M.tb infection. Improved BCG efficacy was associated with increased numbers of memory CD8+ T cells, and CD8+ T cells with the potential to produce interferon-γ in the lung in response to M.tb challenge. Depletion studies confirmed an essential role for CD8+ T cells in controlling M.tb bacterial burden. We conclude that ALF modifications to the M.tb cell wall in vivo are relevant in the context of vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan I. Moliva
- Dept. Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine (COM), The Ohio State University (OSU), Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, COM, OSU, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Austin P. Hossfeld
- Dept. Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine (COM), The Ohio State University (OSU), Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Cynthia H. Canan
- Dept. Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine (COM), The Ohio State University (OSU), Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Varun Dwivedi
- Dept. Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine (COM), The Ohio State University (OSU), Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Mark D. Wewers
- Dept. Internal Medicine, Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine Division, COM, OSU, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Gillian Beamer
- Dept. Infectious Diseases and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA, USA
| | - Joanne Turner
- Dept. Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine (COM), The Ohio State University (OSU), Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Jordi B. Torrelles
- Dept. Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine (COM), The Ohio State University (OSU), Columbus, Ohio, USA
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20
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Segura-Cerda CA, Aceves-Sánchez MDJ, Marquina-Castillo B, Mata-Espinoza D, Barrios-Payán J, Vega-Domínguez PJ, Pedroza-Roldán C, Bravo-Madrigal J, Vallejo-Cardona AA, Hernández-Pando R, Flores-Valdez MA. Immune response elicited by two rBCG strains devoid of genes involved in c-di-GMP metabolism affect protection versus challenge with M. tuberculosis strains of different virulence. Vaccine 2018; 36:2069-2078. [PMID: 29550192 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Pellicles, a type of biofilm, have gathered a renewed interest in the field of tuberculosis as a structure that mimics some characteristics occurring during M. tuberculosis infection, such as antibiotic recalcitrance and chronicity of infection, and as a source of antigens for humoral response in infected guinea pigs. In other bacteria, it has been well documented that the second messenger c-di-GMP modulates the transition from planktonic cells to biofilm formation. In this work, we used the live vaccine Mycobacterium bovis BCG to determine whether deletion of genes involved in c-di-GMP metabolism would affect interaction with macrophages, capacity to induce immune response in a murine cell line and mice, and how the protein profile was modified when grown as surface pellicles. We found that deletion of the BCG1419c (Delta c-di-GMP phosphodiesterase, ΔPDE) gene, or deletion of the BCG1416c (Delta c-di-GMP diguanylate cyclase, ΔDGC) gene, altered production of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β, in murine macrophages, and resulted in attenuation in intra-macrophage replication. Moreover, in addition to the improved immunogenicity of the BCGΔBCG1419c mutant already reported, deletion of the BCG1416c gene leads to increased T CD4+ and T CD8+ activation. This correlated with protection versus lethality in mice infected with the highly virulent M. tuberculosis 5186 afforded by vaccination with all the tested BCG strains, and controlled the growth of the mildly virulent M. tuberculosis H37Rv in lungs by vaccination with BCGΔBCG1419c during chronic late infection from 4 to 6 months after challenge. Furthermore, when grown as surface pellicles, a condition used to manufacture BCG vaccine, in comparison to BCG wild type, both rBCGs changed expression of antigenic proteins such as DnaK, HbhA, PstS2, 35KDa antigen, GroEL2, as well as AcpM, a protein involved in synthesis of mycolic acids, molecules relevant to modulate inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Alfredo Segura-Cerda
- Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y diseño del Estado de Jalisco, A.C., Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Michel de Jesús Aceves-Sánchez
- Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y diseño del Estado de Jalisco, A.C., Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Brenda Marquina-Castillo
- Departamento de Patología Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México City, Mexico
| | - Dulce Mata-Espinoza
- Departamento de Patología Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México City, Mexico
| | - Jorge Barrios-Payán
- Departamento de Patología Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México City, Mexico
| | - Perla Jazmín Vega-Domínguez
- Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y diseño del Estado de Jalisco, A.C., Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - César Pedroza-Roldán
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinaria, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Zapopan, Mexico
| | - Jorge Bravo-Madrigal
- Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y diseño del Estado de Jalisco, A.C., Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Alba Adriana Vallejo-Cardona
- Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y diseño del Estado de Jalisco, A.C., Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Rogelio Hernández-Pando
- Departamento de Patología Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México City, Mexico
| | - Mario Alberto Flores-Valdez
- Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y diseño del Estado de Jalisco, A.C., Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
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21
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Abstract
Mycobacterial 6-kDa early secreted antigenic target (ESAT-6) system (ESX) exporters transport proteins across the cytoplasmic membrane. Many proteins transported by ESX systems are then translocated across the mycobacterial cell envelope and secreted from the cell. Although the mechanism underlying protein transport across the mycolate outer membrane remains elusive, the ESX systems are closely connected with and localize to the cell envelope. Links between ESX-associated proteins, cell wall synthesis, and the maintenance of cell envelope integrity have been reported. Genes encoding the ESX systems and those required for biosynthesis of the mycobacterial envelope are coregulated. Here, we review the interplay between ESX systems and the mycobacterial cell envelope.
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22
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Reasons for optimism in the search for new vaccines for tuberculosis. Epidemiol Infect 2017; 145:1750-1756. [PMID: 28414012 DOI: 10.1017/s095026881700067x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In the development of vaccines for tuberculosis (TB), the combination of the will, funding, scientific rigor, new tools, refined animal models and improved clinical trial designs are all converging at an opportune moment. The lack of optimism that has surrounded the likelihood for finding novel TB vaccines has resulted from a lack of correlates of vaccine-induced protection, a lack of tool candidate vaccines to probe the immunologic space, which may be needed, and the negative result of one recent trial. A vaccine for TB that can be delivered at a reasonable cost to the marketplace will have greater impact on the incidence of new cases of TB than any intervention in world history. Now is the time to increase resources, both financial and human intellectual capacity, for a global tuberculosis vaccine effort.
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Kumar S, Sunagar R, Pham G, Franz BJ, Rosa SJ, Hazlett KRO, Gosselin EJ. Differential Cultivation of Francisella tularensis Induces Changes in the Immune Response to and Protective Efficacy of Whole Cell-Based Inactivated Vaccines. Front Immunol 2017; 7:677. [PMID: 28119692 PMCID: PMC5222797 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Francisella tularensis (Ft) is a category A biothreat agent for which there is no Food and Drug Administration-approved vaccine. Ft can survive in a variety of habitats with a remarkable ability to adapt to changing environmental conditions. Furthermore, Ft expresses distinct sets of antigens (Ags) when inside of macrophages (its in vivo host) as compared to those grown in vitro with Mueller Hinton Broth (MHB). However, in contrast to MHB-grown Ft, Ft grown in Brain-Heart Infusion (BHI) more closely mimics the antigenic profile of macrophage-grown Ft. Thus, we anticipated that when used as a vaccine, BHI-grown Ft would provide better protection compared to MHB-grown Ft, primarily due to its greater antigenic similarity to Ft circulating inside the host (macrophages) during natural infection. Our investigation, however, revealed that inactivated Ft (iFt) grown in MHB (iFt-MHB) exhibited superior protective activity when used as a vaccine, as compared to iFt grown in BHI (iFt-BHI). The superior protection afforded by iFt-MHB compared to that of iFt-BHI was associated with significantly lower bacterial burden and inflammation in the lungs and spleens of vaccinated mice. Moreover, iFt-MHB also induced increased levels of Ft-specific IgG. Further evaluation of early immunological cues also revealed that iFt-MHB exhibits increased engagement of Ag-presenting cells including increased iFt binding to dendritic cells, increased expression of costimulatory markers, and increased secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Importantly, these studies directly demonstrate that Ft growth conditions strongly impact Ft vaccine efficacy and that the growth medium used to produce whole cell vaccines to Ft must be a key consideration in the development of a tularemia vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudeep Kumar
- Center for Immunology and Microbial Diseases, Albany Medical College , Albany, NY , USA
| | - Raju Sunagar
- Center for Immunology and Microbial Diseases, Albany Medical College , Albany, NY , USA
| | - Giang Pham
- Center for Immunology and Microbial Diseases, Albany Medical College , Albany, NY , USA
| | - Brian J Franz
- Center for Immunology and Microbial Diseases, Albany Medical College , Albany, NY , USA
| | - Sarah J Rosa
- Center for Immunology and Microbial Diseases, Albany Medical College , Albany, NY , USA
| | - Karsten R O Hazlett
- Center for Immunology and Microbial Diseases, Albany Medical College , Albany, NY , USA
| | - Edmund J Gosselin
- Center for Immunology and Microbial Diseases, Albany Medical College , Albany, NY , USA
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24
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Ates LS, van der Woude AD, Bestebroer J, van Stempvoort G, Musters RJP, Garcia-Vallejo JJ, Picavet DI, Weerd RVD, Maletta M, Kuijl CP, van der Wel NN, Bitter W. The ESX-5 System of Pathogenic Mycobacteria Is Involved In Capsule Integrity and Virulence through Its Substrate PPE10. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005696. [PMID: 27280885 PMCID: PMC4900558 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacteria produce a capsule layer, which consists of glycan-like polysaccharides and a number of specific proteins. In this study, we show that, in slow-growing mycobacteria, the type VII secretion system ESX-5 plays a major role in the integrity and stability of the capsule. We have identified PPE10 as the ESX-5 substrate responsible for this effect. Mutants in esx-5 and ppe10 both have impaired capsule integrity as well as reduced surface hydrophobicity. Electron microscopy, immunoblot and flow cytometry analyses demonstrated reduced amounts of surface localized proteins and glycolipids, and morphological differences in the capsular layer. Since capsular proteins secreted by the ESX-1 system are important virulence factors, we tested the effect of the mutations that cause capsular defects on virulence mechanisms. Both esx-5 and ppe10 mutants of Mycobacterium marinum were shown to be impaired in ESX-1-dependent hemolysis. In agreement with this, the ppe10 and esx5 mutants showed reduced recruitment of ubiquitin in early macrophage infection and intermediate attenuation in zebrafish embryos. These results provide a pivotal role for the ESX-5 secretion system and its substrate PPE10, in the capsular integrity of pathogenic mycobacteria. These findings open up new roads for research on the mycobacterial capsule and its role in virulence and immune modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis S Ates
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Aniek D van der Woude
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Molecular Microbiology, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jovanka Bestebroer
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - René J P Musters
- Department of Physiology and Cardiology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Juan J Garcia-Vallejo
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Daisy I Picavet
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam the Netherlands
| | - Robert van de Weerd
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Coenraad P Kuijl
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Nicole N van der Wel
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam the Netherlands
| | - Wilbert Bitter
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Molecular Microbiology, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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