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Suo C, Polanski K, Dann E, Lindeboom RGH, Vilarrasa-Blasi R, Vento-Tormo R, Haniffa M, Meyer KB, Dratva LM, Tuong ZK, Clatworthy MR, Teichmann SA. Dandelion uses the single-cell adaptive immune receptor repertoire to explore lymphocyte developmental origins. Nat Biotechnol 2024; 42:40-51. [PMID: 37055623 PMCID: PMC10791579 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-023-01734-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Assessment of single-cell gene expression (single-cell RNA sequencing) and adaptive immune receptor (AIR) sequencing (scVDJ-seq) has been invaluable in studying lymphocyte biology. Here we introduce Dandelion, a computational pipeline for scVDJ-seq analysis. It enables the application of standard V(D)J analysis workflows to single-cell datasets, delivering improved V(D)J contig annotation and the identification of nonproductive and partially spliced contigs. We devised a strategy to create an AIR feature space that can be used for both differential V(D)J usage analysis and pseudotime trajectory inference. The application of Dandelion improved the alignment of human thymic development trajectories of double-positive T cells to mature single-positive CD4/CD8 T cells, generating predictions of factors regulating lineage commitment. Dandelion analysis of other cell compartments provided insights into the origins of human B1 cells and ILC/NK cell development, illustrating the power of our approach. Dandelion is available at https://www.github.com/zktuong/dandelion .
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenqu Suo
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Paediatrics, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Emma Dann
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | | | - Muzlifah Haniffa
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Department of Dermatology and NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Kerstin B Meyer
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Lisa M Dratva
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Zewen Kelvin Tuong
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK.
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Frazer Institute, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
- Ian Frazer Centre for Children's Immunotherapy Research, Child Health Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Menna R Clatworthy
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK.
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Sarah A Teichmann
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK.
- Theory of Condensed Matter, Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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2
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McCaw TR, Lofftus SY, Crompton JG. Clonal redemption of B cells in cancer. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1277597. [PMID: 37965337 PMCID: PMC10640973 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1277597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Potentially self-reactive B cells constitute a large portion of the peripheral B cell repertoire in both mice and humans. Maintenance of autoreactive B cell populations could conceivably be detrimental to the host but their conservation throughout evolution suggests performance of a critical and beneficial immune function. We discuss herein how the process of clonal redemption may provide insight to preservation of an autoreactive B cell pool in the context of infection and autoimmunity. Clonal redemption refers to additional recombination or hypermutation events decreasing affinity for self-antigen, while increasing affinity for foreign antigens. We then review findings in murine models and human patients to consider whether clonal redemption may be able to provide tumor antigen-specific B cells and how this may or may not predispose patients to autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Joseph G. Crompton
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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3
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Single-cell genomics identifies distinct B1 cell developmental pathways and reveals aging-related changes in the B-cell receptor repertoire. Cell Biosci 2022; 12:57. [PMID: 35526067 PMCID: PMC9080186 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-022-00795-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background B1 cells are self-renewing innate-like B lymphocytes that provide the first line of defense against pathogens. B1 cells primarily reside in the peritoneal cavity and are known to originate from various fetal tissues, yet their developmental pathways and the mechanisms underlying maintenance of B1 cells throughout adulthood remain unclear. Results We performed high-throughput single-cell analysis of the transcriptomes and B-cell receptor repertoires of peritoneal B cells of neonates, young adults, and elderly mice. Gene expression analysis of 31,718 peritoneal B cells showed that the neonate peritoneal cavity contained many B1 progenitors, and neonate B cell specific clustering revealed two trajectories of peritoneal B1 cell development, including pre-BCR dependent and pre-BCR independent pathways. We also detected profound age-related changes in B1 cell transcriptomes: clear difference in senescence genetic program was evident in differentially aged B1 cells, and we found an example that a B1 subset only present in the oldest mice was marked by expression of the fatty-acid receptor CD36. We also performed antibody gene sequencing of 15,967 peritoneal B cells from the three age groups and discovered that B1 cell aging was associated with clonal expansion and two B1 cell clones expanded in the aged mice had the same CDR-H3 sequence (AGDYDGYWYFDV) as a pathogenically linked cell type from a recent study of an atherosclerosis mouse model. Conclusions Beyond offering an unprecedent data resource to explore the cell-to-cell variation in B cells, our study has revealed that B1 precursor subsets are present in the neonate peritoneal cavity and dissected the developmental pathway of the precursor cells. Besides, this study has found the expression of CD36 on the B1 cells in the aged mice. And the single-cell B-cell receptor sequencing reveals B1 cell aging is associated with clonal expansion. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13578-022-00795-6.
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4
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Wang Y, Liu J, Burrows PD, Wang JY. B Cell Development and Maturation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1254:1-22. [PMID: 32323265 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-3532-1_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Since the identification of B cells in 1965 (Cooper et al. 1965), three has been tremendous progress in our understanding of B cell development, maturation and function. A number of B cell subpopulations, including B-1, B-2 and regulatory B cells, have been identified. B-1 cells mainly originate from the fetal liver and contain B-1a and B-1b subsets. B-2 cells are derived from the bone marrow (BM) and can be further classified into follicular B (FOB) and marginal zone B (MZB) cells. Regulatory B cells (Bregs) function to suppress immune responses, primarily by production of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. B cell tolerance is established at several checkpoints, during B cell development in the BM (central tolerance) as well as during B cell maturation and activation in the periphery (peripheral tolerance). This chapter will focus on the regulation of important processes during the development and maturation of B-1 and B-2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Peter D Burrows
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Ji-Yang Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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5
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Abstract
Adaptive antibody responses provide a crucial means of host defense against viral infections by mediating the neutralization and killing infectious pathogens. At the forefront of humoral defense against viruses lie a subset of innate-like serum antibodies known as natural antibodies (NAbs). NAbs serve multifaceted functions in host defense and play an essential role in early immune responses against viruses. However, there remain many unanswered questions with regard to both the breadth of viral antigens recognized by NAbs, and how B cell ontology and individual antigenic histories intersect to control the development and function of antiviral human NAbs. In the following article we briefly review the current understanding of the functions and source of NAbs in the immune repertoire, their role during antiviral immune responses, the factors influencing the maturation of the NAb repertoire, and finally, the gaps and future research needed to advance our understanding of innate-like B cell biology for the purpose of harnessing NAbs for host defense against viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Stewart New
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - R Glenn King
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - John F Kearney
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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6
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Taitano SH, van der Vlugt LEPM, Shea MM, Yang J, Lukacs NW, Lundy SK. Differential Influence on Regulatory B Cells by T H2 Cytokines Affects Protection in Allergic Airway Disease. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:1865-1874. [PMID: 30127086 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The role of regulatory B cells (Bregs) in modulating immune responses and maintaining tolerance are well established. However, how cytokines present during immune responses affect Breg growth and function are not as well defined. Previously, our laboratory reported IL-5- and mCD40L-expressing fibroblast (mCD40L-Fb) stimulation induced IL-10 production from murine B cells. The current study investigated the phenotype and functional relevance of IL-10- producing B cells from this culture. We found IL-5/mCD40L-Fb stimulation induced IL-10 production exclusively from CD5+ splenic B cells of naive mice. After stimulation, the resulting IL-10+ B cells displayed markers of multiple reported Breg phenotypes. Interestingly, when investigating effects of IL-4 (a critical TH2 cytokine) on IL-5/mCD40L-Fb-induced IL-10 production, we found IL-4 inhibited IL-10 production in a STAT6-dependent manner. Upon adoptive transfer, CD5+ B cells previously stimulated with IL-5/mCD40L-Fb were able to reduce development of OVA-induced allergic airway disease in mice. Using B cells from IL-10 mutant mice differentiated by IL-5/mCD40L-Fb, we found protection from allergic airway disease development was dependent on the IL-10 production from the transferred B cells. Bregs have been shown to play crucial roles in the immune tolerance network, and understanding stimuli that modulate their growth and function may be key in development of future treatments for diseases of immune dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophina H Taitano
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109.,Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; and
| | - Luciën E P M van der Vlugt
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Molly M Shea
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Jennifer Yang
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Nicholas W Lukacs
- Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; and.,Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Steven K Lundy
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; .,Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; and
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7
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Darwiche W, Gubler B, Marolleau JP, Ghamlouch H. Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia B-Cell Normal Cellular Counterpart: Clues From a Functional Perspective. Front Immunol 2018; 9:683. [PMID: 29670635 PMCID: PMC5893869 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is characterized by the clonal expansion of small mature-looking CD19+ CD23+ CD5+ B-cells that accumulate in the blood, bone marrow, and lymphoid organs. To date, no consensus has been reached concerning the normal cellular counterpart of CLL B-cells and several B-cell types have been proposed. CLL B-cells have remarkable phenotypic and gene expression profile homogeneity. In recent years, the molecular and cellular biology of CLL has been enriched by seminal insights that are leading to a better understanding of the natural history of the disease. Immunophenotypic and molecular approaches (including immunoglobulin heavy-chain variable gene mutational status, transcriptional and epigenetic profiling) comparing the normal B-cell subset and CLL B-cells provide some new insights into the normal cellular counterpart. Functional characteristics (including activation requirements and propensity for plasma cell differentiation) of CLL B-cells have now been investigated for 50 years. B-cell subsets differ substantially in terms of their functional features. Analysis of shared functional characteristics may reveal similarities between normal B-cell subsets and CLL B-cells, allowing speculative assignment of a normal cellular counterpart for CLL B-cells. In this review, we summarize current data regarding peripheral B-cell differentiation and human B-cell subsets and suggest possibilities for a normal cellular counterpart based on the functional characteristics of CLL B-cells. However, a definitive normal cellular counterpart cannot be attributed on the basis of the available data. We discuss the functional characteristics required for a cell to be logically considered to be the normal counterpart of CLL B-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walaa Darwiche
- EA 4666 Lymphocyte Normal - Pathologique et Cancers, HEMATIM, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France.,Laboratoire d'Hématologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Amiens-Picardie, Amiens, France
| | - Brigitte Gubler
- EA 4666 Lymphocyte Normal - Pathologique et Cancers, HEMATIM, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France.,Laboratoire d'Oncobiologie Moléculaire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Amiens-Picardie, Amiens, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Marolleau
- EA 4666 Lymphocyte Normal - Pathologique et Cancers, HEMATIM, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France.,Service d'Hématologie Clinique et Thérapie cellulaire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Amiens-Picardie, Amiens, France
| | - Hussein Ghamlouch
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1170, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Université Paris-Sud, Faculté de Médecine, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
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8
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Savage HP, Yenson VM, Sawhney SS, Mousseau BJ, Lund FE, Baumgarth N. Blimp-1-dependent and -independent natural antibody production by B-1 and B-1-derived plasma cells. J Exp Med 2017; 214:2777-2794. [PMID: 28698287 PMCID: PMC5584113 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20161122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural antibodies contribute to tissue homeostasis and protect against infections. They are secreted constitutively without external antigenic stimulation. The differentiation state and regulatory pathways that enable continuous natural antibody production by B-1 cells, the main cellular source in mice, remain incompletely understood. Here we demonstrate that natural IgM-secreting B-1 cells in the spleen and bone marrow are heterogeneous, consisting of (a) terminally differentiated B-1-derived plasma cells expressing the transcriptional regulator of differentiation, Blimp-1, (b) Blimp-1+, and (c) Blimp-1neg phenotypic B-1 cells. Blimp-1neg IgM-secreting B-1 cells are not simply intermediates of cellular differentiation. Instead, they secrete similar amounts of IgM in wild-type and Blimp-1-deficient (PRDM-1ΔEx1A) mice. Blimp-1neg B-1 cells are also a major source of IgG3. Consequently, deletion of Blimp-1 changes neither serum IgG3 levels nor the amount of IgG3 secreted per cell. Thus, the pool of natural antibody-secreting B-1 cells is heterogeneous and contains a distinct subset of cells that do not use Blimp-1 for initiation or maximal antibody secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah P Savage
- Graduate Group in Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA.,Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Vanessa M Yenson
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Sanjam S Sawhney
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Betty J Mousseau
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Frances E Lund
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Nicole Baumgarth
- Graduate Group in Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA .,Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA.,Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
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9
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Lobo PI. Role of Natural IgM Autoantibodies (IgM-NAA) and IgM Anti-Leukocyte Antibodies (IgM-ALA) in Regulating Inflammation. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2017; 408:89-117. [PMID: 28698955 DOI: 10.1007/82_2017_37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Natural IgM autoantibodies (IgM-NAA) are rapidly produced to inhibit pathogens and abrogate inflammation mediated by invading microorganisms and host neoantigens. IgM-NAA achieve this difficult task by being polyreactive with low binding affinity but with high avidity, characteristics that allow these antibodies to bind antigenic determinants shared by pathogens and neoantigens. Hence the same clones of natural IgM can bind and mask host neoantigens as well as inhibit microorganisms. In addition, IgM-NAA regulate the inflammatory response via mechanisms involving binding of IgM to apoptotic cells to enhance their removal and binding of IgM to live leukocytes to regulate their function. Secondly, we review how natural IgM prevents autoimmune disorders arising from pathogenic IgG autoantibodies as well as by autoreactive B and T cells that have escaped tolerance mechanisms. Thirdly, using IgM knockout mice, we show that regulatory B and T cells require IgM to effectively regulate inflammation mediated by innate, adaptive and autoimmune mechanisms. It is therefore not surprising why the host positively selects such autoreactive B1 cells that generate protective IgM-NAA, which are also evolutionarily conserved. Fourthly, we show that IgM anti-leukocyte autoantibodies (IgM-ALA) levels and their repertoire can vary in normal humans and disease states and this variation may partly explain the observed differences in the inflammatory response after infection, ischemic injury or after a transplant. Finally we also show how protective IgM-NAA can be rendered pathogenic under non-physiological conditions. IgM-NAA have therapeutic potential. Polyclonal IgM infusions can be used to abrogate ongoing inflammation. Additionally, inflammation arising after ischemic kidney injury, e.g., during high-risk elective cardiac surgery or after allograft transplantation, can be prevented by pre-emptively infusing polyclonal IgM, or DC pretreated ex vivo with IgM, or by increasing in vivo IgM with a vaccine approach. Cell therapy with IgM pretreated cells, is appealing as less IgM will be required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter I Lobo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Center of Immunology, Inflammation and Regenerative Medicine, University of Virginia Health Center, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
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10
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Lobo PI. Role of Natural Autoantibodies and Natural IgM Anti-Leucocyte Autoantibodies in Health and Disease. Front Immunol 2016; 7:198. [PMID: 27375614 PMCID: PMC4893492 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We review how polyreactive natural IgM autoantibodies (IgM-NAA) protect the host from invading micro-organisms and host neo-antigens that are constantly being produced by oxidation mechanisms and cell apoptosis. Second, we discuss how IgM-NAA and IgM anti-leukocyte antibodies (IgM-ALA) inhibits autoimmune inflammation by anti-idiotypic mechanisms, enhancing removal of apoptotic cells, masking neo-antigens, and regulating the function of dendritic cells (DC) and effector cells. Third, we review how natural IgM prevents autoimmune disorders arising from pathogenic IgG autoantibodies, triggered by genetic mechanisms (e.g., SLE) or micro-organisms, as well as by autoreactive B and T cells that have escaped tolerance mechanisms. Studies in IgM knockout mice have clearly demonstrated that regulatory B and T cells require IgM to effectively regulate inflammation mediated by innate, adaptive, and autoimmune mechanisms. It is, therefore, not surprising why the host positively selects such autoreactive B1 cells that generate IgM-NAA, which are also evolutionarily conserved. Fourth, we show that IgM-ALA levels and their repertoire can vary in normal humans and disease states and this variation may partly explain the observed differences in the inflammatory response after infection, ischemic injury, or after a transplant. We also show how protective IgM-NAA can be rendered pathogenic under non-physiological conditions. We also review IgG-NAA that are more abundant than IgM-NAA in plasma. However, we need to understand if the (Fab)(2) region of IgG-NAA has physiological relevance in non-disease states, as in plasma, their functional activity is blocked by IgM-NAA having anti-idiotypic activity. Some IgG-NAA are produced by B2 cells that have escaped tolerance mechanisms and we show how such pathogenic IgG-NAA are regulated to prevent autoimmune disease. The Fc region of IgG-NAA can influence inflammation and B cell function in vivo by binding to activating and inhibitory FcγR. IgM-NAA has therapeutic potential. Polyclonal IgM infusions can be used to abrogate on-going inflammation. Additionally, inflammation arising after ischemic kidney injury, e.g., during high-risk elective cardiac surgery or after allograft transplantation, can be prevented by pre-emptively infusing polyclonal IgM or DC pretreated ex vivo with IgM or by increasing in vivo IgM with a vaccine approach. Cell therapy is appealing as less IgM will be required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Isaac Lobo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Center of Immunology, Inflammation and Regenerative Medicine, University of Virginia Health Center, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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11
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Abstract
Natural IgM plays a critical role in protection from pathogens and the prevention of autoimmunity. While its importance has been shown in many different settings, its origins are incompletely understood. This review focuses on the properties of the natural IgM antibody-secreting cells (ASCs), which arise mainly from the B-1 cell lineage. B-1 cells are generated in multiple waves during development, mostly in the fetal and early postfetal periods. The developmental time points can affect their repertoire: prenatal B-1 cells express a mainly germ line-encoded repertoire, while postnatally developing B-1 cells can express Ig with a greater degree of variation. Spleen and bone marrow, but not the body cavities, are primary sites of natural IgM secretion. Within these tissues heterogeneous populations of IgM ASCs can be found. While some ASCs express classical markers of B-1 lymphocytes, others express those of terminally differentiated plasma cells. A better understanding of the properties of these different natural IgM ASCs could aid their future therapeutic exploitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah P Savage
- Graduate Group in Immunology, Davis, California.,Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Nicole Baumgarth
- Graduate Group in Immunology, Davis, California.,Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California, Davis, California.,Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, California
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12
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Rothstein TL, Griffin DO, Holodick NE, Quach TD, Kaku H. Human B-1 cells take the stage. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2013; 1285:97-114. [PMID: 23692567 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
B-1 cells play critical roles in defending against microbial invasion and in housekeeping removal of cellular debris. B-1 cells secrete natural antibody and manifest functions that influence T cell expansion and differentiation and in these and other ways differ from conventional B-2 cells. B-1 cells were originally studied in mice where they are easily distinguished from B-2 cells, but their identity in the human system remained poorly defined for many years. Recently, functional criteria for human B-1 cells were established on the basis of murine findings, and reverse engineering resulted in identification of the phenotypic profile, CD20(+)CD27(+)CD43(+)CD70(-), for B-1 cells found in both umbilical cord blood and adult peripheral blood. Human B-1 cells may contribute to multiple disease states through production of autoantibody and stimulation/modulation of T cell activity. Human B-1 cells could be a rich source of antibodies useful in treating diseases present in elderly populations where natural antibody protection may have eroded. Manipulation of human B-1 cell numbers and/or activity may be a new avenue for altering T cell function and treating immune dyscrasias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas L Rothstein
- Center for Oncology and Cell Biology, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA.
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13
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McWilliams L, Su KY, Liang X, Liao D, Floyd S, Amos J, Moody MA, Kelsoe G, Kuraoka M. The human fetal lymphocyte lineage: identification by CD27 and LIN28B expression in B cell progenitors. J Leukoc Biol 2013; 94:991-1001. [PMID: 23901121 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0113048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
CD27, a member of the TNFR superfamily, is used to identify human memory B cells. Nonetheless, CD27(+) B cells are present in patients with HIGM1 syndrome who are unable to generate GCs or memory B cells. CD27(+)IgD(+) fetal B cells are present in umbilical cord blood, and CD27 may also be a marker of the human B1-like B cells. To define the origin of naïve CD27(+)IgD(+) human B cells, we studied B cell development in both fetal and adult tissues. In human FL, most CD19(+) cells coexpressed CD10, a marker of human developing B cells. Some CD19(+)CD10(+) B cells expressed CD27, and these fetal CD27(+) cells were present in the pro-B, pre-B, and immature/transitional B cell compartments. Lower frequencies of phenotypically identical cells were also identified in adult BM. CD27(+) pro-B, pre-B, and immature/transitional B cells expressed recombination activating gene-1, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase and Vpre-B mRNA comparably to their CD27(-) counterparts. CD27(+) and CD27(-) developing B cells showed similar Ig heavy chain gene usage with low levels of mutations, suggesting that CD27(+) developing B cells are distinct from mutated memory B cells. Despite these similarities, CD27(+) developing B cells differed from CD27(-) developing B cells by their increased expression of LIN28B, a transcription factor associated with the fetal lymphoid lineages of mice. Furthermore, CD27(+) pro-B cells efficiently generated IgM(+)IgD(+) immature/transitional B cells in vitro. Our observations suggest that CD27 expression during B cell development identifies a physiologic state or lineage for human B cell development distinct from the memory B cell compartment.
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14
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Montecino-Rodriguez E, Dorshkind K. B-1 B cell development in the fetus and adult. Immunity 2012; 36:13-21. [PMID: 22284417 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2011.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2011] [Revised: 10/11/2011] [Accepted: 11/02/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Models of hematopoiesis often depict lymphocyte production as a uniform process in which a homogenous population of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) generates progenitors from which all types of lymphocytes are derived. However, it is increasingly evident that these schemes are too simplistic and that the lymphoid potential of HSCs and precursors arising in the embryo, fetus, neonate, and adult is remarkably distinct. We review recent findings regarding the development of B lymphocytes, and the B-1 B cell lineage in particular, as a case in point. These studies show that B-1 and B-2 B cells involved in innate and adaptive immune responses, respectively, arise in staggered waves of development from distinct progenitors. We discuss the implications of this layered model of B cell development for understanding normal and dysregulated B lymphopoiesis.
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15
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Composto G, Gonzalez D, Bucknum A, Silberman D, Taylor J, Kozlowski M, Bloomfield T, Bartlett T, Riggs J. Peritoneal T lymphocyte regulation by macrophages. Immunobiology 2011; 216:256-64. [PMID: 20488579 PMCID: PMC2935942 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2010.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2010] [Revised: 04/03/2010] [Accepted: 04/04/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The T cell composition of the peritoneal cavity (PerC) in naïve BALB/c, C57BL/6, DBA/2J, and B-1 B cell-defective BALB.xid mice was investigated. The BALB.xid PerC T cell pool had a high CD4:CD8 T cell ratio relative to the other strains whose ratios were similar to those found in their lymph node and spleen. All mice had significant representation of T cells with an activated (CD25(+), GITR(hi), CD44(hi), CD45RB(lo), CD62L(lo)) phenotype and low numbers of Foxp3(+) T(reg) cells in their PerC. Despite a phenotype indicative of activation, peritoneal T cell responses to CD3 ligation were very low for C57BL/6 and BALB.xid, but not BALB/c, mice. Enzyme inhibition and cytokine neutralization studies revealed active suppression of the T cell response mediated by the macrophages that represent a significant portion of PerC leucocytes. Driven by IFNγ to express iNOS, macrophages suppressed T cell activation in vitro by arginine catabolism. Although BALB/c T cells were also in a macrophage-dense environment their limited IFNγ production failed to trigger suppression. This difference between BALB/c and BALB.xid PerC T cells suggests a role for xid in shaping macrophage-mediated immune regulation.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Cell Communication/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/biosynthesis
- Glucocorticoid-Induced TNFR-Related Protein
- Immune Tolerance
- Immunologic Memory
- Interleukin-2 Receptor alpha Subunit/biosynthesis
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/immunology
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/metabolism
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Mice, Mutant Strains
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/biosynthesis
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- G Composto
- Department of Biology, Rider University, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648-3099, USA
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16
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Kaminski DA, Randall TD. Adaptive immunity and adipose tissue biology. Trends Immunol 2010; 31:384-90. [PMID: 20817556 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2010.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2010] [Revised: 08/01/2010] [Accepted: 08/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Studies of immunity typically focus on understanding how hematopoietic cells interact within conventional secondary lymphoid tissues. However, immune reactions and their regulation occur in various environments within the body. Adipose tissue is one tissue that can influence and be influenced by adjacent and embedded lymphocytes. Despite the abundance and wide distribution of such tissue, and despite a growing obesity epidemic, studies of these interactions have been only marginally appreciated in the past. Here, we review advances in understanding of lymphoid structures within adipose tissue, the relationship between adipose tissue and adaptive immune function, and evidence for how this relationship contributes to obesity-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise A Kaminski
- Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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17
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Lopes JD, Mariano M. B-1 cell: the precursor of a novel mononuclear phagocyte with immuno-regulatory properties. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2010; 81:489-96. [PMID: 19722018 DOI: 10.1590/s0001-37652009000300013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2008] [Accepted: 02/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Characterization of the origin, properties, functions and fate of cells is a fundamental task for the understanding of physiological and pathological phenomena. Despite the bulk of knowledge concerning the diverse characteristics of mammalian cells, some of them, such as B-1 cells, are still poorly understood. Here we report the results obtained in our laboratory on these cells in the last 10 years. After showing that B-1 cells could be cultured and amplified in vitro, a series of experiments were performed with these cells. They showed that B1 cells reside mostly in the peritoneal and pleural cavities, migrate to distant inflammatory foci, coalesce to form giant cells and participate in granuloma formation, both in vitro and in vivo. They are also able to present antigens to immunologically responsive cells and are endowed with regulatory properties. Further, we have also shown that these cells facilitate different types of infection as well as tumor growth and spreading. These data are presently reviewed pointing to a pivotal role that these cells may play in innate and acquired immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Daniel Lopes
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil.
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18
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Oliveira FL, Chammas R, Ricon L, Fermino ML, Bernardes ES, Hsu DK, Liu FT, Borojevic R, El-Cheikh MC. Galectin-3 regulates peritoneal B1-cell differentiation into plasma cells. Glycobiology 2009; 19:1248-58. [PMID: 19696234 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwp120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular galectin-3 participates in the control of B2 lymphocyte migration and adhesion and of their differentiation into plasma cells. Here, we analyzed the role of galectin-3 in B1-cell physiology and the balance between B1a and B1b lymphocytes in the peritoneal cavity. In galectin-3(-/-) mice, the total number of B1a lymphocytes was lower, while B1b lymphocyte number was higher as compared to wild-type mice. The differentiation of B1a cells into plasma cells was associated with their abnormal adhesion and location on the mesentery. The B220 and CD43, constitutively expressed by B1 lymphocytes, were respectively up- and downregulated in galectin-3(-/-) mice. Mononuclear cells were strongly adhered to the mesenteric membranes of both CD43(-/-) and galectin-3(-/-) mice, but in contrast to CD43(-/-) mice, the accumulation of B1 cells in peritoneal membranes in galectin-3(-/-) mice was accompanied by their functional differentiation into plasma cells. We have shown that in the absence of galectin-3, B1-cell differentiation into plasma cells is favored and the dynamic equilibrium of B1-cell populations in the peritoneum is maintained through a compensatory increase in B1b lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe L Oliveira
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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19
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20
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Abstract
The subdivision of bone marrow (BM) with surface markers and reporter systems and the use of multiple culture and transplantation assays to assess differentiation potential have led to extraordinary progress in defining stages of B lymphopoiesis between the hematopoietic stem cell and B cell receptor (BCR)-expressing lymphocytes. Despite the lack of standard nomenclature and a series of technical issues that still need to be resolved, there seems to be a general consensus regarding the major route to becoming a B cell. Nevertheless, evidence that additional, minor pathways through which B lineage cells are generated exists, and a new appreciation that lymphoid progenitors are protean and able to alter their differentiation potential during embryogenesis and after birth in response to infections suggests that a full understanding of B cell development and how it is regulated has not yet been attained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard R Hardy
- The Division of Basic Sciences, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA.
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21
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Kunisawa J, Kurashima Y, Gohda M, Higuchi M, Ishikawa I, Miura F, Ogahara I, Kiyono H. Sphingosine 1-phosphate regulates peritoneal B-cell trafficking for subsequent intestinal IgA production. Blood 2007; 109:3749-56. [PMID: 17234743 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-08-041582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractSphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) is known to play a pivotal role in the regulation of lymphocyte emigration from organized lymphoid tissues such as the peripheral lymph nodes and thymus, but its immunologic role in unorganized and diffused tissues remains to be elucidated. Here we show that the trafficking of peritoneal B cells is principally regulated by S1P. All peritoneal B cells including B1a, B1b, and B2 B cells express comparable levels of the type 1 S1P receptor. Thus, treatment with FTY720, an S1P receptor modulator, caused the rapid disappearance of peritoneal B cells by inhibiting both their emigration from parathymic lymph nodes and their recirculation from the blood into the peritoneal cavity without affecting their progenitor populations. These changes did not affect natural plasma antibody production or phosphorylcholine (PC)–specific antibody production in serum after peritoneal immunization with heat-killed Streptococcal pneumoniae (R36A). However, FTY720 dramatically reduced peritoneal B cell-derived natural intestinal secretory IgA production without affecting the expression of J-chain and polyimmunoglobulin receptors. Additionally, FTY720 impaired the generation of PC-specific fecal IgA responses after oral immunization with R36A. These findings point to a pivotal role for S1P in connecting peritoneal B cells with intestinal B-cell immunity.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Antiphospholipid/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Antiphospholipid/immunology
- Antibodies, Bacterial/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Bacterial/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Bacterial Vaccines/immunology
- Bacterial Vaccines/pharmacology
- Cell Movement/drug effects
- Female
- Fingolimod Hydrochloride
- Immunoglobulin A/immunology
- Immunoglobulin A/metabolism
- Immunoglobulin J-Chains/biosynthesis
- Immunoglobulin J-Chains/immunology
- Immunosuppressive Agents/pharmacology
- Intestine, Small/immunology
- Intestine, Small/metabolism
- Lymphoid Tissue/immunology
- Lymphoid Tissue/metabolism
- Lysophospholipids/pharmacology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred ICR
- Mice, SCID
- Peritoneal Cavity
- Propylene Glycols/pharmacology
- Receptors, Lysosphingolipid/agonists
- Receptors, Lysosphingolipid/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Lysosphingolipid/immunology
- Sphingosine/analogs & derivatives
- Sphingosine/pharmacology
- Streptococcus pneumoniae/immunology
- Vaccination
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Kunisawa
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
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22
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Abstract
CD5+ B cells have attracted considerable interest because of their association with self-reactivity, autoimmunity, and leukemia. In mice, CD5+ B cells are readily generated from fetal/neonatal precursors, but inefficiently from precursors in adult. One model proposed to explain this difference is that their production occurs through a distinctive developmental process, termed B-1, that enriches pre-B cells with novel germline VDJs and that requires positive selection of newly formed B cells by self-Ag. In contrast, follicular B cells are generated throughout adult life in a developmental process termed B-2, selecting VDJs that pair well with surrogate L chain, and whose maturation appears relatively independent of antigenic selection. In the present study, I focus on processes that shape the repertoire of mouse CD5+ B cells, describing the differences between B-1 and B-2 development, and propose a model encompassing both in the generation of functional B cell subpopulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard R Hardy
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA.
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23
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Hastings WD, Tumang JR, Behrens TW, Rothstein TL. Peritoneal B-2 cells comprise a distinct B-2 cell population with B-1b-like characteristics. Eur J Immunol 2006; 36:1114-23. [PMID: 16609926 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200535142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
B-1 and B-2 cells are lymphocyte populations that differ in development, surface marker expression, tissue localization, and function. Though mainly found in the spleen, lymph nodes, and circulation of mice, small numbers of B-2 cells are found in the peritoneal cavity, a site predominantly populated by B-1 cells. Here, we characterized peritoneal B-2 cells, and determined their relationship to B-1 cells. We found that peritoneal B-2 cells appear to be intermediate between splenic B-2 and peritoneal B-1 cells in terms of surface marker expression of B220, CD80, and CD43, expression of several marker genes, and in vitro viability and IgM secretion. Adoptive transfer of peritoneal B-2 cells into severe combined immunodeficiency mice resulted in the acquisition of a phenotype reminiscent of B-1b cells, as shown by up-regulation of Mac-1 and CD43, and down-regulation of CD23. Moreover, adoptively transferred peritoneal B-2 cells recapitulated B-1 cell function by producing natural IgM in recipient mice. These data suggest that peritoneal B-2 cells express some characteristics of B-1b cells and that this similarity increases with additional time in the peritoneal cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- William D Hastings
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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24
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25
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Xu Z, Butfiloski EJ, Sobel ES, Morel L. Mechanisms of Peritoneal B-1a Cells Accumulation Induced by Murine Lupus Susceptibility LocusSle2. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 173:6050-8. [PMID: 15528340 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.10.6050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The abundance of B-1a cells found in the peritoneal cavity of mice is under genetic control. The lupus-prone mouse New Zealand Black and New Zealand White (NZB x NZW)F(1) and its derivative NZM2410 are among the strains with the highest numbers of peritoneal B1-a cells. We have previously identified an NZM2410 genetic locus, Sle2, which is associated with the production of large numbers of B-1a cells. In this paper, we examined the mechanisms responsible for this phenotype by comparing congenic C57BL/6 mice with or without Sle2. Fetal livers generated more B-1a cells in B6.Sle2 mice, providing them with a greater starting number of B-1a cells early in life. Sle2-expressing B1-a cells proliferated significantly more in vivo than their B6 counterparts, and reciprocal adoptive transfers showed that this phenotype is intrinsic to Sle2 peritoneal B cells. The rate of apoptosis detected was significantly lower in B6.Sle2 peritoneal cavity B-1a cells than in B6, with or without exogenous B cell receptor cross-linking. Increased proliferation and decreased apoptosis did not affect Sle2 peritoneal B-2 cells. In addition, a significant number of peritoneal cavity B-1a cells were recovered in lethally irradiated B6.Sle2 mice reconstituted with B6.Igh(a) bone marrow, showing radiation resistance in Sle2 B-1a cells or its precursors. Finally, B6.Sle2 adult bone marrow and spleen were a significant source of peritoneal B-1a cells when transferred into B6.Rag2(-/-) mice. This suggests that peritoneal B-1a cells are replenished throughout the animal life span in B6.Sle2 mice. These results show that Sle2 regulates the size of the B-1a cell compartment at multiple developmental checkpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Xu
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, 1600 Archer Road, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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26
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Pinho MDFB, Hurtado SP, El-Cheikh MC, Borojevic R. Haemopoietic progenitors in the adult mouse omentum: permanent production of B lymphocytes and monocytes. Cell Tissue Res 2004; 319:91-102. [PMID: 15517397 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-004-0998-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2004] [Accepted: 09/06/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The coelome-associated lympho-myeloid tissues, including the omentum, are derived from early embryo haemopoietic tissue of the splanchnopleura, and produce B lymphocytes and macrophages. They are reactive in pathologies involving coelomic cavities, in which they can expand in situ the cells of inflammatory infiltrates. We have addressed the question of the role of the adult omentum in permanent basal production of early lymphopoietic progenitors (pro-B/pre-B cells), through characterisation of omentum cells ex vivo, and study of their in vitro differentiation. We have shown that the murine omentum produces early haemopoietic progenitors throughout life, including B-cell progenitors prior to the Ig gene recombination expressing RAG-1 and lambda5, as well as macrophages. Their production is stroma-dependent. The omentum stroma can supply in vitro the cytokines (SDF-1alpha, Flt3 ligand and IL-7) and the molecular environment required for generation of these two cell lineages. Omentum haemopoietic progenitors are similar to those observed in foetal blood cell production, rather than to progenitors found in the adult haemopoietic tissue in the bone marrow--in terms of phenotype expression and differentiation capacity. We conclude that a primitive pattern of haemopoiesis observed in the early embryo is permanently preserved and functional in the adult omentum, providing production of cells engaged in nonspecific protection of abdominal intestinal tissue and of the coelomic cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria de Fátima B Pinho
- Departamento de Histologia e Embriologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, and Programa Avançado de Biologia Celular Aplicada à Medicina-Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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27
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Cook AD, Braine EL, Hamilton JA. Stimulus-Dependent Requirement for Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor in Inflammation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 173:4643-51. [PMID: 15383599 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.7.4643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Data from several inflammation/autoimmunity models indicate that GM-CSF can be a key inflammatory mediator. Convenient models in readily accessible tissues are needed to enable the GM-CSF-dependent cellular responses to be elaborated. In this study, we show that, in contrast to the response to the commonly used i.p. irritant, thioglycolate medium, an Ag-specific methylated BSA-induced peritonitis in GM-CSF(-/-) mice was severely compromised. The reduced response in the latter peritonitis model was characterized by fewer neutrophils and macrophages, as well as by deficiencies in the properties of the remaining macrophages, namely size and granularity, phagocytosis, allogeneic T cell triggering, and proinflammatory cytokine production. B1 lymphocytes were more evident in the GM-CSF(-/-) Ag-specific exudates, indicating perhaps that GM-CSF can act on a common macrophage-B1 lymphocyte precursor in the inflamed peritoneum. We propose that these findings contribute to our understanding of how GM-CSF acts as a proinflammatory cytokine in many chronic inflammatory/autoimmune diseases. Of general significance, the findings also indicate that the nature of the stimulus is quite critical in determining whether a particular inflammatory mediator, such as GM-CSF, plays a role in an ensuing inflammatory reaction.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Ascitic Fluid/genetics
- Ascitic Fluid/immunology
- Ascitic Fluid/pathology
- B-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- B-Lymphocyte Subsets/pathology
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Cell Lineage/genetics
- Cell Lineage/immunology
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic
- Eosinophils/immunology
- Eosinophils/pathology
- Epitopes/administration & dosage
- Epitopes/immunology
- Flow Cytometry
- Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/deficiency
- Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/genetics
- Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/physiology
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/biosynthesis
- Immunophenotyping
- Inflammation Mediators/physiology
- Injections, Intraperitoneal
- Injections, Subcutaneous
- Integrins/biosynthesis
- Lymphocyte Activation/genetics
- Lymphocyte Culture Test, Mixed
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/immunology
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Peritonitis/genetics
- Peritonitis/immunology
- Peritonitis/pathology
- Phagocytosis/genetics
- Phagocytosis/immunology
- Serum Albumin, Bovine/administration & dosage
- Serum Albumin, Bovine/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/pathology
- Thioglycolates/administration & dosage
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Cook
- Arthritis and Inflammation Research Centre, Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, and Cooperative Research Centre for Chronic Inflammatory Diseases, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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28
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Cook AD, Braine EL, Hamilton JA. The phenotype of inflammatory macrophages is stimulus dependent: implications for the nature of the inflammatory response. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 171:4816-23. [PMID: 14568960 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.171.9.4816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Many diseases are characterized by inflammatory reactions involving both the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system. Thioglycolate medium (TM) injection into the peritoneal cavity has long been used as a stimulus for eliciting inflammatory macrophages for study and for determining the importance of a particular mediator in inflammation. However, the response to this irritant may not be relevant to many inflammatory diseases. Therefore, we have developed an Ag-specific peritonitis model using methylated BSA (mBSA) as the stimulus. Priming mice intradermally with mBSA in adjuvant and boosting 14 days later, followed by an i.p. challenge with mBSA after an additional 7 days, led to an inflammatory reaction equivalent in magnitude to that induced with TM as judged by the number of exudate cells. The inflammatory macrophages elicited by the mBSA protocol differed, being smaller and less vacuolated than TM-elicited macrophages. Also, macrophages from 4-day mBSA-induced exudates expressed more MHC class II than TM-induced exudates, were able to stimulate allogeneic T lymphocytes, and upon in vitro stimulation with LPS secreted greater levels of IL-6 and IL-1beta. Macrophages from 4-day TM-induced exudates, on the other hand, expressed Ly6C and ER-MP58, immature myeloid markers. The inflammatory response elicited using the Ag mBSA may be more relevant for studying the inflammatory responses in many diseases, such as those of autoimmune origin and those involving an acquired immune response.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Surface/analysis
- Ascitic Fluid/immunology
- Ascitic Fluid/pathology
- Cell Count
- Cell Lineage/immunology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Eosinophils/chemistry
- Eosinophils/immunology
- Eosinophils/pathology
- Epitopes/administration & dosage
- Epitopes/immunology
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/biosynthesis
- Immunity, Active/immunology
- Immunophenotyping/methods
- Injections, Intraperitoneal
- Integrins/biosynthesis
- Lymphocyte Culture Test, Mixed
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/chemistry
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/immunology
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Peritoneal Cavity/pathology
- Peritonitis/immunology
- Peritonitis/metabolism
- Peritonitis/pathology
- Serum Albumin, Bovine/administration & dosage
- Serum Albumin, Bovine/immunology
- Thioglycolates/administration & dosage
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Cook
- Arthritis and Inflammation Research Center, Department of Medicine, and Cooperative Research Center for Chronic Inflammatory Diseases, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
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29
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Ferreira KS, Almeida SR, Ribeiro CH, Mariano M, Lopes JD. Modulation of proliferation, differentiation and cytokine secretion of murine B-1b cells by proteins of the extracellular matrix. Immunol Lett 2003; 86:15-21. [PMID: 12600740 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2478(02)00266-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
At least three B cell subsets, B-1a (Ly-1B), B-1b and B-2, are present in the mouse periphery. B-1a and B1-b cells represent a small population in the adult spleen and are abundant in the peritonial and pleural cavities. It has been demonstrated in our laboratory that B-1b cells spontaneously proliferated in stationary cultures of adherent peritonial cells. Further, that these cells migrate to a non-specific inflammatory focus. Based on these findings, it was investigated whether components of the extracellular matrix (ECM) might selectively influence the adherence, proliferation and cytokine production of these cells in vitro. Results showed that collagen induced a higher level of B-1b cells differentiation into adherent phagocytic cells. It was observed that only fibronectin induced higher level of proliferation than other matrix components. The analysis of cytokine production has shown that the presence of laminin stimulated B-1b cells led to high levels of IL-10 production and fibronectin and collagen induced the production of high levels of TNF-alpha. The combination of fibronectin, collagen and laminin induced higher levels of IL-1beta. These results demonstrate that differentiation, proliferation and cytokine production by B-1b cells are markedly influenced by ECM components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Spadari Ferreira
- Disciplina de Imunologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Botucatu 862/4 andar, 04023-900 São Paulo, Brazil
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30
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Makori N, Tarantal AF, Lü FX, Rourke T, Marthas ML, McChesney MB, Hendrickx AG, Miller CJ. Functional and morphological development of lymphoid tissues and immune regulatory and effector function in rhesus monkeys: cytokine-secreting cells, immunoglobulin-secreting cells, and CD5(+) B-1 cells appear early in fetal development. CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY 2003; 10:140-53. [PMID: 12522052 PMCID: PMC145291 DOI: 10.1128/cdli.10.1.140-153.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Little is known regarding the timing of immune ontogeny and effector function in fetal humans and nonhuman primates. We studied the organization of lymphocyte and antigen-presenting cell populations in developing lymphoid tissues of rhesus monkey fetuses during the second and third trimesters (65 to 145 days of gestation; term = 165 days). Immunoglobulin-secreting and cytokine-secreting cells were detected at day 80. The thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, and intestinal mucosa were examined for cells expressing CD3, CD5, CD20, CD68, p55, and HLA-DR. In the spleens of 65-day-old fetuses (early second trimester), the overwhelming majority of total lymphocytes were CD5(+) CD20(+) B-1 cells. The remaining lymphocytes were CD3(+) T cells. By day 80, splenic B and T cells were equal in number. Intraepithelial CD3(+) CD5(-) T cells and lamina propria CD20(+) CD5(+) B cells were present in the intestines of 65-day-old fetuses. By day 80, numerous CD20(+) CD5(+) B cells were present in the jejunums and colons and early lymphocyte aggregate formation was evident. The spleens of 80- to 145-day-old fetuses contained immunoglobulin M (IgM)-secreting cells, while IgA-, IgG-, interleukin-6-, and gamma interferon-secreting cells were numerous in the spleens and colons. Thus, by the second trimester, the lymphoid tissues of the rhesus monkey fetus have a complete repertoire of properly organized antigen-presenting cells, T cells, and B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norbert Makori
- California National Primate Research Center, Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616-8542, USA
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31
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Abstract
Current models of adult hematopoiesis propose that pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells (PHSC) differentiate into common myeloid- and lymphoid-committed precursors and that this establishes an early separation between the myeloid and lymphoid lineages. However, the description of rare, and previously unidentified, B/macrophage progenitors in postnatal bone marrow is not consistent with this model. Hypotheses to explain and reconcile their existence are discussed with particular emphasis on the possibility that fetal B/macrophage progenitors, whose development is well accepted, may persist into adult life. The existence of a normally occurring adult B/macrophage progenitor has implications for understanding the origin of tumors with B cell and myeloid characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Encarnacion Montecino-Rodriguez
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine 173216, UCLA School of Medicine, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1732, USA
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32
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Abstract
Whether B-1a (CD5+) cells are a distinct lineage derived from committed fetal/neonatal precursors or arise from follicular B-2 cells in response to BCR ligation and other, unknown signals remains controversial. Recent evidence indicates that B-1a cells can derive from adult precursors expressing an appropriate specificity when the (self-) antigen is present. Antibody specificity determines whether a B cell expressing immunoglobulin transgenes has a B-2, B-1a or marginal zone (MZ) phenotype. MZ cells share many phenotypic characteristics of B-1 cells and, like them, appear to develop in response to T independent type 2 antigens. Because fetal-derived B cell progenitors fail to express terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) and for other reasons, they are likely to express a repertoire that allows selection into the B-1a population. As it is selected by self-antigen, the B-1 repertoire tends to be autoreactive. This potentially dangerous repertoire is also useful, as B-1 cells are essential for resistance to several pathogens and they play an important role in mucosal immunity. The CD5 molecule can function as a negative regulator of BCR signaling that may help prevent inappropriate activation of autoreactive B-1a cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Berland
- Department of Pathology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA.
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33
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Rothstein TL. Cutting edge commentary: two B-1 or not to be one. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 168:4257-61. [PMID: 11970963 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.168.9.4257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
B-1 cells differ from conventional B-2 cells both phenotypically and functionally. Two seemingly mutually exclusive hypotheses have been proposed to explain the origin of B-1 cells. The lineage hypothesis holds that certain B cell precursors are destined early on to become B-1 cells. The differentiation hypothesis holds that every B cell has the same potential to acquire B-1 characteristics. Reconsideration of previous studies of transgenic and knockout mice, plus recent results identifying differences between splenic and peritoneal B-1 cells, point to unexpected complexity in the pathway leading to B-1 status. A new paradigm is suggested, in which surface Ig signaling is required for B-1 cell production, but in which the signaling threshold and context that lead to B-1 cell development and/or expansion differ for particular B cell precursors. Surface Ig signaling may also produce receptor editing, apoptotic deletion, and tolerance induction; how these different outcomes are determined remains uncertain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas L Rothstein
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, MA 02118, USA.
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34
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Menke DM, Chadbum A, Cesarman E, Green E, Berenson J, Said J, Tiemann M, Parwaresch R, Thome SD. Analysis of the human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) genome and HHV-8 vIL-6 expression in archival cases of castleman disease at low risk for HIV infection. Am J Clin Pathol 2002; 117:268-75. [PMID: 11863223 DOI: 10.1309/7243-av50-kj28-v6j9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymph nodes from 44 patients with Castleman disease (CD) without risk factors for HIV infection were analyzed with polymerase chain reaction (PCR), in situ hybridization (ISH), and immunohistochemical analysis for human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) and viral interleukin-6 (vIL-6). PCR detected HHV-8 genome in 2 of 4 cases; ISH detected it in 9 of 16 cases. HHV-8 vIL-6 peptides were detected in 2 of 44 cases. vIL-6- and ISH-positive cells were found in large transformed and small lymphocytes of the follicular mantle, respectively. Of 9 cases of plasma cell (PC) CD that demonstrated HHV-8 genome by PCR or ISH, 1 expressed vIL-6. Clonal populations of PCs in CD by immunohistochemical analysis or immunoelectrophoresis of serum and urine were associated with neuropathy. HHV-8 vIL-6 detection was associated with poor survival and lack of HHV-8 IL-6, with low risk for subsequent lymphoma. Although HHV-8 genome was detected in a considerable number of patients with PC CD, vIL-6 expression was infrequent. Expression of HHV-8 vIL-6 in CD may indicate poor prognosis in patients at risk for lymphoma who may prospectively require more aggressive treatment. The lack of vIL-6 expression in CD with HHV-8 genome suggests that human IL-6 rather than vIL-6 may be the principal pathogenic cytokine.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Menke
- Department of Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
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35
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Lamm
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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36
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Ansel KM, Harris RBS, Cyster JG. CXCL13 is required for B1 cell homing, natural antibody production, and body cavity immunity. Immunity 2002; 16:67-76. [PMID: 11825566 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-7613(01)00257-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 394] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
B1 cells are a predominant cell type in body cavities and an important source of natural antibody. Here we report that in mice lacking the chemokine, CXCL13, B1 cells are deficient in peritoneal and pleural cavities but not in spleen. CXCL13 is produced by cells in the omentum and by peritoneal macrophages, and in adoptive transfers, B1 cells home to the omentum and the peritoneal cavity in a CXCL13-dependent manner. CXCL13(-/-) mice are deficient in preexisting phosphorylcholine (PC)-specific antibodies and in their ability to mount an anti-PC response to peritoneal streptococcal antigen. These findings provide insight into the mechanism of B1 cell homing and establish a critical role for B1 cell compartmentalization in the production of natural antibodies and for body cavity immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Mark Ansel
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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37
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Fischer GM, Solt LA, Hastings WD, Yang K, Gerstein RM, Nikolajczyk BS, Clarke SH, Rothstein TL. Splenic and peritoneal B-1 cells differ in terms of transcriptional and proliferative features that separate peritoneal B-1 from splenic B-2 cells. Cell Immunol 2001; 213:62-71. [PMID: 11747357 DOI: 10.1006/cimm.2001.1860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
B-1 cells constitute a distinct B cell subset with characteristic phenotypic and functional features. B-1 cells are highly represented among peritoneal lymphocytes; substantial numbers of B-1 cells are also located within splenic tissue. Here a number of differences in transcription factor and gene expression were identified that separate peritoneal B-1 and splenic B-2 cells, and then splenic B-1 cells obtained from immunoglobulin transgenic mice were tested for these parameters. Splenic B-1 cells resembled splenic B-2 cells rather than peritoneal B-1 cells in terms of nuclear expression of DNA-binding STAT3, CREB, and PU.1, with respect to transcriptional activation of IL-10, and in the failure to enter cell cycle in response to PMA. Splenic B-1 cells (B-1S) appear to constitute a unique population of B-1 cells, which, while sharing with peritoneal B-1 cells (B-1P) certain phenotypic features, differ from them in transcription factor and gene expression and in signaling for cell cycle progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Fischer
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
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38
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Herzenberg LA, Baumgarth N, Wilshire JA. B-1 cell origins and VH repertoire determination. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2001; 252:3-13. [PMID: 11125487 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-57284-5_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L A Herzenberg
- Genetics Department, Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, California 94305-5318, USA
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39
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE B-1a, B-1b, and B-2 cells represent the three B-cell subsets in mice. Previous studies have demonstrated that peritoneal B-1a cell development is absent, or nearly so, from adult bone marrow transfers into irradiated adult hosts. The majority of these studies have been performed under a limited set of conditions with irradiated host mice. Here we examined that under a variety of conditions, peritoneal B-1a cells can develop in significant numbers from adult bone marrow transfers into severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) and recombination activation gene 2(-) (RAG-2(-)) mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS Adult bone marrow was transferred into various strains of irradiated and nonirradiated adult immunodeficient RAG-2(-) and SCID mice. Peritoneal B-cell engraftment was examined by fluorescein-activated cell sorting analysis and unpaired t-tests were used to determine significant differences of B-cell engraftment among the various conditions of cell transfer. RESULTS The level of B-1a cell engraftment was variously affected by the type of host immunodeficiency, the combination of donor and host strains, and the time allowed for engraftment. Irradiation of SCID, but not RAG-2(-), host mice inhibited B-1a-cell engraftment. Additionally, decreasing the number of bone marrow progenitor cells transferred was not found to preferentially affect B-1a cell development in irradiated RAG-2(-) hosts. CONCLUSION In the context of these strains, we conclude that adult murine bone marrow contains progenitors that have the capacity to reconstitute peritoneal B-1a cell populations to donor levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Stickler
- Department of Immunology, Genencor International Inc., Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.
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40
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Hiroi T, Yanagita M, Ohta N, Sakaue G, Kiyono H. IL-15 and IL-15 receptor selectively regulate differentiation of common mucosal immune system-independent B-1 cells for IgA responses. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2000; 165:4329-37. [PMID: 11035068 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.165.8.4329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We show in this report a new regulatory role for IL-15 and IL-15R in the development of B-1 cells and their differentiation into IgA-producing cells. Mucosal IgA levels were found to be inhibited by anti-IL-15 mAb treatment in vivo, but enhanced by administration of rIL-15, while serum IgA levels remained unaffected. Mucosal B-1 cells preferentially proliferated in response to IL-15 in vitro. When mucosal B-1 and B-2 cells were separated into surface (s)IgM(+)sIgA(-) and sIgM(-)sIgA(+) fractions, IL-15R-specific mRNA was found to be predominant in both sIgM(+)sIgA(-) and sIgM(-)sIgA(+) B-1 cells at a much higher level than B-2 cells. Further, incubation of these different subsets of B-1 and B-2 cells with IL-15 resulted in greater enhancement of the corresponding receptor expression by B-1 subset when compared with B-2 fraction. Interestingly, de novo isolated sIgM(+)sIgA(-) B-1, but not sIgM(+)sIgA(-) B-2, cells were already class-switched cells because the germline Calpha transcript was detected and was then further enhanced by IL-15. IL-15 also supported differentiation of both sIgM(+)sIgA(-) and sIgM(-)sIgA(+) B-1 cells into IgA-producing cells. Taken together, these findings suggest that IL-15 is a critically important cytokine for the differentiation of both sIgM(+),IgA(-) and sIgM(-)sIgA(+) B-1 cells expressing IL-15R into IgA-producing cells in mucosal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Hiroi
- Department of Mucosal Immunology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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41
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Yasumizu R, Miyawaki S, Koba M, Kondoh-Tanaka M, Amoh Y, Nishio N, Yamamoto Y, Watanabe H, Ikehara S. Pathology of ALY mice: congenital immunodeficiency with lymph node and Peyer's patch defects. Immunobiology 2000; 202:213-25. [PMID: 11045658 DOI: 10.1016/s0171-2985(00)80029-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The ALY-alyl/aly mouse is a new and unique animal model of primary immunodeficiency with autosomal recessive inheritance. The ALY mouse is devoid of superficial and profound lymph nodes and Peyer's patches. Furthermore, the lymphoid follicles and marginal zones are not clearly identified in the spleen. In addition to these structural defects, in the present study, we show that some B subpopulations are defective. Firstly, the thymic B lymphocytes are very rare. Secondly, the B220hi sIghi B subpopulation in the bone marrow is not detected as a clear cluster on FACS analyses. Thirdly, the B220 slg+ cells in the bone marrow are very rare in both ALY-aly/aly and ALY-alyl+ mice. By contrast, the NK activity is normal. Taken together, the ALY mouse is an invaluable model to elucidate the immunological networks between the lymphoid structures (lymph nodes, Peyer's patches, lymphoid follicles, etc.) and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Yasumizu
- First Department of Pathology, Kansai Medical University, Moriguchi City, Osaka, Japan
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42
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43
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Ly-1b cells and Castleman disease. Blood 2000. [DOI: 10.1182/blood.v96.4.1614.h8001608d_1614_1616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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44
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Chumley MJ, Dal Porto JM, Kawaguchi S, Cambier JC, Nemazee D, Hardy RR. A VH11V kappa 9 B cell antigen receptor drives generation of CD5+ B cells both in vivo and in vitro. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2000; 164:4586-93. [PMID: 10779761 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.164.9.4586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
B lymphocytes can be divided into different subpopulations, some with distinctive activation requirements and probably mediating specialized functions, based on surface phenotype and/or anatomical location, but the origins of most of these populations remain poorly understood. B cells constrained by transgenesis to produce an Ag receptor derived from a conventional (B-2) type cell develop a B-2 phenotype, whereas cells from mice carrying a B-1-derived receptor acquire the B-1 phenotype. In this study transgenic enforced expression of a B cell receptor (mu/kappa) originally isolated from a CD5+ (B-1a) B cell generates B-1 phenotype cells in bone marrow cultures that show a distinctive B-1 function, survival in culture. Despite their autoreactivity, we find no evidence for receptor editing or that the paucity of B-2 cells is the result of tolerance-induced selection. Finally, Ca2+ mobilization studies reveal a difference between transgenic B-1 cells in spleen and peritoneal cavity, with cells in spleen much more responsive to anti-B cell receptor cross-linking. We discuss these results in terms of specificity vs lineage models for generation of distinctive B cell subpopulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Chumley
- Division of Basic Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, CO 80206, USA
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45
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Solvason N, Wu WW, Parry D, Mahony D, Lam EW, Glassford J, Klaus GG, Sicinski P, Weinberg R, Liu YJ, Howard M, Lees E. Cyclin D2 is essential for BCR-mediated proliferation and CD5 B cell development. Int Immunol 2000; 12:631-8. [PMID: 10784609 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/12.5.631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Progression into G(1) in B lymphocytes is regulated by cyclins D2 and D3, components of the cell cycle machinery currently believed to have overlapping and potentially redundant roles in cell cycle control. To study the specific role of cyclin D2 in B lymphocyte proliferation, we examined B cells from cyclin D2(-/-) mice and demonstrate a specific requirement for cyclin D2 in BCR- but not CD40- or lipopolysaccharide-induced proliferation. Furthermore, conventional B cell development proceeds normally in the mutant mice; however, the CD5 B cell compartment is dramatically reduced, suggesting that cyclin D2 is important in CD5 B cell development as well as antigen-dependent B cell clonal expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Solvason
- Department of Immunology, DNAX Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
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46
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Vázquez-Padrón RI, Moreno-Fierros L, Neri-Bazán L, Martínez-Gil AF, de-la-Riva GA, López-Revilla R. Characterization of the mucosal and systemic immune response induced by Cry1Ac protein from Bacillus thuringiensis HD 73 in mice. Braz J Med Biol Res 2000; 33:147-55. [PMID: 10657055 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2000000200002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The present paper describes important features of the immune response induced by the Cry1Ac protein from Bacillus thuringiensis in mice. The kinetics of induction of serum and mucosal antibodies showed an immediate production of anti-Cry1Ac IgM and IgG antibodies in serum after the first immunization with the protoxin by either the intraperitoneal or intragastric route. The antibody fraction in serum and intestinal fluids consisted mainly of IgG1. In addition, plasma cells producing anti-Cry1Ac IgG antibodies in Peyer's patches were observed using the solid-phase enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT). Cry1Ac toxin administration induced a strong immune response in serum but in the small intestinal fluids only anti-Cry1Ac IgA antibodies were detected. The data obtained in the present study confirm that the Cry1Ac protoxin is a potent immunogen able to induce a specific immune response in the mucosal tissue, which has not been observed in response to most other proteins.
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47
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Abstract
The origin of CD5+ B cells remains controversial. The differential response to ligation of CD5 resulting in apoptosis or proliferation provides insight into its roles in distinct human B cells. Here, Pierre Youinou, Christophe Jamin and Peter Lydyard review current knowledge of B-1 and B-2 cells, and propose that CD5 has different functions when expressed by different B-cell subpopulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Youinou
- Laboratory of Immunology, Institut de Synergie des Sciences et de la Santé, Brest University Medical School Hospital, BP 824, F-29609 Brest Cedex, France.
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48
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Godin I, Garcia-Porrero JA, Dieterlen-Lièvre F, Cumano A. Stem cell emergence and hemopoietic activity are incompatible in mouse intraembryonic sites. J Exp Med 1999; 190:43-52. [PMID: 10429669 PMCID: PMC2195563 DOI: 10.1084/jem.190.1.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
In the mouse embryo, the generation of candidate progenitors for long-lasting hemopoiesis has been reported in the paraaortic splanchnopleura (P-Sp)/ aorta-gonad-mesonephros (AGM) region. Here, we address the following question: can the P-Sp/AGM environment support hemopoietic differentiation as well as generate stem cells, and, conversely, are other sites where hemopoietic differentiation occurs capable of generating stem cells? Although P-Sp/AGM generates de novo hemopoietic stem cells between 9.5 and 12.5 days post coitus (dpc), we show here that it does not support hemopoietic differentiation. Among mesoderm-derived sites, spleen and omentum were shown to be colonized by exogenous cells in the same fashion as the fetal liver. Cells colonizing the spleen were multipotent and pursued their evolution to committed progenitors in this organ. In contrast, the omentum, which was colonized by lymphoid-committed progenitors that did not expand, cannot be considered as a hemopoietic organ. From these data, stem cell generation appears incompatible with hemopoietic activity. At the peak of hemopoietic progenitor production in the P-Sp/AGM, between 10.5 and 11.5 dpc, multipotent cells were found at the exceptional frequency of 1 out of 12 total cells and 1 out of 4 AA4.1+ cells. Thus, progenitors within this region constitute a pool of undifferentiated hemopoietic cells readily accessible for characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Godin
- Institut d'Embryologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) et du Collège de France, Nogent sur Marne.
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49
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Vázquez-Padrón RI, Moreno-Fierros L, Neri-Bazán L, de la Riva GA, López-Revilla R. Intragastric and intraperitoneal administration of Cry1Ac protoxin from Bacillus thuringiensis induces systemic and mucosal antibody responses in mice. Life Sci 1999; 64:1897-912. [PMID: 10353588 DOI: 10.1016/s0024-3205(99)00136-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The spore-forming soil bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis produces parasporal inclusion bodies composed by delta-endotoxins also known as Cry proteins, whose resistance to proteolysis, stability in highly alkaline pH and innocuity to vertebrates make them an interesting candidate to carrier of relevant epitopes in vaccines. The purpose of this study was to determine the mucosal and systemic immunogenicity in mice of Cry1Ac protoxin from B. thuringiensis HD73. Crystalline and soluble forms of the protoxin were administered by intraperitoneal or intragastric route and anti-Cry1Ac antibodies of the major isotypes were determined in serum and intestinal fluids. The two forms of Cry1Ac protoxin administered by intraperitoneal route induced a high systemic antibody response, however, only soluble Cry1Ac induced a mucosal response via intragastric. Serum antibody levels were higher than those induced by cholera toxin. Systemic immune responses were attained with doses of soluble Cry1Ac ranging from 0.1 to 100 microg by both routes, and the maximal effect was obtained with the highest doses. High anti-Cry1Ac IgG antibody levels were detected in the large and small intestine fluids from mice receiving the antigen via i.p. These data indicate that Cry1Ac is a potent systemic and mucosal immunogen.
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50
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Hiroi T, Yanagita M, Iijima H, Iwatani K, Yoshida T, Takatsu K, Kiyono H. Deficiency of IL-5 Receptor α-Chain Selectively Influences the Development of the Common Mucosal Immune System Independent IgA-Producing B-1 Cell in Mucosa-Associated Tissues. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.162.2.821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Deletion of IL-5Rα-chain (IL-5Rα−/−) selectively influenced the mucosal IgA responses in vivo. While levels of IgA in mucosal secretions were more reduced in IL-5Rα−/− mice than in wild-type mice, the levels of IgA in serum were not changed. The frequency of IgA-producing cells was reduced in mucosal effector sites (e.g., intestinal lamina propria and nasal passage), but not in inductive sites such as Payer’s patches and nasal-associated lymphoreticular tissues in IL-5Rα−/− mice. IgA-committed (surface IgA+; sIgA+) B-1 cells mainly resided in mucosal effector tissues, while conventional sIgA+ B (B-2) cells formed in mucosal inductive sites of wild-type mice. In contrast, in the effector tissue of IL-5Rα−/− mice, sIgA+ B-1 cells, but not sIgA+ B-2 cells in the inductive site, were significantly reduced. IL-5Rα was more expressed on sIgA+ B-1 cells than was IL-6R, while both IL-5Rα and IL-6R were expressed on sIgA+ B-2 cells in wild-type mice. sIgA+ B-1 cells produced high levels of IgA with rIL-5 rather than of rIL-6 in vitro. Taken together, the findings suggest that the IL-5/IL-5R signaling pathway is critically important for the development of common mucosal immune system independent sIgA+ B-1 cell in mucosal effector tissues in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takachika Hiroi
- *Department of Mucosal Immunology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan; and
| | - Manabu Yanagita
- *Department of Mucosal Immunology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan; and
| | - Hideki Iijima
- *Department of Mucosal Immunology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan; and
| | - Kouichi Iwatani
- *Department of Mucosal Immunology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan; and
| | - Toshimi Yoshida
- †Department of Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Takatsu
- †Department of Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kiyono
- *Department of Mucosal Immunology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan; and
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