1
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Lum KK, Reed TJ, Yang J, Cristea IM. Differential Contributions of Interferon Classes to Host Inflammatory Responses and Restricting Virus Progeny Production. J Proteome Res 2024; 23:3249-3268. [PMID: 38564653 PMCID: PMC11296908 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.3c00826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Fundamental to mammalian intrinsic and innate immune defenses against pathogens is the production of Type I and Type II interferons, such as IFN-β and IFN-γ, respectively. The comparative effects of IFN classes on the cellular proteome, protein interactions, and virus restriction within cell types that differentially contribute to immune defenses are needed for understanding immune signaling. Here, a multilayered proteomic analysis, paired with biochemical and molecular virology assays, allows distinguishing host responses to IFN-β and IFN-γ and associated antiviral impacts during infection with several ubiquitous human viruses. In differentiated macrophage-like monocytic cells, we classified proteins upregulated by IFN-β, IFN-γ, or pro-inflammatory LPS. Using parallel reaction monitoring, we developed a proteotypic peptide library for shared and unique ISG signatures of each IFN class, enabling orthogonal confirmation of protein alterations. Thermal proximity coaggregation analysis identified the assembly and maintenance of IFN-induced protein interactions. Comparative proteomics and cytokine responses in macrophage-like monocytic cells and primary keratinocytes provided contextualization of their relative capacities to restrict virus production during infection with herpes simplex virus type-1, adenovirus, and human cytomegalovirus. Our findings demonstrate how IFN classes induce distinct ISG abundance and interaction profiles that drive antiviral defenses within cell types that differentially coordinate mammalian immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystal K. Lum
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544
| | - Tavis J. Reed
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544
| | - Jinhang Yang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544
| | - Ileana M. Cristea
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544
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2
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Ye D, Wang P, Chen LL, Guan KL, Xiong Y. Itaconate in host inflammation and defense. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2024; 35:586-606. [PMID: 38448252 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2024.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Immune cells undergo rapid and extensive metabolic changes during inflammation. In addition to contributing to energetic and biosynthetic demands, metabolites can also function as signaling molecules. Itaconate (ITA) rapidly accumulates to high levels in myeloid cells under infectious and sterile inflammatory conditions. This metabolite binds to and regulates the function of diverse proteins intracellularly to influence metabolism, oxidative response, epigenetic modification, and gene expression and to signal extracellularly through binding the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR). Administration of ITA protects against inflammatory diseases and blockade of ITA production enhances antitumor immunity in preclinical models. In this article, we review ITA metabolism and its regulation, discuss its target proteins and mechanisms, and conjecture a rationale for developing ITA-based therapeutics to treat inflammatory diseases and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Ye
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Pu Wang
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei-Lei Chen
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kun-Liang Guan
- School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yue Xiong
- Cullgen Inc., 12730 High Bluff Drive, San Diego, CA 92130, USA.
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3
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Yang J, Zhang X, Li Y, Yang N, Luo J, He T, Xing Y. Inhibition of TLR4/NF-κB pathway and endoplasmic reticulum stress by overexpressed S100A4 ameliorates retinal ischemia-reperfusion injury of mice. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:2228-2240. [PMID: 37872355 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03709-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Retinal ischemia exists in various ischemic retinopathies including glaucoma, contributing to the death of retinal neurons. Calcium binding protein S100A4 is important in tumors, and our previous study found that S100A4 protects retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) against retinal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. This study was aimed to further discuss the neuroprotection and mechanisms of S100A4 in retinal I/R of mice. The rAAV-EF1α-s100a4-EGFP-WPRE or rAAV-EF1α-EGFP-WPRE-Pa was injected intravitreally 4 weeks before I/R. S100A4, molecules in TLR4 signaling pathway and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress branches, inflammatory molecules, and surviving RGCs and cholinergic amacrine (ChAT) cells were determined by quantitative PCR, western blot, or immunofluorescent staining. The apoptosis and necrosis of retinal neurons induced by I/R were inhibited by overexpressed S100A4. RGCs, ChAT cells, and the retinal function were preserved by S100A4 overexpressing 7 days after I/R. Mechanistically, the beneficial effects of S100A4 may be mediated by inhibiting the activation of TLR4 signaling pathway and alleviating ER stress, leading to the attenuation of inflammatory response of the retina after I/R. Our findings indicated that S100A4 has neuroprotective effect against retinal I/R injury, and promoting S100A4 expression may be an effective strategy to inhibit retinal neurons from degeneration in ischemic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Yang
- Ophthalmic Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Ophthalmic Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ying Li
- Ophthalmic Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ning Yang
- Ophthalmic Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jinyuan Luo
- Ophthalmic Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tao He
- Ophthalmic Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
| | - Yiqiao Xing
- Ophthalmic Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
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4
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Li G, Zhao X, Zheng Z, Zhang H, Wu Y, Shen Y, Chen Q. cGAS-STING pathway mediates activation of dendritic cell sensing of immunogenic tumors. Cell Mol Life Sci 2024; 81:149. [PMID: 38512518 PMCID: PMC10957617 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-024-05191-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFN-I) play pivotal roles in tumor therapy for three decades, underscoring the critical importance of maintaining the integrity of the IFN-1 signaling pathway in radiotherapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy. However, the specific mechanism by which IFN-I contributes to these therapies, particularly in terms of activating dendritic cells (DCs), remains unclear. Based on recent studies, aberrant DNA in the cytoplasm activates the cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)- stimulator of interferon genes (STING) signaling pathway, which in turn produces IFN-I, which is essential for antiviral and anticancer immunity. Notably, STING can also enhance anticancer immunity by promoting autophagy, inflammation, and glycolysis in an IFN-I-independent manner. These research advancements contribute to our comprehension of the distinctions between IFN-I drugs and STING agonists in the context of oncology therapy and shed light on the challenges involved in developing STING agonist drugs. Thus, we aimed to summarize the novel mechanisms underlying cGAS-STING-IFN-I signal activation in DC-mediated antigen presentation and its role in the cancer immune cycle in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guohao Li
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiangqian Zhao
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zuda Zheng
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Hucheng Zhang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yundi Wu
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yangkun Shen
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China.
| | - Qi Chen
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China.
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5
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Lang R, Siddique MNAA. Control of immune cell signaling by the immuno-metabolite itaconate. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1352165. [PMID: 38487538 PMCID: PMC10938597 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1352165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Immune cell activation triggers signaling cascades leading to transcriptional reprogramming, but also strongly impacts on the cell's metabolic activity to provide energy and biomolecules for inflammatory and proliferative responses. Macrophages activated by microbial pathogen-associated molecular patterns and cytokines upregulate expression of the enzyme ACOD1 that generates the immune-metabolite itaconate by decarboxylation of the TCA cycle metabolite cis-aconitate. Itaconate has anti-microbial as well as immunomodulatory activities, which makes it attractive as endogenous effector metabolite fighting infection and restraining inflammation. Here, we first summarize the pathways and stimuli inducing ACOD1 expression in macrophages. The focus of the review then lies on the mechanisms by which itaconate, and its synthetic derivatives and endogenous isomers, modulate immune cell signaling and metabolic pathways. Multiple targets have been revealed, from inhibition of enzymes to the post-translational modification of many proteins at cysteine or lysine residues. The modulation of signaling proteins like STING, SYK, JAK1, RIPK3 and KEAP1, transcription regulators (e.g. Tet2, TFEB) and inflammasome components (NLRP3, GSDMD) provides a biochemical basis for the immune-regulatory effects of the ACOD1-itaconate pathway. While the field has intensely studied control of macrophages by itaconate in infection and inflammation models, neutrophils have now entered the scene as producers and cellular targets of itaconate. Furthermore, regulation of adaptive immune responses by endogenous itaconate, as well as by exogenously added itaconate and derivatives, can be mediated by direct and indirect effects on T cells and antigen-presenting cells, respectively. Taken together, research in ACOD1-itaconate to date has revealed its relevance in diverse immune cell signaling pathways, which now provides opportunities for potential therapeutic or preventive manipulation of host defense and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Lang
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- FAU Profile Center Immunomedicine (FAU I-MED), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Md Nur A Alam Siddique
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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6
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Yang W, Wang Y, Tao K, Li R. Metabolite itaconate in host immunoregulation and defense. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2023; 28:100. [PMID: 38042791 PMCID: PMC10693715 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-023-00503-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic states greatly influence functioning and differentiation of immune cells. Regulating the metabolism of immune cells can effectively modulate the host immune response. Itaconate, an intermediate metabolite derived from the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle of immune cells, is produced through the decarboxylation of cis-aconitate by cis-aconitate decarboxylase in the mitochondria. The gene encoding cis-aconitate decarboxylase is known as immune response gene 1 (IRG1). In response to external proinflammatory stimulation, macrophages exhibit high IRG1 expression. IRG1/itaconate inhibits succinate dehydrogenase activity, thus influencing the metabolic status of macrophages. Therefore, itaconate serves as a link between macrophage metabolism, oxidative stress, and immune response, ultimately regulating macrophage function. Studies have demonstrated that itaconate acts on various signaling pathways, including Keap1-nuclear factor E2-related factor 2-ARE pathways, ATF3-IκBζ axis, and the stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway to exert antiinflammatory and antioxidant effects. Furthermore, several studies have reported that itaconate affects cancer occurrence and development through diverse signaling pathways. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive review of the role IRG1/itaconate and its derivatives in the regulation of macrophage metabolism and functions. By furthering our understanding of itaconate, we intend to shed light on its potential for treating inflammatory diseases and offer new insights in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenchang Yang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yaxin Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Kaixiong Tao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China
| | - Ruidong Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China.
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Wu R, Liu J, Tang D, Kang R. The Dual Role of ACOD1 in Inflammation. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 211:518-526. [PMID: 37549395 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Immunometabolism is an interdisciplinary field that focuses on the relationship between metabolic pathways and immune responses. Dysregulated immunometabolism contributes to many pathological settings, such as cytokine storm or immune tolerance. Aconitate decarboxylase 1 (ACOD1, also known as immunoresponsive gene 1), the mitochondrial enzyme responsible for catalyzing itaconate production, was originally identified as a bacterial LPS-inducible gene involved in innate immunity in mouse macrophages. We now know that the upregulation of ACOD1 expression in immune or nonimmune cells plays a context-dependent role in metabolic reprogramming, signal transduction, inflammasome regulation, and protein modification. The emerging function of ACOD1 in inflammation and infection is a double-edged sword. In this review, we discuss how ACOD1 regulates anti-inflammatory or proinflammatory responses in an itaconate-dependent or -independent manner. Further understanding of ACOD1 expression and function may pave the way for the development of precision therapies for inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runliu Wu
- Department of Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jiao Liu
- DAMP Laboratory, Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Daolin Tang
- Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Rui Kang
- Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
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8
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Shi X, Zhou H, Wei J, Mo W, Li Q, Lv X. The signaling pathways and therapeutic potential of itaconate to alleviate inflammation and oxidative stress in inflammatory diseases. Redox Biol 2022; 58:102553. [PMID: 36459716 PMCID: PMC9713374 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2022.102553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Endogenous small molecules are metabolic regulators of cell function. Itaconate is a key molecule that accumulates in cells when the Krebs cycle is disrupted. Itaconate is derived from cis-aconitate decarboxylation by cis-aconitate decarboxylase (ACOD1) in the mitochondrial matrix and is also known as immune-responsive gene 1 (IRG1). Studies have demonstrated that itaconate plays an important role in regulating signal transduction and posttranslational modification through its immunoregulatory activities. Itaconate is also an important bridge among metabolism, inflammation, oxidative stress, and the immune response. This review summarizes the structural characteristics and classical pathways of itaconate, its derivatives, and the compounds that release itaconate. Here, the mechanisms of itaconate action, including its transcriptional regulation of ATF3/IκBζ axis and type I IFN, its protein modification regulation of KEAP1, inflammasome, JAK1/STAT6 pathway, TET2, and TFEB, and succinate dehydrogenase and glycolytic enzyme metabolic action, are presented. Moreover, the roles of itaconate in diseases related to inflammation and oxidative stress induced by autoimmune responses, viruses, sepsis and IRI are discussed in this review. We hope that the information provided in this review will help increase the understanding of cellular immune metabolism and improve the clinical treatment of diseases related to inflammation and oxidative stress.
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9
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Halajian EA, LeBlanc EV, Gee K, Colpitts CC. Activation of TLR4 by viral glycoproteins: A double-edged sword? Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1007081. [PMID: 36246240 PMCID: PMC9557975 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1007081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Recognition of viral infection by pattern recognition receptors is paramount for a successful immune response to viral infection. However, an unbalanced proinflammatory response can be detrimental to the host. Recently, multiple studies have identified that the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein activates Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), resulting in the induction of proinflammatory cytokine expression. Activation of TLR4 by viral glycoproteins has also been observed in the context of other viral infection models, including respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), dengue virus (DENV) and Ebola virus (EBOV). However, the mechanisms involved in virus-TLR4 interactions have remained unclear. Here, we review viral glycoproteins that act as pathogen-associated molecular patterns to induce an immune response via TLR4. We explore the current understanding of the mechanisms underlying how viral glycoproteins are recognized by TLR4 and discuss the contribution of TLR4 activation to viral pathogenesis. We identify contentious findings and research gaps that highlight the importance of understanding viral glycoprotein-mediated TLR4 activation for potential therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Katrina Gee
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Che C. Colpitts
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
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10
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Bomfim CCB, Fisher L, Amaral EP, Mittereder L, McCann K, Correa AAS, Namasivayam S, Swamydas M, Moayeri M, Weiss JM, Chari R, McVicar DW, Costa DL, D’Império Lima MR, Sher A. Mycobacterium tuberculosis Induces Irg1 in Murine Macrophages by a Pathway Involving Both TLR-2 and STING/IFNAR Signaling and Requiring Bacterial Phagocytosis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:862582. [PMID: 35586249 PMCID: PMC9109611 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.862582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Irg1 is an enzyme that generates itaconate, a metabolite that plays a key role in the regulation of inflammatory responses. Previous studies have implicated Irg1 as an important mediator in preventing excessive inflammation and tissue damage in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection. Here, we investigated the pattern recognition receptors and signaling pathways by which Mtb triggers Irg1 gene expression by comparing the responses of control and genetically deficient BMDMs. Using this approach, we demonstrated partial roles for TLR-2 (but not TLR-4 or -9), MyD88 and NFκB signaling in Irg1 induction by Mtb bacilli. In addition, drug inhibition studies revealed major requirements for phagocytosis and endosomal acidification in Irg1 expression triggered by Mtb but not LPS or PAM3CSK4. Importantly, the Mtb-induced Irg1 response was highly dependent on the presence of the bacterial ESX-1 secretion system, as well as host STING and Type I IFN receptor (IFNAR) signaling with Type II IFN (IFN-γ) signaling playing only a minimal role. Based on these findings we hypothesize that Mtb induces Irg1 expression in macrophages via the combination of two independent triggers both dependent on bacterial phagocytosis: 1) a major signal stimulated by phagocytized Mtb products released by an ESX-1-dependent mechanism into the cytosol where they activate the STING pathway leading to Type I-IFN production, and 2) a secondary TLR-2, MyD88 and NFκB dependent signal that enhances Irg1 production independently of Type I IFN induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caio C. B. Bomfim
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases - National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Logan Fisher
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases - National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Eduardo P. Amaral
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases - National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Lara Mittereder
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases - National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Katelyn McCann
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology - National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - André A. S. Correa
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology - Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Basic and Applied Immunology - Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sivaranjani Namasivayam
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases - National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Muthulekha Swamydas
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology - National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Mahtab Moayeri
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jonathan M. Weiss
- Laboratory of Cancer Immunometabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Raj Chari
- Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Daniel W. McVicar
- Laboratory of Cancer Immunometabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Diego L. Costa
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology - Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Basic and Applied Immunology - Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria R. D’Império Lima
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alan Sher
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases - National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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Li Y, Gong W, Li W, Liu P, Liu J, Jiang H, Zheng T, Wu J, Wu X, Zhao Y, Ren J. The IRG1-Itaconate axis: A regulatory hub for immunity and metabolism in macrophages. Int Rev Immunol 2022; 42:364-378. [PMID: 35468044 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2022.2067153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Metabolism could be served as a guiding force for immunity, and macrophages undergo drastic metabolic reprogramming during inflammatory processes, including enhancing glycolysis and reshaping the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) cycle. The disrupted TCA cycle facilitates itaconate accumulation, consistent with the significant up-regulation of immune response gene 1 (IRG1) in activated macrophages. IRG1 catalyzes the decarboxylation of cis-aconitate to synthesize itaconate, and notably, the IRG1-Itaconate axis has excellent potential to link macrophages' immunity and metabolism. Here, we review vital molecules that affect the activation of the IRG1-Itaconate axis, including interferon regulatory factor 1/9 (IRF1/9), transcription 1 and 3 (STAT1/3), CCAAT enhancer-binding protein β (C/EBPβ), and the protein kinase C (PKC). We then focus on how the IRG1-Itaconate axis regulates the inflammatory pathway in macrophages, proposed to involve kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1), NOD-, LRR- and pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3), gasdermin D (GSDMD), activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3), receptor-interacting protein kinase-3 (RIPK3), et al. In addition, we provide an overview of the way the axis participates in the metabolism of macrophages. Eventually, we summarize current connections between the IRG1-Itaconate axis and inflammatory diseases, bringing light to new therapeutic opportunities in inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangguang Li
- Research Institute of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenbin Gong
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China, Nanjing, China
| | - Weizhen Li
- School of Medicine, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, China
| | - Peizhao Liu
- Research Institute of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Juanhan Liu
- Research Institute of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Haiyang Jiang
- Department of General Surgery, BenQ Medical Center, The Affiliated BenQ Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tao Zheng
- Department of General Surgery, BenQ Medical Center, The Affiliated BenQ Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jie Wu
- Department of General Surgery, BenQ Medical Center, The Affiliated BenQ Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiuwen Wu
- Research Institute of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yun Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, BenQ Medical Center, The Affiliated BenQ Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianan Ren
- Research Institute of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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Gao C, Qiao T, Yuan S, Zhuang X. The Preliminary Study for Postoperative Radiotherapy Survival Associated with RUNX3 and TLR9 Expression in Lung Cancer. Cancer Manag Res 2021; 13:4497-4507. [PMID: 34113175 PMCID: PMC8186941 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s305452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Many studies have reported that the inflammatory immune response related to TLR9 signaling activation participates in tumor development and affects the treatment outcome. RUNX3 functions as a tumor suppressor by regulating DNA methylation. RUNX3 protein plays an important role in TGF-β signaling pathway that is involved in tumor growth inhibition and apoptosis. At present, radiotherapy is still an important treatment in lung cancer, which induces immune response and affects the therapeutic outcome. The role of TLR9 signaling activation and RUNX3 in this process is not clear. Methods In this study, we investigated the expression of TLR9 in tumor and RUNX3 in surrounding tissues by immunohistochemical methods and analyzed the relationship on postoperative survival in lung cancer. Results We found that the high expression of TLR9 was the risk factor in postoperative survival of lung cancer with no difference in lifetime. The high expression of RUNX3 in lung cancer with TLR9 signaling activation was in favor of progression-free survival and overall survival in postoperative radiotherapy. It suggested that RUNX3 played an important role in lung cancer radiotherapy. In order to determine the effect of RUNX3 in lung cancer radiation with TLR9 signaling activation, we introduced 5-Aza-2ʹ-deoxycytidine (5-Aza-CdR) and exposed lung cancer A459 cells repeatedly. The high expression of RUNX3 especially RUNX3-B in cells treated with 5-Aza-CdR was observed. We examined that 5-Aza-CdR induced more cell blocking in G2/M phase in combining irradiation. Conclusion The result implied that it was feasible to improve radiosensitivity of lung cancer with TLR9 signaling activation by increasing RUNX3 expression, and 5-Aza-CdR was an option in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caixia Gao
- Jinshan Hospital Center for Tumor Diagnosis & Therapy, Shanghai, 201508, People's Republic of China
| | - Tiankui Qiao
- Jinshan Hospital Center for Tumor Diagnosis & Therapy, Shanghai, 201508, People's Republic of China
| | - Sujuan Yuan
- Jinshan Hospital Center for Tumor Diagnosis & Therapy, Shanghai, 201508, People's Republic of China
| | - Xibing Zhuang
- Jinshan Hospital Center for Tumor Diagnosis & Therapy, Shanghai, 201508, People's Republic of China
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13
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Clere-Jehl R, Merdji H, Kassem M, Macquin C, De Cauwer A, Sibony A, Kurihara K, Minniti L, Abou Fayçal C, Bahram S, Meziani F, Helms J, Georgel P. A Translational Investigation of IFN-α and STAT1 Signaling in Endothelial Cells during Septic Shock Provides Therapeutic Perspectives. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2021; 65:167-175. [PMID: 33798037 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2020-0401oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Septic shock and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) are known to be characterized by an endothelial cell dysfunction. The molecular mechanisms underlying this relationship are, however, poorly understood. In this work, we aimed to investigate human circulating IFN-α in patients with septic shock-induced DIC and tested the potential role of endothelial Stat1 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 1) as a therapeutic target in a mouse model of sepsis. For this, circulating type I, type II, and type III IFNs and procoagulant microvesicles were quantified in a prospective cohort of patients with septic shock. Next, we used a septic shock model induced by cecal ligation and puncture in wild-type mice, in Ifnar1 (type I IFN receptor subunit 1)-knockout mice, and in Stat1 conditional knockout mice. In human samples, we observed higher concentrations of circulating IFN-α and IFN-α1 in patients with DIC compared with patients without DIC, whereas concentrations of IFN-β, IFN-γ, IFN-λ1, IFN-λ2, and IFN-λ3 were not different. IFN-α concentration was positively correlated with CD105 microvesicle concentrations, reflecting endothelial injury. In Ifnar1-/- mice, cecal ligation and puncture did not induce septic shock and was characterized by lesser endothelial cell injury, with lower aortic inflammatory cytokine expression, endothelial inflammatory-related gene expression, and fibrinolysis. In mice in which Stat1 was specifically ablated in endothelial cells, a marked protection against sepsis was also observed, suggesting the relevance of an endothelium-targeted strategy. Our work highlights the key roles of type I IFNs as pathogenic players in septic shock-induced DIC and the potential pertinence of endothelial STAT1 as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaël Clere-Jehl
- Faculté de Médecine, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Service de Médecine Intensive-Réanimation, Nouvel Hôpital Civil.,ImmunoRhumatologie Moléculaire, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR_S1109, Centre de Recherche d'Immunologie et d'Hematologie, Faculté de Médecine, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS)
| | - Hamid Merdji
- Faculté de Médecine, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Service de Médecine Intensive-Réanimation, Nouvel Hôpital Civil.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR_S1260, Nanomédecine Régenerative, Faculté de Pharmacie, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Mohamad Kassem
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR_S1260, Nanomédecine Régenerative, Faculté de Pharmacie, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Cécile Macquin
- ImmunoRhumatologie Moléculaire, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR_S1109, Centre de Recherche d'Immunologie et d'Hematologie, Faculté de Médecine, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS)
| | - Aurore De Cauwer
- ImmunoRhumatologie Moléculaire, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR_S1109, Centre de Recherche d'Immunologie et d'Hematologie, Faculté de Médecine, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS)
| | - Alicia Sibony
- Faculté de Médecine, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Service de Médecine Intensive-Réanimation, Nouvel Hôpital Civil.,ImmunoRhumatologie Moléculaire, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR_S1109, Centre de Recherche d'Immunologie et d'Hematologie, Faculté de Médecine, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS)
| | - Kei Kurihara
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR_S1260, Nanomédecine Régenerative, Faculté de Pharmacie, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Laetitia Minniti
- Faculté de Médecine, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Service de Médecine Intensive-Réanimation, Nouvel Hôpital Civil.,ImmunoRhumatologie Moléculaire, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR_S1109, Centre de Recherche d'Immunologie et d'Hematologie, Faculté de Médecine, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS)
| | - Chérine Abou Fayçal
- ImmunoRhumatologie Moléculaire, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR_S1109, Centre de Recherche d'Immunologie et d'Hematologie, Faculté de Médecine, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS)
| | - Seiamak Bahram
- ImmunoRhumatologie Moléculaire, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR_S1109, Centre de Recherche d'Immunologie et d'Hematologie, Faculté de Médecine, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS)
| | - Ferhat Meziani
- Faculté de Médecine, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Service de Médecine Intensive-Réanimation, Nouvel Hôpital Civil.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR_S1260, Nanomédecine Régenerative, Faculté de Pharmacie, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Julie Helms
- Faculté de Médecine, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Service de Médecine Intensive-Réanimation, Nouvel Hôpital Civil.,ImmunoRhumatologie Moléculaire, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR_S1109, Centre de Recherche d'Immunologie et d'Hematologie, Faculté de Médecine, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS)
| | - Philippe Georgel
- ImmunoRhumatologie Moléculaire, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR_S1109, Centre de Recherche d'Immunologie et d'Hematologie, Faculté de Médecine, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS)
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14
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Cheng L, Liu WL, Tsou YT, Li JC, Chien CH, Su MP, Liu KL, Huang YL, Wu SC, Tsai JJ, Hsieh SL, Chen CH. Transgenic Expression of Human C-Type Lectin Protein CLEC18A Reduces Dengue Virus Type 2 Infectivity in Aedes aegypti. Front Immunol 2021; 12:640367. [PMID: 33767710 PMCID: PMC7985527 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.640367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The C-type lectins, one family of lectins featuring carbohydrate binding domains which participate in a variety of bioprocesses in both humans and mosquitoes, including immune response, are known to target DENV. A human C-type lectin protein CLEC18A in particular shows extensive glycan binding abilities and correlates with type-I interferon expression, making CLEC18A a potential player in innate immune responses to DENV infection; this potential may provide additional regulatory point in improving mosquito immunity. Here, we established for the first time a transgenic Aedes aegypti line that expresses human CLEC18A. This expression enhanced the Toll immune pathway responses to DENV infection. Furthermore, viral genome and virus titers were reduced by 70% in the midgut of transgenic mosquitoes. We found significant changes in the composition of the midgut microbiome in CLEC18A expressing mosquitoes, which may result from the Toll pathway enhancement and contribute to DENV inhibition. Transgenic mosquito lines offer a compelling option for studying DENV pathogenesis, and our analyses indicate that modifying the mosquito immune system via expression of a human immune gene can significantly reduce DENV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lie Cheng
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan.,Tropical Medicine Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Liang Liu
- National Mosquito-Borne Diseases Control Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Ting Tsou
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jian-Chiuan Li
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hao Chien
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Matthew P Su
- Department of Biological Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kun-Lin Liu
- National Mosquito-Borne Diseases Control Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Lang Huang
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Cheng Wu
- National Mosquito-Borne Diseases Control Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Jih-Jin Tsai
- Tropical Medicine Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shie-Liang Hsieh
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute for Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hong Chen
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan.,National Mosquito-Borne Diseases Control Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
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15
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Noori MS, Courreges MC, Bergmeier SC, McCall KD, Goetz DJ. Modulation of LPS-induced inflammatory cytokine production by a novel glycogen synthase kinase-3 inhibitor. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 883:173340. [PMID: 32634441 PMCID: PMC7334664 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis is a serious condition that can lead to long-term organ damage and death. At the molecular level, the hallmark of sepsis is the elevated expression of a multitude of potent cytokines, i.e. a cytokine storm. For sepsis involving gram-negative bacteria, macrophages recognize lipopolysaccharide (LPS) shed from the bacteria, activating Toll-like-receptor 4 (TLR4), and triggering a cytokine storm. Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) is a highly active kinase that has been implicated in LPS-induced cytokine production. Thus, compounds that inhibit GSK-3 could be potential therapeutics for sepsis. Our group has recently described a novel and highly selective inhibitor of GSK-3 termed COB-187. In the present study, using THP-1 macrophages, we evaluated the ability of COB-187 to attenuate LPS-induced cytokine production. We found that COB-187 significantly reduced, at the protein and mRNA levels, cytokines induced by LPS (e.g. IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β, CXCL10, and IFN-β). Further, the data suggest that the inhibition could be due, at least in part, to COB-187 reducing NF-κB (p65/p50) DNA binding activity as well as reducing IRF-3 phosphorylation at Serine 396. Thus, COB-187 appears to be a potent inhibitor of the cytokine storm induced by LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahboubeh S Noori
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA.
| | - Maria C Courreges
- Department of Specialty Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - Stephen C Bergmeier
- Biomedical Engineering Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - Kelly D McCall
- Department of Specialty Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA; Biomedical Engineering Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA; The Diabetes Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA; Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA; Translational Biomedical Science Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - Douglas J Goetz
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA; Biomedical Engineering Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA.
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16
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Wu R, Chen F, Wang N, Tang D, Kang R. ACOD1 in immunometabolism and disease. Cell Mol Immunol 2020; 17:822-833. [PMID: 32601305 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-0489-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunometabolism plays a fundamental role in health and diseases and involves multiple genes and signals. Aconitate decarboxylase 1 (ACOD1; also known as IRG1) is emerging as a regulator of immunometabolism in inflammation and infection. Upregulation of ACOD1 expression occurs in activated immune cells (e.g., macrophages and monocytes) in response to pathogen infection (e.g., bacteria and viruses), pathogen-associated molecular pattern molecules (e.g., LPS), cytokines (e.g., TNF and IFNs), and damage-associated molecular patterns (e.g., monosodium urate). Mechanistically, several immune receptors (e.g., TLRs and IFNAR), adapter proteins (e.g., MYD88), ubiquitin ligases (e.g., A20), and transcription factors (e.g., NF-κB, IRFs, and STATs) form complex signal transduction networks to control ACOD1 expression in a context-dependent manner. Functionally, ACOD1 mediates itaconate production, oxidative stress, and antigen processing and plays dual roles in immunity and diseases. On the one hand, activation of the ACOD1 pathway may limit pathogen infection and promote embryo implantation. On the other hand, abnormal ACOD1 expression can lead to tumor progression, neurodegenerative disease, and immune paralysis. Further understanding of the function and regulation of ACOD1 is important for the application of ACOD1-based therapeutic strategies in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runliu Wu
- Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Feng Chen
- Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Nian Wang
- Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Daolin Tang
- Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
| | - Rui Kang
- Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
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17
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Ashayeri Ahmadabad R, Khaleghi Ghadiri M, Gorji A. The role of Toll-like receptor signaling pathways in cerebrovascular disorders: the impact of spreading depolarization. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:108. [PMID: 32264928 PMCID: PMC7140571 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01785-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral vascular diseases (CVDs) are a group of disorders that affect the blood supply to the brain and lead to the reduction of oxygen and glucose supply to the neurons and the supporting cells. Spreading depolarization (SD), a propagating wave of neuroglial depolarization, occurs in different CVDs. A growing amount of evidence suggests that the inflammatory responses following hypoxic-ischemic insults and after SD plays a double-edged role in brain tissue injury and clinical outcome; a beneficial effect in the acute phase and a destructive role in the late phase. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a crucial role in the activation of inflammatory cascades and subsequent neuroprotective or harmful effects after CVDs and SD. Here, we review current data regarding the pathophysiological role of TLR signaling pathways in different CVDs and discuss the role of SD in the potentiation of the inflammatory cascade in CVDs through the modulation of TLRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rezan Ashayeri Ahmadabad
- Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Khatam Alanbia Hospital, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Neurosurgery, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Ali Gorji
- Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Khatam Alanbia Hospital, Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany.
- Epilepsy Research Center, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany.
- Department of Neurology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany.
- Neuroscience research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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18
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Nawab A, An L, Wu J, Li G, Liu W, Zhao Y, Wu Q, Xiao M. Chicken toll-like receptors and their significance in immune response and disease resistance. Int Rev Immunol 2019; 38:284-306. [PMID: 31662000 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2019.1659258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Infectious diseases are a major challenge for the poultry industry that causes widespread production losses. Thus, management and control of poultry health and diseases are essential for the viability of the industry. Toll-like receptors are best characterized as membrane-bound receptors that perform a central role in immune homeostasis and disease resistance by recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns. In response to pathogen recognition, TLRs initiate both innate and adaptive immune responses which may help to develop immunomodulatory therapeutics for TLR associated diseases. Vaccination produces specific immunity in the animal's body towards pathogens. However, due to certain disadvantages of vaccines, (inactivation of attenuated pathogens into the virulent strains and weak immunogenicity of inactivated vaccines) there is a crucial need to develop the safe and effective therapeutic intervention. TLR ligands have been classified as a potential adjuvant against the infectious diseases in farm animals. TLR adjuvants induce both specific and nonspecific immune responses in chickens to combat several bacterial, viral and parasitic diseases. Therefore, the aim of this review was to explore the chicken TLR4 and their role in immune responses and disease resistance to develop disease resistance poultry breeds in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aamir Nawab
- Department of Animal Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China.,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, PMAS- Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Lilong An
- Department of Animal Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiang Wu
- Department of Animal Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Guanghui Li
- Department of Animal Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenchao Liu
- Department of Animal Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Yi Zhao
- Department of Animal Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Qimin Wu
- Mechanical and Power Engineering College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Mei Xiao
- Department of Animal Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
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19
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Biochemical and Metabolic Implications of Tricarboxylic Acids and their Transporters. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.13.2.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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20
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Yu L, Zhang L, Yang H, Gui G, Liu Y, Xiao Y. Identification and characterization of the myeloid differentiation factor 88 gene in yellow catfish. 3 Biotech 2018; 8:430. [PMID: 30305999 PMCID: PMC6163110 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-018-1448-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) is an important adapter protein of the innate immune system, but it has never before been reported in yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco). In this study, we cloned and characterized the yellow catfish MyD88 gene. The gene was 1230 bp in length and contained an 876-bp open reading frame which encodes a polypeptide of 291 amino acid residues. The theoretical molecular mass and isoelectric point of this polypeptide were 33.4341 kDa and 5.17, respectively. Furthermore, bioinformatic and phylogenetic analyses grouped yellow catfish MyD88 with MyD88 of other fish. We found that the deduced amino acid sequence showed that the conserved N-terminal death domain and the C-terminal typical Toll/interleukin-1 receptor domain were very similar to those of other fish. Moreover, reverse transcription PCR showed that yellow catfish MyD88 is ubiquitously expressed in all tissues examined, with highest expression levels observed in the spleen and lowest levels in the intestine. Importantly, MyD88 was shown to be significantly up-regulated in the intestines after 30-day dietary supplement of Clostridium butyricum. Collectively, these results indicate that yellow catfish MyD88 has a conserved structure and is probably an important component of innate immunity in yellow catfish. This study is the first to identify and characterize MyD88 in yellow catfish, thereby providing a reference for further research into the yellow catfish innate immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lintian Yu
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 China
- Guangxi Agricultural Vocational College, Nanning, 530007 Guangxi China
| | - Long Zhang
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 China
- Institute of Ecology, China West Normal University, Nanchong, 637009 China
| | - Hua Yang
- Institute of Quality Standards for Agro-Products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021 China
| | - Guohong Gui
- Institute of Quality Standards for Agro-Products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021 China
| | - Yiping Liu
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 China
| | - Yingping Xiao
- Institute of Quality Standards for Agro-Products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021 China
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21
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Vandenbon A, Kumagai Y, Lin M, Suzuki Y, Nakai K. Waves of chromatin modifications in mouse dendritic cells in response to LPS stimulation. Genome Biol 2018; 19:138. [PMID: 30231913 PMCID: PMC6146659 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-018-1524-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The importance of transcription factors (TFs) and epigenetic modifications in the control of gene expression is widely accepted. However, causal relationships between changes in TF binding, histone modifications, and gene expression during the response to extracellular stimuli are not well understood. Here, we analyze the ordering of these events on a genome-wide scale in dendritic cells in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. RESULTS Using a ChIP-seq time series dataset, we find that the LPS-induced accumulation of different histone modifications follows clearly distinct patterns. Increases in H3K4me3 appear to coincide with transcriptional activation. In contrast, H3K9K14ac accumulates early after stimulation, and H3K36me3 at later time points. Integrative analysis with TF binding data reveals potential links between TF activation and dynamics in histone modifications. Especially, LPS-induced increases in H3K9K14ac and H3K4me3 are associated with binding by STAT1/2 and were severely impaired in Stat1-/- cells. CONCLUSIONS While the timing of short-term changes of some histone modifications coincides with changes in transcriptional activity, this is not the case for others. In the latter case, dynamics in modifications more likely reflect strict regulation by stimulus-induced TFs and their interactions with chromatin modifiers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Vandenbon
- Laboratory of Infection and Prevention, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan.
- Institute for Liberal Arts and Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan.
| | - Yutaro Kumagai
- Quantitative Immunology Research Unit, Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871, Japan
- Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan
| | - Mengjie Lin
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, 277-8561, Japan
| | - Yutaka Suzuki
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, 277-8561, Japan
| | - Kenta Nakai
- Laboratory of Functional Analysis in silico, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan.
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22
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Abstract
In humans and other mammals, recognition of endotoxins—abundant surface lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of Gram-negative bacteria—provides a potent stimulus for induction of inflammation and mobilization of host defenses. The structurally unique lipid A region of LPS is the principal determinant of this pro-inflammatory activity. This region of LPS is normally buried within the bacterial outer membrane and aggregates of purified LPS, making even more remarkable its picomolar potency and the ability of discrete variations in lipid A structure to markedly alter the pro-inflammatory activity of LPS. Two recognition systems—MD-2/TLR4 and “LPS-sensing” cytosolic caspases—together confer LPS responsiveness at the host cell surface, within endosomes, and at sites physically accessible to the cytosol. Understanding how the lipid A of LPS is delivered and recognized at these diverse sites is crucial to understanding how the magnitude and character of the inflammatory responses are regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerrold Weiss
- Inflammation Program and Departments of Internal Medicine and Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Jason Barker
- Inflammation Program and Departments of Internal Medicine and Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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The Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Shinbaro3 Is Mediated by Downregulation of the TLR4 Signalling Pathway in LPS-Stimulated RAW 264.7 Macrophages. Mediators Inflamm 2018; 2018:4514329. [PMID: 29849490 PMCID: PMC5907526 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4514329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Shinbaro3, a formulation derived from the hydrolysed roots of Harpagophytum procumbens var. sublobatum (Engl.) Stapf, has been clinically used in the pharamacopuncture treatment of arthritis in Korea. In the present study, Shinbaro3 inhibited NO generation in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Shinbaro3 also downregulated the mRNA and protein expression of inflammatory mediators in a dose-dependent manner. Three mechanisms explaining the effects of Shinbaro3 in RAW 264.7 cells were identified as follows: (1) inhibition of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2 (ERK1/2), stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK)/c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase (JNK), and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways; (2) suppression of IκB kinase-α/β (IKK-α/β) phosphorylation and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) subunits in the NF-κB pathway, which are involved in MyD88-dependent signalling; and (3) downregulation of IFN-β mRNA expression via inhibition of interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) and Janus-activated kinase 1 (JAK1)/signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) phosphorylation, which is involved in TRIF-dependent signalling. Shinbaro3 exerted anti-inflammatory effects in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells through modulation of the TLR4/MyD88 pathways, suggesting that Shinbaro3 is a novel anti-inflammatory therapeutic candidate in the field of pharmacopuncture.
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24
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Che Mat NF, Siddiqui S, Mehta D, Seaver K, Banete A, Alothaimeen T, Gee K, Basta S. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection of dendritic cells interferes with TLR-induced IL-12/IL-23 cytokine production in an IL-10 independent manner. Cytokine 2018; 108:105-114. [PMID: 29602153 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2017] [Revised: 02/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells produce IL-12 and IL-23 in response to viral and bacterial infection and these cytokines are responsible for successful pathogen clearance. How sequential viral and bacterial infections affect the production of IL-12 and IL-23 is currently not known. Our study demonstrates that in dendritic cells infected with Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), TLR activation with bacterial PAMPs resulted in reduced IL-12 and IL-23 expression compared to non-infected cells. Furthermore, expression of other proinflammatory cytokines, TNF-α and IL-6, were not inhibited under these conditions. We discovered that TLR-induced phosphorylation of p38 was significantly inhibited in LCMV-infected cells. We detected enhanced expression of suppressor of cytokine signalling (SOCS)-3 and IL-10. Yet, neutralizing IL-10 did not restore IL-12/IL-23 expression. Taken together, these results show that virus infection interferes with the magnitude of TLR-mediated inflammatory responses by repressing specific cytokine expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nor Fazila Che Mat
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
| | - Sarah Siddiqui
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
| | - Divya Mehta
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
| | - Kyle Seaver
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
| | - Andra Banete
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
| | - Torki Alothaimeen
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
| | - Katrina Gee
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada.
| | - Sameh Basta
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada.
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25
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Kawashima T, Ikari N, Watanabe Y, Kubota Y, Yoshio S, Kanto T, Motohashi S, Shimojo N, Tsuji NM. Double-Stranded RNA Derived from Lactic Acid Bacteria Augments Th1 Immunity via Interferon-β from Human Dendritic Cells. Front Immunol 2018; 9:27. [PMID: 29410667 PMCID: PMC5787129 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are one of the major commensal species in the small intestine and known for contributing to maintenance of protective immunity and immune homeostasis. However, currently there has been no evidence regarding the cellular mechanisms involved in the probiotic effects of LAB on human immune cells. Here, we demonstrated that LAB double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) triggered interferon-β (IFN-β) production by human dendritic cells (DCs), which activated IFN-γ-producing T cells. Interleukin-12 (IL-12) secretion from human DCs in response to LAB was abrogated by depletion of bacterial dsRNA, and was attenuated by neutralizing IFN-β, indicating LAB dsRNA primarily activated the IFN-β/IL-12 pathway. Moreover, the induction of IL-12 secretion from DCs by LAB was abolished by the inhibition of endosomal acidification, confirming the critical role of the endosomal digestion of LAB. In a coculture of human naïve CD4+ T cells and BDCA1+ DCs, DCs stimulated with LAB containing dsRNA induced IFN-γ-producing T cells. These results indicate that human DCs activated by LAB enhance Th1 immunity depending on IFN-β secretion in response to bacterial dsRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadaomi Kawashima
- Research and Development Division, Kikkoman Corporation, Chiba, Japan.,Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute for Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Naho Ikari
- Research and Development Division, Kikkoman Corporation, Chiba, Japan.,Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute for Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yohei Watanabe
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute for Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yoshiro Kubota
- Kikkoman General Hospital, Kikkoman Corporation, Chiba, Japan
| | - Sachiyo Yoshio
- The Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Kanto
- The Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Motohashi
- Department of Medical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Naoki Shimojo
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Noriko M Tsuji
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute for Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
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26
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Almeida GMDF, Silva LCF, Colson P, Abrahao JS. Mimiviruses and the Human Interferon System: Viral Evasion of Classical Antiviral Activities, But Inhibition By a Novel Interferon-β Regulated Immunomodulatory Pathway. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2018; 37:1-8. [PMID: 28079476 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2016.0097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review we discuss the role of mimiviruses as potential human pathogens focusing on clinical and evolutionary evidence. We also propose a novel antiviral immunomodulatory pathway controlled by interferon-β (IFN-β) and mediated by immune-responsive gene 1 (IRG1) and itaconic acid, its product. Acanthamoeba polyphaga Mimivirus (APMV) was isolated from amoebae in a hospital while investigating a pneumonia outbreak. Mimivirus ubiquity and role as protist pathogens are well understood, and its putative status as a human pathogen has been gaining strength as more evidence is being found. The study of APMV and human cells interaction revealed that the virus is able to evade the IFN system by inhibiting the regulation of interferon-stimulated genes, suggesting that the virus and humans have had host-pathogen interactions. It also has shown that the virus is capable of growing on IFN-α2, but not on IFN-β-treated cells, hinting at an exclusive IFN-β antiviral pathway. Our hypothesis based on preliminary data and published articles is that IFN-β preferentially upregulates IRG1 in human macrophagic cells, which in turn produces itaconic acid. This metabolite links metabolism to antiviral activity by inactivating the virus, in a novel immunomodulatory pathway relevant for APMV infections and probably to other infectious diseases as well.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lorena C Ferreira Silva
- 2 Laboratorio de Virus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Philippe Colson
- 3 Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes (URMITE), Aix-Marseille Universite Faculté de Médecine , Marseille, France
| | - Jonatas Santos Abrahao
- 2 Laboratorio de Virus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte, Brazil .,3 Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes (URMITE), Aix-Marseille Universite Faculté de Médecine , Marseille, France
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27
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Schilling E, Weiss R, Grahnert A, Bitar M, Sack U, Hauschildt S. Molecular mechanism of LPS-induced TNF-α biosynthesis in polarized human macrophages. Mol Immunol 2017; 93:206-215. [PMID: 29207327 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2017.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In response to environmental stimuli such as granulocyte-macrophage or macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF/M-CSF), macrophages (MΦ) can acquire distinct functional phenotypes that control inflammatory processes on the one hand and contribute to a broad spectrum of pathologies on the other. Potential intervention strategies will require an understanding of the signalling processes that are associated with macrophage polarization. In the present study, we show that M-MΦ produce more IFN-β and IL-10 and a lot less TNF-α than do GM-MΦ in response to LPS. To define the molecular mechanisms that underlie the biosynthesis of TNF-α we carried out a detailed investigation of the LPS-induced activation of the canonical and non-canonical myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88)-dependent signal transduction pathways as well as the TIR-domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon-β (TRIF)-dependent pathway. Our results show that all three pathways are activated in both cell types and that the activation is more pronounced in M-MΦ. While IL-10 was found to interfere with TNF-α production in M-MΦ, we exclude a decisive role for IFN-β in this respect. Furthermore, we demonstrate that TNF-α mRNA is markedly destabilized in M-MΦ and that expression of the mRNA destabilizing protein tristetraprolin is greatly enhanced in these cells. Collectively, our study suggests that differential effects of LPS on TNF-α mRNA turnover and on signal transduction pathways influence the amount of TNF-α finally produced by GM-MΦ and M-MΦ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Schilling
- Institute of Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Johannisallee 30, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ronald Weiss
- Institute of Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Johannisallee 30, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anja Grahnert
- Institute of Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Johannisallee 30, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Michael Bitar
- Institute of Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Johannisallee 30, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ulrich Sack
- Institute of Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Johannisallee 30, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sunna Hauschildt
- Institute of Biology, University of Leipzig, Talstraße 33, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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28
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The role of TLRs in cervical cancer with HPV infection: a review. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2017; 2:17055. [PMID: 29263932 PMCID: PMC5668671 DOI: 10.1038/sigtrans.2017.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The main cause of cervical cancer is persistent infection with high-risk human papilloma virus (HR-HPV), but not all human papilloma virus (HPV) infections lead to cervical cancer. The key factors that determine the outcome of HPV infection remain poorly understood, and how the host immune system protects against HPV infection is unclear. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a group of pattern recognition receptors present in the cytoplasm and cell membrane, and can specifically recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns. As the key molecules of innate and acquired immunity, TLRs not only play important roles in the immune defense against infectious diseases, but also are involved in the occurrence and development of a variety of malignant tumors. In cervical cancer caused by HR-HPV infection, TLRs have been found to regulate the local immune microenvironment. The role of TLRs in HR-HPV infection and HPV-induced cervical cancer and its relationship with HPV vaccine are reviewed in this article.
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29
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Trahtemberg U, Mevorach D. Apoptotic Cells Induced Signaling for Immune Homeostasis in Macrophages and Dendritic Cells. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1356. [PMID: 29118755 PMCID: PMC5661053 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Inefficient and abnormal clearance of apoptotic cells (efferocytosis) contributes to systemic autoimmune disease in humans and mice, and inefficient chromosomal DNA degradation by DNAse II leads to systemic polyarthritis and a cytokine storm. By contrast, efficient clearance allows immune homeostasis, generally leads to a non-inflammatory state for both macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs), and contributes to maintenance of peripheral tolerance. As many as 3 × 108 cells undergo apoptosis every hour in our bodies, and one of the primary “eat me” signals expressed by apoptotic cells is phosphatidylserine (PtdSer). Apoptotic cells themselves are major contributors to the “anti-inflammatory” nature of the engulfment process, some by secreting thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) or adenosine monophosphate and possibly other immune modulating “calm-down” signals that interact with macrophages and DCs. Apoptotic cells also produce “find me” and “tolerate me” signals to attract and immune modulate macrophages and DCs that express specific receptors for some of these signals. Neither macrophages nor DCs are uniform, and each cell type may variably express membrane proteins that function as receptors for PtdSer or for opsonins like complement or opsonins that bind to PtdSer, such as protein S and growth arrest-specific 6. Macrophages and DCs also express scavenger receptors, CD36, and integrins that function via bridging molecules such as TSP-1 or milk fat globule-EGF factor 8 protein and that differentially engage in various multi-ligand interactions between apoptotic cells and phagocytes. In this review, we describe the anti-inflammatory and pro-homeostatic nature of apoptotic cell interaction with the immune system. We do not review some forms of immunogenic cell death. We summarize the known apoptotic cell signaling events in macrophages and DCs that are related to toll-like receptors, nuclear factor kappa B, inflammasome, the lipid-activated nuclear receptors, Tyro3, Axl, and Mertk receptors, as well as induction of signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 and suppressor of cytokine signaling that lead to immune system silencing and DC tolerance. These properties of apoptotic cells are the mechanisms that enable their successful use as therapeutic modalities in mice and humans in various autoimmune diseases, organ transplantation, graft-versus-host disease, and sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uriel Trahtemberg
- General Intensive Care Unit, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Dror Mevorach
- Rheumatology Research Center, Department of Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
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30
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Essential role of HCMV deubiquitinase in promoting oncogenesis by targeting anti-viral innate immune signaling pathways. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e3078. [PMID: 28981114 PMCID: PMC5680583 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2017.461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is a multifactorial disease and virus-mediated carcinogenesis is one of the crucial factors, which is poorly understood. Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a herpesvirus and its components have been evidenced to be associated with cancer of different tissue origin. However, its role in cancer remains unknown. Here, we identified a conserved herpesviral tegument protein known as pUL48 of HCMV, encoding deubiquitinase enzyme, as having a key role in carcinogenesis. We show using deubiquitinase sufficient- and deficient-HCMV that HCMV deubiquitinase is a key in inducing enhanced cellular metabolic activity through upregulation of several anti-apoptotic genes and downregulation of several pro-apoptotic genes expression. Furthermore, HCMV deubiquitinase acquires pro-tumor functions by inhibiting PRR-mediated type I interferon via deubiquitination of TRAF6, TRAF3, IRAK1, IRF7 and STING. Taken together, our results suggest that HCMV infection may promote oncogenesis by inhibiting innate immunity of the host.
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31
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Auger JP, Santinón A, Roy D, Mossman K, Xu J, Segura M, Gottschalk M. Type I Interferon Induced by Streptococcus suis Serotype 2 is Strain-Dependent and May Be Beneficial for Host Survival. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1039. [PMID: 28894449 PMCID: PMC5581389 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis serotype 2 is an important porcine bacterial pathogen and emerging zoonotic agent mainly responsible for sudden death, septic shock, and meningitis, with exacerbated inflammation being a hallmark of the infection. However, serotype 2 strains are genotypically and phenotypically heterogeneous, being composed of a multitude of sequence types (STs) whose virulence greatly varies: the virulent ST1 (Eurasia), highly virulent ST7 (responsible for the human outbreaks in China), and intermediate virulent ST25 (North America) are the most important worldwide. Even though type I interferons (IFNs) are traditionally associated with important antiviral functions, recent studies have demonstrated that they may also play an important role during infections with extracellular bacteria. Upregulation of IFN-β levels was previously observed in mice following infection with this pathogen. Consequently, the implication of IFN-β in the S. suis serotype 2 pathogenesis, which has always been considered a strict extracellular bacterium, was evaluated using strains of varying virulence. This study demonstrates that intermediate virulent strains are significantly more susceptible to phagocytosis than virulent strains. Hence, subsequent localization of these strains within the phagosome results in recognition of bacterial nucleic acids by Toll-like receptors 7 and 9, leading to activation of the interferon regulatory factors 1, 3, and 7 and production of IFN-β. Type I IFN, whose implication depends on the virulence level of the S. suis strain, is involved in host defense by participating in the modulation of systemic inflammation, which is responsible for the clearance of blood bacterial burden. As such, when induced by intermediate, and to a lesser extent, virulent S. suis strains, type I IFN plays a beneficial role in host survival. The highly virulent ST7 strain, however, hastily induces a septic shock that cannot be controlled by type I IFN, leading to rapid death of the host. A better understanding of the underlying mechanisms involved in the control of inflammation and subsequent bacterial burden could help to develop control measures for this important porcine and zoonotic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Philippe Auger
- Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Production Animals (GREMIP), Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Agustina Santinón
- Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Production Animals (GREMIP), Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - David Roy
- Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Production Animals (GREMIP), Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Karen Mossman
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Jianguo Xu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Mariela Segura
- Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Production Animals (GREMIP), Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Marcelo Gottschalk
- Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Production Animals (GREMIP), Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
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32
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He ML, Lv ZY, Shi X, Yang T, Zhang Y, Li TY, Chen J. Interleukin-10 release from astrocytes suppresses neuronal apoptosis via the TLR2/NFκB pathway in a neonatal rat model of hypoxic-ischemic brain damage. J Neurochem 2017; 142:920-933. [PMID: 28700093 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The biological function of interleukin-10 (IL-10) and the relationship between IL-10 secretion and the Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) expression levels in the central nervous system following hypoxic-ischemic brain damage (HIBD) are poorly understood. Here, we intend to elucidate the biological function and mechanism of IL-10 secretion following HIBD. In this study, we used a neonatal rat model of HIBD and found that rats injected with adeno-associated virus-IL-10-shRNA (short hairpin RNA) exhibited partially impaired learning and memory function compared to rats administered adeno-associated virus-control-shRNA. In vitro oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) induced IL-10 release from astrocytes but not from neurons. Pretreatment with exogenous recombinant IL-10 alleviated OGD-mediated apoptosis of neurons but not astrocytes. In addition, we also observed that hypoxic injury induced a marked increase in IL-10 expression in astrocytes as a result of activation of the TLR2/phosphorylated nuclear factor kappa B (p-NFκB) p65 signaling cascade; furthermore, this effect disappeared upon small interfering RNA targeting rat TLR2 gene (siTLR2) treatment. Pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate, an inhibitor of NFκB activation, reduced the IL-10 expression levels in both OGD-injured astrocytes in vitro and the hippocampi of HIBD rats in vivo but did not significantly affect TLR2 expression. Furthermore, a luciferase assay revealed that p-NFκB p65 could bind the -1700/-1000 bp proximal region of the IL-10 gene promoter to regulate IL-10 secretion from astrocytes and that this interaction could be controlled by OGD treatment. These data suggest that HIBD induces IL-10 secretion from astrocytes to exert a paracrine-induced anti-apoptotic effect on injured neurons via the TLR2/NFκB signaling pathway, which may improve learning and memory dysfunction after ischemic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mu Lan He
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Stem Cell Therapy Engineering Technical Center, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ze Yu Lv
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Stem Cell Therapy Engineering Technical Center, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xia Shi
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Stem Cell Therapy Engineering Technical Center, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ting Yang
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Stem Cell Therapy Engineering Technical Center, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Stem Cell Therapy Engineering Technical Center, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ting-Yu Li
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, Chongqing, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Stem Cell Therapy Engineering Technical Center, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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33
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Kotredes KP, Thomas B, Gamero AM. The Protective Role of Type I Interferons in the Gastrointestinal Tract. Front Immunol 2017; 8:410. [PMID: 28428788 PMCID: PMC5382159 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract manages the significant task of recognizing and eliminating pathogens while maintaining tolerance of commensal bacteria. Dysregulation of this delicate balance can be detrimental, resulting in severe inflammation, intestinal injury, and cancer. Therefore, mechanisms to relay important signals regulating cell growth and immune reactivity must be in place to support GI homeostasis. Type I interferons (IFN-I) are a family of pleiotropic cytokines, which exert a wide range of biological effects including promotion of both pro- and anti-inflammatory activities. Using animal models of colitis, investigations into the regulation of intestinal epithelium inflammation highlight the role of IFN-I signaling during fine modulation of the immune system. The intestinal epithelium of the gut guides the immune system to differentiate between commensal and pathogenic microbiota, which relies on intimate links with the IFN-I signal-transduction pathway. The current paradigm depicts an IFN-I-induced antiproliferative state in the intestinal epithelium enabling cell differentiation, cell maturation, and proper intestinal barrier function, strongly supporting its role in maintaining baseline immune activity and clearance of damaged epithelia or pathogens. In this review, we will highlight the importance of IFN-I in intestinal homeostasis by discussing its function in inflammation, immunity, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin P Kotredes
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Biochemistry, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Brianna Thomas
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Biochemistry, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ana M Gamero
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Biochemistry, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Klaska IP, Muckersie E, Martin-Granados C, Christofi M, Forrester JV. Lipopolysaccharide-primed heterotolerant dendritic cells suppress experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis by multiple mechanisms. Immunology 2016; 150:364-377. [PMID: 27859049 PMCID: PMC5290303 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure of bone‐marrow‐derived dendritic cells (BMDC) to high‐dose ultrapure lipopolysaccharide for 24 hr (LPS‐primed BMDC) enhances their potency in preventing inter‐photoreceptor retinoid binding protein: complete Freund's adjuvant‐induced experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis (EAU). LPS‐primed BMDC are refractory to further exposure to LPS (= endotoxin tolerance), evidenced here by decreased phosphorylation of TANK‐binding kinase 1, interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3), c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase and p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase as well as impaired nuclear translocation of nuclear factor κB (NF‐κB) and IRF3, resulting in reduced tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), IL‐12 and interferon‐β secretion. LPS‐primed BMDC also show reduced surface expression of Toll‐like receptor‐4 and up‐regulation of CD14, followed by increased apoptosis, mediated via nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFATc)‐2 signalling. LPS‐primed BMDC are not only homotolerant to LPS but are heterotolerant to alternative pathogen‐associated molecular pattern ligands, such as mycobacterial protein extract (Mycobacterium tuberculosis). Specifically, while M. tuberculosis protein extract induces secretion of IL‐1β, TNF‐α and IL‐6 in unprimed BMDC, LPS‐primed BMDC fail to secrete these cytokines in response to M. tuberculosis. We propose that LPS priming of BMDC, by exposure to high doses of LPS for 24 hr, stabilizes their tolerogenicity rather than promoting immunogenicity, and does so by multiple mechanisms, namely (i) generation of tolerogenic apoptotic BMDC through CD14:NFATc signalling; (ii) reduction of NF‐κB and IRF3 signalling and downstream pro‐inflammatory cytokine production; and (iii) blockade of inflammasome activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela P Klaska
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
| | | | | | - Maria Christofi
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - John V Forrester
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK.,Lions Eye Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
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35
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Minhas G, Sharma J, Khan N. Cellular Stress Response and Immune Signaling in Retinal Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Front Immunol 2016; 7:444. [PMID: 27822213 PMCID: PMC5075763 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemia–reperfusion injury is a well-known pathological hallmark associated with diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, and other related retinopathies that ultimately can lead to visual impairment and vision loss. Retinal ischemia pathogenesis involves a cascade of detrimental events that include energy failure, excitotoxic damage, calcium imbalance, oxidative stress, and eventually cell death. Retina for a long time has been known to be an immune privileged site; however, recent investigations reveal that retina, as well as the central nervous system, elicits immunological responses during various stress cues. Stress condition, such as reperfusion of blood supply post-ischemia results in the sequestration of different immune cells, inflammatory mediators including cytokines, chemokines, etc., to the ischemic region, which in turn facilitates induction of inflammatory conditions in these tissues. The immunological activation during injury or stress per se is beneficial for repair and maintenance of cellular homeostasis, but whether the associated inflammation is good or bad, during ischemia–reperfusion injury, hitherto remains to be explored. Keeping all these notions in mind, the current review tries to address the immune response and host stress response mechanisms involved in ischemia–reperfusion injury with the focus on the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillipsie Minhas
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad , Hyderabad , Telangana, India
| | - Jyoti Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad , Hyderabad , Telangana, India
| | - Nooruddin Khan
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad , Hyderabad , Telangana, India
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36
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Luan HH, Medzhitov R. Food Fight: Role of Itaconate and Other Metabolites in Antimicrobial Defense. Cell Metab 2016; 24:379-387. [PMID: 27626199 PMCID: PMC5024735 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2016.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Itaconate is a newly discovered mammalian metabolite bearing significant implications for our understanding of cellular immunometabolism and antimicrobial defense. Here, we explore recent findings regarding the role of itaconate in the innate immune response and highlight the emerging principle that metabolites can have distinct immunological functions independent of bioenergetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harding H Luan
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Ruslan Medzhitov
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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37
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Takeda K. Evolution and integration of innate immune recognition systems: the Toll-like receptors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/09680519050110011101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) recognize specific components of micro-organisms and trigger the activation of innate immunity. TLR-mediated signaling pathways are now rapidly being elucidated. TLR signaling originates from the cytoplasmic Toll/IL-1 receptor (TIR) domain, which is conserved among all TLRs. Furthermore, TIR domain-containing adaptors, such as MyD88, TRIF, TIRAP and TRAM, play essential roles in TLR signaling. MyD88 is essential for inflammatory cytokine production via all TLRs, whereas TRIF is involved in TLR3- and TLR4-mediated MyD88-independent induction of IFN-β. Thus, innate immunity represents a skilful system that senses microbial invasion and initiates appropriate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoshi Takeda
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan, -u.ac.jp
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38
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Roy A, Srivastava M, Saqib U, Liu D, Faisal SM, Sugathan S, Bishnoi S, Baig MS. Potential therapeutic targets for inflammation in toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-mediated signaling pathways. Int Immunopharmacol 2016; 40:79-89. [PMID: 27584057 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2016.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is set off when innate immune cells detect infection or tissue injury. Tight control of the severity, duration, and location of inflammation is an absolute requirement for an appropriate balance between clearance of injured tissue and pathogens versus damage to host cells. Impeding the risk associated with the imbalance in the inflammatory response requires precise identification of potential therapeutic targets involved in provoking the inflammation. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) primarily known for the pathogen recognition and subsequent immune responses are being investigated for their pathogenic role in various chronic diseases. A mammalian homologue of Drosophila Toll receptor 4 (TLR4) was shown to induce the expression of genes involved in inflammatory responses. Signaling pathways via TLR4 activate various transcription factors like Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer (NF-κB), activator protein 1 (AP1), Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription family of transcription factors (STAT1) and Interferon regulatory factors (IRF's), which are the key players regulating the inflammatory response. Inhibition of these targets and their upstream signaling molecules provides a potential therapeutic approach to treat inflammatory diseases. Here we review the therapeutic targets involved in TLR-4 signaling pathways that are critical for suppressing chronic inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Roy
- Center for Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering (BSBE), Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Indore, MP, India
| | - Mansi Srivastava
- Center for Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering (BSBE), Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Indore, MP, India
| | - Uzma Saqib
- Discipline of Chemistry, School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Indore (IITI), Indore, MP, India
| | - Dongfang Liu
- Center for Inflammation & Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Syed M Faisal
- National Institute of Animal Biotechnology (NIAB), Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Subi Sugathan
- Center for Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering (BSBE), Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Indore, MP, India
| | - Suman Bishnoi
- Center for Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering (BSBE), Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Indore, MP, India
| | - Mirza S Baig
- Center for Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering (BSBE), Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Indore, MP, India.
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39
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Xu J, Lee MH, Chakhtoura M, Green BL, Kotredes KP, Chain RW, Sriram U, Gamero AM, Gallucci S. STAT2 Is Required for TLR-Induced Murine Dendritic Cell Activation and Cross-Presentation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:326-36. [PMID: 27233962 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
TLR-stimulated cross-presentation by conventional dendritic cells (cDCs) is important in host defense and antitumor immunity. We recently reported that cDCs lacking the type I IFN signaling molecule STAT2 are impaired in cross-presenting tumor Ags to CD8(+) T cells. To investigate how STAT2 affects cross-presentation, we determined its requirements for dendritic cell activation. In this study, we report that STAT2 is essential for the activation of murine female cDCs upon TLR3, -4, -7, and -9 stimulation. In response to various TLR ligands, Stat2(-/-) cDCs displayed reduced expression of costimulatory molecules and type I IFN-stimulated genes. The cDC responses to exogenous IFN-α that we evaluated required STAT2 activation, indicating that the canonical STAT1-STAT2 heterodimers are the primary signaling transducers of type I IFNs in cDCs. Interestingly, LPS-induced production of IL-12 was STAT2 and type I IFN receptor (IFNAR) dependent, whereas LPS-induced production of TNF-α and IL-6 was STAT2 and IFNAR independent, suggesting a specific role of the IFNAR-STAT2 axis in the stimulation of proinflammatory cytokines by LPS in cDCs. In contrast, R848- and CpG-induced cytokine production was less influenced by the IFNAR-STAT2 axis. Short kinetics and IFNAR blockade studies showed that STAT2 main function is to transduce signals triggered by autocrine type I IFNs. Importantly, Stat2(-/-) cDCs were deficient in cross-presenting to CD8(+) T cells in vitro upon IFN-α, CpG, and LPS stimulation, and also in cross-priming and licensing cytotoxic T cell killers in vivo. We conclude that STAT2 plays a critical role in TLR-induced dendritic cell activation and cross-presentation, and thus is vital in host defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Xu
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140
| | - Michael H Lee
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140
| | - Marita Chakhtoura
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140
| | - Benjamin L Green
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140
| | - Kevin P Kotredes
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Biochemistry, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140; and
| | - Robert W Chain
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140
| | - Uma Sriram
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140
| | - Ana M Gamero
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Biochemistry, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140; and
| | - Stefania Gallucci
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140;
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40
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Ho CC, Luo YH, Chuang TH, Lin P. Quantum dots induced interferon beta expression via TRIF-dependent signaling pathways by promoting endocytosis of TLR4. Toxicology 2016; 344-346:61-70. [PMID: 26925925 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2016.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Quantum dots (QDs) are nano-sized semiconductors. Previously, intratracheal instillation of QD705s induces persistent inflammation and remodeling in the mouse lung. Expression of interferon beta (IFN-β), involved in tissue remodeling, was induced in the mouse lung. The objective of this study was to understand the mechanism of QD705 induced interferon beta (IFN-β) expression. QD705-COOH and QD705-PEG increased IFN-β and IP-10 mRNA levels during day 1 to 90 post-exposure in mouse lungs. QD705-COOH increased IFN-β expression via Toll/interleukin-1 receptor domain-containing adapter protein (TRIF) dependent Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathways in macrophages RAW264.7. Silencing TRIF expression with siRNA or co-treatment with a TRIF inhibitor tremendously abolished QD705s-induced IFN-β expression. Co-treatment with a TLR4 inhibitor completely prevented IFN-β induction by QD705-COOH. QD705-COOH readily entered cells, and co-treatment with either inhibitors of endocytosis or intracellular TLRs prevented IFN-β induction. Thus, activation of the TRIF dependent TLRs pathway by promoting endocytosis of TLR4 is one of the mechanisms for immunomodulatory effects of nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Chi Ho
- National Institutes of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yueh-Hsia Luo
- National Institutes of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Tsung-Hsien Chuang
- Immunology Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Pinpin Lin
- National Institutes of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan, ROC.
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41
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Puck A, Aigner R, Modak M, Cejka P, Blaas D, Stöckl J. Expression and regulation of Schlafen (SLFN) family members in primary human monocytes, monocyte-derived dendritic cells and T cells. RESULTS IN IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 5:23-32. [PMID: 26623250 PMCID: PMC4625362 DOI: 10.1016/j.rinim.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Schlafen (SLFN/Slfn) family members have been investigated for their involvement in fundamental cellular processes including growth regulation, differentiation and control of viral replication. However, most research has been focused on the characterization of Slfns within the murine system or in human cell lines. Since little is known about SLFNs in primary human immune cells, we set out to analyze the expression and regulation of the six human SLFN genes in monocytes, monocyte-derived dendritic cells (moDCs) and T cells. Comparison of SLFN gene expression across these three cell types showed high mRNA expression of SLFN11 in monocytes and moDCs and high SLFN5 expression in T cells, indicating functional importance within these cell types. Differentiation of monocytes to moDCs leads to the gradual upregulation of SLFN12L and SLFN13 while SLFN12 levels were decreased by differentiation stimuli. Stimulation of moDCs via human rhinovirus, lipopolysaccharide, or IFN-α lead to strong upregulation of SLFN gene expression, while peptidoglycan poorly stimulated regulation of both SLFNs and the classical interferon-stimulated gene MxA. T cell activation was found to downregulate the expression of SLFN5, SLFN12 and SLFN12L, which was reversible upon addition of exogenous IFN-α. In conclusion, we demonstrate, that SLFN gene upregulation is mainly dependent on autocrine type I interferon signaling in primary human immune cells. Rapid decrease of SLFN expression levels following T cell receptor stimulation indicates a role of SLFNs in the regulation of human T cell quiescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Puck
- Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Regina Aigner
- Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Madhura Modak
- Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Petra Cejka
- Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dieter Blaas
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Vienna Biocenter, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Stöckl
- Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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42
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Slater M, Tran MC, Platt L, Luu LT, Phan HT, Pham PT, Do TB, Nguyen HT, Gaur RL, Parsonnet J, Cattamanchi A, Luo R, Nahid P, Banaei N. In vitro immunomodulation for enhancing T cell-based diagnosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2015; 83:41-5. [PMID: 26081239 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2015.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Interferon-gamma release assays have limited sensitivity for detecting latent tuberculosis infection. In this study, we determine if the addition of immunomodulators to the QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube (QFT-GIT) increased test sensitivity without compromising specificity. We prospectively compared QFT-GIT results with and without incubation with 2 immunomodulators (lipopolysaccharide [LPS] and polyinosine-polycytidylic acid [PolyIC]) in 2 cohorts-113 culture-confirmed tuberculosis (TB) subjects in Hanoi, Vietnam, and 226 documented QFT-GIT-negative, low TB risk health care workers undergoing annual TB screening at a US academic institution. Sensitivity of the tests in TB subjects was 84.1% with the standard QFT-GIT and 85.8% and 74.3% after incubation with LPS and PolyIC, respectively. Specificity in low TB risk health care workers was 100% with the standard QFT-GIT by design and 86.7% with LPS and 63.3% with PolyIC. In conclusion, use of the 2 immunomodulators did not improve sensitivity of the QFT-GIT in TB patients and reduced specificity in low-risk health care workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline Slater
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Minh-Chi Tran
- University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Lauren Platt
- Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Stanford University Medical Center, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Tam B Do
- Hanoi Lung Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | | | - Rajiv L Gaur
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Julie Parsonnet
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Adithya Cattamanchi
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Robert Luo
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Payam Nahid
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Niaz Banaei
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Stanford University Medical Center, Palo Alto, CA, USA
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43
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Cordes T, Michelucci A, Hiller K. Itaconic Acid: The Surprising Role of an Industrial Compound as a Mammalian Antimicrobial Metabolite. Annu Rev Nutr 2015; 35:451-73. [PMID: 25974697 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-071714-034243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Itaconic acid is well known as a precursor for polymer synthesis and has been involved in industrial processes for decades. In a recent surprising discovery, itaconic acid was found to play a role as an immune-supportive metabolite in mammalian immune cells, where it is synthesized as an antimicrobial compound from the citric acid cycle intermediate cis-aconitic acid. Although the immune-responsive gene 1 protein (IRG1) has been associated to immune response without a mechanistic function, the critical link to itaconic acid production through an enzymatic function of this protein was only recently revealed. In this review, we highlight the history of itaconic acid as an industrial and antimicrobial compound, starting with its biotechnological synthesis and ending with its antimicrobial function in mammalian immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thekla Cordes
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, L-4362 Esch-Belval, Luxembourg; ,
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44
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Narayanan KB, Park HH. Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain-mediated cellular signaling pathways. Apoptosis 2015; 20:196-209. [DOI: 10.1007/s10495-014-1073-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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45
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Kolb JP, Casella CR, SenGupta S, Chilton PM, Mitchell TC. Type I interferon signaling contributes to the bias that Toll-like receptor 4 exhibits for signaling mediated by the adaptor protein TRIF. Sci Signal 2014; 7:ra108. [PMID: 25389373 PMCID: PMC4459894 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2005442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Signaling by Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is mediated by either of two adaptor proteins: myeloid differentiation marker 88 (MyD88) or Toll-interleukin-1 (IL-1) receptor (TIR) domain-containing adaptor inducing interferon-β (TRIF). Whereas MyD88-mediated signaling leads to proinflammatory responses, TRIF-mediated signaling leads to less toxic immunostimulatory responses that are beneficial in boosting vaccine responses. The hypothesis that monophosphorylated lipid A structures act as TRIF-biased agonists of TLR4 offered a potential mechanism to explain their clinical value as vaccine adjuvants, but studies of TRIF-biased agonists have been contradictory. In experiments with mouse dendritic cells, we found that irrespective of the agonist used, TLR4 functioned as a TRIF-biased signaling system through a mechanism that depended on the autocrine and paracrine effects of type I interferons. The TLR4 agonist synthetic lipid A induced expression of TRIF-dependent genes at lower concentrations than were necessary to induce the expression of genes that depend on MyD88-mediated signaling. Blockade of type I interferon signaling selectively decreased the potency of lipid A (increased the concentration required) in inducing the expression of TRIF-dependent genes, thereby eliminating adaptor bias. These data may explain how high-potency TLR4 agonists can act as clinically useful vaccine adjuvants by selectively activating TRIF-dependent signaling events required for immunostimulation, without or only weakly activating potentially harmful MyD88-dependent inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph P Kolb
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, 570 South Preston Street, Louisville, KY 40202, USA. Institute for Cellular Therapeutics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Carolyn R Casella
- Institute for Cellular Therapeutics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Shuvasree SenGupta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, 570 South Preston Street, Louisville, KY 40202, USA. Institute for Cellular Therapeutics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Paula M Chilton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, 570 South Preston Street, Louisville, KY 40202, USA. Institute for Cellular Therapeutics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Thomas C Mitchell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, 570 South Preston Street, Louisville, KY 40202, USA. Institute for Cellular Therapeutics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.
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46
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Stack J, Doyle SL, Connolly DJ, Reinert LS, O'Keeffe KM, McLoughlin RM, Paludan SR, Bowie AG. TRAM is required for TLR2 endosomal signaling to type I IFN induction. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:6090-102. [PMID: 25385819 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Detection of microbes by TLRs on the plasma membrane leads to the induction of proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, via activation of NF-κB. Alternatively, activation of endosomal TLRs leads to the induction of type I IFNs via IFN regulatory factors (IRFs). TLR4 signaling from the plasma membrane to NF-κB via the Toll/IL-1R (TIR) adaptor protein MyD88 requires the TIR sorting adaptor Mal, whereas endosomal TLR4 signaling to IRF3 via the TIR domain-containing adaptor-inducing IFN-β (TRIF) requires the TRIF-related adaptor molecule (TRAM). Similar to TLR4 homodimers, TLR2 heterodimers can also induce both proinflammatory cytokines and type I IFNs. TLR2 plasma membrane signaling to NF-κB is known to require MyD88 and Mal, whereas endosomal IRF activation by TLR2 requires MyD88. However, it was unclear whether TLR2 requires a sorting adaptor for endosomal signaling, like TLR4 does. In this study, we show that TLR2-dependent IRF7 activation at the endosome is both Mal- and TRAM-dependent, and that TRAM is required for the TLR2-dependent movement of MyD88 to endosomes following ligand engagement. TRAM interacted with both TLR2 and MyD88, suggesting that TRAM can act as a bridging adapter between these two molecules. Furthermore, infection of macrophages lacking TRAM with herpes viruses or the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus led to impaired induction of type I IFN, indicating a role for TRAM in TLR2-dependent responses to human pathogens. Our work reveals that TRAM acts as a sorting adaptor not only for TLR4, but also for TLR2, to facilitate signaling to IRF7 at the endosome, which explains how TLR2 is capable of causing type I IFN induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julianne Stack
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Sarah L Doyle
- School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland; The National Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Crumlin, Dublin 12, Ireland; and
| | - Dympna J Connolly
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Line S Reinert
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Kate M O'Keeffe
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Rachel M McLoughlin
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Søren R Paludan
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Andrew G Bowie
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland;
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Li YF, Lee KG, Ou X, Lam KP. Bruton's tyrosine kinase and protein kinase C µ are required for TLR7/9-induced IKKα and IRF-1 activation and interferon-β production in conventional dendritic cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105420. [PMID: 25170774 PMCID: PMC4149510 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Stimulation of TLR7/9 by their respective ligands leads to the activation of IκB kinase α (IKKα) and Interferon Regulatory Factor 1 (IRF-1) and results in interferon (IFN)-β production in conventional dendritic cells (cDC). However, which other signaling molecules are involved in IKKα and IRF-1 activation during TLR7/9 signaling pathway are not known. We and others have shown that Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase (BTK) played a part in TLR9-mediated cytokine production in B cells and macrophages. However, it is unclear if BTK participates in TLR7/9-induced IFN-β production in cDC. In this study, we show that BTK is required for IFN-β synthesis in cDC upon TLR7/9 stimulation and that stimulated BTK-deficient cDC are defective in the induction of IKKα/β phosphorylation and IRF-1 activation. In addition, we demonstrate that Protein Kinase C µ (PKCµ) is also required for TLR7/9-induced IRF-1 activation and IFN-β upregulation in cDC and acts downstream of BTK. Taken together, we have uncovered two new molecules, BTK and PKCµ, that are involved in TLR7/9-triggered IFN-β production in cDC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Feng Li
- Immunology Group, Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Koon-Guan Lee
- Immunology Group, Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xijun Ou
- Immunology Group, Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kong-Peng Lam
- Immunology Group, Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Pediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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Hsu K, Chung YM, Endoh Y, Geczy CL. TLR9 ligands induce S100A8 in macrophages via a STAT3-dependent pathway which requires IL-10 and PGE2. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103629. [PMID: 25098409 PMCID: PMC4123874 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
S100A8 and S100A9 are highly-expressed calcium-binding proteins in neutrophils and monocytes, and in subsets of macrophages in inflammatory lesions. Unmethylated CpG motifs found in bacterial and viral DNA are potent activators of innate immunity via Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9). S100A8, but not S100A9, mRNA and protein was directly induced by CpG-DNA in murine and human macrophages. Induction in murine macrophages peaked at 16 h. CpG-DNA-induced S100A8 required de novo protein synthesis; IL-10 and Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) synergistically enhanced expression and promoted earlier gene induction. Inhibitors of endogenous IL-10, PGE2, and the E prostanoid (EP) 4 receptor strongly suppressed S100A8 expression, particularly when combined. Thus, S100A8 induction by E. coli DNA required both IL-10 and PGE2/EP4 signaling. The MAPKs, PI3K and JAK pathways were essential, whereas ERK1/2 appeared to play a direct role. S100A8 induction by CpG-DNA was controlled at the transcriptional level. The promoter region responsible for activation, either directly, or indirectly via IL-10 and PGE2, was located within a -178 to -34-bp region and required STAT3 binding. Because of the robust links connecting IL-10 and PGE2 with an anti-inflammatory macrophage phenotype, the induction profile of S100A8 strongly indicates a role for this protein in resolution of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Hsu
- Inflammation and Infection Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Yuen Ming Chung
- Inflammation and Infection Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Yasumi Endoh
- Inflammation and Infection Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Carolyn L. Geczy
- Inflammation and Infection Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Ayyappan JP, Abraham A. Targeting TLR4/MAPKs signaling pathway: A better option for therapeutic inhibition of atherosclerosis. World J Immunol 2014; 4:116-121. [DOI: 10.5411/wji.v4.i2.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Revised: 05/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases, especially atherosclerosis, found to be the dreadful diseases worldwide. There are diverse pathways associated with the progression of atherosclerosis. One of the important signaling pathways to target atherosclerotic plaque rupture is toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) Pathway. Several studies are available for illustrating the role of TLR4 in health and diseases. Different types of immune cell are activated in atherosclerosis but primary cells that are activated by the TLR4 signaling are macrophages and endothelial cells. Mechanisms by which macrophages uptake lipids are diverse and it is very important to target signaling pathway responsible for controlling foam cell formation. The process of macrophages transformed foam cell formation is the critical event in progression of atherosclerotic lesion and TLR4 found to have actively participate in the event through mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPKs) activation. The activation of MAPKs signaling pathway leads to the accumulation of cholesterol in the macrophages and also contribute to the dissociation of IκB and the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) p65 subunit, thereby activating key inflammatory cascade activation by MAPKs/NF-κB signaling pathway to induce toxicity by activating different inflammatory parameters. Hence, the review focussed on exploring the role of TLR4/MAPKs signaling pathway for the therapeutic inhibition of atherosclerosis.
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Dihydroartemisinin inhibits activation of the Toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathway and production of type I interferon in spleen cells from lupus-prone MRL/lpr mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2014; 22:266-72. [PMID: 25027631 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2014.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Revised: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a multisystem autoimmune disease characterized by various immunological abnormalities. Dihydroartemisinin (DHA), a metabolite of artemisinin, has been recently reported to exhibit immunosuppressive properties. The present study aims to determine the effects of DHA on spleen cell activation triggered by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and investigate the effects of DHA on LPS-induced activation of the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/interferon regulatory factor (IRF) signaling pathway. Spleen cells from lupus-prone MRL/lpr mice were isolated, prepared and cultured. Cells were treated with LPS alone or LPS with DHA, and spleen cell proliferation was analyzed using MTS assay. Protein expressions of TLR4, IRF3, and IRF7 were analyzed by Western blot. IRF3 phosphorylation was also determined. Gene expression levels of IFN-α and IFN-β were measured using real-time PCR, and protein levels in cells' supernatants were determined by ELISA. DHA was found to inhibit LPS-induced spleen cell proliferation, decrease LPS-induced protein expression of TLR4, and inhibit IRF3 phosphorylation. Furthermore, LPS significantly induced IRF3 expression and slightly increased IRF7 expression in the nucleus of spleen cells, which was accompanied by enhanced IFN-α and IFN-β production. DHA inhibited the effects of LPS in spleen cells of MRL/lpr mice. Taken together, the data obtained reveal that DHA inhibits LPS-induced cell activation possibly by suppressing the TLR4/IRF/IFN pathway in spleen cells of MRL/lpr mice. These data suggest that DHA has the potential therapeutic utility for the treatment of SLE.
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