1
|
Altman PX, Ozorowski G, Stanfield RL, Haakenson J, Appel M, Parren M, Lee WH, Sang H, Woehl J, Saye-Francisco K, Sewall LM, Joyce C, Song G, Porter K, Landais E, Andrabi R, Wilson IA, Ward AB, Mwangi W, Smider VV, Burton DR, Sok D. Immunization of cows with HIV envelope trimers generates broadly neutralizing antibodies to the V2-apex from the ultralong CDRH3 repertoire. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012042. [PMID: 39250525 PMCID: PMC11412654 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2024] [Revised: 09/19/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/11/2024] Open
Abstract
The generation of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) to conserved epitopes on HIV Envelope (Env) is one of the cornerstones of HIV vaccine research. The animal models commonly used for HIV do not reliably produce a potent broadly neutralizing serum antibody response, with the exception of cows. Cows have previously produced a CD4 binding site response by homologous prime and boosting with a native-like Env trimer. In small animal models, other engineered immunogens were shown to focus antibody responses to the bnAb V2-apex region of Env. Here, we immunized two groups of cows (n = 4) with two regimens of V2-apex focusing Env immunogens to investigate whether antibody responses could be generated to the V2-apex on Env. Group 1 was immunized with chimpanzee simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-Env trimer that shares its V2-apex with HIV, followed by immunization with C108, a V2-apex focusing immunogen, and finally boosted with a cross-clade native-like trimer cocktail. Group 2 was immunized with HIV C108 Env trimer followed by the same HIV trimer cocktail as Group 1. Longitudinal serum analysis showed that one cow in each group developed serum neutralizing antibody responses to the V2-apex. Eight and 11 bnAbs were isolated from Group 1 and Group 2 cows, respectively, and showed moderate breadth and potency. Potent and broad responses in this study developed much later than previous cow immunizations that elicited CD4bs bnAbs responses and required several different immunogens. All isolated bnAbs were derived from the ultralong CDRH3 repertoire. The finding that cow antibodies can target more than one broadly neutralizing epitope on the HIV surface reveals the generality of elongated structures for the recognition of highly glycosylated proteins. The exclusive isolation of ultralong CDRH3 bnAbs, despite only comprising a small percent of the cow repertoire, suggests these antibodies outcompete the long and short CDRH3 antibodies during the bnAb response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pilar X Altman
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Gabriel Ozorowski
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Robyn L Stanfield
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Jeremy Haakenson
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Applied Biomedical Science Institute, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Michael Appel
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Mara Parren
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Wen-Hsin Lee
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Huldah Sang
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medical, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Jordan Woehl
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Karen Saye-Francisco
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Leigh M Sewall
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Collin Joyce
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Ge Song
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Katelyn Porter
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Elise Landais
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Raiees Andrabi
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Ian A Wilson
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Andrew B Ward
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Waithaka Mwangi
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medical, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Vaughn V Smider
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Applied Biomedical Science Institute, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Dennis R Burton
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Devin Sok
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, New York, United States of America
- Global Health Investment Corporation, New York, New York, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Arras P, Zimmermann J, Lipinski B, Valldorf B, Evers A, Elter D, Krah S, Doerner A, Guarnera E, Siegmund V, Kolmar H, Pekar L, Zielonka S. Bovine ultralong CDR-H3 derived knob paratopes elicit potent TNF-α neutralization and enable the generation of novel adalimumab-based antibody architectures with augmented features. Biol Chem 2024; 405:461-470. [PMID: 38373142 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2023-0370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
In this work we have generated cattle-derived chimeric ultralong CDR-H3 antibodies targeting tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) via immunization and yeast surface display. We identified one particular ultralong CDR-H3 paratope that potently neutralized TNF-α. Interestingly, grafting of the knob architecture onto a peripheral loop of the CH3 domain of the Fc part of an IgG1 resulted in the generation of a TNF-α neutralizing Fc (Fcknob) that did not show any potency loss compared with the parental chimeric IgG format. Eventually, grafting this knob onto the CH3 region of adalimumab enabled the engineering of a novel TNF-α targeting antibody architecture displaying augmented TNF-α inhibition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Arras
- Antibody Discovery & Protein Engineering, Merck Healthcare KGaA, Frankfurter Straße 250, D-64293 Darmstadt, Germany
- Biomolecular Immunotherapy, Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Peter-Grünberg-Strasse 4, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany
- Targeted mRNA Delivery, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Straße 250, D-64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Jasmin Zimmermann
- Antibody Discovery & Protein Engineering, Merck Healthcare KGaA, Frankfurter Straße 250, D-64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Britta Lipinski
- Antibody Discovery & Protein Engineering, Merck Healthcare KGaA, Frankfurter Straße 250, D-64293 Darmstadt, Germany
- Biomolecular Immunotherapy, Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Peter-Grünberg-Strasse 4, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Bernhard Valldorf
- Targeted mRNA Delivery, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Straße 250, D-64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Andreas Evers
- Antibody Discovery & Protein Engineering, Merck Healthcare KGaA, Frankfurter Straße 250, D-64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Desislava Elter
- Antibody Discovery & Protein Engineering, Merck Healthcare KGaA, Frankfurter Straße 250, D-64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Simon Krah
- Antibody Discovery & Protein Engineering, Merck Healthcare KGaA, Frankfurter Straße 250, D-64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Achim Doerner
- Antibody Discovery & Protein Engineering, Merck Healthcare KGaA, Frankfurter Straße 250, D-64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Enrico Guarnera
- Antibody Discovery & Protein Engineering, Merck Healthcare KGaA, Frankfurter Straße 250, D-64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Vanessa Siegmund
- Early Protein Supply & Characterization, Merck Healthcare KGaA, Frankfurter Straße 250, D-64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Harald Kolmar
- Applied Biochemistry, Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Peter-Grünberg-Strasse 4, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Lukas Pekar
- Antibody Discovery & Protein Engineering, Merck Healthcare KGaA, Frankfurter Straße 250, D-64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Stefan Zielonka
- Antibody Discovery & Protein Engineering, Merck Healthcare KGaA, Frankfurter Straße 250, D-64293 Darmstadt, Germany
- Biomolecular Immunotherapy, Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Peter-Grünberg-Strasse 4, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Clarke JD, Douangamath A, Mikolajek H, Bonnet-Di Placido M, Ren J, Fry EE, Stuart DI, Hammond JA, Owens RJ. The impact of exchanging the light and heavy chains on the structures of bovine ultralong antibodies. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2024; 80:154-163. [PMID: 38958188 PMCID: PMC11229553 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x2400606x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The third complementary-determining regions of the heavy-chain (CDR3H) variable regions (VH) of some cattle antibodies are highly extended, consisting of 48 or more residues. These `ultralong' CDR3Hs form β-ribbon stalks that protrude from the surface of the antibody with a disulfide cross-linked knob region at their apex that dominates antigen interactions over the other CDR loops. The structure of the Fab fragment of a naturally paired bovine ultralong antibody (D08), identified by single B-cell sequencing, has been determined to 1.6 Å resolution. By swapping the D08 native light chain with that of an unrelated antigen-unknown ultralong antibody, it is shown that interactions between the CDR3s of the variable domains potentially affect the fine positioning of the ultralong CDR3H; however, comparison with other crystallographic structures shows that crystalline packing is also a major contributor. It is concluded that, on balance, the exact positioning of ultralong CDR3H loops is most likely to be due to the constraints of crystal packing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John D. Clarke
- The Division of Structural BiologyUniversity of OxfordRoosevelt DriveOxfordOX3 7BNUnited Kingdom
- Macromolecular CrystallographyDiamond Light SourceHarwell Science and Innovation CampusDidcotOX11 0DEUnited Kingdom
- ImmunogeneticsThe Pirbright InstituteAsh RoadPirbrightWokingGU24 0NFUnited Kingdom
| | - Alice Douangamath
- Macromolecular CrystallographyDiamond Light SourceHarwell Science and Innovation CampusDidcotOX11 0DEUnited Kingdom
| | - Halina Mikolajek
- Macromolecular CrystallographyDiamond Light SourceHarwell Science and Innovation CampusDidcotOX11 0DEUnited Kingdom
- CrystallographyThe Research Complex at HarwellHarwell Science and Innovation CampusDidcotOX11 0FAUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Jingshan Ren
- The Division of Structural BiologyUniversity of OxfordRoosevelt DriveOxfordOX3 7BNUnited Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth E. Fry
- The Division of Structural BiologyUniversity of OxfordRoosevelt DriveOxfordOX3 7BNUnited Kingdom
| | - Dave I. Stuart
- The Division of Structural BiologyUniversity of OxfordRoosevelt DriveOxfordOX3 7BNUnited Kingdom
- Macromolecular CrystallographyDiamond Light SourceHarwell Science and Innovation CampusDidcotOX11 0DEUnited Kingdom
| | - John A. Hammond
- ImmunogeneticsThe Pirbright InstituteAsh RoadPirbrightWokingGU24 0NFUnited Kingdom
| | - Raymond J. Owens
- The Division of Structural BiologyUniversity of OxfordRoosevelt DriveOxfordOX3 7BNUnited Kingdom
- Structural Biology, The Rosalind Franklin Institute, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, DidcotOX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Trommer J, Lesniowski F, Buchner J, Svilenov HL. Specific features of a scaffolding antibody light chain. Protein Sci 2024; 33:e4990. [PMID: 38607241 PMCID: PMC11010950 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
The antigen-binding sites in conventional antibodies are formed by hypervariable complementarity-determining regions (CDRs) from both heavy chains (HCs) and light chains (LCs). A deviation from this paradigm is found in a subset of bovine antibodies that bind antigens via an ultra-long CDR. The HCs bearing ultra-long CDRs pair with a restricted set of highly conserved LCs that convey stability to the antibody. Despite the importance of these LCs, their specific features remained unknown. Here, we show that the conserved bovine LC found in antibodies with ultra-long CDRs exhibits a distinct combination of favorable physicochemical properties such as good secretion from mammalian cells, strong dimerization, high stability, and resistance to aggregation. These physicochemical traits of the LCs arise from a combination of the specific sequences in the germline CDRs and a lambda LC framework. In addition to understanding the molecular architecture of antibodies with ultra-long CDRs, our findings reveal fundamental insights into LC characteristics that can guide the design of antibodies with improved properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Trommer
- Center of Functional Protein Assemblies (CPA) and School of Natural Sciences, Department of BiosciencesTechnical University of MunichGarchingGermany
| | - Florian Lesniowski
- Center of Functional Protein Assemblies (CPA) and School of Natural Sciences, Department of BiosciencesTechnical University of MunichGarchingGermany
| | - Johannes Buchner
- Center of Functional Protein Assemblies (CPA) and School of Natural Sciences, Department of BiosciencesTechnical University of MunichGarchingGermany
| | - Hristo L. Svilenov
- Center of Functional Protein Assemblies (CPA) and School of Natural Sciences, Department of BiosciencesTechnical University of MunichGarchingGermany
- Present address:
Faculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesGhent UniversityOttergemsesteenweg 460Ghent9000Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Altman PX, Parren M, Sang H, Ozorowski G, Lee WH, Smider VV, Wilson IA, Ward AB, Mwangi W, Burton DR, Sok D. HIV envelope trimers and gp120 as immunogens to induce broadly neutralizing antibodies in cows. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.20.585065. [PMID: 38585787 PMCID: PMC10996456 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.20.585065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
The study of immunogens capable of eliciting broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) is crucial for the development of an HIV vaccine. To date, only cows, making use of their ultralong CDRH3 loops, have reliably elicited bnAbs following immunization with HIV Envelope trimers. Antibody responses to the CD4 binding site have been readily elicited by immunization of cows with a stabilized Env trimer of the BG505 strain and, with more difficulty, to the V2-apex region of Env with a cocktail of trimers. Here, we sought to determine whether the BG505 Env trimer could be engineered to generate new bnAb specificities in cows. Since the cow CD4 binding site bnAbs bind to monomeric BG505 gp120, we also sought to determine whether gp120 immunization alone might be sufficient to induce bnAbs. We found that engineering the CD4 binding site by mutation of a key binding residue of BG505 HIV Env resulted in a reduced bnAb response that took more immunizations to develop. Monoclonal antibodies isolated from one animal were directed to the V2-apex, suggesting a re-focusing of the bnAb response. Immunization with monomeric BG505 g120 generated no serum bnAb responses, indicating that the ultralong CDRH3 bnAbs are only elicited in the context of the trimer in the absence of many other less restrictive epitopes presented on monomeric gp120. The results support the notion of a hierarchy of epitopes on HIV Env and suggest that, even with the presence in the cow repertoire of ultralong CDRH3s, bnAb epitopes are relatively disfavored.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pilar X. Altman
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Mara Parren
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Huldah Sang
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medical, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
| | - Gabriel Ozorowski
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Wen-Hsin Lee
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Vaughn V. Smider
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Applied Biomedical Science Institute, San Diego, CA, 92127, USA
| | - Ian A. Wilson
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Andrew B. Ward
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Waithaka Mwangi
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medical, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
| | - Dennis R. Burton
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Devin Sok
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, NY 10004, USA
- Lead contact
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Altman PX, Ozorowski G, Stanfield RL, Haakenson J, Appel M, Parren M, Lee WH, Sang H, Woehl J, Saye-Francisco K, Joyce C, Song G, Porter K, Landais E, Andrabi R, Wilson IA, Ward AB, Mwangi W, Smider VV, Burton DR, Sok D. Immunization of cows with HIV envelope trimers generates broadly neutralizing antibodies to the V2-apex from the ultralong CDRH3 repertoire. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.13.580058. [PMID: 38405899 PMCID: PMC10888833 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.13.580058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
The generation of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) to specific HIV epitopes of the HIV Envelope (Env) is one of the cornerstones of HIV vaccine research. The current animal models we use have been unable to reliable produce a broadly neutralizing antibody response, with the exception of cows. Cows have rapidly and reliably produced a CD4 binding site response by homologous prime and boosting with a native-like Env trimer. In small animal models other engineered immunogens previously have been able to focus antibody responses to the bnAb V2-apex region of Env. Here, we immunized two groups of cows (n=4) with two regiments of V2-apex focusing immunogens to investigate whether antibody responses could be directed to the V2-apex on Env. Group 1 were immunized with chimpanzee simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-Env trimer that shares its V2-apex with HIV, followed by immunization with C108, a V2-apex focusing immunogen, and finally boosted with a cross-clade native-like trimer cocktail. Group 2 were immunized with HIV C108 Env trimer followed by the same HIV trimer cocktail as Group 1. Longitudinal serum analysis showed that one cow in each group developed serum neutralizing antibody responses to the V2-apex. Eight and 11 bnAbs were isolated from Group 1 and Group 2 cows respectively. The best bnAbs had both medium breadth and potency. Potent and broad responses developed later than previous CD4bs cow bnAbs and required several different immunogens. All isolated bnAbs were derived from the ultralong CDRH3 repertoire. The finding that cow antibodies can target multiple broadly neutralizing epitopes on the HIV surface reveals important insight into the generation of immunogens and testing in the cow animal model. The exclusive isolation of ultralong CDRH3 bnAbs, despite only comprising a small percent of the cow repertoire, suggests these antibodies outcompete the long and short CDRH3 antibodies during the bnAb response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pilar X. Altman
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Gabriel Ozorowski
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Robyn L. Stanfield
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jeremy Haakenson
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Applied Biomedical Science Institute, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Michael Appel
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mara Parren
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Wen-Hsin Lee
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Huldah Sang
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medical, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Jordan Woehl
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, NY, USA
| | - Karen Saye-Francisco
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Collin Joyce
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ge Song
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Katelyn Porter
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Elise Landais
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, NY, USA
| | - Raiees Andrabi
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ian A. Wilson
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Andrew B. Ward
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Waithaka Mwangi
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medical, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Vaughn V. Smider
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Applied Biomedical Science Institute, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Dennis R. Burton
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Devin Sok
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, NY, USA
- Lead contact
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Passon M, De Smedt S, Svilenov HL. Principles of antibodies with ultralong complementarity-determining regions and picobodies. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 64:108120. [PMID: 36764335 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
In contrast to other species, cattle possess exceptional antibodies with ultra-long complementarity-determining regions (ulCDRs) that can consist of 40-70 amino acids. The bovine ulCDR is folded into a stalk and a disulfide-rich knob domain. The binding to the antigen is via the 3-6 kDa knob. There exists an immense sequence and structural diversity in the knob that enables binding to different antigens. Here we summarize the current knowledge of the ulCDR structure and provide an overview of the approaches to discover ulCDRs against novel antigens. Furthermore, we outline protein engineering approaches inspired by the natural ulCDRs. Finally, we discuss the enormous potential of using isolated bovine knobs, also named picobodies, as the smallest antigen-binding domains derived from natural antibodies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Passon
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Stefaan De Smedt
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Hristo L Svilenov
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Gent, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Arras P, Zimmermann J, Lipinski B, Yanakieva D, Klewinghaus D, Krah S, Kolmar H, Pekar L, Zielonka S. Isolation of Antigen-Specific Unconventional Bovine Ultra-Long CDR3H Antibodies Using Cattle Immunization in Combination with Yeast Surface Display. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2681:113-129. [PMID: 37405646 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3279-6_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
Cattle are known for their repertoire of antibodies harboring extremely long CDR3H regions that form extensive "knob on stalk" cysteine-rich structures. The compact knob domain allows for the recognition of epitopes potentially not accessible to classical antibodies. To effectively access the potential of bovine-derived antigen-specific ultra-long CDR3 antibodies, a straightforward and effective high-throughput method based on yeast surface display and fluorescence-activated cell sorting is described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Arras
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, Merck Healthcare KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Jasmin Zimmermann
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, Merck Healthcare KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Britta Lipinski
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, Merck Healthcare KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Desislava Yanakieva
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, Merck Healthcare KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Daniel Klewinghaus
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, Merck Healthcare KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Simon Krah
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, Merck Healthcare KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Harald Kolmar
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Lukas Pekar
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, Merck Healthcare KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Stefan Zielonka
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, Merck Healthcare KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany.
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Burke MJ, Scott JNF, Minshull TC, Gao Z, Manfield I, Savic S, Stockley PG, Calabrese AN, Boyes J. A bovine antibody possessing an ultralong complementarity-determining region CDRH3 targets a highly conserved epitope in sarbecovirus spike proteins. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102624. [PMID: 36272646 PMCID: PMC9678781 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Broadly neutralizing antibodies have huge potential as novel antiviral therapeutics due to their ability to recognize highly conserved epitopes that are seldom mutated in viral variants. A subset of bovine antibodies possess an ultralong complementarity-determining region (CDR)H3 that is highly adept at recognizing such conserved epitopes, but their reactivity against Sarbecovirus Spike proteins has not been explored previously. Here, we use a SARS-naïve library to isolate a broadly reactive bovine CDRH3 that binds the receptor-binding domain of SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, and all SARS-CoV-2 variants. We show further that it neutralizes viruses pseudo-typed with SARS-CoV Spike, but this is not by competition with angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) binding. Instead, using differential hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry, we demonstrate that it recognizes the major site of vulnerability of Sarbecoviruses. This glycan-shielded cryptic epitope becomes available only transiently via interdomain movements of the Spike protein such that antibody binding triggers destruction of the prefusion complex. This proof of principle study demonstrates the power of in vitro expressed bovine antibodies with ultralong CDRH3s for the isolation of novel, broadly reactive tools to combat emerging pathogens and to identify key epitopes for vaccine development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Burke
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - James N F Scott
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas C Minshull
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom; Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Zeqian Gao
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Iain Manfield
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom; Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Sinisa Savic
- National Institute for Health Research, Leeds Biomedical Research Centre and Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, Wellcome Trust Brenner Building, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Peter G Stockley
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom; Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Antonio N Calabrese
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom; Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Joan Boyes
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Cale EM, Driscoll JI, Lee M, Gorman J, Zhou T, Lu M, Geng H, Lai YT, Chuang GY, Doria-Rose NA, Mothes W, Kwong PD, Mascola JR. Antigenic analysis of the HIV-1 envelope trimer implies small differences between structural states 1 and 2. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101819. [PMID: 35283191 PMCID: PMC9006658 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The conformationally dynamic HIV-1 envelope trimer (Env) is the target of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) that block viral entry. Single-molecule Förster resonance energy transfer (smFRET) has revealed that HIV-1 Env exists in at least three conformational states on the virion. Prior to complete host-receptor engagement (State 3), Env resides most prevalently in the smFRET-defined State 1, which is preferentially recognized by most bnAbs that are elicited by natural infection. smFRET has also revealed that soluble trimers containing prefusion-stabilizing disulfide and isoleucine-to-proline substitutions reside primarily in State 2, which is a required intermediate between States 1 and 3. While high-resolution Env structures have been determined for States 2 and 3, the structure of these trimers in State 1 is unknown. To provide insight into the State 1 structure, here we characterized antigenic differences between smFRET-defined states and then correlated these differences with known structural differences between States 2 and 3. We found that cell surface-expressed Env was enriched in each state using state-enriching antibody fragments or small-molecule virus entry inhibitors and then assessed binding to HIV-1 bnAbs preferentially binding different states. We observed small but consistent differences in binding between Env enriched in States 1 and 2, and a more than 10-fold difference in binding to Env enriched in these states versus Env enriched in State 3. We conclude that structural differences between HIV-1 Env States 1 and 3 are likely more than 10-fold greater than those between States 1 and 2, providing important insight into State 1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evan M Cale
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jefferson I Driscoll
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Myungjin Lee
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jason Gorman
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Tongqing Zhou
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Maolin Lu
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Boyer Center for Molecular Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Tyler, Texas, USA
| | - Hui Geng
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yen-Ting Lai
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Gwo-Yu Chuang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Nicole A Doria-Rose
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Walther Mothes
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Boyer Center for Molecular Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Peter D Kwong
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
| | - John R Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Pekar L, Klewinghaus D, Arras P, Carrara SC, Harwardt J, Krah S, Yanakieva D, Toleikis L, Smider VV, Kolmar H, Zielonka S. Milking the Cow: Cattle-Derived Chimeric Ultralong CDR-H3 Antibodies and Their Engineered CDR-H3-Only Knobbody Counterparts Targeting Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Elicit Potent NK Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity. Front Immunol 2021; 12:742418. [PMID: 34759924 PMCID: PMC8573386 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.742418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, we have generated epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-specific cattle-derived ultralong CDR-H3 antibodies by combining cattle immunization with yeast surface display. After immunization, ultralong CDR-H3 regions were specifically amplified and grafted onto an IGHV1-7 scaffold by homologous recombination to facilitate Fab display. Antigen-specific clones were readily obtained by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) and reformatted as chimeric antibodies. Binning experiments revealed epitope targeting of domains I, II, and IV of EGFR with none of the generated binders competing with Cetuximab, Matuzumab, or EGF for binding to EGFR. Cattle-derived chimeric antibodies were potent in inducing antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) against EGFR-overexpressing tumor cells with potencies (EC50 killing) in the picomolar range. Moreover, most of the antibodies were able to significantly inhibit EGFR-mediated downstream signaling. Furthermore, we demonstrate that a minor fraction of CDR-H3 knobs derived from generated antibodies was capable of independently functioning as a paratope facilitating EGFR binding when grafted onto the Fc part of human IgG1. Besides slightly to moderately diminished capacities, these engineered Knobbodies largely retained main properties of their parental antibodies such as cellular binding and triggering of ADCC. Hence, Knobbodies might emerge as promising tools for biotechnological applications upon further optimization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Pekar
- Protein Engineering and Antibody Technologies, Merck Healthcare KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Daniel Klewinghaus
- Protein Engineering and Antibody Technologies, Merck Healthcare KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Paul Arras
- Protein Engineering and Antibody Technologies, Merck Healthcare KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Stefania C. Carrara
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Julia Harwardt
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Simon Krah
- Protein Engineering and Antibody Technologies, Merck Healthcare KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Desislava Yanakieva
- Protein Engineering and Antibody Technologies, Merck Healthcare KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Lars Toleikis
- Protein Engineering and Antibody Technologies, Merck Healthcare KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Vaughn V. Smider
- The Applied Biomedical Science Institute, San Diego, CA, United States
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Harald Kolmar
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Stefan Zielonka
- Protein Engineering and Antibody Technologies, Merck Healthcare KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Barroso R, Morrison WI, Morrison LJ. Molecular Dissection of the Antibody Response: Opportunities and Needs for Application in Cattle. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1175. [PMID: 32595642 PMCID: PMC7304342 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Improving understanding of the bovine adaptive immune response would equip researchers to more efficiently design interventions against pathogens that impact upon food security and animal welfare. There are features of the bovine antibody response that differ substantially from other mammalian species, including the best understood models in the human and mouse. These include the ability to generate a functionally diverse immunoglobulin response despite having a fraction of the germline gene diversity that underpins this process in humans and mice, and the unique structure of a subset of immunoglobulins with "ultralong" HCDR3 domains, which are of significant interest with respect to potential therapeutics, including against human pathogens. However, a more detailed understanding of the B cell response and the production of an effective antibody response in the bovine is currently hampered by the lack of reagents for the B cell lineage. In this article we outline the current state of knowledge and capabilities with regard to B cell and antibody responses in cattle, highlight resource gaps, and summarize recent advances that have the potential to fundamentally advance our understanding of this process in the bovine host.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Barroso
- Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - W Ivan Morrison
- Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Liam J Morrison
- Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Smider BA, Smider VV. Formation of ultralong DH regions through genomic rearrangement. BMC Immunol 2020; 21:30. [PMID: 32487018 PMCID: PMC7265228 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-020-00359-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cow antibodies are very unusual in having exceptionally long CDR H3 regions. The genetic basis for this length largely derives from long heavy chain diversity (DH) regions, with a single “ultralong” DH, IGHD8–2, encoding over 50 amino acids. Many bovine IGHD regions have sequence similarity but have several nucleotide repeating units that diversify their lengths. Genomically, most DH regions exist in three clusters that appear to have formed from DNA duplication events. However, the relationship between the genomic arrangement and long CDR lengths is unclear. Results The DH cluster containing IGHD8–2 underwent a rearrangement and deletion event in relation to the other clusters in the region corresponding to IGHD8–2, with possible fusion of two DH regions and expansion of short repeats to form the ultralong IGHD8–2 gene. Conclusions Length heterogeneity within DH regions is a unique evolutionary genomic mechanism to create immune diversity, including formation of ultralong CDR H3 regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brevin A Smider
- The Applied Biomedical Science Institute, San Diego, CA, 92127, USA
| | - Vaughn V Smider
- The Applied Biomedical Science Institute, San Diego, CA, 92127, USA. .,The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Li K, Wang S, Cao Y, Bao H, Li P, Sun P, Bai X, Fu Y, Ma X, Zhang J, Li D, Chen Y, Liu X, An F, Wu F, Lu Z, Liu Z. Development of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus-Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibodies Derived From Plasmablasts of Infected Cattle and Their Germline Gene Usage. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2870. [PMID: 31867017 PMCID: PMC6908506 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cattle are susceptible to foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), and neutralizing antibodies are critical for protection against FMDV infection in this species. However, more information is needed on the host specific antigenic structure recognized by the FMDV-specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and on the functional properties of the mAb that are produced in the natural host, cattle. Herein, we characterized 55 plasmablast-derived mAbs from three FMDV-infected cattle and obtained 28 FMDV-neutralizing antibodies by the single B cell antibody technique. The neutralizing mAbs (27/28) mainly recognized conformational epitopes that differ from the well-characterized immunodominant antigenic site 1 of FMDV as defined by murine mAbs. Of these FMDV-neutralizing mAbs, 13 mAbs showed intra-type broadly neutralizing activity against the three topotypes of FMDV serotype O (ME-SA, SEA, and Cathay topotypes). Moreover, all these intra-type broadly neutralizing antibodies competed with sera from FMDV infected or vaccinated cattle, which indicates their binding to native dominant epitopes, as revealed by a blocking ELISA. We further analyzed the germline V(D)J gene usage of the 55 FMDV-specific mAbs and found cattle IgG antibodies containing ultralong HCDR3 were exclusively restricted to usage of the germline gene segment VH 1-7*02. In addition, the restricted germline gene segments of VH 1-7*02 and VL1-47*01 or 1-52*01 pairing were observed in all IgG antibodies with ultralong HCDR3. Furthermore, antibodies with longer HCDR3 were more inclined to display FMDV-neutralizing activity. This study presents a novel method for screening FMDV-specific cattle mAbs which then provide the most useful tools for studying FMDV antigenic structure and variation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Sheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yimei Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Huifang Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Pinghua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Pu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xingwen Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yuanfang Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xueqing Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Dong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yingli Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xuerong Liu
- China Agricultural Vet Biology and Technology Co. Ltd., Lanzhou, China
| | - Fanglan An
- China Agricultural Vet Biology and Technology Co. Ltd., Lanzhou, China
| | - Faju Wu
- China Agricultural Vet Biology and Technology Co. Ltd., Lanzhou, China
| | - Zengjun Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zaixin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Haakenson JK, Deiss TC, Warner GF, Mwangi W, Criscitiello MF, Smider VV. A Broad Role for Cysteines in Bovine Antibody Diversity. Immunohorizons 2019; 3:478-487. [PMID: 31619454 PMCID: PMC7366855 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.1900058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Ab diversity in most vertebrates results from the assortment of amino acid side chains on CDR loops formed through V(D)J recombination. Cows (Bos taurus) have a low combinatorial diversity potential because of a small number of highly homologous V, D, and J gene segments. Despite this, a subset of the Ab repertoire (~10%) contains exceptionally long CDR H chain (HC) 3 (H3) regions with a rich diversity of cysteines and disulfide-bonded loops that diversify through a single V-D-J recombination event followed by massive somatic hypermutation. However, the much larger portion of the repertoire, encoding shorter CDR H3s, has not been examined in detail. Analysis of germline gene segments reveals noncanonical cysteines in the HC V regions and significant cysteine content in the HC D regions. Deep sequencing analysis of naturally occurring shorter CDR H3 (<40 aa) Ab genes shows that HC V and HC D regions preferentially combine to form a functional gene with an even number of total cysteines in the final V region, suggesting that disulfide bonds contribute to diversity not only in ultralong CDR H3 bovine Abs but in shorter CDR H3 bovine Abs as well. In addition to germline “hard-coded” cysteines, the bovine Ab repertoire can produce additional cysteine codons through somatic hypermutation, further diversifying the repertoire. Given the limited combinatorial diversity at the bovine Ig loci, this helps to explain how diversity is created in shorter CDR H3 Abs and potentially provides novel structural paratopes in bovine Ab combining sites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy K Haakenson
- Applied Biomedical Science Institute, San Diego, CA 92127.,Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Thaddeus C Deiss
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843; and
| | - Gabrielle F Warner
- Applied Biomedical Science Institute, San Diego, CA 92127.,Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Waithaka Mwangi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506
| | - Michael F Criscitiello
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843; and
| | - Vaughn V Smider
- Applied Biomedical Science Institute, San Diego, CA 92127; .,Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Ren J, Nettleship JE, Harris G, Mwangi W, Rhaman N, Grant C, Kotecha A, Fry E, Charleston B, Stuart DI, Hammond J, Owens RJ. The role of the light chain in the structure and binding activity of two cattle antibodies that neutralize bovine respiratory syncytial virus. Mol Immunol 2019; 112:123-130. [PMID: 31100550 PMCID: PMC6677920 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2019.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The Fab structures of two cattle antibodies (B4 and B13) that neutralise bRSV have been solved. The light chain plays a critical role in the folding and positioning of CDR H3 of the heavy chains. The H3 loop plays a dominant role in antigen-binding.
Cattle antibodies have unusually long CDR3 loops in their heavy chains (HCs), and limited light chain (LC) diversity, raising the question of whether these mask the effect of LC variation on antigen recognition. We have investigated the role of the LC in the structure and activity of two neutralizing cattle antibodies (B4 and B13) that bind the F protein of bovine respiratory syncytial virus (bRSV). Recombinant Fab fragments of B4 and B13 bound bRSV infected cells and showed similar affinities for purified bRSV F protein. Exchanging the LCs between the Fab fragments produced hybrid Fabs: B13* (B13 HC/B4 LC) and B4* (B4 HC/B13 LC). The affinity of B13* to the F protein was found to be two-fold lower than B13 whilst the binding affinity of B4* was reduced at least a hundred-fold compared to B4 such that it no longer bound to bRSV infected cells. Comparison of the structures of B4 and B13 with their LC exchanged counterparts B4* and B13* showed that paratope of the HC variable domain (VH) of B4 was disrupted on pairing with the B13 LC, consistent with the loss of binding activity. By contrast, B13 H3 adopts a similar conformation when paired with either B13 or B4 LCs. These observations confirm the expected key role of the extended H3 loop in antigen-binding by cattle antibodies but also show that the quaternary LC/HC subunit interaction can be crucial for its presentation and thus the LC variable domain (VL) is also important for antigen recognition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingshan Ren
- The Division of Structural Biology, Henry Wellcome Building for Genomic Medicine, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Joanne E Nettleship
- The Division of Structural Biology, Henry Wellcome Building for Genomic Medicine, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK; Research Complex at Harwell, R92 Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, OX11 0FA, UK
| | - Gemma Harris
- Research Complex at Harwell, R92 Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, OX11 0FA, UK
| | - William Mwangi
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Nahid Rhaman
- The Division of Structural Biology, Henry Wellcome Building for Genomic Medicine, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK; Research Complex at Harwell, R92 Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, OX11 0FA, UK
| | - Clare Grant
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Abhay Kotecha
- The Division of Structural Biology, Henry Wellcome Building for Genomic Medicine, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Elizabeth Fry
- The Division of Structural Biology, Henry Wellcome Building for Genomic Medicine, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Bryan Charleston
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, GU24 0NF, UK
| | - David I Stuart
- The Division of Structural Biology, Henry Wellcome Building for Genomic Medicine, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - John Hammond
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Raymond J Owens
- The Division of Structural Biology, Henry Wellcome Building for Genomic Medicine, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK; Research Complex at Harwell, R92 Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, OX11 0FA, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Dong J, Finn JA, Larsen PA, Smith TPL, Crowe JE. Structural Diversity of Ultralong CDRH3s in Seven Bovine Antibody Heavy Chains. Front Immunol 2019; 10:558. [PMID: 30967877 PMCID: PMC6440498 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigen recognition by mammalian antibodies represents the most diverse setting for protein-protein interactions, because antibody variable regions contain exceptionally diverse variable gene repertoires of DNA sequences containing combinatorial, non-templated junctional mutational diversity. Some animals use additional strategies to achieve structural complexity in the antibody combining site, and one of the most interesting of these is the formation of ultralong heavy chain complementarity determining region 3 loops in cattle. Repertoire sequencing studies of bovine antibody heavy chain variable sequences revealed that bovine antibodies can contain heavy chain complementarity determining region 3 (CDRH3) loops with 60 or more amino acids, with complex structures stabilized by multiple disulfide bonds. It is clear that bovine antibodies can achieve long, peculiarly structured CDR3s, but the range of diversity and complexity of those structures is poorly understood. We determined the atomic resolution structure of seven ultralong bovine CDRH3 loops. The studies, combined with five previous structures, reveal a large diversity of cysteine pairing variations, and highly diverse globular domains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinhui Dong
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Jessica A Finn
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Peter A Larsen
- Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, U. S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE, United States
| | - Timothy P L Smith
- Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, U. S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE, United States
| | - James E Crowe
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States.,Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Stanfield RL, Haakenson J, Deiss TC, Criscitiello MF, Wilson IA, Smider VV. The Unusual Genetics and Biochemistry of Bovine Immunoglobulins. Adv Immunol 2018; 137:135-164. [PMID: 29455846 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies are the key circulating molecules that have evolved to fight infection by the adaptive immune system of vertebrates. Typical antibodies of most species contain six complementarity-determining regions (CDRs), where the third CDR of the heavy chain (CDR H3) has the greatest diversity and often makes the most significant contact with antigen. Generally, the process of V(D)J recombination produces a vast repertoire of antibodies; multiple V, D, and J gene segments recombine with additional junctional diversity at the V-D and D-J joints, and additional combinatorial possibilities occur through heavy- and light-chain pairing. Despite these processes, the overall structure of the resulting antibody is largely conserved, and binding to antigen occurs predominantly through the CDR loops of the immunoglobulin V domains. Bovines have deviated from this general paradigm by having few VH regions and thus little germline combinatorial diversity, but their antibodies contain long CDR H3 regions, with substantial diversity generated through somatic hypermutation. A subset of the repertoire comprises antibodies with ultralong CDR H3s, which can reach over 70 amino acids in length. Structurally, these unusual antibodies form a β-ribbon "stalk" and disulfide-bonded "knob" that protrude far from the antibody surface. These long CDR H3s allow cows to mount a particularly robust immune response when immunized with viral antigens, particularly to broadly neutralizing epitopes on a stabilized HIV gp140 trimer, which has been a challenge for other species. The unusual genetics and structural biology of cows provide for a unique paradigm for creation of immune diversity and could enable generation of antibodies against especially challenging targets and epitopes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Thaddeus C Deiss
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Michael F Criscitiello
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Ian A Wilson
- The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Vaughn V Smider
- The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Diesterbeck US. Construction of Bovine Immunoglobulin Libraries in the Single-Chain Fragment Variable (scFv) Format. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1701:113-131. [PMID: 29116502 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7447-4_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant immunoglobulins are an excellent tool for diagnosis, treatment, and passive immunization. Phage display offers a robust technique for the selection of recombinant antibodies from immunoglobulin libraries. The construction of immunoglobulin libraries for veterinary purposes was restricted by the lack of knowledge about species-specific diversities.The now available data enable the construction of highly diverse libraries in livestock like cattle. Using diverse primer sets, the immunoglobulin repertoire is amplified and ligated into a phagemid. Infection of E. coli with filamentous phages allows the display of the immunoglobulin fragments on the surface as a fusion protein to the phage's minor coat protein 3.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike S Diesterbeck
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 33 North Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Immunogenetic factors driving formation of ultralong VH CDR3 in Bos taurus antibodies. Cell Mol Immunol 2017; 16:53-64. [PMID: 29200193 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2017.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The antibody repertoire of Bos taurus is characterized by a subset of variable heavy (VH) chain regions with ultralong third complementarity determining regions (CDR3) which, compared to other species, can provide a potent response to challenging antigens like HIV env. These unusual CDR3 can range to over seventy highly diverse amino acids in length and form unique β-ribbon 'stalk' and disulfide bonded 'knob' structures, far from the typical antigen binding site. The genetic components and processes for forming these unusual cattle antibody VH CDR3 are not well understood. Here we analyze sequences of Bos taurus antibody VH domains and find that the subset with ultralong CDR3 exclusively uses a single variable gene, IGHV1-7 (VHBUL) rearranged to the longest diversity gene, IGHD8-2. An eight nucleotide duplication at the 3' end of IGHV1-7 encodes a longer V-region producing an extended F β-strand that contributes to the stalk in a rearranged CDR3. A low amino acid variability was observed in CDR1 and CDR2, suggesting that antigen binding for this subset most likely only depends on the CDR3. Importantly a novel, potentially AID mediated, deletional diversification mechanism of the B. taurus VH ultralong CDR3 knob was discovered, in which interior codons of the IGHD8-2 region are removed while maintaining integral structural components of the knob and descending strand of the stalk in place. These deletions serve to further diversify cysteine positions, and thus disulfide bonded loops. Hence, both germline and somatic genetic factors and processes appear to be involved in diversification of this structurally unusual cattle VH ultralong CDR3 repertoire.
Collapse
|
21
|
Rapid elicitation of broadly neutralizing antibodies to HIV by immunization in cows. Nature 2017; 548:108-111. [PMID: 28726771 PMCID: PMC5812458 DOI: 10.1038/nature23301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
No immunogen to date has reliably elicited broadly neutralizing antibodies to HIV in humans or animal models. Advances in the design of immunogens that antigenically mimic the HIV envelope glycoprotein (Env), such as the soluble cleaved trimer BG505 SOSIP, have improved the elicitation of potent isolate-specific antibody responses in rabbits and macaques, but so far failed to induce broadly neutralizing antibodies. One possible reason for this failure is that the relevant antibody repertoires are poorly suited to target the conserved epitope regions on Env, which are somewhat occluded relative to the exposed variable epitopes. Here, to test this hypothesis, we immunized four cows with BG505 SOSIP. The antibody repertoire of cows contains long third heavy chain complementary determining regions (HCDR3) with an ultralong subset that can reach more than 70 amino acids in length. Remarkably, BG505 SOSIP immunization resulted in rapid elicitation of broad and potent serum antibody responses in all four cows. Longitudinal serum analysis for one cow showed the development of neutralization breadth (20%, n = 117 cross-clade isolates) in 42 days and 96% breadth (n = 117) at 381 days. A monoclonal antibody isolated from this cow harboured an ultralong HCDR3 of 60 amino acids and neutralized 72% of cross-clade isolates (n = 117) with a potent median IC50 of 0.028 μg ml-1. Breadth was elicited with a single trimer immunogen and did not require additional envelope diversity. Immunization of cows may provide an avenue to rapidly generate antibody prophylactics and therapeutics to address disease agents that have evolved to avoid human antibody responses.
Collapse
|
22
|
Pasman Y, Merico D, Kaushik AK. Preferential expression of IGHV and IGHD encoding antibodies with exceptionally long CDR3H and a rapid global shift in transcriptome characterizes development of bovine neonatal immunity. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 67:495-507. [PMID: 27601209 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
With an objective to understand natural development of bovine neonatal immunity, we analyzed 18 RNA-seq libraries from peripheral blood lymphocytes of three neonatal calves pre- (day 0) and post-colostrum (7, 14 and 28) uptake as compared to their dams. A significant global shift in neonatal transcriptome occurs within first week post-birth, in contrast to dams, with an upregulation of 717 genes. Global pathway analysis of the transcriptome revealed 110 differentially expressed immune-related genes, such as, complement, MHCII, chemokine receptors, defensins and cytokines, at birth. The signaling molecules (LAX1, BLK) and transcription factors (GATA3, FOXP3) are expressed at high levels. High expression of GATA3 transcription factor at birth seems to skew the neonatal immune response towards TH2 type. The high levels of T-cell signaling molecules, CD3G and CD3D, at birth are important in neonatal T cell development. Unlike adults, IGKC expression is high in the neonates where IGKV12 is preferentially expressed at birth. But IGLC is predominant in both neonates and adult where IGLV3.4 is preferentially expressed in B cells at birth. Both IGHM and IGHD are expressed at birth and IGHM achieves adult levels by day 7. This is followed by IGHA and IGHG expression 14-28 days post-birth. Importantly, preferential expression of IGHV1S1(BF4E9) and longest IGHD2(DH2) genes that encode immunoglobulin with exceptionally long CDR3H at birth indicates their critical role, as B cell antigen receptor, in the B cell development via idiotype-anti-idiotype interactions. The transcriptome signatures described here permit assessment bovine neonatal immunocompetence. Bovine neonates acquire innate and IgM-mediated humoral immunocompetence within first week post-birth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yfke Pasman
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Daniele Merico
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Azad K Kaushik
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Walther S, Tietze M, Czerny CP, König S, Diesterbeck US. Development of a Bioinformatics Framework for the Detection of Gene Conversion and the Analysis of Combinatorial Diversity in Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains in Four Cattle Breeds. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164567. [PMID: 27828971 PMCID: PMC5102495 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We have developed a new bioinformatics framework for the analysis of rearranged bovine heavy chain immunoglobulin (Ig) variable regions by combining and refining widely used alignment algorithms. This bioinformatics framework allowed us to investigate alignments of heavy chain framework regions (FRHs) and the separate alignments of FRHs and heavy chain complementarity determining regions (CDRHs) to determine their germline origin in the four cattle breeds Aubrac, German Black Pied, German Simmental, and Holstein Friesian. Now it is also possible to specifically analyze Ig heavy chains possessing exceptionally long CDR3Hs. In order to gain more insight into breed specific differences in Ig combinatorial diversity, somatic hypermutations and putative gene conversions of IgG, we compared the dominantly transcribed variable (IGHV), diversity (IGHD), and joining (IGHJ) segments and their recombination in the four cattle breeds. The analysis revealed the use of 15 different IGHV segments, 21 IGHD segments, and two IGHJ segments with significant different transcription levels within the breeds. Furthermore, there are preferred rearrangements within the three groups of CDR3H lengths. In the sequences of group 2 (CDR3H lengths (L) of 11–47 amino acid residues (aa)) a higher number of recombination was observed than in sequences of group 1 (L≤10 aa) and 3 (L≥48 aa). The combinatorial diversity of germline IGHV, IGHD, and IGHJ-segments revealed 162 rearrangements that were significantly different. The few preferably rearranged gene segments within group 3 CDR3H regions may indicate specialized antibodies because this length is unique in cattle. The most important finding of this study, which was enabled by using the bioinformatics framework, is the discovery of strong evidence for gene conversion as a rare event using pseudogenes fulfilling all definitions for this particular diversification mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Walther
- Department of Animal Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Division of Microbiology and Animal Hygiene, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Georg-August University Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Manfred Tietze
- Department of Animal Breeding, University of Kassel, Witzenhausen, Germany
| | - Claus-Peter Czerny
- Department of Animal Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Division of Microbiology and Animal Hygiene, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Georg-August University Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Sven König
- Department of Animal Breeding, University of Kassel, Witzenhausen, Germany
| | - Ulrike S. Diesterbeck
- Department of Animal Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Division of Microbiology and Animal Hygiene, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Georg-August University Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Pasman Y, Soliman C, Ramsland PA, Kaushik AK. Exceptionally long CDR3H of bovine scFv antigenized with BoHV-1 B-epitope generates specific immune response against the targeted epitope. Mol Immunol 2016; 77:113-25. [PMID: 27497190 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2016.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We discovered that some bovine antibodies are amongst the largest known to exist due to the presence of an exceptionally long CDR3H (≥49 amino acids) with multiple cysteines that provide a unique knob and stalk structure to the antigen binding site. The large CDR3H size, unlike mouse and human, provides a suitable platform for antigenization with large configurational B-epitopes. Here we report the identification of a B-epitope on the gC envelope protein of bovine herpes virus type-1 (BoHV-1) recognized by a bovine IgG1 antibody. The identified 156 amino acid long gC fragment (gC156) was expressed as a recombinant protein. Subsequently, a functional scFv fragment with a 61 amino-acid long CDR3H (scFv1H12) was expressed such that gC156 was grafted into the CDR3H, replacing the "knob" region (gC156scFv1H12 or Ag-scFv). Importantly, the Ag-scFv could be recognized by a neutralizing antibody fragment (scFv3-18L), which suggests that the engraftment of gC156 into the CDR3H of 1H12 maintained the native conformation of the BoHV-1 B-epitope. A 3D model of gC156 was generated using fold-recognition approaches and this was grafted onto the CDR3H stalk of the 1H12 Fab crystal structure to predict the 3D structure of the Ag-scFv. The grafted antigen in Ag-scFv is predicted to have a compact conformation with the ability to protrude into the solvent. Upon immunization of bovine calves, the antigenized scFv (gC156scFv1H12) induced a higher antibody response as compared to free recombinant gC156. These observations suggest that antigenization of bovine scFv with an exceptionally long CDR3H provides a novel approach to developing the next generation of vaccines against infectious agents that require induction of protective humoral immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yfke Pasman
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Caroline Soliman
- School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Paul A Ramsland
- School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia; Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia; Department of Immunology, Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia; Department of Surgery Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia
| | - Azad K Kaushik
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Stanfield RL, Wilson IA, Smider VV. Conservation and diversity in the ultralong third heavy-chain complementarity-determining region of bovine antibodies. Sci Immunol 2016; 1:aaf7962. [PMID: 27574710 PMCID: PMC5000368 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aaf7962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A subset of bovine antibodies have an exceptionally long third heavy-chain complementarity determining region (CDR H3) that is highly variable in sequence and includes multiple cysteines. These long CDR H3s (up to 69 residues) fold into a long stalk atop which sits a knob domain that is located far from the antibody surface. Three new bovine Fab crystal structures have been determined to decipher the conserved and variable features of ultralong CDR H3s that lead to diversity in antigen recognition. Despite high sequence variability, the stalks adopt a conserved β-ribbon structure, while the knob regions share a conserved β-sheet that serves as a scaffold for two connecting loops of variable length and conformation, as well as one conserved disulfide. Variation in patterns and connectivity of the remaining disulfides contribute to the knob structural diversity. The unusual architecture of these ultralong bovine CDR H3s for generating diversity is unique in adaptive immune systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robyn L. Stanfield
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The
Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, 92037, USA
| | - Ian A. Wilson
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The
Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, 92037, USA
- Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research
Institute, La Jolla, California, 92037, USA
| | - Vaughn V. Smider
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research
Institute, La Jolla, California, 92037, USA
- Fabrus Inc., A Division of Sevion Therapeutics, San Diego, CA 92121,
USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Pasman Y, Kaushik AK. VHand VLDomains of Polyspecific IgM and Monospecific IgG Antibodies Contribute Differentially to Antigen Recognition and Virus Neutralization Functions. Scand J Immunol 2016; 84:28-38. [DOI: 10.1111/sji.12443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Y. Pasman
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology; University of Guelph; Guelph ON Canada
| | - A. K. Kaushik
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology; University of Guelph; Guelph ON Canada
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Vadnais ML, Smider VV. Bos taurus ultralong CDR H3 antibodies. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2016; 38:62-7. [PMID: 27295423 PMCID: PMC6667352 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2016.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Revised: 05/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Cow antibodies are unusual in having an exceptionally long third complementarity determining region of the heavy chain (CDR H3). These CDR H3s have a multitude of cysteines and form a distinct domain characterized by a β-ribbon 'stalk' and disulfide bonded 'knob'. Cows appear to utilize somatic hypermutation of a single VDJ rearrangement to produce an astounding variety of distinct CDR H3 sequences with different disulfide bonding patterns within the knob. Thus, cows may be unique amongst vertebrates in evolving an antibody system with both a different scaffold for binding antigen as well as an unusual diversity creating process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa L Vadnais
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Vaughn V Smider
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Muyldermans S, Smider VV. Distinct antibody species: structural differences creating therapeutic opportunities. Curr Opin Immunol 2016; 40:7-13. [PMID: 26922135 PMCID: PMC4884505 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies have been a remarkably successful class of molecules for binding a large number of antigens in therapeutic, diagnostic, and research applications. Typical antibodies derived from mouse or human sources use the surface formed by complementarity determining regions (CDRs) on the variable regions of the heavy chain/light chain heterodimer, which typically forms a relatively flat binding surface. Alternative species, particularly camelids and bovines, provide a unique paradigm for antigen recognition through novel domains which form the antigen binding paratope. For camelids, heavy chain antibodies bind antigen with only a single heavy chain variable region, in the absence of light chains. In bovines, ultralong CDR-H3 regions form an independently folding minidomain, which protrudes from the surface of the antibody and is diverse in both its sequence and disulfide patterns. The atypical paratopes of camelids and bovines potentially provide the ability to interact with different epitopes, particularly recessed or concave surfaces, compared to traditional antibodies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Serge Muyldermans
- Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Vaughn V Smider
- Fabrus Inc., Division of Sevion Therapeutics, San Diego, CA 92121, United States; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Wang M, Zhang Y, Zhu J. Anti-Staphylococcus aureus single-chain variable region fragments provide protection against mastitis in mice. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 100:2153-62. [PMID: 26512007 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-7045-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a leading causative agent of bovine mastitis, which can result in significant economic losses to the dairy industry. However, available vaccines against bovine mastitis do not confer adequate protection, although passive immunization with antibodies may be useful to prevent disease. Hence, we constructed a bovine single-chain variable region fragment (scFv) phage display library using cDNAs from peripheral blood lymphocytes of cows with S. aureus-induced mastitis. After four rounds of selection, eight scFvs that bound S. aureus antigens with high affinity were obtained. The framework regions of the variable domains (VH and VL) of the eight scFvs were highly conserved, and the complementarity-determining regions (CDRs) displayed significant diversity, especially CDR3 of the VH domain. All eight scFvs inhibited S. aureus growth in culture medium. Lactating mice were challenged by injecting S. aureus into the fourth mammary gland. Histopathological analysis showed that treatment with these scFvs prior to bacterial challenge maintained the structure of the mammary acini, decreased infiltration of polymorphonuclear neutrophils, increased levels of interferon-gamma and interleukin-4, and reduced tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels in mammary tissues, as compared with mice treatment with physiological saline (P < 0.05). These novel bovine scFvs may be suitable candidates for therapeutic agents for the prevention of S. aureus-induced bovine mastitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Man Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai JiaoTong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai JiaoTong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianguo Zhu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai JiaoTong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
de los Rios M, Criscitiello MF, Smider VV. Structural and genetic diversity in antibody repertoires from diverse species. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2015; 33:27-41. [PMID: 26188469 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The antibody repertoire is the fundamental unit that enables development of antigen specific adaptive immune responses against pathogens. Different species have developed diverse genetic and structural strategies to create their respective antibody repertoires. Here we review the shark, chicken, camel, and cow repertoires as unique examples of structural and genetic diversity. Given the enormous importance of antibodies in medicine and biological research, the novel properties of these antibody repertoires may enable discovery or engineering of antibodies from these non-human species against difficult or important epitopes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel de los Rios
- Fabrus Inc., A Division of Sevion Therapeutics, San Diego, CA 92121, United States
| | - Michael F Criscitiello
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, United States
| | - Vaughn V Smider
- Fabrus Inc., A Division of Sevion Therapeutics, San Diego, CA 92121, United States; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Wang M, Zhang Y, Li B, Zhu J. Construction of scFv that bind both fibronectin-binding protein A and clumping factor A of Stapylococcus aureus. Res Vet Sci 2015; 100:109-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2015.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2014] [Revised: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
32
|
Determining the epitope dominance on the capsid of a serotype SAT2 foot-and-mouth disease virus by mutational analyses. J Virol 2014; 88:8307-18. [PMID: 24829347 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00470-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Monoclonal-antibody (MAb)-resistant mutants were used to map antigenic sites on foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), which resulted in the identification of neutralizing epitopes in the flexible βG-βH loop in VP1. For FMDV SAT2 viruses, studies have shown that at least two antigenic sites exist. By use of an infectious SAT2 cDNA clone, 10 structurally exposed and highly variable loops were identified as putative antigenic sites on the VP1, VP2, and VP3 capsid proteins of SAT2/Zimbabwe (ZIM)/7/83 (topotype II) and replaced with the corresponding regions of SAT2/Kruger National Park (KNP)/19/89 (topotype I). Virus neutralization assays using convalescent-phase antisera raised against the parental virus, SAT2/ZIM/7/83, indicated that the mutant virus containing the TQQS-to-ETPV mutation in the N-terminal part of the βG-βH loop of VP1 showed not only a significant increase in the neutralization titer but also an increase in the index of avidity to the convalescent-phase antisera. Furthermore, antigenic profiling of the epitope-replaced and parental viruses with nonneutralizing SAT2-specific MAbs led to the identification of two nonneutralizing antigenic regions. Both regions were mapped to incorporate residues 71 to 72 of VP2 as the major contact point. The binding footprint of one of the antigenic regions encompasses residues 71 to 72 and 133 to 134 of VP2 and residues 48 to 50 of VP1, and the second antigenic region encompasses residues 71 to 72 and 133 to 134 of VP2 and residues 84 to 86 and 109 to 11 of VP1. This is the first time that antigenic regions encompassing residues 71 to 72 of VP2 have been identified on the capsid of a SAT2 FMDV. IMPORTANCE Monoclonal-antibody-resistant mutants have traditionally been used to map antigenic sites on foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV). However, for SAT2-type viruses, which are responsible for most of the FMD outbreaks in Africa and are the most varied of all seven serotypes, only two antigenic sites have been identified. We have followed a unique approach using an infectious SAT2 cDNA genome-length clone. Ten structurally surface-exposed, highly varied loops were identified as putative antigenic sites on the VP1, VP2, and VP3 capsid proteins of the SAT2/ZIM/7/83 virus. These regions were replaced with the corresponding regions of an antigenically disparate virus, SAT2/KNP/19/89. Antigenic profiling of the epitope-replaced and parental viruses with SAT2-specific MAbs led to the identification of two unique antibody-binding footprints on the SAT2 capsid. In this report, evidence for the structural engineering of antigenic sites of a SAT2 capsid to broaden cross-reactivity with antisera is provided.
Collapse
|
33
|
Engineered Bovine Antibodies in the Development of Novel Therapeutics, Immunomodulators and Vaccines. Antibodies (Basel) 2014. [DOI: 10.3390/antib3020205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
|
34
|
Zhang Y, Goswami D, Wang D, Wang TSA, Sen S, Magliery TJ, Griffin PR, Wang F, Schultz PG. An antibody with a variable-region coiled-coil "knob" domain. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:132-5. [PMID: 24254636 PMCID: PMC3926434 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201307939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The X-ray crystal structure of a bovine antibody (BLV1H12) revealed a unique structure in its ultralong heavy chain complementarity determining region 3 (CDR3H) that folds into a solvent-exposed β-strand "stalk" fused to a disulfide crosslinked "knob" domain. We have substituted an antiparallel heterodimeric coiled-coil motif for the β-strand stalk in this antibody. The resulting antibody (Ab-coil) expresses in mammalian cells and has a stability similar to that of the parent bovine antibody. MS analysis of H-D exchange supports the coiled-coil structure of the substituted peptides. Substitution of the knob-domain of Ab-coil with bovine granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (bGCSF) results in a stably expressed chimeric antibody, which proliferates mouse NFS-60 cells with a potency comparable to that of bGCSF. This work demonstrates the utility of this novel coiled-coil CDR3 motif as a means for generating stable, potent antibody fusion proteins with useful pharmacological properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 (USA)
| | - Devrishi Goswami
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, 33458 (USA)
| | - Danling Wang
- California Institute for Biomedical Research (Calibr), 11119 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92307 (USA)
| | - Tsung-Shing Andrew Wang
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 (USA)
| | - Shiladitya Sen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210 (USA)
| | - Thomas J. Magliery
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210 (USA)
| | - Patrick R. Griffin
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, 33458 (USA)
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 (USA)
| | - Peter G. Schultz
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 (USA)
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Zhang Y, Goswami D, Wang D, Wang TSA, Sen S, Magliery TJ, Griffin PR, Wang F, Schultz PG. An Antibody with a Variable-Region Coiled-Coil “Knob” Domain. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201307939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
36
|
Zhang Y, Wang D, Welzel G, Wang Y, Schultz PG, Wang F. An antibody CDR3-erythropoietin fusion protein. ACS Chem Biol 2013; 8:2117-21. [PMID: 23941200 DOI: 10.1021/cb4004749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
X-ray crystallographic analysis of a bovine antibody (BLV1H12) revealed a unique scaffold in its ultralong heavy chain complementarity determining region 3 (CDR3H) that folds into a solvent exposed, antiparallel β-stranded "stalk" fused with a disulfide cross-linked "knob" domain. This unusual variable region motif provides a novel approach for generating chimeric antibodies with novel activities. Toward this end, human erythropoietin (hEPO) was substituted for the "knob" domain in this antibody to afford an antibody-hEPO (Ab-hEPO) fusion protein that efficiently expresses in mammalian cells. Ab-hEPO proliferated TF-1 cells with a potency comparable to that of hEPO (EC50 ∼ 0.03 nM) and exhibits a significantly extended plasma half-life (>6 days) in mice relative to hEPO (∼4 h). Mice treated with the Ab-hEPO fusion protein show sustained elevated hematocrit for more than two weeks. This work demonstrates the utility of BLV1H12 CDR3 fusions as a novel approach for generating potent polypeptides with enhanced pharmacological properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhang
- Department
of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines
Road, La Jolla, California
92037, United States
| | - Danling Wang
- Californial Institute for Biomedical Research (Calibr), 11119 N. Torrey Pines
Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Gus Welzel
- Californial Institute for Biomedical Research (Calibr), 11119 N. Torrey Pines
Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Ying Wang
- Californial Institute for Biomedical Research (Calibr), 11119 N. Torrey Pines
Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Peter G. Schultz
- Department
of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines
Road, La Jolla, California
92037, United States
- Californial Institute for Biomedical Research (Calibr), 11119 N. Torrey Pines
Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Feng Wang
- Department
of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines
Road, La Jolla, California
92037, United States
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Wang F, Ekiert DC, Ahmad I, Yu W, Zhang Y, Bazirgan O, Torkamani A, Raudsepp T, Mwangi W, Criscitiello MF, Wilson IA, Schultz PG, Smider VV. Reshaping antibody diversity. Cell 2013; 153:1379-93. [PMID: 23746848 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2013.04.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Revised: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Some species mount a robust antibody response despite having limited genome-encoded combinatorial diversity potential. Cows are unusual in having exceptionally long CDR H3 loops and few V regions, but the mechanism for creating diversity is not understood. Deep sequencing reveals that ultralong CDR H3s contain a remarkable complexity of cysteines, suggesting that disulfide-bonded minidomains may arise during repertoire development. Indeed, crystal structures of two cow antibodies reveal that these CDR H3s form a very unusual architecture composed of a β strand "stalk" that supports a structurally diverse, disulfide-bonded "knob" domain. Diversity arises from somatic hypermutation of an ultralong DH with a severe codon bias toward mutation to cysteine. These unusual antibodies can be elicited to recognize defined antigens through the knob domain. Thus, the bovine immune system produces an antibody repertoire composed of ultralong CDR H3s that fold into a diversity of minidomains generated through combinations of somatically generated disulfides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Zhang Y, Wang D, de Lichtervelde L, Sun SB, Smider VV, Schultz PG, Wang F. Functional antibody CDR3 fusion proteins with enhanced pharmacological properties. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:8295-8. [PMID: 23794517 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201303656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Zhang Y, Wang D, de Lichtervelde L, Sun SB, Smider VV, Schultz PG, Wang F. Functional Antibody CDR3 Fusion Proteins with Enhanced Pharmacological Properties. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201303656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|
40
|
Walther S, Czerny CP, Diesterbeck US. Exceptionally long CDR3H are not isotype restricted in bovine immunoglobulins. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64234. [PMID: 23717573 PMCID: PMC3661452 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 04/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Exceptionally long third complementarity determining regions of the heavy chain (CDR3H) were previously described as a specificity of bovine IgG and IgM immunoglobulins. In addition, the genomic organization of the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus remains to be elucidated with a special focus on the number of variable segments (IGHV). By analyzing the variable regions according to the isotype-specific PCR using cDNA-PCR, we were able to prove the existence of exceptional long CDR3H in all bovine isotypes. The corresponding sequences of three distinct amplicons were grouped according to the length of the CDR3H. Sequences of CDR3H possessed 5 to 10, 12 to 31 or at least 48 amino acid residues. Long and mid-length CDR3H were composed of mainly hydrophilic amino acid residues, while short CDR3H also contained hydrophobic amino acid residues. All sequences with long CDR3H were related to the germline variable segment 10. Using the current genome assembly, Bos taurus NCBI build 6.1, the genomic organization of the bovine immunoglobulin heavy-chain locus was analyzed. A main locus was investigated on BTA21. Exons coding for variable, diversity, and joining segments, as well as for the constant regions of different isotypes, were also localized on BTA7, BTA8, and BTA20. Together with the information from unplaced contigs, 36 IGHV were detected of which 13 are putatively functional. Phylogenetic analysis revealed two bovine IGHV families (boVH1, boVH2). Thus, the existence of the two bovine families suggested was demonstrated, where boVH1 comprises all functional segments. This study substantially improves the understanding of the generation of immunoglobulin diversity in cattle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Walther
- Division of Microbiology and Animal Hygiene, Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Georg-August University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Claus-Peter Czerny
- Division of Microbiology and Animal Hygiene, Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Georg-August University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ulrike S. Diesterbeck
- Division of Microbiology and Animal Hygiene, Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Georg-August University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Sun Y, Wei Z, Li N, Zhao Y. A comparative overview of immunoglobulin genes and the generation of their diversity in tetrapods. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 39:103-109. [PMID: 22366185 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2012.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2011] [Revised: 02/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/17/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In the past several decades, immunoglobulin (Ig) genes have been extensively characterized in many tetrapod species. This review focuses on the expressed Ig isotypes and the diversity of Ig genes in mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians. With regard to heavy chains, five Ig isotypes - IgM, IgD, IgG, IgA, and IgE - have been reported in mammals. Among these isotypes, IgM, IgD, and IgA (or its analog, IgX) are also found in non-mammalian tetrapods. Birds, reptiles, and amphibians express IgY, which is considered the precursor of IgG and IgE. Some species have developed unique isotypes of Ig, such as IgO in the platypus, IgF in Xenopus, and IgY (ΔFc) in ducks and turtles. The κ and λ light chains are both utilized in tetrapods, but the usage frequencies of κ and λ chains differ greatly among species. The diversity of Ig genes depends on several factors, including the germline repertoire and recombinatorial and post-recombinatorial diversity, and different species have evolved distinct mechanisms to generate antibody diversity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Recombination, transcription, and diversity of a partially germline-joined VH in a mammal. Immunogenetics 2012; 64:713-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s00251-012-0627-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Accepted: 06/06/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
43
|
Diesterbeck US, Aboelhassan DM, Stein SK, Czerny CP. Detection of new allotypic variants of bovine λ-light chain constant regions in different cattle breeds. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 36:130-139. [PMID: 21741991 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2011.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2011] [Accepted: 06/23/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In the cattle breeds German Black Pied (GBP), German Simmental (GS), Holstein Friesian (HF), Aubrac (A) three transcribed allotypic variants in isotype IGLC2 and five allotypic variants in isotype IGLC3 were identified. Substitutions within the putative interface to CH1 at position 11 and 79 were noted. In IGLC2(b), K79E led to a charge conversion. In IGLC3(b) and IGLC3(c), the E79N replacement removed the charge while the T11K substitution resulted in a positively charged amino acid residue. In addition, D15 and T16 were found in IGLC2(c), IGLC3(b), and IGLC3(c). Substitutions located on the outer site of the molecule were observed in IGLC2(b) (V40, H45.5), IGLC2(c) (A1, V40, D77), IGLC3(b) (A1, D77, D109, P127), IGLC3(c) (A1, G45.5, D77, D109, P127), IGLC3(d) (D109), and IGLC3(e) (A1). Amino acid residues P83 (IGLC2(c), IGLC3(b), IGLC3(c)), N93 (IGLC2(b)), D93 (IGLC3(b)), and G93 (IGLC3(c)) were positioned in cavities but seemed to be accessible for solvents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike S Diesterbeck
- Department of Animal Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Division of Microbiology and Animal Hygiene, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Georg-August University Goettingen, Burckhardtweg 2, 37077 Goettingen, Germany.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Koti M, Nagy E, Kaushik AK. A single point mutation in framework region 3 of heavy chain affects viral neutralization dynamics of single-chain Fv against bovine herpes virus type 1. Vaccine 2011; 29:7905-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.08.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2011] [Revised: 07/20/2011] [Accepted: 08/15/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
45
|
Pasman Y, Saini SS, Smith E, Kaushik AK. Organization and genomic complexity of bovine lambda-light chain gene locus. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2010; 135:306-13. [PMID: 20171743 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2009.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2009] [Accepted: 12/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Complete characterization and physical mapping of bovine lambda (lambda) light chain locus, spanning 412kbp, on chromosome 17, has revealed twenty-five V(lambda) genes, seventeen being functional, organized in three sub-clusters 23.7kbp 5' of the J(lambda)-C(lambda) units. Three V(lambda) sub-clusters are separated by two large introns of 126.8 and 138.3kbp. The predominantly expressed V(lambda)1 genes are present in the two 5' sub-clusters, while J(lambda)-proximal V(lambda) sub-cluster comprises rarely expressed V(lambda)2 and V(lambda)3 genes. The preferential expression of V(lambda)1 genes in the bovine immunoglobulin repertoire is influenced by the composition of recombination signal sequences (RSS). Of the J(lambda)-C(lambda) cluster, it is mainly J(lambda)3-C(lambda)3 unit that is expressed in reading frame 2, though J(lambda)2 and J(lambda)3 have identical RSS. The predominant expression of J(lambda)3-C(lambda)3 genes over J(lambda)2-C(lambda)2 is likely due to endogenous counter selection for J(lambda)2 encoded CDR3 and framework 4 regions. Differences in the genomic complexity of V(lambda) genes in Hereford and Holstein cattle are due to polymorphism at the lambda-light chain gene locus. Despite more potential germline encoded combinatorial diversity, restricted V(lambda)1-J(lambda)3-C(lambda)3 recombinations encode the most lambda-light chain repertoire in cattle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yfke Pasman
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Koti M, Farrugia W, Nagy E, Ramsland PA, Kaushik AK. Construction of single-chain Fv with two possible CDR3H conformations but similar inter-molecular forces that neutralize bovine herpesvirus 1. Mol Immunol 2009; 47:953-60. [PMID: 20006385 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2009.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2009] [Revised: 11/13/2009] [Accepted: 11/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) causes respiratory and genital diseases in cattle for which available vaccines do not confer adequate protection. Since passive immunization with antibodies permits disease prevention, single-chain fragment variable (scFv), originating from a monoclonal bovine IgG1 antibody against BoHV-1, were constructed and expressed in Pichia pastoris in V(lambda)-V(H) orientation via a flexible seven-amino acid linker. Similar to the intact IgG, the purified recombinant scFv neutralized BoHV-1 in vitro and recognized viral antigens in BoHV-1 infected MDBK cells by immunofluorescence. Homology modeling of the Fv predicts two distinct conformations for CDR3H. Firstly, a long protruding CDR3H conformation where no disulfide linkage occurred between two "non-canonical" Cys residues resulted in a large binding cavity between V(lambda) and V(H). Secondly, a smaller potential antigen-binding cavity is predicted with a disulfide linkage between the two Cys residues of CDR3H creating a six-membered loop in the ascending polypeptide, which fitted into the space between V(lambda) and V(H). Despite such potential configurational diversity of the antigen-binding site, the electrostatic surface potentials that would interact with the BoHV-1 epitope are largely similar for both the topographies where salt-bridge type electrostatic interactions likely occur at the edges of the binding site. Given that IgG1 antibody against BoHV-1 is clonally selected, it is likely that disulfide-stabilized broader and flatter surface topography is specifically generated to accommodate the predicted carbohydrate neutralizing B-epitope on BoHV-1. The specificity and neutralizing capacity for BoHV-1 of the scFv should make this bovine antibody fragment a useful diagnostic and potential therapeutic candidate for an important viral pathogen in cattle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madhuri Koti
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Somatic hypermutations and isotype restricted exceptionally long CDR3H contribute to antibody diversification in cattle. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2008; 127:106-13. [PMID: 19012969 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2008.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2008] [Revised: 09/10/2008] [Accepted: 09/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Antibody diversification in IgM and IgG antibodies was analyzed in an 18-month old bovine (Bos taurus) suffering from naturally occurring chronic and recurrent infections due to bovine leukocyte adhesion deficiency (BLAD). The BLAD, involving impaired leukocyte beta2 integrin expression on leukocytes, develops due to a single point mutation in conserved region of the CD18 gene resulting in substitution of aspartic acid128 with glycine (D128G). Twenty four VDJCmu and 25 VDJCgamma recombinations from randomly constructed cDNA libraries, originating from peripheral blood lymphocytes, were examined for the variable-region structural characteristics in IgM and IgG antibody isotypes. These analyses led to conclude that: (a) expression of exceptionally long CDR3H is isotype restricted to cattle IgM antibody; (b) VDJ recombinations encoding IgM with exceptionally long CDR3H undergo clonal selection and affinity maturation via somatic mutations similar to conventional antibodies; (c) somatic mutations contribute significantly to both IgM and IgG antibody diversification but significant differences exist in the patterns of 'hot spot' in the FR1, FR3 and CDR1H and, also, position-dependant amino acid diversity; and (d) transition nucleotide substitutions predominate over transversions in both VDJCmu and VDJCgamma recombinations consistent with the evolutionary conservation of somatic mutation machinery. Overall, these studies suggest that both somatic mutations and exceptional CDR3H size generation contribute to IgM and IgG antibody diversification in cattle during the development of immune response to naturally occurring chronic and multiple microbial infections.
Collapse
|
48
|
Chen L, Li M, Li Q, Yang X, An X, Chen Y. Characterization of the bovine immunoglobulin lambda light chain constant IGLC genes. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2008; 124:284-94. [PMID: 18538861 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2008.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2007] [Revised: 03/27/2008] [Accepted: 04/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
To characterize the bovine immunoglobulin lambda light chain constant region (IGLC) genes, we have isolated a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clone by a PCR based approach from a bovine genomic DNA library, constructed using a genital ridge cell line derived from a male Holstein fetus. The positive BAC clone, containing the bovine IGLC genes, was fully sequenced and had a 138 kb insert. Sequence analysis revealed that the bovine immunoglobulin lambda light chain locus consisted of four joining-constant gene recombination units spanning approximately 20 kb DNA in length. A detailed examination of the recombination signal sequences, RNA splicing sites and coding sequences of the four joining-constant gene recombination units suggested that only two IGLC genes (IGLC2 and IGLC3) were functional while the IGLC1 and IGLC4 appeared to be pseudogenes. This conclusion was further confirmed by a series of RT-PCR amplifications, which also showed that among these four genes the IGLC3 was preferentially expressed in cattle. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the bovine IGLC genes were more closely related to their equivalents in sheep and goats than that to other mammals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Limei Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Zhao Y, Jackson SM, Aitken R. The bovine antibody repertoire. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 30:175-86. [PMID: 16054212 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2005.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Cattle are able to produce a full range of Ig classes including the long-elusive IgD through rearrangement of their germline genes. Several IgL groupings have been reported but as in several other livestock species (e.g. sheep, rabbits, chickens), rearrangement per se fails to generate significant IgH diversity. This is largely because of the modest number of bovine VH segments that participate in rearrangement and their conserved sequences. Perhaps in compensation, bovine Ig heavy chains carry CDR3 sequences of exceptional length. Processes that operate post-rearrangement to generate diversity remain ill defined as are the location, timing and triggers to these events. Reagents are needed to understand better the maturation of B lymphocytes, their responses to antigens and cytokines, and to provide standards for the quantitation of Ig responses in cattle; recombinant methods may help meet this need as Ab engineering technologies become more widely used.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaofeng Zhao
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital at Huddinge, SE-14186 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | |
Collapse
|