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Alfituri OA, Blake R, Jensen K, Mabbott NA, Hope J, Stevens JM. Differential role of M cells in enteroid infection by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1416537. [PMID: 39040600 PMCID: PMC11260670 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1416537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Infection of ruminants such as cattle with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) causes Johne's disease, a disease characterized by chronic inflammation of the small intestine and diarrhoea. Infection with MAP is acquired via the faecal-to-oral route and the pathogen initially invades the epithelial lining of the small intestine. In this study we used an in vitro 3D mouse enteroid model to determine the influence of M cells in infection of the gut epithelia by MAP, in comparison with another bacterial intestinal pathogen of veterinary importance, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. The differentiation of M cells in the enteroid cultures was induced by stimulation with the cytokine receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL), and the effects on MAP and Salmonella uptake and intracellular survival were determined. The presence of M cells in the cultures correlated with increased uptake and intracellular survival of Salmonella, but had no effect on MAP. Interestingly neither pathogen was observed to preferentially accumulate within GP2-positive M cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Joanne M. Stevens
- The Roslin Institute & Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, United Kingdom
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2
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Del Castillo D, Lo DD. Deciphering the M-cell niche: insights from mouse models on how microfold cells "know" where they are needed. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1400739. [PMID: 38863701 PMCID: PMC11165056 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1400739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Known for their distinct antigen-sampling abilities, microfold cells, or M cells, have been well characterized in the gut and other mucosa including the lungs and nasal-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT). More recently, however, they have been identified in tissues where they were not initially suspected to reside, which raises the following question: what external and internal factors dictate differentiation toward this specific role? In this discussion, we will focus on murine studies to determine how these cells are identified (e.g., markers and function) and ask the broader question of factors triggering M-cell localization and patterning. Then, through the consideration of unconventional M cells, which include villous M cells, Type II taste cells, and medullary thymic epithelial M cells (microfold mTECs), we will establish the M cell as not just a player in mucosal immunity but as a versatile niche cell that adapts to its home tissue. To this end, we will consider the lymphoid structure relationship and apical stimuli to better discuss how the differing cellular programming and the physical environment within each tissue yield these cells and their unique organization. Thus, by exploring this constellation of M cells, we hope to better understand the multifaceted nature of this cell in its different anatomical locales.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David D. Lo
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
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3
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Koksal BT, Barıs Z, Sencelikel T, Ozcay F, Ozbek OY. Food protein-induced allergic proctocolitis in infants is associated with low serum levels of macrophage inflammatory protein-3a. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2024; 78:211-216. [PMID: 38374573 DOI: 10.1002/jpn3.12069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Food protein-induced allergic proctocolitis (FPIAP) is a nonimmunoglobulin (IgE)-mediated food hypersensitivity and the exact mechanisms that cause FPIAP are unknown. Chemokines play crucial roles in the development of allergic diseases. OBJECTIVE To examine serum levels of a group of chemokines in infants with FPIAP. METHODS In 67 infants with FPIAP and 65 healthy infants, we measured serum levels of mucosa-associated epithelial chemokine (MEC/CCL28), thymus-expressed chemokine (TECK/CCL25), CX3CL1 and macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-3a/CCL20. RESULTS Infants with FPIAP had a lower median value of MIP3a/CCL20 than healthy infants [0.7 (0-222) vs. 4 (0-249) pg/mL, respectively] (p < 0.001). Infants with MIP3a/CCL20 levels ≤0.95 pg/mL have 13.93 times more risk of developing FPIAP than infants with MIP3a/CCL20 levels >0.95 pg/mL. Serum MEC/CCL28, TECK/CCL25, and CX3CL1 levels were similar between the infants with FPIAP and the control group. CONCLUSION MIP3a/CCL20 serum levels were reduced in infants with FPIAP compared with healthy controls. Whether this finding has a role in pathogenesis remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burcu Tahire Koksal
- Department of Pediatric Allergy, Baskent University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Zeren Barıs
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Eskisehir Osmangazi University Faculty of Medicine, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Tugce Sencelikel
- Department of Biostatistics, Ankara Medipol University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Figen Ozcay
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Baskent University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ozlem Yılmaz Ozbek
- Department of Pediatric Allergy, Baskent University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
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4
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Howley K, Berthelette A, Ceglia S, Kang J, Reboldi A. Embryonic type 3 innate lymphoid cells sense maternal dietary cholesterol to control local Peyer's patch development. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.19.533339. [PMID: 36993524 PMCID: PMC10055282 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.19.533339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Lymphoid tissue inducer (LTi) cells develop during intrauterine life and rely on developmental programs to initiate the organogenesis of secondary lymphoid organs (SLOs). This evolutionary conserved process endows the fetus with the ability to orchestrate the immune response after birth and to react to the triggers present in the environment. While it is established that LTi function can be shaped by maternal-derived cues and is critical to prepare the neonate with a functional scaffold to mount immune response, the cellular mechanisms that control anatomically distinct SLO organogenesis remain unclear. We discovered that LTi cells forming Peyer's patches, gut-specific SLOs, require the coordinated action of two migratory G protein coupled receptors (GPCR) GPR183 and CCR6. These two GPCRs are uniformly expressed on LTi cells across SLOs, but their deficiency specifically impacts Peyer's patch formation, even when restricted to fetal window. The unique CCR6 ligand is CCL20, while the ligand for GPR183 is the cholesterol metabolite 7α,25-Dihydroxycholesterol (7α,25-HC), whose production is controlled by the enzyme cholesterol 25-hydroxylase (CH25H). We identified a fetal stromal cell subset that expresses CH25H and attracts LTi cells in the nascent Peyer's patch anlagen. GPR183 ligand concentration can be modulated by the cholesterol content in the maternal diet and impacts LTi cell maturation in vitro and in vivo, highlighting a link between maternal nutrients and intestinal SLO organogenesis. Our findings revealed that in the fetal intestine, cholesterol metabolite sensing by GPR183 in LTi cells for Peyer's patch formation is dominant in the duodenum, the site of cholesterol absorption in the adult. This anatomic requirement suggests that embryonic, long-lived non-hematopoietic cells might exploit adult metabolic functions to ensure highly specialized SLO development in utero.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey Howley
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Alyssa Berthelette
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Simona Ceglia
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Joonsoo Kang
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Andrea Reboldi
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA
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5
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Zheng H, Zhang C, Wang Q, Feng S, Fang Y, Zhang S. The impact of aging on intestinal mucosal immune function and clinical applications. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1029948. [PMID: 36524122 PMCID: PMC9745321 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1029948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune cells and immune molecules in the intestinal mucosa participate in innate and adaptive immunity to maintain local and systematic homeostasis. With aging, intestinal mucosal immune dysfunction will promote the emergence of age-associated diseases. Although there have been a number of studies on the impact of aging on systemic immunity, relatively fewer studies have been conducted on the impact of aging on the intestinal mucosal immune system. In this review, we will briefly introduce the impact of aging on the intestinal mucosal barrier, the impact of aging on intestinal immune cells as well as immune molecules, and the process of interaction between intestinal mucosal immunity and gut microbiota during aging. After that we will discuss potential strategies to slow down intestinal aging in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Zheng
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- The First Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qianqian Wang
- The First Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuyan Feng
- The First Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi Fang
- The First Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuo Zhang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China,*Correspondence: Shuo Zhang,
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6
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Donaldson DS, Shih BB, Mabbott NA. Aging-Related Impairments to M Cells in Peyer's Patches Coincide With Disturbances to Paneth Cells. Front Immunol 2021; 12:761949. [PMID: 34938288 PMCID: PMC8687451 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.761949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The decline in mucosal immunity during aging increases susceptibility, morbidity and mortality to infections acquired via the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts in the elderly. We previously showed that this immunosenescence includes a reduction in the functional maturation of M cells in the follicle-associated epithelia (FAE) covering the Peyer’s patches, diminishing the ability to sample of antigens and pathogens from the gut lumen. Here, co-expression analysis of mRNA-seq data sets revealed a general down-regulation of most FAE- and M cell-related genes in Peyer’s patches from aged mice, including key transcription factors known to be essential for M cell differentiation. Conversely, expression of ACE2, the cellular receptor for SARS-Cov-2 virus, was increased in the aged FAE. This raises the possibility that the susceptibility of aged Peyer’s patches to infection with the SARS-Cov-2 virus is increased. Expression of key Paneth cell-related genes was also reduced in the ileum of aged mice, consistent with the adverse effects of aging on their function. However, the increased expression of these genes in the villous epithelium of aged mice suggested a disturbed distribution of Paneth cells in the aged intestine. Aging effects on Paneth cells negatively impact on the regenerative ability of the gut epithelium and could indirectly impede M cell differentiation. Thus, restoring Paneth cell function may represent a novel means to improve M cell differentiation in the aging intestine and increase mucosal vaccination efficacy in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Donaldson
- The Roslin Institute & Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, United Kingdom
| | - Barbara B Shih
- The Roslin Institute & Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, United Kingdom
| | - Neil A Mabbott
- The Roslin Institute & Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, United Kingdom
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7
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Wu YL, Xu J, Rong XY, Wang F, Wang HJ, Zhao C. Gut microbiota alterations and health status in aging adults: From correlation to causation. Aging Med (Milton) 2021; 4:206-213. [PMID: 34553118 PMCID: PMC8444961 DOI: 10.1002/agm2.12167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The deterioration of tissue structure and decline in physiological function during aging are accompanied by alterations to the gut microbiota. The elderly has higher risks of various diseases and chronic diseases. However, inter-individual differences are more apparent in elderly than younger, and a proportion of individuals have a delayed onset or even avoid developing chronic diseases. This difference in health status is influenced by both heredity and Lifestyle and environmental factors. During the process of aging, the gut microbiota is also affected by the external environment, and provides a buffer to external challenge, and thus the gut microbiota reflects an individual's personal experience. Moreover, the immune system undergoes a series of changes with age, which are related to chronic inflammation in the elderly. The formation, maturation and senescence of the intestinal immune system is closely related to the gut microbiota. Additionally, changes in the gut microbiota of elderly individuals may modulate the immune system, which may in turn affect health status. Herein, we summarize the correlations between the gut microbiota with individual health status in the elderly and explore the related mechanisms, which may provide a basis to maintain or enhance the health of the elderly though interventions targeting the gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Lin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS) School of Basic Medical Sciences Shanghai Medical College, & National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine Huashan Hospital Fudan University Shanghai China
| | - Jun Xu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Shanghai Jiaotong University Shanghai China
| | - Xing-Yu Rong
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS) School of Basic Medical Sciences Shanghai Medical College, & National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine Huashan Hospital Fudan University Shanghai China
| | - Feifei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS) School of Basic Medical Sciences Shanghai Medical College, & National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine Huashan Hospital Fudan University Shanghai China
| | - Hui-Jing Wang
- Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology College of Fundamental Medicine Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Science Shanghai China
| | - Chao Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS) School of Basic Medical Sciences Shanghai Medical College, & National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine Huashan Hospital Fudan University Shanghai China
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8
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Booth JS, Toapanta FR. B and T Cell Immunity in Tissues and Across the Ages. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9010024. [PMID: 33419014 PMCID: PMC7825307 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9010024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
B and T cells are key components of the adaptive immune system and coordinate multiple facets of immunity including responses to infection, vaccines, allergens, and the environment. In humans, B- and T-cell immunity has been determined using primarily peripheral blood specimens. Conversely, human tissues have scarcely been studied but they host multiple adaptive immune cells capable of mounting immune responses to pathogens and participate in tissue homeostasis. Mucosal tissues, such as the intestines and respiratory track, are constantly bombarded by foreign antigens and contain tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cells that exhibit superior protective capacity to pathogens. Also, tissue-resident memory B (BRM) cells have been identified in mice but whether humans have a similar population remains to be confirmed. Moreover, the immune system evolves throughout the lifespan of humans and undergoes multiple changes in its immunobiology. Recent studies have shown that age-related changes in tissues are not necessarily reflected in peripheral blood specimens, highlighting the importance of tissue localization and subset delineation as essential determinants of functional B and T cells at different life stages. This review describes our current knowledge of the main B- and T-cell subsets in peripheral blood and tissues across age groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayaum S. Booth
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21075, USA;
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Franklin R. Toapanta
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21075, USA;
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Correspondence:
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9
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Niu X, Shang H, Chen S, Chen R, Huang J, Miao Y, Cui W, Wang H, Sha Z, Peng D, Zhu R. Effects of Pinus massoniana pollen polysaccharides on intestinal microenvironment and colitis in mice. Food Funct 2020; 12:252-266. [PMID: 33295902 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo02190c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The stability of the intestinal microenvironment is the basis for maintaining the normal physiological activities of the intestine. On the contrary, disordered dynamic processes lead to chronic inflammation and disease pathology. Pinus massoniana pollen polysaccharide (PPPS), isolated from Taishan Pinus massoniana pollen, has been reported with extensive biological activities, including immune regulation. However, the role of PPPS in the intestinal microenvironment and intestinal diseases is still unknown. In this work, we initiated our investigation by using 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing technology to assess the effect of PPPS on gut microbiota in mice. The result showed that PPPS regulated the composition of gut microbiota in mice and increased the proportion of probiotics. Subsequently, we established immunosuppressive mice using cyclophosphamide (CTX) and found that PPPS regulated the immunosuppressive state of lymphocytes in Peyer's patches (PPs). Moreover, PPPS also regulated systemic immunity by acting on intestinal PPs. PPPS alleviated lipopolysaccharide (LPS) -induced Caco2 cell damage, indicating that PPPS has the ability to reduce the damage and effectively improve the barrier dysfunction in Caco2 cells. In addition, PPPS alleviated colonic injury and relieved colitis symptoms in dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis mice. Overall, our findings indicate that PPPS shows a practical regulatory effect in the intestinal microenvironment, which provides an essential theoretical basis for us to develop the potential application value of PPPS further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyun Niu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China. and Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Hongqi Shang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China. and Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Siyan Chen
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China. and Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Ruichang Chen
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China. and Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Jin Huang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China. and Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Yongqiang Miao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China. and Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Wenping Cui
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China. and Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Huan Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China. and Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Zhou Sha
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China. and Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Duo Peng
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Ruiliang Zhu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China. and Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
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10
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Isayama T, Etoh H, Kishimoto N, Takasaki T, Kuratani A, Ikuta T, Tatefuji T, Takamune N, Muneoka A, Takahashi Y, Misumi S. 10-Hydroxydecanoic Acid Potentially Elicits Antigen-Specific IgA Responses. Biol Pharm Bull 2020; 43:1202-1209. [PMID: 32741940 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b20-00101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The effective antigen (Ag) uptake by microfold cells (M-cells) is important for the induction of an efficient mucosal immune responses. Here, we show that 10-hydroxydecanoic acid (10-HDAA) from royal jelly (RJ) potentially supports M-cell differentiation and induces effective antigen-specific mucosal immune responses in cynomolgus macaques. 10-HDAA increases the expression level of receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) (RANK) in Caco-2 cells, which suggests that 10-HDAA potentially prompts the differentiation of Caco-2 cells into M-cells and increased transcytosis efficiency. This idea is supported by the following observations. Intranasal administration of 10-HDAA increased the number of M-cells in the epithelium overlying nasopharynx-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT) in macaques. Oral administration of 10-HDAA increased the number of M-cells in the follicle-associated epithelium (FAE) covering Peyer's patches (PPs) and significantly increased the antigen-specific immunoglobulin A (IgA) level in macaques. These findings suggest that the exogenous honeybee-derived medium-chain fatty acid 10-HDAA may effectively enhance antigen-specific immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Isayama
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University
| | - Hikaru Etoh
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University
| | - Naoki Kishimoto
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University
| | - Toshimasa Takasaki
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University
| | - Ayumi Kuratani
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University
| | - Tomoki Ikuta
- Institute for Bee Products and Health Science, Yamada Bee Company, Inc
| | - Tomoki Tatefuji
- Institute for Bee Products and Health Science, Yamada Bee Company, Inc
| | - Nobutoki Takamune
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University
| | | | | | - Shogo Misumi
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University
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11
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Microbial Stimulation Reverses the Age-Related Decline in M Cells in Aged Mice. iScience 2020; 23:101147. [PMID: 32454449 PMCID: PMC7251786 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging has a profound effect on the immune system, termed immunosenescence, resulting in increased incidence and severity of infections and decreased efficacy of vaccinations. We previously showed that immunosurveillance in the intestine, achieved primarily through antigen sampling M cells in the follicle associated epithelium (FAE) of Peyer's patches, was compromised during aging due to a decline in M cell functional maturation. The intestinal microbiota also changes significantly with age, but whether this affects M cell maturation was not known. We show that housing of aged mice on used bedding from young mice, or treatment with bacterial flagellin, were each sufficient to enhance the functional maturation of M cells in Peyer's patches. An understanding of the mechanisms underlying the influence of the intestinal microbiota on M cells has the potential to lead to new methods to enhance the efficacy of oral vaccination in aged individuals.
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12
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Kanaya T, Williams IR, Ohno H. Intestinal M cells: Tireless samplers of enteric microbiota. Traffic 2019; 21:34-44. [DOI: 10.1111/tra.12707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Revised: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Kanaya
- Department of PathologyEmory University School of Medicine Atlanta Georgia
| | - Ifor R. Williams
- Laboratory for Intestinal EcosystemRIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences Yokohama Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ohno
- Department of PathologyEmory University School of Medicine Atlanta Georgia
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Kobayashi N, Takahashi D, Takano S, Kimura S, Hase K. The Roles of Peyer's Patches and Microfold Cells in the Gut Immune System: Relevance to Autoimmune Diseases. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2345. [PMID: 31649668 PMCID: PMC6794464 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Microfold (M) cells are located in the epithelium covering mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues, such as the Peyer's patches (PPs) of the small intestine. M cells actively transport luminal antigens to the underlying lymphoid follicles to initiate an immune response. The molecular machinery of M-cell differentiation and function has been vigorously investigated over the last decade. Studies have shed light on the role of M cells in the mucosal immune system and have revealed that antigen uptake by M cells contributes to not only mucosal but also systemic immune responses. However, M-cell studies usually focus on infectious diseases; the contribution of M cells to autoimmune diseases has remained largely unexplored. Accumulating evidence suggests that dysbiosis of the intestinal microbiota is implicated in multiple systemic diseases, including autoimmune diseases. This implies that the uptake of microorganisms by M cells in PPs may play a role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. We provide an outline of the current understanding of M-cell biology and subsequently discuss the potential contribution of M cells and PPs to the induction of systemic autoimmunity, beyond the mucosal immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhide Kobayashi
- Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Bacteriology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Daisuke Takahashi
- Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Takano
- Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Kimura
- Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koji Hase
- Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan.,International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo (IMSUT), Tokyo, Japan
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14
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Komban RJ, Strömberg A, Biram A, Cervin J, Lebrero-Fernández C, Mabbott N, Yrlid U, Shulman Z, Bemark M, Lycke N. Activated Peyer's patch B cells sample antigen directly from M cells in the subepithelial dome. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2423. [PMID: 31160559 PMCID: PMC6547658 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10144-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The germinal center (GC) reaction in Peyer's patches (PP) requires continuous access to antigens, but how this is achieved is not known. Here we show that activated antigen-specific CCR6+CCR1+GL7- B cells make close contact with M cells in the subepithelial dome (SED). Using in situ photoactivation analysis of antigen-specific SED B cells, we find migration of cells towards the GC. Following antigen injection into ligated intestinal loops containing PPs, 40% of antigen-specific SED B cells bind antigen within 2 h, whereas unspecifc cells do not, indicating B cell-receptor involvment. Antigen-loading is not observed in M cell-deficient mice, but is unperturbed in mice depleted of classical dendritic cells (DC). Thus, we report a M cell-B cell antigen-specific transporting pathway in PP that is independent of DC. We propose that this antigen transporting pathway has a critical role in gut IgA responses, and should be taken into account when developing mucosal vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rathan Joy Komban
- Mucosal Immunobiology and Vaccine Center (MIVAC), Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, S405 30, Sweden
| | - Anneli Strömberg
- Mucosal Immunobiology and Vaccine Center (MIVAC), Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, S405 30, Sweden
| | - Adi Biram
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Jakob Cervin
- Mucosal Immunobiology and Vaccine Center (MIVAC), Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, S405 30, Sweden
| | - Cristina Lebrero-Fernández
- Mucosal Immunobiology and Vaccine Center (MIVAC), Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, S405 30, Sweden
| | - Neil Mabbott
- The Roslin Institute, Edinburgh University, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, Scotland
| | - Ulf Yrlid
- Mucosal Immunobiology and Vaccine Center (MIVAC), Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, S405 30, Sweden
| | - Ziv Shulman
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Mats Bemark
- Mucosal Immunobiology and Vaccine Center (MIVAC), Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, S405 30, Sweden.
| | - Nils Lycke
- Mucosal Immunobiology and Vaccine Center (MIVAC), Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, S405 30, Sweden.
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15
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Lee AY, Körner H. The CCR6-CCL20 axis in humoral immunity and T-B cell immunobiology. Immunobiology 2019; 224:449-454. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2019.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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16
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Date Y, Ebisawa M, Fukuda S, Shima H, Obata Y, Takahashi D, Kato T, Hanazato M, Nakato G, Williams IR, Hase K, Ohno H. NALT M cells are important for immune induction for the common mucosal immune system. Int Immunol 2018; 29:471-478. [PMID: 29186424 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxx064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Nasopharynx-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT) is one of the major constituents of the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT), and has the ability to induce antigen-specific immune responses. However, the molecular mechanisms responsible for antigen uptake from the nasal cavity into the NALT remain largely unknown. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that CCL9 and CCL20 were co-localized with glycoprotein 2 (GP2) in the epithelium covering NALT, suggesting the existence of M cells in NALT. In analogy with the reduced number of Peyer's patch M cells in CCR6-deficient mice, the number of NALT M cells was drastically decreased in CCR6-deficient mice compared with the wild-type mice. Translocation of nasally administered Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium into NALT via NALT M cells was impaired in CCR6-deficient mice, whereas S. Typhimurium demonstrated consistent co-localization with NALT M cells in wild-type mice. When wild-type mice were nasally administered with an attenuated vaccine strain of S. Typhimurium, the mice were protected from a subsequent challenge with wild-type S. Typhimurium. Antigen-specific fecal and nasal IgA was detected after nasal immunization with the attenuated vaccine strain of S. Typhimurium only in wild-type mice but not in CCR6-deficient mice. Taken together, these observations demonstrate that NALT M cells are important as a first line of defense against infection by enabling activation of the common mucosal immune system (CMIS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Date
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), Kanagawa, Japan.,Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Kanagawa, Japan.,RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Masashi Ebisawa
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), Kanagawa, Japan.,Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Shinji Fukuda
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hideaki Shima
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), Kanagawa, Japan.,Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yuuki Obata
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), Kanagawa, Japan.,Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Daisuke Takahashi
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tamotsu Kato
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), Kanagawa, Japan.,Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Misaho Hanazato
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), Kanagawa, Japan.,Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Gaku Nakato
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), Kanagawa, Japan.,Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Ifor R Williams
- Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Koji Hase
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ohno
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), Kanagawa, Japan.,Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Kanagawa, Japan.,Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
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17
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Diesner SC, Bergmayr C, Wang XY, Heiden D, Exenberger S, Roth-Walter F, Starkl P, Ret D, Pali-Schöll I, Gabor F, Untersmayr E. Characterization of Vibrio cholerae neuraminidase as an immunomodulator for novel formulation of oral allergy immunotherapy. Clin Immunol 2018; 192:30-39. [PMID: 29608970 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2018.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
To improve current mucosal allergen immunotherapy Vibrio cholerae neuraminidase (NA) was evaluated as a novel epithelial targeting molecule for functionalization of allergen-loaded, poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) microparticles (MPs) and compared to the previously described epithelial targeting lectins wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) and Aleuria aurantia lectin (AAL). All targeters revealed binding to Caco-2 cells, but only NA had high binding specificity to α-L fucose and monosialoganglioside-1. An increased transepithelial uptake was found for NA-MPs in a M-cell co-culture model. NA and NA-MPs induced high levels of IFN-γ and IL10 in naive mouse splenocytes and CCL20 expression in Caco-2. Repeated oral gavage of NA-MPs resulted in a modulated, allergen-specific immune response. In conclusion, NA has enhanced M-cell specificity compared to the other targeters. NA functionalized MPs induce a Th1 and T-regulatory driven immune response and avoid allergy effector cell activation. Therefore, it is a promising novel, orally applied formula for allergy therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne C Diesner
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Cornelia Bergmayr
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Xue-Yan Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Denise Heiden
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sarah Exenberger
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Franziska Roth-Walter
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria; The Interuniversity Messerli Research Institute of the University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University Vienna and University Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Philipp Starkl
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Davide Ret
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Isabella Pali-Schöll
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria; The Interuniversity Messerli Research Institute of the University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University Vienna and University Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Franz Gabor
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Eva Untersmayr
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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18
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Sehgal A, Donaldson DS, Pridans C, Sauter KA, Hume DA, Mabbott NA. The role of CSF1R-dependent macrophages in control of the intestinal stem-cell niche. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1272. [PMID: 29593242 PMCID: PMC5871851 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03638-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Colony-stimulating factor 1 (CSF1) controls the growth and differentiation of macrophages.CSF1R signaling has been implicated in the maintenance of the intestinal stem cell niche and differentiation of Paneth cells, but evidence of expression of CSF1R within the crypt is equivocal. Here we show that CSF1R-dependent macrophages influence intestinal epithelial differentiation and homeostasis. In the intestinal lamina propria CSF1R mRNA expression is restricted to macrophages which are intimately associated with the crypt epithelium, and is undetectable in Paneth cells. Macrophage ablation following CSF1R blockade affects Paneth cell differentiation and leads to a reduction of Lgr5+ intestinal stem cells. The disturbances to the crypt caused by macrophage depletion adversely affect the subsequent differentiation of intestinal epithelial cell lineages. Goblet cell density is enhanced, whereas the development of M cells in Peyer's patches is impeded. We suggest that modification of the phenotype or abundance of macrophages in the gut wall alters the development of the intestinal epithelium and the ability to sample gut antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuj Sehgal
- The Roslin Institute & Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - David S Donaldson
- The Roslin Institute & Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Clare Pridans
- The Roslin Institute & Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Kristin A Sauter
- The Roslin Institute & Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - David A Hume
- The Roslin Institute & Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
- Mater Research-University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, QL, 4102, Australia
| | - Neil A Mabbott
- The Roslin Institute & Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK.
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19
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Da Silva C, Wagner C, Bonnardel J, Gorvel JP, Lelouard H. The Peyer's Patch Mononuclear Phagocyte System at Steady State and during Infection. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1254. [PMID: 29038658 PMCID: PMC5630697 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut represents a potential entry site for a wide range of pathogens including protozoa, bacteria, viruses, or fungi. Consequently, it is protected by one of the largest and most diversified population of immune cells of the body. Its surveillance requires the constant sampling of its encounters by dedicated sentinels composed of follicles and their associated epithelium located in specialized area. In the small intestine, Peyer’s patches (PPs) are the most important of these mucosal immune response inductive sites. Through several mechanisms including transcytosis by specialized epithelial cells called M-cells, access to the gut lumen is facilitated in PPs. Although antigen sampling is critical to the initiation of the mucosal immune response, pathogens have evolved strategies to take advantage of this permissive gateway to enter the host and disseminate. It is, therefore, critical to decipher the mechanisms that underlie both host defense and pathogen subversive strategies in order to develop new mucosal-based therapeutic approaches. Whereas penetration of pathogens through M cells has been well described, their fate once they have reached the subepithelial dome (SED) remains less well understood. Nevertheless, it is clear that the mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS) plays a critical role in handling these pathogens. MPS members, including both dendritic cells and macrophages, are indeed strongly enriched in the SED, interact with M cells, and are necessary for antigen presentation to immune effector cells. This review focuses on recent advances, which have allowed distinguishing the different PP mononuclear phagocyte subsets. It gives an overview of their diversity, specificity, location, and functions. Interaction of PP phagocytes with the microbiota and the follicle-associated epithelium as well as PP infection studies are described in the light of these new criteria of PP phagocyte identification. Finally, known alterations affecting the different phagocyte subsets during PP stimulation or infection are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Camille Wagner
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille, France
| | - Johnny Bonnardel
- Laboratory of Myeloid Cell Ontogeny and Functional Specialisation, VIB Inflammation Research Center, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Hugues Lelouard
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille, France
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20
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CD11c+ T-bet+ memory B cells: Immune maintenance during chronic infection and inflammation? Cell Immunol 2017; 321:8-17. [PMID: 28838763 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2017.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
CD11c+ T-bet+ B cells have now been detected and characterized in different experimental and clinical settings, in both mice and humans. Whether such cells are monolithic, or define subsets of B cells with different functions is not yet known. Our studies have identified CD11c+ IgM+ CD19hi splenic IgM memory B cells that appear at approximately three weeks post-ehrlichial infection, and persist indefinitely, during low-level chronic infection. Although the CD11c+ T-bet+ B cells we have described are distinct, they appear to share many features with similar cells detected under diverse conditions, including viral infections, aging, and autoimmunity. We propose that CD11c+ T-bet+ B cells as a group share characteristics of memory B cells that are maintained under conditions of inflammation and/or low-level chronic antigen stimulation. In some cases, these cells may be advantageous, by providing immunity to re-infection, but in others may be deleterious, by contributing to aged-associated autoimmune responses.
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21
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Identification of subepithelial mesenchymal cells that induce IgA and diversify gut microbiota. Nat Immunol 2017; 18:675-682. [PMID: 28436956 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin A (IgA) maintains a symbiotic equilibrium with intestinal microbes. IgA induction in the gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALTs) is dependent on microbial sampling and cellular interaction in the subepithelial dome (SED). However it is unclear how IgA induction is predominantly initiated in the SED. Here we show that previously unrecognized mesenchymal cells in the SED of GALTs regulate bacteria-specific IgA production and diversify the gut microbiota. Mesenchymal cells expressing the cytokine RANKL directly interact with the gut epithelium to control CCL20 expression and microfold (M) cell differentiation. The deletion of mesenchymal RANKL impairs M cell-dependent antigen sampling and B cell-dendritic cell interaction in the SED, which results in a reduction in IgA production and a decrease in microbial diversity. Thus, the subepithelial mesenchymal cells that serve as M cell inducers have a fundamental role in the maintenance of intestinal immune homeostasis.
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22
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Faria AMC, Reis BS, Mucida D. Tissue adaptation: Implications for gut immunity and tolerance. J Exp Med 2017; 214:1211-1226. [PMID: 28432200 PMCID: PMC5413340 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20162014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Faria et al. discuss the concept that immune cells undergo specialized adaptation to tissue-specific conditions and its potential implications for tolerance and immunity. Tissue adaptation is an intrinsic component of immune cell development, influencing both resistance to pathogens and tolerance. Chronically stimulated surfaces of the body, in particular the gut mucosa, are the major sites where immune cells traffic and reside. Their adaptation to these environments requires constant discrimination between natural stimulation coming from harmless microbiota and food, and pathogens that need to be cleared. This review will focus on the adaptation of lymphocytes to the gut mucosa, a highly specialized environment that can help us understand the plasticity of leukocytes arriving at various tissue sites and how tissue-related factors operate to shape immune cell fate and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M C Faria
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065 .,Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270901, Brazil
| | - Bernardo S Reis
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Daniel Mucida
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
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23
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Kurashima Y, Kiyono H. Mucosal Ecological Network of Epithelium and Immune Cells for Gut Homeostasis and Tissue Healing. Annu Rev Immunol 2017; 35:119-147. [PMID: 28125357 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-051116-052424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal epithelial barrier includes columnar epithelial, Paneth, goblet, enteroendocrine, and tuft cells as well as other cell populations, all of which contribute properties essential for gastrointestinal homeostasis. The intestinal mucosa is covered by mucin, which contains antimicrobial peptides and secretory IgA and prevents luminal bacteria, fungi, and viruses from stimulating intestinal immune responses. Conversely, the transport of luminal microorganisms-mediated by M, dendritic, and goblet cells-into intestinal tissues facilitates the harmonization of active and quiescent mucosal immune responses. The bacterial population within gut-associated lymphoid tissues creates the intratissue cohabitations for harmonized mucosal immunity. Intermolecular and intercellular communication among epithelial, immune, and mesenchymal cells creates an environment conducive for epithelial regeneration and mucosal healing. This review summarizes the so-called intestinal mucosal ecological network-the complex but vital molecular and cellular interactions of epithelial mesenchymal cells, immune cells, and commensal microbiota that achieve intestinal homeostasis, regeneration, and healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Kurashima
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan; .,International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.,Institute for Global Prominent Research, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan.,Department of Mucosal Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan.,Department of Innovative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan.,Chiba University-UC San Diego Center for Mucosal Immunology, Allergy, and Vaccine, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Hiroshi Kiyono
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan; .,International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.,Chiba University-UC San Diego Center for Mucosal Immunology, Allergy, and Vaccine, La Jolla, CA 92093.,Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
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24
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Sehgal A, Kobayashi A, Donaldson DS, Mabbott NA. c-Rel is dispensable for the differentiation and functional maturation of M cells in the follicle-associated epithelium. Immunobiology 2016; 222:316-326. [PMID: 27663963 PMCID: PMC5152706 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2016.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
M cells reside within the follicle-associated epithelium (FAE) overlying the gut-associated lymphoid tissues. These unique phagocytic epithelial cells enable the mucosal immune system to sample antigens within the lumen of the intestine. The differentiation of M cells from uncommitted precursors in the FAE is dependent on the production of receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) by subepithelial stromal cells. The ligation of a variety of cell surface receptors activates the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) family of transcription factors which in-turn induce the transcription of multiple target genes. RANKL-stimulation can stimulate the nuclear translocation of the NF-κB subunit c-Rel. We therefore used c-Rel-deficient mice to determine whether the differentiation and functional maturation of M cells in the Peyer's patches was dependent on c-Rel. Our data show that c-Rel-deficiency does not influence the expression of RANKL or RANK in Peyer's patches, or the induction of M-cell differentiation in the FAE. RANKL-stimulation in the differentiating M cells induces the expression of SpiB which is essential for their subsequent maturation. However, SpiB expression in the FAE was also unaffected in the absence of c-Rel. As a consequence, the functional maturation of M cells was not impaired in the Peyer's patches of c-Rel-deficient mice. Although our data showed that the specific expression of CCL20 and ubiquitin D in the FAE was not impeded in the absence of c-Rel, the expression of ubiquitin D was dramatically reduced in the B cell-follicles of c-Rel-deficient mice. Coincident with this, we also observed that the status of follicular dendritic cells in the B cell-follicles was dramatically reduced in Peyer's patches from c-Rel-deficient mice. Taken together, our data show that c-Rel is dispensable for the RANKL-mediated differentiation and functional maturation of M cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuj Sehgal
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Atsushi Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - David S Donaldson
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Neil A Mabbott
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK.
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25
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Reboldi A, Arnon TI, Rodda LB, Atakilit A, Sheppard D, Cyster JG. IgA production requires B cell interaction with subepithelial dendritic cells in Peyer's patches. Science 2016; 352:aaf4822. [PMID: 27174992 PMCID: PMC4890166 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaf4822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin A (IgA) induction primarily occurs in intestinal Peyer's patches (PPs). However, the cellular interactions necessary for IgA class switching are poorly defined. Here we show that in mice, activated B cells use the chemokine receptor CCR6 to access the subepithelial dome (SED) of PPs. There, B cells undergo prolonged interactions with SED dendritic cells (DCs). PP IgA class switching requires innate lymphoid cells, which promote lymphotoxin-β receptor (LTβR)-dependent maintenance of DCs. PP DCs augment IgA production by integrin αvβ8-mediated activation of transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ). In mice where B cells cannot access the SED, IgA responses against oral antigen and gut commensals are impaired. These studies establish the PP SED as a niche supporting DC-B cell interactions needed for TGFβ activation and induction of mucosal IgA responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Reboldi
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| | - Tal I Arnon
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Lauren B Rodda
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Amha Atakilit
- Lung Biology Center, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, 1550 4th Street, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Dean Sheppard
- Lung Biology Center, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, 1550 4th Street, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Jason G Cyster
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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26
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Abstract
Secondary lymphoid tissues share the important function of bringing together antigens and rare antigen-specific lymphocytes to foster induction of adaptive immune responses. Peyer's patches (PPs) are unique compared to other secondary lymphoid tissues in their continual exposure to an enormous diversity of microbiome- and food-derived antigens and in the types of pathogens they encounter. Antigens are delivered to PPs by specialized microfold (M) epithelial cells and they may be captured and presented by resident dendritic cells (DCs). In accord with their state of chronic microbial antigen exposure, PPs exhibit continual germinal center (GC) activity. These GCs not only contribute to the generation of B cells and plasma cells producing somatically mutated gut antigen-specific IgA antibodies but have also been suggested to support non-specific antigen diversification of the B-cell repertoire. Here, we review current understanding of how PPs foster B-cell encounters with antigen, how they favor isotype switching to the secretory IgA isotype, and how their GC responses may uniquely contribute to mucosal immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Reboldi
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jason G Cyster
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Epithelium-Intrinsic MicroRNAs Contribute to Mucosal Immune Homeostasis by Promoting M-Cell Maturation. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150379. [PMID: 26930511 PMCID: PMC4773159 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
M cells in the follicle-associated epithelium (FAE) of Peyer’s patches (PPs) serve as a main portal for external antigens and function as a sentinel in mucosal immune responses. The scarcity of these cells has hampered identification of M cell-specific molecules. Recent efforts have begun to provide insight into antigen transcytosis and differentiation of M cells; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying these processes are not fully elucidated. Small non-coding RNAs including microRNA (miRNA) have been reported to regulate gene expression and control various biological processes such as cellular differentiation and function. To evaluate the expression of miRNAs in FAE, including M cells, we previously performed microarray analysis comparing intestinal villous epithelium (VE) and PP FAE. Here we confirmed FAE specific miRNA expression levels by quantitative PCR. To gain insight into miRNA function, we generated mice with intestinal epithelial cell-specific deletion of Dicer1 (DicerΔIEC) and analyzed intestinal phenotypes, including M-cell differentiation, morphology and function. DicerΔIEC mice had a marked decrease in M cells compared to control floxed Dicer mice, suggesting an essential role of miRNAs in maturation of these cells. Furthermore, transmission electron microscopic analysis revealed that depletion of miRNA caused the loss of endosomal structures in M cells. In addition, antigen uptake by M cells was impaired in DicerΔIEC mice. These results suggest that miRNAs play a significant role in M cell differentiation and help secure mucosal immune homeostasis.
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28
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Ohno H. Intestinal M cells. J Biochem 2015; 159:151-60. [PMID: 26634447 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvv121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We have an enormous number of commensal bacteria in our intestine, moreover, the foods that we ingest and the water we drink is sometimes contaminated with pathogenic microorganisms. The intestinal epithelium is always exposed to such microbes, friend or foe, so to contain them our gut is equipped with specialized gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT), literally the largest peripheral lymphoid tissue in the body. GALT is the intestinal immune inductive site composed of lymphoid follicles such as Peyer's patches. M cells are a subset of intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) residing in the region of the epithelium covering GALT lymphoid follicles. Although the vast majority of IEC function to absorb nutrients from the intestine, M cells are highly specialized to take up intestinal microbial antigens and deliver them to GALT for efficient mucosal as well as systemic immune responses. I will discuss recent advances in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of M-cell differentiation and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Ohno
- Laboratory for Intestinal Ecosystem, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, 1-7-22 Suehiro, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
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29
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Davitt CJ, Lavelle EC. Delivery strategies to enhance oral vaccination against enteric infections. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2015; 91:52-69. [PMID: 25817337 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2015.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Revised: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
While the majority of human pathogens infect the body through mucosal sites, most licensed vaccines are injectable. In fact the only mucosal vaccine that has been widely used globally for infant and childhood vaccination programs is the oral polio vaccine (OPV) developed by Albert Sabin in the 1950s. While oral vaccines against Cholera, rotavirus and Salmonella typhi have also been licensed, the development of additional non-living oral vaccines against these and other enteric pathogens has been slow and challenging. Mucosal vaccines can elicit protective immunity at the gut mucosa, in part via antigen-specific secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA). However, despite their advantages over the injectable route, oral vaccines face many hurdles. A key challenge lies in design of delivery strategies that can protect antigens from degradation in the stomach and intestine, incorporate appropriate immune-stimulatory adjuvants and control release at the appropriate gastrointestinal site. A number of systems including micro and nanoparticles, lipid-based strategies and enteric capsules have significant potential either alone or in advanced combined formulations to enhance intestinal immune responses. In this review we will outline the opportunities, challenges and potential delivery solutions to facilitate the development of improved oral vaccines for infectious enteric diseases.
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30
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Mabbott NA, Kobayashi A, Sehgal A, Bradford BM, Pattison M, Donaldson DS. Aging and the mucosal immune system in the intestine. Biogerontology 2015; 16:133-45. [PMID: 24705962 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-014-9498-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial and viral infections of the gastrointestinal tract are more common in the elderly and represent a major cause of morbidity and mortality. The mucosal immune system provides the first line of defence against pathogens acquired by ingestion and inhalation, but its function is adversely affected in the elderly. This aging-related decline in the immune function is termed immunosenescence and is associated with diminished abilities to generate protective immunity, reduced vaccine efficacy, increased incidence of cancer, inflammation and autoimmunity, and the impaired ability to generate tolerance to harmless antigens. In this review we describe our current understanding of the effects immunosenescence has on the innate and adaptive arms of the mucosal immune system in the intestine. Current estimates suggest that by the year 2050 up to 40% of the UK population will be over 65 years old, bringing with it important health challenges. A thorough understanding of the mechanisms that contribute to the development of immunosenescence is therefore crucial to help identify novel approaches to improve mucosal immunity in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil A Mabbott
- The Roslin Institute & Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK,
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31
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KIYONO H, AZEGAMI T. The mucosal immune system: From dentistry to vaccine development. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2015; 91:423-39. [PMID: 26460320 PMCID: PMC4729857 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.91.423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The oral cavity is the beginning of the aero-digestive tract, which is covered by mucosal epithelium continuously under the threat of invasion of pathogens, it is thus protected by the mucosal immune system. In the early phase of our scientific efforts for the demonstration of mucosal immune system, dental science was one of major driving forces due to their foreseeability to use oral immunity for the control of oral diseases. The mucosal immune system is divided functionally into, but interconnected inductive and effector sites. Intestinal Peyer's patches (PPs) are an inductive site containing antigen-sampling M cells and immunocompetent cells required to initiate antigen-specific immune responses. At effector sites, PP-originated antigen-specific IgA B cells become plasma cells to produce polymeric IgA and form secretory IgA by binding to poly-Ig receptor expressed on epithelial cells for protective immunity. The development of new-generation mucosal vaccines, including the rice-based oral vaccine MucoRice, on the basis of the coordinated mucosal immune system is a promising strategy for the control of mucosal infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi KIYONO
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Correspondence should be addressed: H. Kiyono, Division of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan (e-mail: )
| | - Tatsuhiko AZEGAMI
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
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32
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Fujimoto K, Fujii G, Sakurai H, Yoshitome H, Mutoh M, Wada M. Intestinal Peyer's patches prevent tumorigenesis in Apc (Min/+) mice. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2014; 56:43-8. [PMID: 25678750 PMCID: PMC4306656 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.14-115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Peyer’s patches are nodules that play a central role in intestinal immunity. Few studies demonstrate the relationship between the number of Peyer’s patches and intestinal polyps. Here we identify a statistically significant inverse correlation between the quantity of Peyer’s patches and of the development of intestinal polyps in ApcMin/+ mice, which are a useful model to clarify the role of Peyer’s patches in intestinal tumorigenesis. Using this model, we increased the number of Peyer’s patches using 0.1% and 1% corn husk arabinoxylan through feed. Intestinal polyp formation significantly decreased, concomitant with an increase in Peyer’s patches development (n = 12/group). In Aly−/−ApcMin/+ mice (negative control; no Peyer’s patches) there was no change in the amount of intestinal polyps (n = 10/group). Immune reaction following corn husk arabinoxylan treatment was measured by cytokine array. Increasing the number of Peyer’s patches decreased interleukin-17 production, which showed a dose dependent correlation with transcription factor/lymphoid enhancer-binding factor. This study identified a relationship between levels of Peyer’s patches and intestinal polyp formation, partly explained by the involvement of interleukin-17 production and β-catenin signaling in ApcMin/+ mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Fujimoto
- Division of Molecular Biology, Nagasaki International University, 2825-7 Huis Ten Bosch, Sasebo-shi, Nagasaki 859-3298, Japan
| | - Gen Fujii
- Division of Cancer Prevention Research, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Hitomi Sakurai
- Division of Molecular Biology, Nagasaki International University, 2825-7 Huis Ten Bosch, Sasebo-shi, Nagasaki 859-3298, Japan
| | - Hiroko Yoshitome
- Division of Molecular Biology, Nagasaki International University, 2825-7 Huis Ten Bosch, Sasebo-shi, Nagasaki 859-3298, Japan
| | - Michihiro Mutoh
- Division of Cancer Prevention Research, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Morimasa Wada
- Division of Molecular Biology, Nagasaki International University, 2825-7 Huis Ten Bosch, Sasebo-shi, Nagasaki 859-3298, Japan
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33
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Kanaya T, Ohno H. The Mechanisms of M-cell Differentiation. BIOSCIENCE OF MICROBIOTA FOOD AND HEALTH 2014; 33:91-7. [PMID: 25032083 PMCID: PMC4098651 DOI: 10.12938/bmfh.33.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal M (microfold or membranous) cells are an enigmatic lineage of intestinal epithelial cells that initiate mucosal immune responses through the uptake and transcytosis of luminal antigens. Due to their rarity, the mechanisms of M-cell function and differentiation are poorly understood. To overcome this problem, experimental strategies to enrich for M-cells have been established. Transcriptome analyses have provided valuable insight, especially on the receptors for antigen uptake, and such studies have broadened our knowledge of M-cell function. In another line of investigation, we and others have begun to dissect the molecular pathways of M-cell differentiation. Among them, receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) has been identified as an essential factor for M-cell differentiation. We have focused on the M-cell inducible activity of RANKL and have been able to observe temporal transitions during M-cell differentiation by using in vivo ectopic M-cell differentiation induced by exogenous RANKL treatment. We have found that the ets-family transcription factor Spi-B is essential for functional maturation of M cells. In the absence of Spi-B, the immune response to Salmonella Typhimurium is severely impaired, suggesting that M cells are important for maintaining intestinal homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Kanaya
- Laboratory for Intestinal Ecosystem, RCAI, Riken Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS-RCAI), 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ohno
- Laboratory for Intestinal Ecosystem, RCAI, Riken Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS-RCAI), 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
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34
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Randall TD, Mebius RE. The development and function of mucosal lymphoid tissues: a balancing act with micro-organisms. Mucosal Immunol 2014; 7:455-66. [PMID: 24569801 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2014.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mucosal surfaces are constantly exposed to environmental antigens, colonized by commensal organisms and used by pathogens as points of entry. As a result, the immune system has devoted the bulk of its resources to mucosal sites to maintain symbiosis with commensal organisms, prevent pathogen entry, and avoid unnecessary inflammatory responses to innocuous antigens. These functions are facilitated by a variety of mucosal lymphoid organs that develop during embryogenesis in the absence of microbial stimulation as well as ectopic lymphoid tissues that develop in adults following microbial exposure or inflammation. Each of these lymphoid organs samples antigens from different mucosal sites and contributes to immune homeostasis, commensal containment, and immunity to pathogens. Here we discuss the mechanisms, mostly based on mouse studies, that control the development of mucosal lymphoid organs and how the various lymphoid tissues cooperate to maintain the integrity of the mucosal barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- T D Randall
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham Alabama, USA
| | - R E Mebius
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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35
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Ahlawat S, De Jesus M, Khare K, Cole RA, Mantis NJ. Three-dimensional reconstruction of murine Peyer's patches from immunostained cryosections. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2014; 20:198-205. [PMID: 24182520 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927613013640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Peyer's patches, macroscopic aggregates of lymphoid follicles present throughout the small intestines of humans and other mammals, are considered the gateway through which luminal dietary antigens and microbes are sampled by the mucosal immune system. The cellular make-up of Peyer's patch lymphoid follicles is not only complex, but highly dynamic, as there are at least four major cell types that are known to migrate in response to antigenic stimulation. In an effort to capture the complexity and dynamic nature of this specialized tissue, here we report the three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction of immunofluorescent-labeled mouse Peyer's patch cryosections. The technology that enabled the stacking and linear blending of serial cryosections was a novel macro for Fiji, the open source image-processing package based on ImageJ. By simultaneously labeling cryosections for surface markers CD45R, CD3, and CD11c, we provide a 3D image as well as quantitative measures of B-cell, T-cell, and dendritic cell populations at steady state and following exposure to the mucosal adjuvant cholera toxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarita Ahlawat
- New York State Department of Health, Wadsworth Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Magdia De Jesus
- New York State Department of Health, Wadsworth Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Kedar Khare
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110 016, India
| | - Richard A Cole
- Advanced Light Microscopy Core, New York State Department of Health, Wadsworth Center, Albany, NY 12201, USA
| | - Nicholas J Mantis
- New York State Department of Health, Wadsworth Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, Albany, NY 12208, USA
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36
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Bachelerie F, Ben-Baruch A, Burkhardt AM, Combadiere C, Farber JM, Graham GJ, Horuk R, Sparre-Ulrich AH, Locati M, Luster AD, Mantovani A, Matsushima K, Murphy PM, Nibbs R, Nomiyama H, Power CA, Proudfoot AEI, Rosenkilde MM, Rot A, Sozzani S, Thelen M, Yoshie O, Zlotnik A. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. [corrected]. LXXXIX. Update on the extended family of chemokine receptors and introducing a new nomenclature for atypical chemokine receptors. Pharmacol Rev 2013; 66:1-79. [PMID: 24218476 DOI: 10.1124/pr.113.007724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 653] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sixteen years ago, the Nomenclature Committee of the International Union of Pharmacology approved a system for naming human seven-transmembrane (7TM) G protein-coupled chemokine receptors, the large family of leukocyte chemoattractant receptors that regulates immune system development and function, in large part by mediating leukocyte trafficking. This was announced in Pharmacological Reviews in a major overview of the first decade of research in this field [Murphy PM, Baggiolini M, Charo IF, Hébert CA, Horuk R, Matsushima K, Miller LH, Oppenheim JJ, and Power CA (2000) Pharmacol Rev 52:145-176]. Since then, several new receptors have been discovered, and major advances have been made for the others in many areas, including structural biology, signal transduction mechanisms, biology, and pharmacology. New and diverse roles have been identified in infection, immunity, inflammation, development, cancer, and other areas. The first two drugs acting at chemokine receptors have been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), maraviroc targeting CCR5 in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/AIDS, and plerixafor targeting CXCR4 for stem cell mobilization for transplantation in cancer, and other candidates are now undergoing pivotal clinical trials for diverse disease indications. In addition, a subfamily of atypical chemokine receptors has emerged that may signal through arrestins instead of G proteins to act as chemokine scavengers, and many microbial and invertebrate G protein-coupled chemokine receptors and soluble chemokine-binding proteins have been described. Here, we review this extended family of chemokine receptors and chemokine-binding proteins at the basic, translational, and clinical levels, including an update on drug development. We also introduce a new nomenclature for atypical chemokine receptors with the stem ACKR (atypical chemokine receptor) approved by the Nomenclature Committee of the International Union of Pharmacology and the Human Genome Nomenclature Committee.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francoise Bachelerie
- Chair, Subcommittee on Chemokine Receptors, Nomenclature Committee-International Union of Pharmacology, Bldg. 10, Room 11N113, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892.
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37
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The functional maturation of M cells is dramatically reduced in the Peyer's patches of aged mice. Mucosal Immunol 2013; 6:1027-37. [PMID: 23360902 PMCID: PMC3747980 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2012.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The transcytosis of antigens across the follicle-associated epithelium (FAE) of Peyer's patches by microfold cells (M cells) is important for the induction of efficient immune responses to mucosal antigens. The mucosal immune response is compromised by ageing, but effects on M cells were unknown. We show that M-cell density in the FAE of aged mice was dramatically reduced. As a consequence, aged Peyer's patches were significantly deficient in their ability to transcytose particulate lumenal antigen across the FAE. Ageing specifically impaired the expression of Spi-B and the downstream functional maturation of M cells. Ageing also dramatically impaired C-C motif chemokine ligand 20 expression by the FAE. As a consequence, fewer B cells were attracted towards the FAE, potentially reducing their ability to promote M-cell maturation. Our study demonstrates that ageing dramatically impedes the functional maturation of M cells, revealing an important ageing-related defect in the mucosal immune system's ability to sample lumenal antigens.
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38
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Lee AYS, Eri R, Lyons AB, Grimm MC, Korner H. CC Chemokine Ligand 20 and Its Cognate Receptor CCR6 in Mucosal T Cell Immunology and Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Odd Couple or Axis of Evil? Front Immunol 2013; 4:194. [PMID: 23874340 PMCID: PMC3711275 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokines and their cognate receptors have been identified as major factors initiating and governing cell movement and interaction. These ligands and their receptors are expressed on a wide variety of cells and act during steady-state migration as well as inflammatory recruitment. CCR6 is a non-promiscuous chemokine receptor that has only one known chemokine ligand, CCL20, and is present on B and T cells as well as dendritic cells (DCs). Two CD4+ T cell populations with opposing functions present in the intestines and the mesenteric lymph nodes express CCR6: the pro-inflammatory TH17 and regulatory Treg cells. CCL20 is also present in the intestine and is strongly up-regulated after an inflammatory stimulus. Interestingly, this ligand is also expressed by TH17 cells, which opens up the possibility of autocrine/paracrine signaling and, consequently, a self-perpetuating cycle of recruitment, thereby promoting inflammation. Recently, CCR6 has been implicated in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) by genome wide association studies which showed an association between SNPs in the genomic region of the CCR6 gene and the inflammation. Furthermore, recent research targeting the biological function of CCR6 indicates a significant role for this chemokine receptor in the development of chronic IBD. It is therefore possible that IBD is facilitated by a disordered regulation of TH17 and Treg cells due to a disruption in the CCL20-CCR6 axis and consequently disturbed mucosal homeostasis. This review will summarize the literature on CCL20-CCR6 in mucosal immunology and will analyze the role this receptor-ligand axis has in chronic IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Y S Lee
- Menzies Research Institute Tasmania, University of Tasmania , Hobart, TAS , Australia ; School of Medicine, University of Tasmania , Hobart, TAS , Australia
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Microfold (M) cells: important immunosurveillance posts in the intestinal epithelium. Mucosal Immunol 2013; 6:666-77. [PMID: 23695511 PMCID: PMC3686595 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2013.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 439] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The transcytosis of antigens across the gut epithelium by microfold cells (M cells) is important for the induction of efficient immune responses to some mucosal antigens in Peyer's patches. Recently, substantial progress has been made in our understanding of the factors that influence the development and function of M cells. This review highlights these important advances, with particular emphasis on: the host genes which control the functional maturation of M cells; how this knowledge has led to the rapid advance in our understanding of M-cell biology in the steady state and during aging; molecules expressed on M cells which appear to be used as "immunosurveillance" receptors to sample pathogenic microorganisms in the gut; how certain pathogens appear to exploit M cells to infect the host; and finally how this knowledge has been used to specifically target antigens to M cells to attempt to improve the efficacy of mucosal vaccines.
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40
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Sato S, Kaneto S, Shibata N, Takahashi Y, Okura H, Yuki Y, Kunisawa J, Kiyono H. Transcription factor Spi-B-dependent and -independent pathways for the development of Peyer's patch M cells. Mucosal Immunol 2013; 6:838-46. [PMID: 23212199 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2012.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Although many of the biological features of microfold cells (M cells) have been known for many years, the molecular mechanisms of M-cell development and antigen recognition have remained unclear. Here, we report that Umod is a novel M-cell-specific gene, the translation products of which might contribute to the uptake function of M cells. Transcription factor Spi-B was also specifically expressed in M cells among non-hematopoietic lineages. Spi-B-deficient mice showed reduced expression of most, but not all, other M-cell-specific genes and M-cell surface markers. Whereas uptake of Salmonella Typhimurium via M cells was obviously reduced in Spi-B-deficient mice, the abundance of intratissue cohabiting bacteria was comparable between wild-type and Spi-B-deficient mice. These data indicate that there is a small M-cell population with developmental regulation that is Spi-B independent; however, Spi-B is probably a candidate master regulator of M-cell functional maturation and development by another pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sato
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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41
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Faria AMC, Gomes-Santos AC, Gonçalves JL, Moreira TG, Medeiros SR, Dourado LPA, Cara DC. Food components and the immune system: from tonic agents to allergens. Front Immunol 2013; 4:102. [PMID: 23730302 PMCID: PMC3656403 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 04/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal mucosa is the major site of contact with antigens, and it houses the largest lymphoid tissue in the body. In physiological conditions, microbiota and dietary antigens are the natural sources of stimulation for the gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALT) and for the immune system as a whole. Germ-free models have provided some insights on the immunological role of gut antigens. However, most of the GALT is not located in the large intestine, where gut microbiota is prominent. It is concentrated in the small intestine where protein absorption takes place. In this review, we will address the involvement of food components in the development and the function of the immune system. Studies in mice have already shown that dietary proteins are critical elements for the developmental shift of the immature neonatal immune profile into a fully developed immune system. The immunological effects of other food components (such as vitamins and lipids) will also be addressed. Most of the cells in the GALT are activated and local pro-inflammatory mediators are abundant. Regulatory elements are known to provide a delicate yet robust balance that maintains gut homeostasis. Usually antigenic contact in the gut induces two major immune responses, oral tolerance and production of secretory IgA. However, under pathological conditions mucosal homeostasis is disturbed resulting in inflammatory reactions such as food hypersensitivity. Food allergy development depends on many factors such as genetic predisposition, biochemical features of allergens, and a growing array of environmental elements. Neuroimmune interactions are also implicated in food allergy and they are examples of the high complexity of the phenomenon. Recent findings on the gut circuits triggered by food components will be reviewed to show that, far beyond their role as nutrients, they are critical players in the operation of the immune system in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Maria Caetano Faria
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil ; Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia (iii) São Paulo, Brazil
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42
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Modulation of chemokine expression on intestinal epithelial cells by Kampo (traditional Japanese herbal) medicine, Hochuekkito, and its active ingredients. J Nat Med 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11418-012-0724-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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43
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Schulz O, Pabst O. Antigen sampling in the small intestine. Trends Immunol 2012; 34:155-61. [PMID: 23083727 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2012.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Revised: 09/17/2012] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Active sampling of intestinal antigen initiates regulated immune responses that ensure intestinal homeostasis. Several specialized mechanisms transport luminal antigen across the gut epithelium. Epithelium overlying lymphoid compartments is equipped with transcytotic microfold (M) cells that transport particulate material either directly or with the help of dendritic cells (DCs). By contrast, normal villous epithelium transports antigen by means of antigen-shuttling receptors together with phagocytes that scan the gut epithelium and potentially the gut lumen. Here, we examine recent insights into the nature of the epithelial and immune cell types involved in antigen uptake and describe how the process of antigen transport has been visualized by intravital microscopy. These new findings might help optimize antigen delivery systems for mucosal vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Schulz
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
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44
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Kobayashi A, Donaldson DS, Kanaya T, Fukuda S, Baillie JK, Freeman TC, Ohno H, Williams IR, Mabbott NA. Identification of novel genes selectively expressed in the follicle-associated epithelium from the meta-analysis of transcriptomics data from multiple mouse cell and tissue populations. DNA Res 2012; 19:407-22. [PMID: 22991451 PMCID: PMC3473373 DOI: 10.1093/dnares/dss022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 08/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The follicle-associated epithelium (FAE) overlying the Peyer's patches and the microfold cells (M cells) within it are important sites of antigen transcytosis across the intestinal epithelium. Using a meta-analysis approach, we identified a transcriptional signature that distinguished the FAE from a large collection of mouse cells and tissues. A co-expressed cluster of 21 FAE-specific genes was identified, and the analysis of the transcription factor binding site motifs in their promoter regions indicated that these genes shared an underlying transcriptional programme. This cluster contained known FAE- (Anxa10, Ccl20, Psg18 and Ubd) and M-cell-specific (Gp2) genes, suggesting that the others were novel FAE-specific genes. Some of these novel candidate genes were expressed highly by the FAE and M cells (Calcb, Ces3b, Clca2 and Gjb2), and others only by the FAE (Ascl2, Cftr, Fgf15, Gpr133, Kcna1, Kcnj15, Mycl1, Pgap1 and Rps6kl). We also identified a subset of novel FAE-related genes that were induced in the intestinal epithelium after receptor activator of nuclear factor (NF)-κB ligand stimulation. These included Mfge8 which was specific to FAE enterocytes. This study provides new insight into the FAE transcriptome. Further characterization of the candidate genes identified here will aid the identification of novel regulators of cell function in the FAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Kobayashi
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
- Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - David S. Donaldson
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Takashi Kanaya
- Research Center for Allergy and Immunology (RCAI), RIKEN, 1-7-22 Suehiro, Tsurumi, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Shinji Fukuda
- Research Center for Allergy and Immunology (RCAI), RIKEN, 1-7-22 Suehiro, Tsurumi, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - J. Kenneth Baillie
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Tom C. Freeman
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Hiroshi Ohno
- Research Center for Allergy and Immunology (RCAI), RIKEN, 1-7-22 Suehiro, Tsurumi, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Ifor R. Williams
- Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Whitehead Bldg. 105D, 615 Michael St., Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Neil A. Mabbott
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
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45
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The Ets transcription factor Spi-B is essential for the differentiation of intestinal microfold cells. Nat Immunol 2012; 13:729-36. [PMID: 22706340 PMCID: PMC3704196 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2012] [Accepted: 05/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal microfold cells (M cells) are an enigmatic lineage of intestinal epithelial cells that initiate mucosal immune responses through the uptake and transcytosis of luminal antigens. The mechanisms of M-cell differentiation are poorly understood, as the rarity of these cells has hampered analysis. Exogenous administration of the cytokine RANKL can synchronously activate M-cell differentiation in mice. Here we show the Ets transcription factor Spi-B was induced early during M-cell differentiation. Absence of Spi-B silenced the expression of various M-cell markers and prevented the differentiation of M cells in mice. The activation of T cells via an oral route was substantially impaired in the intestine of Spi-B-deficient (Spib(-/-)) mice. Our study demonstrates that commitment to the intestinal M-cell lineage requires Spi-B as a candidate master regulator.
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Goto Y, Kiyono H. Epithelial barrier: an interface for the cross-communication between gut flora and immune system. Immunol Rev 2012; 245:147-63. [PMID: 22168418 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2011.01078.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Large numbers of environmental antigens, including commensal bacteria and food-derived antigens, constitutively interact with the epithelial layer of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Commensal bacteria peacefully cohabit with the host GI tract and exert multiple beneficial or destructive effects on their host. Intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) constitute the first physical and immunological protective wall against invasive pathogens and a cohabitation niche for commensal bacteria. As the physiological homeostasis of IECs is maintained by multiple biological processes such as apoptosis, autophagy, and the handling of endoplasmic reticulum stress, the aberrant kinetics of these biological events, which have genetic and environmental causes, leads to the development of host intestinal pathogenesis such as inflammatory bowel disease. In addition, IECs recognize and interact with commensal bacteria and give instructions to mucosal immune cells to initiate an immunological balance between active and quiescent conditions, eventually establishing intestinal homeostasis. The mucosal immune system regulates the homeostasis of gut microbiota by producing immunological molecules such as secretory immunoglobulin A, the production of which is mediated by IECs. IECs therefore play a central role in the creation and maintenance of a physiologically and immunologically stable intestinal environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiyuki Goto
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Abstract
Many prion diseases are orally acquired. Our data show that after oral exposure, early prion replication upon follicular dendritic cells (FDC) in Peyer's patches is obligatory for the efficient spread of disease to the brain (termed neuroinvasion). For prions to replicate on FDC within Peyer's patches after ingestion of a contaminated meal, they must first cross the gut epithelium. However, the mechanism through which prions are conveyed into Peyer's patches is uncertain. Within the follicle-associated epithelium overlying Peyer's patches are microfold cells (M cells), unique epithelial cells specialized for the transcytosis of particles. We show that following M cell-depletion, early prion accumulation upon FDC in Peyer's patches is blocked. Furthermore, in the absence of M cells at the time of oral exposure, neuroinvasion and disease development are likewise blocked. These data suggest M cells are important sites of prion uptake from the gut lumen into Peyer's patches.
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