1
|
Hemann EA, Knoll ML, Wilkins CR, Subra C, Green R, García-Sastre A, Thomas PG, Trautmann L, Ireton RC, Loo YM, Gale M. A Small Molecule RIG-I Agonist Serves as an Adjuvant to Induce Broad Multifaceted Influenza Virus Vaccine Immunity. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 210:1247-1256. [PMID: 36939421 PMCID: PMC10149148 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2023]
Abstract
Retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) is essential for activating host cell innate immunity to regulate the immune response against many RNA viruses. We previously identified that a small molecule compound, KIN1148, led to the activation of IFN regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) and served to enhance protection against influenza A virus (IAV) A/California/04/2009 infection. We have now determined direct binding of KIN1148 to RIG-I to drive expression of IFN regulatory factor 3 and NF-κB target genes, including specific immunomodulatory cytokines and chemokines. Intriguingly, KIN1148 does not lead to ATPase activity or compete with ATP for binding but activates RIG-I to induce antiviral gene expression programs distinct from type I IFN treatment. When administered in combination with a vaccine against IAV, KIN1148 induces both neutralizing Ab and IAV-specific T cell responses compared with vaccination alone, which induces comparatively poor responses. This robust KIN1148-adjuvanted immune response protects mice from lethal A/California/04/2009 and H5N1 IAV challenge. Importantly, KIN1148 also augments human CD8+ T cell activation. Thus, we have identified a small molecule RIG-I agonist that serves as an effective adjuvant in inducing noncanonical RIG-I activation for induction of innate immune programs that enhance adaptive immune protection of antiviral vaccination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily A. Hemann
- Department of Immunology, Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Megan L. Knoll
- Department of Immunology, Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Courtney R. Wilkins
- Department of Immunology, Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Caroline Subra
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, and the U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Richard Green
- Department of Immunology, Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Department of Microbiology, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, The Tisch Cancer Institute, Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Paul G. Thomas
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Lydie Trautmann
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, and the U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Renee C. Ireton
- Department of Immunology, Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Yueh-Ming Loo
- Department of Immunology, Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Michael Gale
- Department of Immunology, Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Dong L, Cao Y, Hou Y, Liu G. N 6 -methyladenosine RNA methylation: A novel regulator of the development and function of immune cells. J Cell Physiol 2021; 237:329-345. [PMID: 34515345 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
N6 -methyladenosine (m6 A) RNA methylation is a reversible posttranscriptional modification in eukaryotes involving three types of functional proteins: "writers", "erasers", and "readers". m6 A regulates the metabolism of messenger RNAs and noncoding RNAs through RNA structure, splicing, stability, export, and translation, thereby participating in various physiological and pathological processes. Here, we summarize the current state of m6 A methylation researches, focusing on how these modifications modulate the fate decisions of innate and adaptive immune cells and regulate immune responses in immune-associated diseases, including viral infections and cancer. These studies showed that m6 A modifications and m6 A modifying proteins play a critical role in pathogen recognition, immune cell activation, immune cell fate decisions, and immune reactions. m6 A is a novel regulator of immune system homeostasis and activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Dong
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, Ministry of Education, Department of Biology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yejin Cao
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, Ministry of Education, Department of Biology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yueru Hou
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, Ministry of Education, Department of Biology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Guangwei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, Ministry of Education, Department of Biology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Gupta S, Mishra KP, Gupta R, Singh SB. Andrographolide - A prospective remedy for chikungunya fever and viral arthritis. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 99:108045. [PMID: 34435582 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIM Andrographolide, the major bioactive compound of the plant Andrographis paniculata, exerts anti-inflammatory, cyto-, neuro- and hepato-protective effects. Traditional remedies for infectious diseases include A. paniculata for maladies like fever, pain, rashes which are associated with chikungunya and other arboviral diseases. Since andrographolide and A. paniculata have potent antiviral properties, the present review aims to provide a comprehensive report of symptoms and immunological molecules involved in chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infection and the therapeutic role of andrographolide in the mitigation of chikungunya and associated symptoms. MATERIALS AND METHODS Studies on the therapeutic role of A. paniculata and andrographolide in chikungunya and other viral infections published between 1991 and 2021 were searched on various databases. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The havoc created by chikungunya is due to the associated debilitating symptoms including arthralgia and myalgia which sometimes remains for years. The authors reviewed and summarized the various symptoms and immunological molecules related to CHIKV replication and associated inflammation, oxidative and unfolded protein stress, apoptosis and arthritis. Additionally, the authors suggested andrographolide as a remedy for chikungunya and other arboviral infections by highlighting its role in the regulation of molecules involved in unfolded protein response pathway, immunomodulation, inflammation, virus multiplication, oxidative stress, apoptosis and arthritis. CONCLUSION The present review demonstrated the major complications associated with chikungunya and the role of andrographolide in alleviating the chikungunya associated symptoms to encourage further investigations using this promising compound towards early development of an anti-CHIKV drug. Chemical Compound studied: andrographolide (PubChem CID: 5318517).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Swati Gupta
- Division of Epidemiology and Communicable Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110029, India.
| | - K P Mishra
- Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO)-HQ, Rajaji Marg, New Delhi 110011, India
| | - Rupali Gupta
- Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - S B Singh
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Deng H, Zeng L, Chang K, Lv Y, Du H, Lu S, Liu Y, Zhou P, Mao H, Hu C. Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) Cdc25a down-regulates IFN 1 expression by reducing TBK1 phosphorylation. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 118:104014. [PMID: 33460677 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2021.104014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In vertebrates, TANK Binding Kinase 1 (TBK1) plays an important role in innate immunity, mainly because it can mediate production of interferon to resist the invasion of pathogens. In mammals, cell division cycle-25a (Cdc25a) is a member of the Cdc25 family of cell division cycle proteins. It is a phosphatase that plays an important role in cell cycle regulation by dephosphorylating its substrate proteins. Currently, many phosphatases are reported to play a role in innate immunity. This is because the phosphatases can shut down or reduce immune signaling pathways by down-regulating phosphorylation signals. However, there are no reports on fish Cdc25a in innate immunity. In this paper, we conducted a preliminary study on the involvement of grass carp Cdc25a in innate immunity. First, we cloned the full-length cDNA of grass carp Cdc25a (CiCdc25a), and found that it shares the highest genetic relationship with that of Anabarilius grahami through phylogenetic tree comparison. In grass carp tissues and CIK cells, the expression of CiCdc25a mRNA was up-regulated under poly (I:C) stimulation. Therefore, CiCdc25a can respond to poly (I:C). The subcellular localization results showed that CiCdc25a is distributed both in the cytoplasm and nucleus. We also found that CiCdc25a can down-regulate the expression of IFN 1 with or without poly (I:C) stimulation. In other words, the down-regulation of IFN1 by CiCdc25a is independent of poly (I:C) stimulation. Further functional studies have shown that the inhibition of IFN1 expression by CiCdc25a may be related to decrease of TBK1 activity. We also confirmed that the phosphorylation of TBK1 at Ser172 is essential for production of IFN 1. In short, CiCdc25a can interact with TBK1 and subsequently inhibits the phosphorylation of TBK1, thereby weakens TBK1 activity. These results indicated that grass carp Cdc25a down-regulates IFN 1 expression by reducing TBK1 phosphorylation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hang Deng
- College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Liugen Zeng
- Nanchang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang, 330038, China
| | - Kaile Chang
- College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Yangfeng Lv
- College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Hailing Du
- College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Shina Lu
- College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Yapeng Liu
- College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Pengcheng Zhou
- College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Huiling Mao
- College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China.
| | - Chengyu Hu
- College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Abstract
Sepsis in children is typically presumed to be bacterial in origin until proven otherwise, but frequently bacterial cultures ultimately return negative. Although viruses may be important causative agents of culture-negative sepsis worldwide, the incidence, disease burden and mortality of viral-induced sepsis is poorly elucidated. Consideration of viral sepsis is critical as its recognition carries implications on appropriate use of antibacterial agents, infection control measures, and, in some cases, specific, time-sensitive antiviral therapies. This review outlines our current understanding of viral sepsis in children and addresses its epidemiology and pathophysiology, including pathogen-host interaction during active infection. Clinical manifestation, diagnostic testing, and management options unique to viral infections will be outlined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neha Gupta
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Robert Richter
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Stephen Robert
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Michele Kong
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Jia P, Jin Y, Chen L, Zhang J, Jia K, Yi M. Molecular characterization and expression analysis of mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein gene in sea perch, Lateolabrax japonicus. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 55:188-93. [PMID: 26493015 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2015.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS) is vital for host defenses against viral infection by inducing expression of type I interferon. Here, the MAVS of sea perch (Lateolabrax japonicus) (LjMAVS) was cloned and analyzed. The complete cDNA sequence of LjMAVS was 3207 bp and encoded a polypeptide of 601 amino acids. LjMAVS contains an N-terminal CARD-like domain, a central proline-rich domain and a C-terminal transmembrane domain. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that LjMAVS exhibited the closest relationship to O. fasciatus MAVS. LjMAVS was ubiquitously expressed in all tested tissues of healthy fish. The expression of LjMAVS was significantly increased post nervous necrosis virus (NNV) infection in vivo in all the selected tissues. Furthermore, time course analysis showed that LjMAVS transcripts significantly increased in the brain, spleen and kidney tissues after NNV infection. LjMAVS mRNA expression was significantly up-regulated in vitro after poly I:C stimulation. The viral gene transcription of RGNNV was significantly decreased in LjMAVS over-expressing LJB cells. These findings provide useful information for further elucidating the function ofLjMAVS in antiviral innate immune against NNV in sea perch.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Jia
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
| | - Yilin Jin
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
| | - Limin Chen
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
| | - Jing Zhang
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
| | - Kuntong Jia
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
| | - Meisheng Yi
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Spengler JR, Patel JR, Chakrabarti AK, Zivcec M, García-Sastre A, Spiropoulou CF, Bergeron É. RIG-I Mediates an Antiviral Response to Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus. J Virol 2015; 89:10219-29. [PMID: 26223644 PMCID: PMC4580164 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01643-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED In the cytoplasm, the retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) senses the RNA genomes of several RNA viruses. RIG-I binds to viral RNA, eliciting an antiviral response via the cellular adaptor MAVS. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV), a negative-sense RNA virus with a 5'-monophosphorylated genome, is a highly pathogenic zoonotic agent with significant public health implications. We found that, during CCHFV infection, RIG-I mediated a type I interferon (IFN) response via MAVS. Interfering with RIG-I signaling reduced IFN production and IFN-stimulated gene expression and increased viral replication. Immunostimulatory RNA was isolated from CCHFV-infected cells and from virion preparations, and RIG-I coimmunoprecipitation of infected cell lysates isolated immunostimulatory CCHFV RNA. This report serves as the first description of a pattern recognition receptor for CCHFV and highlights a critical signaling pathway in the antiviral response to CCHFV. IMPORTANCE CCHFV is a tick-borne virus with a significant public health impact. In order for cells to respond to virus infection, they must recognize the virus as foreign and initiate antiviral signaling. To date, the receptors involved in immune recognition of CCHFV are not known. Here, we investigate and identify RIG-I as a receptor involved in initiating an antiviral response to CCHFV. This receptor initially was not expected to play a role in CCHFV recognition because of characteristics of the viral genome. These findings are important in understanding the antiviral response to CCHFV and support continued investigation into the spectrum of potential viruses recognized by RIG-I.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/genetics
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/immunology
- Animals
- Cell Line
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Chlorocebus aethiops
- DEAD Box Protein 58
- DEAD-box RNA Helicases/genetics
- DEAD-box RNA Helicases/immunology
- Epithelial Cells
- Fibroblasts/immunology
- Fibroblasts/virology
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Genome, Viral
- HEK293 Cells
- Hemorrhagic Fever Virus, Crimean-Congo/genetics
- Hemorrhagic Fever Virus, Crimean-Congo/immunology
- Host-Pathogen Interactions
- Humans
- Interferon Type I/genetics
- Interferon Type I/immunology
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- RNA, Small Interfering/metabolism
- RNA, Viral/genetics
- RNA, Viral/immunology
- Receptors, Immunologic
- Receptors, Virus/genetics
- Receptors, Virus/immunology
- Signal Transduction
- Vero Cells
- Virus Replication
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica R Spengler
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jenish R Patel
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ayan K Chakrabarti
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Marko Zivcec
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Christina F Spiropoulou
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Éric Bergeron
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Weber M, Weber F. RIG-I-like receptors and negative-strand RNA viruses: RLRly bird catches some worms. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2014; 25:621-8. [PMID: 24894317 PMCID: PMC7108359 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2014.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Negative strand RNA viruses with a nonsegmented genome (ns-NSVs) or a segmented genome (s-NSVs) are an important source of human and animal diseases. Survival of the host from those infections is critically dependent on rapidly reacting innate immune responses. Two cytoplasmic RNA helicases, RIG-I and MDA5 (collectively termed RIG-I-like receptors, RLRs), are essential for recognizing virus-specific RNA structures to initiate a signalling cascade, resulting in the production of the antiviral type I interferons. Here, we will review the current knowledge and views on RLR agonists, RLR signalling, and the wide variety of countermeasures ns-NSVs and s-NSVs have evolved. Specific aspects include the consequences of genome segmentation for RLR activation and a discussion on the physiological ligands of RLRs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Weber
- Institute for Virology, Philipps-University Marburg, D-35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Friedemann Weber
- Institute for Virology, Philipps-University Marburg, D-35043 Marburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Weber M, Weber F. Segmented negative-strand RNA viruses and RIG-I: divide (your genome) and rule. Curr Opin Microbiol 2014; 20:96-102. [PMID: 24930021 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2014.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Revised: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The group of negative-stranded RNA viruses (NSVs) with a segmented genome comprises pathogens like influenza virus (eight segments), Rift Valley fever virus and Hantavirus (three segments), or Lassa virus (two segments). Partitioning the genome allows rapid evolution of new strains by reassortment. Each segment carries a short double-stranded (ds) 'panhandle' structure which serves as promoter. Similar dsRNA structures, however, represent the optimal ligand for RIG-I, a cytoplasmic pathogen sensor of the antiviral interferon response. Thus, segmenting a virus genome can entail an increased RIG-I sensitivity. Here, we outline the astonishingly diverse and efficient strategies by which segmented NSVs are compensating for the elevated number of RIG-I ligands in their genome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Weber
- Institute for Virology, Philipps-University Marburg, D-35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Friedemann Weber
- Institute for Virology, Philipps-University Marburg, D-35043 Marburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Schijf MA, Lukens MV, Kruijsen D, van Uden NOP, Garssen J, Coenjaerts FEJ, van’t Land B, van Bleek GM. Respiratory syncytial virus induced type I IFN production by pDC is regulated by RSV-infected airway epithelial cells, RSV-exposed monocytes and virus specific antibodies. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81695. [PMID: 24303065 PMCID: PMC3841124 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immune responses elicited upon virus exposure are crucial for the effective eradication of viruses, the onset of adaptive immune responses and for establishing proper immune memory. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is responsible for a high disease burden in neonates and immune compromised individuals, causing severe lower respiratory tract infections. During primary infections exuberant innate immune responses may contribute to disease severity. Furthermore, immune memory is often insufficient to protect during RSV re-exposure, which results in frequent symptomatic reinfections. Therefore, identifying the cell types and pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) involved in RSV-specific innate immune responses is necessary to understand incomplete immunity against RSV. We investigated the innate cellular response triggered upon infection of epithelial cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells. We show that CD14+ myeloid cells and epithelial cells are the major source of IL-8 and inflammatory cytokines, IL-6 and TNF-α, when exposed to live RSV Three routes of RSV-induced IFN-α production can be distinguished that depend on the cross-talk of different cell types and the presence or absence of virus specific antibodies, whereby pDC are the ultimate source of IFN-α. RSV-specific antibodies facilitate direct TLR7 access into endosomal compartments, while in the absence of antibodies, infection of monocytes or epithelial cells is necessary to provide an early source of type I interferons, required to engage the IFN-α,β receptor (IFNAR)-mediated pathway of IFN-α production by pDC. However, at high pDC density infection with RSV causes IFN-α production without the need for a second party cell. Our study shows that cellular context and immune status are factors affecting innate immune responses to RSV. These issues should therefore be addressed during the process of vaccine development and other interventions for RSV disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcel A. Schijf
- Department of Pediatrics, The Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Immunology, Danone Research - Centre for Specialised Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Michael V. Lukens
- Department of Pediatrics, The Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Debby Kruijsen
- Department of Pediatrics, The Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Nathalie O. P. van Uden
- Department of Pediatrics, The Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Johan Garssen
- Department of Immunology, Danone Research - Centre for Specialised Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Belinda van’t Land
- Department of Pediatrics, The Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Immunology, Danone Research - Centre for Specialised Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Grada M. van Bleek
- Department of Pediatrics, The Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Homologous RIG-I-like helicase proteins direct RNAi-mediated antiviral immunity in C. elegans by distinct mechanisms. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:16085-90. [PMID: 24043766 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1307453110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
RNAi-mediated antiviral immunity in Caenorhabditis elegans requires Dicer-related helicase 1 (DRH-1), which encodes the helicase and C-terminal domains homologous to the mammalian retinoic acid inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like helicase (RLH) family of cytosolic immune receptors. Here we show that the antiviral function of DRH-1 requires the RIG-I homologous domains as well as its worm-specific N-terminal domain. We also demonstrate that the helicase and C-terminal domains encoded by either worm DRH-2 or human RIG-I can functionally replace the corresponding domains of DRH-1 to mediate antiviral RNAi in C. elegans. Notably, substitutions in a three-residue motif of the C-terminal regulatory domain of RIG-I that physically interacts with viral double-stranded RNA abolish the antiviral activity of C-terminal regulatory domains of both RIG-I and DRH-1 in C. elegans. Genetic analysis revealed an essential role for both DRH-1 and DRH-3 in C. elegans antiviral RNAi targeting a natural viral pathogen. However, Northern blot and small RNA deep sequencing analyses indicate that DRH-1 acts to enhance production of viral primary siRNAs, whereas DRH-3 regulates antiviral RNAi by participating in the biogenesis of secondary siRNAs after Dicer-dependent production of primary siRNAs. We propose that DRH-1 facilitates the acquisition of viral double-stranded RNA by the worm dicing complex for the subsequent processing into primary siRNAs. The strong parallel for the antiviral function of RLHs in worms and mammals suggests that detection of viral double-stranded RNA may activate completely unrelated effector mechanisms or, alternatively, that the mammalian RLHs have a conserved activity to stimulate production of viral siRNAs for antiviral immunity by an RNAi effector mechanism.
Collapse
|
12
|
Encephalomyocarditis virus disrupts stress granules, the critical platform for triggering antiviral innate immune responses. J Virol 2013; 87:9511-22. [PMID: 23785203 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03248-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In response to stress, cells induce ribonucleoprotein aggregates, termed stress granules (SGs). SGs are transient loci containing translation-stalled mRNA, which is eventually degraded or recycled for translation. Infection of some viruses, including influenza A virus with a deletion of nonstructural protein 1 (IAVΔNS1), induces SG-like protein aggregates. Previously, we showed that IAVΔNS1-induced SGs are required for efficient induction of type I interferon (IFN). Here, we investigated SG formation by different viruses using green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged Ras-Gap SH3 domain binding protein 1 (GFP-G3BP1) as an SG probe. HeLa cells stably expressing GFP-G3BP1 were infected with different viruses, and GFP fluorescence was monitored live with time-lapse microscopy. SG formations by different viruses was classified into 4 different patterns: no SG formation, stable SG formation, transient SG formation, and alternate SG formation. We focused on encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) infection, which exhibited transient SG formation. We found that EMCV disrupts SGs by cleavage of G3BP1 at late stages of infection (>8 h) through a mechanism similar to that used by poliovirus. Expression of a G3BP1 mutant that is resistant to the cleavage conferred persistent formation of SGs as well as an enhanced induction of IFN and other cytokines at late stages of infection. Additionally, knockdown of endogenous G3BP1 blocked SG formation with an attenuated induction of IFN and potentiated viral replication. Taken together, our findings suggest a critical role of SGs as an antiviral platform and shed light on one of the mechanisms by which a virus interferes with host stress and subsequent antiviral responses.
Collapse
|