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Abdelnour SA, Ghazanfar S, Abdel-Hamid M, Abdel-Latif HMR, Zhang Z, Naiel MAE. Therapeutic uses and applications of bovine lactoferrin in aquatic animal medicine: an overview. Vet Res Commun 2023; 47:1015-1029. [PMID: 36658448 PMCID: PMC10485086 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-022-10060-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Aquaculture is an important food sector throughout the globe because of its importance in ensuring the availability of nutritious and safe food for human beings. In recent years, this sector has been challenged with several obstacles especially the emergence of infectious disease outbreaks. Various treatment and control aspects, including antibiotics, antiseptics, and other anti-microbial agents, have been used to treat farmed fish and shrimp against diseases. Nonetheless, these medications have been prohibited and banned in many countries because of the development of antimicrobial-resistant bacterial strains, the accumulation of residues in the flesh of farmed fish and shrimp, and their environmental threats to aquatic ecosystems. Therefore, scientists and researchers have concentrated their research on finding natural and safe products to control disease outbreaks. From these natural products, bovine lactoferrin can be utilized as a functional feed supplement. Bovine lactoferrin is a multi-functional glycoprotein applied in various industries, like food preservation, and numerous medications, due to its non-toxic and ecological features. Recent research has proposed multiple advantages and benefits of using bovine lactoferrin in aquaculture. Reports showed its potential ability to enhance growth, reduce mortalities, regulate iron metabolism, decrease disease outbreaks, stimulate the antioxidant defense system, and recuperate the overall health conditions of the treated fish and shrimp. Besides, bovine lactoferrin can be considered as a safe antibiotic alternative and a unique therapeutic agent to decrease the negative impacts of infectious diseases. These features can be attributed to its well-known antibacterial, anti-parasitic, anti-inflammatory, immunostimulatory, and antioxidant capabilities. This literature review will highlight the implications of bovine lactoferrin in aquaculture, particularly highlighting its therapeutic features and ability to promote immunological defensive pathways in fish. The information included in this article would be valuable for further research studies to improve aquaculture's sustainability and the functionality of aquafeeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameh A Abdelnour
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, 44519, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Shakira Ghazanfar
- National Institute for Genomics Advanced and Biotechnology (NIGAB), National Agricultural Research Centre, Park Road, 45500, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Mahmoud Abdel-Hamid
- Dairy Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, 12613, Giza, Egypt
| | - Hany M R Abdel-Latif
- Department of Poultry and Fish Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, 22758, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Zhaowei Zhang
- National Reference Laboratory for Agricultural Testing (Biotoxin), Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Key Laboratory of Detection for Mycotoxins, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 430062, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Mohammed A E Naiel
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, 44519, Zagazig, Egypt.
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Alsayed AR, Al-Dulaimi A, Alkhatib M, Al Maqbali M, Al-Najjar MAA, Al-Rshaidat MMD. A comprehensive clinical guide for Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia: a missing therapeutic target in HIV-uninfected patients. Expert Rev Respir Med 2022; 16:1167-1190. [PMID: 36440485 DOI: 10.1080/17476348.2022.2152332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pneumocystis jirovecii is an opportunistic, human-specific fungus that causes Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP). PCP symptoms are nonspecific. A patient with P. jirovecii and another lung infection faces a diagnostic challenge. It may be difficult to determine which of these agents is responsible for the clinical symptoms, preventing effective treatment. Diagnostic and treatment efforts have been made more difficult by the rising frequency with which coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) and PCP co-occur. AREAS COVERED Herein, we provide a comprehensive review of clinical and pharmacological recommendations along with a literature review of PCP in immunocompromised patients focusing on HIV-uninfected patients. EXPERT OPINION PCP may be masked by identifying co-existing pathogens that are not necessarily responsible for the observed infection. Patients with severe form COVID-19 should be examined for underlying immunodeficiency, and co-infections must be considered as co-infection with P. jirovecii may worsen COVID-19's severity and fatality. PCP should be investigated in patients with PCP risk factors who come with pneumonia and suggestive radiographic symptoms but have not previously received PCP prophylaxis. PCP prophylaxis should be explored in individuals with various conditions that impair the immune system, depending on their PCP risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad R Alsayed
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Abdullah Al-Dulaimi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Mohammad Alkhatib
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Roma, Italy
| | - Mohammed Al Maqbali
- Department of Nursing Midwifery and Health, Northumbria University, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Mohammad A A Al-Najjar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Pharmaceutics, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Kingdom of Jordan
| | - Mamoon M D Al-Rshaidat
- Laboratory for Molecular and Microbial Ecology (LaMME), Department of Biological Sciences, School of Sciences, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
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3
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Nakamura M, Tsuda N, Miyata T, Ikenaga M. Antimicrobial effect and mechanism of bovine lactoferrin against the potato common scab pathogen Streptomyces scabiei. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0264094. [PMID: 35213576 PMCID: PMC8880714 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0264094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactoferrin (LF) is a multifunctional protein with a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activities. In this study, we investigated the antimicrobial activity of LF against the potato common scab pathogen Streptomyces scabiei, which causes severe damage to potato tubers. LF derived from bovine (bLF) had much higher activity against S. scabiei than human LF. The minimal inhibitory concentration of bLF was 3.9 μM. The effects of both apo-bLF (iron-free) and holo-bLF (iron-saturated) on S. scabiei were not different. Bovine lactoferricin (LFcinB), a short peptide with a length of 25 amino acid residues located in the N-terminal region of bLF, showed antimicrobial activity against S. scabiei, similar to that of bLF. These results indicated that the antimicrobial activity of bLF against S. scabiei cannot be attributed to its iron-chelating effect but to the bioactivity of its peptides. When S. scabiei was treated with the fusion protein of mCherry-LFcinB (red fluorescent protein) expressed in Escherichia coli, the pseudohyphal cells instantly glowed, indicating that the peptide electrostatically binds to the surface of S. scabiei. An assay of synthetic peptides, with modified number of arginine (Arg) and tryptophan (Trp) residues based on the antimicrobial center (RRWQWR) of LFcinB showed that Trp residues are implicated in the antimicrobial activity against S. scabiei; however, Arg residues are also necessary to carry Trp residues to the cell surface to fully exert its activity. Although the single amino acid effect of Trp had low activity, Trp derivatives showed much higher activity against S. scabiei, suggesting that the derivatives effectively bind to the cell surface (cell membrane) by themselves without a carrier. Thus, amino acid derivatives might be considered effective and alternative antimicrobial substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Nakamura
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Naoaki Tsuda
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Takeshi Miyata
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Makoto Ikenaga
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
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Monteith AJ, Skaar EP. The impact of metal availability on immune function during infection. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2021; 32:916-928. [PMID: 34483037 PMCID: PMC8516721 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2021.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Nutrient transition metals are required cofactors for many proteins to perform functions necessary for life. As such, the concentration of nutrient metals is carefully maintained to retain critical biological processes while limiting toxicity. During infection, invading bacterial pathogens must acquire essential metals, such as zinc, manganese, iron, and copper, from the host to colonize and cause disease. To combat this, the host exploits the essentiality and toxicity of nutrient metals by producing factors that limit metal availability, thereby starving pathogens or accumulating metals in excess to intoxicate the pathogen in a process termed 'nutritional immunity'. As a result of inflammation, a heterogeneous environment containing both metal-replete and -deplete niches is created, in which nutrient metal availability may have an underappreciated role in regulating immune cell function during infection. How the host manipulates nutrient metal availability during infection, and the downstream effects that nutrient metals and metal-sequestering proteins have on immune cell function, are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Monteith
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Eric P Skaar
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, & Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
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Milk Proteins-Their Biological Activities and Use in Cosmetics and Dermatology. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26113253. [PMID: 34071375 PMCID: PMC8197926 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26113253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Milk and colostrum have high biological potential, and due to their natural origin and non-toxicity, they have many uses in cosmetics and dermatology. Research is ongoing on their potential application in other fields of medicine, but there are still few results; most of the published ones are included in this review. These natural products are especially rich in proteins, such as casein, β-lactoglobulin, α-lactalbumin, lactoferrin, immunoglobulins, lactoperoxidase, lysozyme, and growth factors, and possess various antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, anticancer, antioxidant, immunomodulatory properties, etc. This review describes the physico-chemical properties of milk and colostrum proteins and the natural functions they perform in the body and compares their composition between animal species (cows, goats, and sheep). The milk- and colostrum-based products can be used in dietary supplementation and for performing immunomodulatory functions; they can enhance the effects of certain drugs and can have a lethal effect on pathogenic microorganisms. Milk products are widely used in the treatment of dermatological diseases for promoting the healing of chronic wounds, hastening tissue regeneration, and the treatment of acne vulgaris or plaque psoriasis. They are also increasingly regarded as active ingredients that can improve the condition of the skin by reducing the number of acne lesions and blackheads, regulating sebum secretion, ameliorating inflammatory changes as well as bestowing a range of moisturizing, protective, toning, smoothing, anti-irritation, whitening, soothing, and antiaging effects.
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Cushion MT, Tisdale-Macioce N, Sayson SG, Porollo A. The Persistent Challenge of Pneumocystis Growth Outside the Mammalian Lung: Past and Future Approaches. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:681474. [PMID: 34093506 PMCID: PMC8174303 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.681474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenic fungi in the genus, Pneumocystis, have eluded attempts to continuously grow them in an ex vivo cultivation system. New data from transcriptomic and genomic sequencing studies have identified a myriad of absent metabolic pathways, helping to define their host obligate nature. These nutrients, factors, and co-factors are acquired from their mammalian host and provide clues to further supplementation of existing media formulations. Likewise, a new appreciation of the pivotal role for the sexual cycle in the survival and dissemination of the infection suggests that Pneumocystis species are obligated to undergo mating and sexual reproduction in their life cycle with a questionable role for an asexual cycle. The lack of ascus formation in any previous cultivation attempts may explain the failure to identify a sustainable system. Many characteristics of these ascomycetes suggest a biotrophic existence within the lungs of the mammalian hosts. In the present review, previous attempts at growing these fungi ex vivo are summarized. The significance of their life cycle is considered, and a list of potential supplements based on the genomic and transcriptomic studies is presented. State of the art technologies such as metabolomics, organoids, lung-on-a chip, and air lift cultures are discussed as potential growth systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie T. Cushion
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
- Medical Research Service, Cincinnati Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Nikeya Tisdale-Macioce
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
- Medical Research Service, Cincinnati Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Steven G. Sayson
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
- Medical Research Service, Cincinnati Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Aleksey Porollo
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
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Elzoghby AO, Abdelmoneem MA, Hassanin IA, Abd Elwakil MM, Elnaggar MA, Mokhtar S, Fang JY, Elkhodairy KA. Lactoferrin, a multi-functional glycoprotein: Active therapeutic, drug nanocarrier & targeting ligand. Biomaterials 2020; 263:120355. [PMID: 32932142 PMCID: PMC7480805 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.120355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Recent progress in protein-based nanomedicine, inspired by the success of Abraxane® albumin-paclitaxel nanoparticles, have resulted in novel therapeutics used for treatment of challenging diseases like cancer and viral infections. However, absence of specific drug targeting, poor pharmacokinetics, premature drug release, and off-target toxicity are still formidable challenges in the clinic. Therefore, alternative protein-based nanomedicines were developed to overcome those challenges. In this regard, lactoferrin (Lf), a glycoprotein of transferrin family, offers a promising biodegradable well tolerated material that could be exploited both as an active therapeutic and drug nanocarrier. This review highlights the major pharmacological actions of Lf including anti-cancer, antiviral, and immunomodulatory actions. Delivery technologies of Lf to improve its pries and enhance its efficacy were also reviewed. Moreover, different nano-engineering strategies used for fabrication of drug-loaded Lf nanocarriers were discussed. In addition, the use of Lf for functionalization of drug nanocarriers with emphasis on tumor-targeted drug delivery was illustrated. Besides its wide application in oncology nano-therapeutics, we discussed the recent advances of Lf-based nanocarriers as efficient platforms for delivery of anti-parkinsonian, anti-Alzheimer, anti-viral drugs, immunomodulatory and bone engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed O Elzoghby
- Center for Engineered Therapeutics, Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences & Technology (HST), Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA; Cancer Nanotechnology Research Laboratory (CNRL), Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21521, Egypt; Department of Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21521, Egypt.
| | - Mona A Abdelmoneem
- Cancer Nanotechnology Research Laboratory (CNRL), Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21521, Egypt; Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damanhur University, Damanhur, 22516, Egypt
| | - Islam A Hassanin
- Cancer Nanotechnology Research Laboratory (CNRL), Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21521, Egypt; Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21526, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud M Abd Elwakil
- Cancer Nanotechnology Research Laboratory (CNRL), Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21521, Egypt; Laboratory of Innovative Nanomedicine, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Manar A Elnaggar
- Cancer Nanotechnology Research Laboratory (CNRL), Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21521, Egypt; Nanotechnology Program, School of Sciences & Engineering, The American University in Cairo (AUC), New Cairo, 11835, Egypt
| | - Sarah Mokhtar
- Cancer Nanotechnology Research Laboratory (CNRL), Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21521, Egypt; Department of Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21521, Egypt
| | - Jia-You Fang
- Pharmaceutics Laboratory, Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan; Research Center for Industry of Human Ecology, Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Kweishan, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan; Department of Anesthesiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kweishan, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan
| | - Kadria A Elkhodairy
- Cancer Nanotechnology Research Laboratory (CNRL), Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21521, Egypt; Department of Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21521, Egypt
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Dellière S, Sze Wah Wong S, Aimanianda V. Soluble mediators in anti-fungal immunity. Curr Opin Microbiol 2020; 58:24-31. [PMID: 32604018 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2020.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Although soluble mediators of our innate immune system have a substantial impact on invading microbes, their role against fungal pathogens has been underexplored. Constituting the humoral immunity, soluble mediators comprise the complement system, collectins, acute-phase proteins, antibodies and antimicrobial peptides. These components can prevent fungal infection either by directly interacting with invading microbes, leading to their aggregation (microbistatic), destruction (microbicidal) or linking them to cellular immunity. The composition of soluble-mediator varies with human body-fluids, resulting in different antifungal mechanisms. Moreover, cellular immune system deploys both oxidative and non-oxidative mechanisms to destroy extracellular or internalized fungal pathogens; however, cellular immune activation is mainly influenced as well as regulated by soluble mediators. This review outlines the antifungal mechanism employed, directly or indirectly, by soluble mediators, and in response, the evading strategies of the fungal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Dellière
- Institut Pasteur, Molecular Mycology Unit, UMR2000, CNRS, Paris, France; Parasitology-Mycoloy Laboratory, Groupe Hospitalier Saint-Louis-Lariboisière-Fernand-Widal, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université de Paris, Paris, France
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In Vivo Nematicidal Potential of Camel Milk on Heligmosomoides Polygyrus Gastro-intestinal Nematode of Rodents. Helminthologia 2018; 55:112-118. [PMID: 31662636 PMCID: PMC6799549 DOI: 10.2478/helm-2018-0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Following our previous findings on the in vitro anthelmintic effect of camel milk on Haemonchus contortus, the current study aimed at investigating its in vivo effect. Investigations were carried out using mice infected with Heligmosomoides polygyrus which is a parasite commonly used to test the efficacy of anthelmintics. Thirty six Swiss white mice of both sexes aged 5 – 6 weeks old, and weighing between 20 and 25 g were orally infected with 0.5 ml dose of 100, 1-week-old H. polygyrus infective larvae (L3). After the pre-patent period, infected animals were randomly divided into 6 groups of 6 animals each. The nematicidal efficacy of camel milk was monitored through faecal egg count reduction (FECR) and total worm count reduction (TWCR). Four doses (8.25; 16.5; 33.0; 66.0 ml/kg body weight (bw)) for fresh camel milk and 22 mg/kg bw for albendazole were studied using a bioassay. Albendazole and 4 % dimethylsulfoxide were included in the protocol as reference drug and placebo, respectively. For all tested doses except 8.25 ml/kg bw, camel milk was effective in vivo against H. polygyrus reducing both faecal egg count and worm count (p < 0.05). The dose 66 ml/kg bw showed the highest nematicidal activity causing a 76.75 % FECR and a 69.62 % TWCR 7 day after initiating the treatment. These results support the possible use of camel milk in the control of gastro-intestinal helminthiasis.
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Giansanti F, Panella G, Leboffe L, Antonini G. Lactoferrin from Milk: Nutraceutical and Pharmacological Properties. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2016; 9:E61. [PMID: 27690059 PMCID: PMC5198036 DOI: 10.3390/ph9040061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactoferrin is an iron-binding protein present in large quantities in colostrum and in breast milk, in external secretions and in polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Lactoferrin's main function is non-immune protection. Among several protective activities shown by lactoferrin, those displayed by orally administered lactoferrin are: (i) antimicrobial activity, which has been presumed due to iron deprivation, but more recently attributed also to a specific interaction with the bacterial cell wall and extended to viruses and parasites; (ii) immunomodulatory activity, with a direct effect on the development of the immune system in the newborn, together with a specific antinflammatory effects; (iii) a more recently discovered anticancer activity. It is worth noting that most of the protective activities of lactoferrin have been found, sometimes to a greater extent, also in peptides derived from limited proteolysis of lactoferrin that could be generated after lactoferrin ingestion. Lactoferrin could therefore be considered an ideal nutraceutic product because of its relatively cheap production from bovine milk and of its widely recognized tolerance after ingestion, along with its well demonstrated protective activities. The most important protective activities shown by orally administered bovine lactoferrin are reviewed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Giansanti
- Department of Health, Life and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila I-67100, Italy.
- Interuniversity Consortium on Biostructures and Biosystems INBB, Rome I-00136, Italy.
| | - Gloria Panella
- Department of Health, Life and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila I-67100, Italy.
| | - Loris Leboffe
- Department of Sciences, Roma Tre University, Rome I-00146, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Antonini
- Interuniversity Consortium on Biostructures and Biosystems INBB, Rome I-00136, Italy.
- Department of Sciences, Roma Tre University, Rome I-00146, Italy.
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Alimi D, Hajaji S, Rekik M, Abidi A, Gharbi M, Akkari H. First report of the in vitro nematicidal effects of camel milk. Vet Parasitol 2016; 228:153-159. [PMID: 27692318 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Antipathogenic properties of camel milk have been investigated to substitute for drugs hence overcome drug resistance. The main objective of this present study was to investigate the anthelmintic activity of camel milk in relationship to its chemical composition. In vitro anthelmintic effects of camel milk against Haemonchus contortus from sheep were ascertained by egg hatching and worm motility inhibitions in comparison to milks from cow, ewe and goat as well as a reference drug albendazole. Chemical composition revealed that camel milk has higher contents of protective protein (lactoferrin) and vitamin C than other species' milk. It showed ovicidal activity at all tested concentrations and completely inhibited egg hatching at a concentration close to 100mg/mL (inhibitory concentration (IC50)=42.39mg/mL). Camel milk revealed in vitro activity against adult parasites in terms of the paralysis and/or death of the worms at different hours post treatment. After 8h of exposure, it induced 100% mortality at the highest tested concentration. There was 82.3% immobility of worms in albendazole 8h post-exposition. No such effects were seen with the other species' milks. Bioactive compounds such as lactoferrin and vitamin C may be involved in such an effect. To our knowledge, these results depict for the first time that camel milk possesses in vitro anthelmintic properties and further in vitro and in vivo trials against different parasite species and stages are required to make use of this milk for the control of gastrointestinal nematode parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhouha Alimi
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie, Université de la Manouba, École Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire de Sidi thabet, 2020,Tunisie; Faculté des sciences de Bizerte, Université de Carthage, 7021, Zarzouna, Tunisie
| | - Soumaya Hajaji
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie, Université de la Manouba, École Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire de Sidi thabet, 2020,Tunisie; Faculté des sciences de Bizerte, Université de Carthage, 7021, Zarzouna, Tunisie
| | - Mourad Rekik
- International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), P.O. Box, 950764 Amman 11195, Jordan
| | - Amel Abidi
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie, Université de la Manouba, École Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire de Sidi thabet, 2020,Tunisie
| | - Mohamed Gharbi
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie, Université de la Manouba, École Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire de Sidi thabet, 2020,Tunisie
| | - Hafidh Akkari
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie, Université de la Manouba, École Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire de Sidi thabet, 2020,Tunisie.
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Alanio A, Hauser PM, Lagrou K, Melchers WJG, Helweg-Larsen J, Matos O, Cesaro S, Maschmeyer G, Einsele H, Donnelly JP, Cordonnier C, Maertens J, Bretagne S. ECIL guidelines for the diagnosis of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in patients with haematological malignancies and stem cell transplant recipients. J Antimicrob Chemother 2016; 71:2386-96. [PMID: 27550991 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkw156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The Fifth European Conference on Infections in Leukaemia (ECIL-5) convened a meeting to establish evidence-based recommendations for using tests to diagnose Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PCP) in adult patients with haematological malignancies. Immunofluorescence assays are recommended as the most sensitive microscopic method (recommendation A-II: ). Real-time PCR is recommended for the routine diagnosis of PCP ( A-II: ). Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid is recommended as the best specimen as it yields good negative predictive value ( A-II: ). Non-invasive specimens can be suitable alternatives ( B-II: ), acknowledging that PCP cannot be ruled out in case of a negative PCR result ( A-II: ). Detecting β-d-glucan in serum can contribute to the diagnosis but not the follow-up of PCP ( A-II: ). A negative serum β-d-glucan result can exclude PCP in a patient at risk ( A-II: ), whereas a positive test result may indicate other fungal infections. Genotyping using multilocus sequence markers can be used to investigate suspected outbreaks ( A-II: ). The routine detection of dihydropteroate synthase mutations in cases of treatment failure is not recommended ( B-II: ) since these mutations do not affect response to high-dose co-trimoxazole. The clinical utility of these diagnostic tests for the early management of PCP should be further assessed in prospective, randomized interventional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Alanio
- Parasitology-Mycology Laboratory, Groupe Hospitalier Lariboisière Saint-Louis Fernand Widal, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, and Institut Pasteur, Unité de Mycologie Moléculaire, CNRS URA3012, Centre National de Référence Mycoses Invasives et Antifongiques, Paris, France
| | - Philippe M Hauser
- Institute of Microbiology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Katrien Lagrou
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Catholic University Leuven, Leuven, Belgium and National Reference Center for Mycosis, Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Willem J G Melchers
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jannik Helweg-Larsen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet-Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Olga Matos
- Medical Parasitology Unit, Group of Opportunistic Protozoa/HIV and Other Protozoa, Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Portugal Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Simone Cesaro
- Hematology Department, Oncoematologia Pediatrica, Policlinico G. B. Rossi, Verona, Italy
| | - Georg Maschmeyer
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Palliative Care, Ernst-von-Bergmann Klinikum, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Hermann Einsele
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik II, Julius Maximilians Universitaet, Würzburg, Germany
| | - J Peter Donnelly
- Department of Hematology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Catherine Cordonnier
- Hematology Department, Henri Mondor Hospital, APHP and Université Paris-Est-Créteil, Créteil, France
| | - Johan Maertens
- Hematology Department, University Hospital Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stéphane Bretagne
- Parasitology-Mycology Laboratory, Groupe Hospitalier Lariboisière Saint-Louis Fernand Widal, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, and Institut Pasteur, Unité de Mycologie Moléculaire, CNRS URA3012, Centre National de Référence Mycoses Invasives et Antifongiques, Paris, France
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Lingappan K, Arunachalam A, Pammi M. Lactoferrin and the newborn: current perspectives. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2014; 11:695-707. [PMID: 23879609 DOI: 10.1586/14787210.2013.811927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Neonatal sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) are associated with significant mortality and morbidity. Inflammation secondary to sepsis and NEC increases morbidity, especially those related to the lung, brain and eye. Therapeutic strategies that target inflammation and decrease the emergence of antibiotic resistance are urgently needed. Lactoferrin (Lf) is a multifunctional protein that modulates inflammation, cell growth and differentiation and has broad antimicrobial activity. Studies evaluating the efficacy and safety of Lf in the prevention of neonatal sepsis and NEC are currently in progress, and one completed study shows significant promise. In this article, the functions of this multifunctional molecule and current clinical evidence for its use in the newborn are reviewed. Lf prophylaxis and therapy may have a significant impact in improving clinical outcomes of vulnerable preterm neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krithika Lingappan
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital & Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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García-Montoya IA, Cendón TS, Arévalo-Gallegos S, Rascón-Cruz Q. Lactoferrin a multiple bioactive protein: an overview. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2012; 1820:226-36. [PMID: 21726601 PMCID: PMC7127262 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2011.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 288] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2011] [Revised: 06/17/2011] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lactoferrin (Lf) is an 80kDa iron-binding glycoprotein of the transferrin family. It is abundant in milk and in most biological fluids and is a cell-secreted molecule that bridges innate and adaptive immune function in mammals. Its protective effects range from anticancer, anti-inflammatory and immune modulator activities to antimicrobial activities against a large number of microorganisms. This wide range of activities is made possible by mechanisms of action involving not only the capacity of Lf to bind iron but also interactions of Lf with molecular and cellular components of both hosts and pathogens. SCOPE OF REVIEW This review summarizes the activities of Lf, its regulation and potential applications. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS The extensive uses of Lf in the treatment of various infectious diseases in animals and humans has been the driving force in Lf research however, a lot of work is required to obtain a better understanding of its activity. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The large potential applications of Lf have led scientists to develop this nutraceutical protein for use in feed, food and pharmaceutical applications. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Molecular Mechanisms of Iron Transport and Disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isui Abril García-Montoya
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Circuito 1, Nuevo Campus Universitario, CP 31125, Chihuahua, Mexico
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Tuccari G, Barresi G. Lactoferrin in human tumours: immunohistochemical investigations during more than 25 years. Biometals 2011; 24:775-84. [PMID: 21472415 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-011-9450-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2011] [Accepted: 03/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Lactoferrin (LF) is an iron-binding glycoprotein of the transferrin family, today known to have multifunctional physiological activities. In humans, under normal conditions, LF has been found in blood, mucosal secretions, gastrointestinal fluids, urine and mostly in milk and colostrum. The first pioneering immunohistochemical report about LF distribution in human tissues dated in 1978; successively, many studies have been performed to analyze the LF immunohistochemical pattern in different normal and neoplastic tissues. In this review, we present data from literature concerning the evidence of LF in tumors together with those by us obtained during more than 25 years; the immunohistochemical applications to human neoplastic tissues have been done to investigate the LF pathogenetic role as well as its activity in cancer. After a systematic analysis of LF immunoreactivity in different human districts, a possible explanation for its presence and function has been modulated for each site or tissue, according to experimental evidences obtained either by in vivo as well as by in vitro studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Tuccari
- Department of Human Pathology, University of Messina, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria "Policlinico G.Martino", Via Consolare Valeria, 98125 Messina, Italy.
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Anti-nociceptive effect of bovine milk-derived lactoferrin in a rat lumbar disc herniation model. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2010; 35:1663-7. [PMID: 21374893 DOI: 10.1097/brs.0b013e3181c9a8e7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN An experimental animal study. OBJECTIVE We evaluated the efficacy of lactoferrin (LF) compared with diclofenac to reduce the pain, using a rat lumbar disc herniation model. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA LF is a multifunctional protein that is found in milk. Recent studies have reported that LF reduces nociception in various experimental models. METHODS Rats were operated on the left L5 vertebral arch. The left L5 nerve root and dorsal root ganglion (DRG) were exposed by a L5 partial laminectomy. An L-shaped stainless steel rod was inserted from the laminectomy toward the intervertebral foramen to compress the nerve root. In addition, nucleus pulposus from coccygeal discs was applied on the nerve root. At 1 day before operation, all rats were tested regarding the withdrawal threshold of the left plantar surface using von Frey filaments to determine baseline values. Additional von Frey tests were performed on postoperative days 3, 7, 14, and 21. Thirty minutes before each test except for baseline, the rats received LF (100 mg/kg), diclofenac (10 mg/kg), or saline by intraperitoneal injection (n = 6). RESULTS As compared with the control group, thresholds of rats in the diclofenac group were significantly higher on postoperative days 3 and 7. However, on postoperative days 14 and 21, there were no significant differences. Thresholds of rats in the LF group were significantly higher on all postoperative days compared with the control group. CONCLUSION Analgesic effect of diclofenac reduced with time. However, the effect of LF continued during the whole experimental period. LF might become useful as pain-killer.
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KOYAMA KI, ONISHI H, SAKATA O, MACHIDA Y. Preparation and in Vitro Evaluation of Chitosan-coated Alginate/Calcium Complex Microparticles Loaded with Fluorescein-labeled Lactoferrin. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2009; 129:1507-14. [DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.129.1507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hiraku ONISHI
- Department of Drug Delivery Research, Hoshi University
| | - Osamu SAKATA
- Department of Drug Delivery Research, Hoshi University
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Venkatesh M, Abrams S. Can lactoferrin prevent neonatal sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis? Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2009; 7:515-25. [PMID: 19485792 DOI: 10.1586/eri.09.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Despite the use of potent antimicrobials, neonatal sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis are associated with significant mortality and morbidity. The emergence of microbial antibiotic resistance is a grave concern. Inflammation secondary to sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis increases pulmonary and cerebral morbidity. New strategies that target inflammation and reduce the emergence of antibiotic resistance are urgently needed. Lactoferrin has broad-spectrum antimicrobial and immunomodulatory activities. In animal models of colitis, lactoferrin reduces inflammatory injury. Lactoferrin also induces the receptor-mediated proliferation and differentiation of intestinal cells. A randomized, controlled trial of lactoferrin in premature neonates to prevent late-onset sepsis is currently in progress. Lactoferrin is a promising agent in the prevention of neonatal sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis but needs further evaluation to confirm its safety, tolerability and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohan Venkatesh
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Neonatology, Texas Children's Hospital & Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Onishi H, Machida Y, Koyama K. Preparation and In Vitro Characteristics of Lactoferrin-loaded Chitosan Microparticles. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2008; 33:641-7. [PMID: 17613028 DOI: 10.1080/03639040601085334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In order to achieve the delivery and controlled release of lactoferrin (LF), a biologically multifunctional protein, chitosan microparticles loaded with LF were prepared. Several types of chitosan microparticles containing LF were prepared by the w/o emulsification-solvent evaporation method, and the particle characteristics and release properties in JP 2nd fluid, pH 6.8, were examined. All kinds of microparticles were obtained at a yield of more than 75% (w/w). LF-loaded microparticles prepared by nonsonication and nonaddition of sulfate, named Ch-LF(N), showed high drug content, small particle size and spherical particle shape. Also, for release properties, Ch-LF(N) exhibited gradual drug release over 7 hr with less remaining in the microparticles. Considering the mucoadhesive properties of chitosan microparticles, Ch-LF(N) are suggested to be useful for gradual supply to topical diseased sites or for effective delivery to intestinal areas with abundant LF receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiraku Onishi
- Department of Drug Delivery Research, Hoshi University, Tokyo, Japan.
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Abstract
Milk contains a variety of substances, which inhibit the infection of pathogens. This is of benefit to the mother, safeguarding the integrity of the lactating mammary gland, but also of huge importance for protection of the suckling offspring. The antimicrobial substances in milk can be classified into two categories. First, nonspecific, broad-spectrum defense substances, which have evolved over long periods of time, and secondly, substances like antibodies, which are specifically directed against particular pathogens and have developed during the mother's lifetime. Substances in both categories may be targets for biological intervention and manipulation with the goal of improving the antimicrobial properties of milk. These alterations of milk composition have applications in human as well as in animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- A F Kolb
- Hannah Research Institute, Mauchline Road, Ayr, KA6 5HL, UK.
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Abstract
Lactoferrin is a member of the transferrin family of iron-binding proteins. Numerous functions have been reported and continue to be reported for the protein, some of which are related to its iron-binding properties. Its extensive antimicrobial activities were originally attributed to its ability to sequester essential iron, however, it is now established that it possesses bactericidal activities as a result of a direct interaction between the protein or lactoferrin-derived peptides. This article reviews the antimicrobial activities of lactoferrin and discusses the potential mode of action of lactoferrin-derived cationic peptides against Gram-negative bacteria in the light of recent studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastien Farnaud
- Metalloprotein Research Group, Randall Centre for Molecular Mechanisms of Cell Function, King's College London, 3.6 A New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK.
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Abstract
This paper reviews our current knowledge of the structure and function of the iron-binding protein lactoferrin. In particular, it attempts to relate the various proposed physiological functions of lactoferrin to its most characteristic biochemical properties, i.e. its ability to bind iron and its highly basic nature. The extent to which various physiological functions can be considered as definitely established is critically reviewed, and suggestions for future research are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy H Brock
- Department of Immunology and Bacteriology, Western Infirmary, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
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Diarra MS, Petitclerc D, Lacasse P. Effect of lactoferrin in combination with penicillin on the morphology and the physiology of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from bovine mastitis. J Dairy Sci 2002; 85:1141-9. [PMID: 12086049 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(02)74176-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to evaluate the therapeutic potential of bovine lactoferrin or lactoferricin in combination with penicillin G against Staphylococcus aureus. Minimal inhibitory concentrations of lactoferrin, lactoferricin, penicillin, and combinations of lactoferrin or lactoferricin with penicillin were determined for 15 S. aureus strains including several strains resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics. The fractional inhibitory concentration index indicated a synergistic effect between lactoferrin and penicillin. Combination of lactoferrin with penicillin increased the inhibitory activity of penicillin by two- to fourfold and reduced the growth rate in S. aureus strains tested, whereas the increase in the inhibitory activity of lactoferrin by penicillin was 16- to 64-fold. The addition of iron to the medium containing a combination of penicillin and lactoferrin had no effect on growth inhibition. Electron microscopy revealed that concentration below the minimal inhibitory concentrations of penicillin induced important ultrastructure alterations, which were further enhanced by the presence of lactoferrin. When S. aureus cells were grown in the presence of a combination of penicillin and lactoferrin, changes in the protein profile of the bacteria, including the disappearance of several protein bands due to the presence of lactoferrin, were observed. These data suggest that bovine lactoferrin or lactoferricin in combination with beta-lactam antibiotics can increase the antibacterial activity of these antibiotics against S. aureus resistant to antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Diarra
- Dairy and Swine Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lennoxville, QC
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Clarkson AB, Turkel-Parrella D, Williams JH, Chen LC, Gordon T, Merali S. Action of deferoxamine against Pneumocystis carinii. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2001; 45:3560-5. [PMID: 11709340 PMCID: PMC90869 DOI: 10.1128/aac.45.12.3560-3565.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We found earlier that deferoxamine (DFO), a drug used for treatment of iron overload, is active against a rat model of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP). We had assumed a mode of action by deprivation of nutritional iron; however, data here show that DFO penetrates P. carinii, causing irreversible damage, thus indicating a different mode of action. Penetration was demonstrated by showing DFO uptake by high-pressure liquid chromatography analysis. By using calcein-AM as an indicator, exposure to DFO was shown to cause a reduction in P. carinii cytoplasmic free iron. Exposure to >or=100 microM DFO for >or=8 h in vitro caused growth to cease and cell numbers to decline over several days. This direct and irreversible damage to P. carinii led to the prediction that infrequent delivery of DFO to the lungs via an aerosol would be an effective treatment in the animal model of PCP. This prediction was confirmed by demonstrating that a once-a-week aerosol treatment of rats was 100% effective both as a prophylactic and as a curative treatment in a rat model of PCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Clarkson
- Department of Medical and Molecular Parasitology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA.
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Abstract
Lactoferrin (Lf), a natural defence iron-binding protein, has been found to possess antibacterial, antimycotic, antiviral, antineoplastic and anti-inflammatory activity. The protein is present in exocrine secretions that are commonly exposed to normal flora: milk, tears, nasal exudate, saliva, bronchial mucus, gastrointestinal fluids, cervico-vaginal mucus and seminal fluid. Additionally, Lf is a major constituent of the secondary specific granules of circulating polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs). The apoprotein is released on degranulation of the PMNs in septic areas. A principal function of Lf is that of scavenging free iron in fluids and inflamed areas so as to suppress free radical-mediated damage and decrease the availability of the metal to invading microbial and neoplastic cells. Mechanisms of action of Lf in addition to iron deprivation are also described. Administration of exogenous human or bovine Lf to hosts with various infected or inflamed sites has resulted in some prophylactic or therapeutic effects. However, an adverse response to the protein might occur if it were to stimulate antibody production or if it were to provide iron to the invading pathogen. The recombinant form of human Lf has become available and development of the product for use in a wide range of medical conditions can now be anticipated.
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Affiliation(s)
- E D Weinberg
- Department of Biology and Program in Medical Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington 47405, USA.
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