1
|
Bilal M, Ullah S, Jaehde U, Trueck C, Zaremba D, Wachall B, Wargenau M, Scheidel B, Wiesen MHJ, Gazzaz M, Chen C, Büsker S, Fuhr U, Taubert M, Dokos C. Assessment of body mass-related covariates for rifampicin pharmacokinetics in healthy Caucasian volunteers. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2024; 80:1271-1283. [PMID: 38722350 PMCID: PMC11303472 DOI: 10.1007/s00228-024-03697-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Currently, body weight-based dosing of rifampicin is recommended. But lately, fat-free mass (FFM) was reported to be superior to body weight (BW). The present evaluation aimed to assess the influence of body mass-related covariates on rifampicin's pharmacokinetics (PK) parameters in more detail using non-linear mixed effects modeling (NLMEM). METHODS Twenty-four healthy Caucasian volunteers were enrolled in a bioequivalence study, each receiving a test and a reference tablet of 600 mg of rifampicin separated by a wash-out period of at least 9 days. Monolix version 2023R1 was used for NLMEM. Monte Carlo simulations (MCS) were performed to visualize the relationship of body size descriptors to the exposure to rifampicin. RESULTS A one-compartment model with nonlinear (Michaelis-Menten) elimination and zero-order absorption kinetics with a lag time best described the data. The covariate model including fat-free mass (FFM) on volume of distribution (V/F) and on maximum elimination rate (Vmax/F) lowered the objective function value (OFV) by 56.4. The second-best covariate model of sex on V/F and Vmax/F and BW on V/F reduced the OFV by 51.2. The decrease in unexplained inter-individual variability on Vmax/F in both covariate models was similar. For a given dose, MCS showed lower exposure to rifampicin with higher FFM and accordingly in males compared to females with the same BW and body height. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that beyond BW, body composition as reflected by FFM could also be relevant for optimized dosing of rifampicin. This assumption needs to be studied further in patients treated with rifampicin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Bilal
- Department I of Pharmacology, Center for Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Sami Ullah
- Department I of Pharmacology, Center for Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ulrich Jaehde
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christina Trueck
- Department I of Pharmacology, Center for Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Dario Zaremba
- Department I of Pharmacology, Center for Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Bertil Wachall
- InfectoPharm Arzneimittel Und Consilium GmbH, 64646, Heppenheim, Germany
| | | | | | - Martin H J Wiesen
- Pharmacology at the Laboratory Diagnostics Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Therapeutic Drug Monitoring, Cologne, Germany
| | - Malaz Gazzaz
- Pharmaceutical Practices Department, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Chunli Chen
- Department I of Pharmacology, Center for Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Sören Büsker
- Department I of Pharmacology, Center for Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Uwe Fuhr
- Department I of Pharmacology, Center for Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Max Taubert
- Department I of Pharmacology, Center for Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Charalambos Dokos
- Department I of Pharmacology, Center for Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Cattaneo D, Gervasoni C. Therapeutic drug monitoring of antiretroviral therapy: current progresses and future directions. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2024; 17:579-587. [PMID: 38829318 DOI: 10.1080/17512433.2024.2363847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The treatment of HIV infection has been revolutionized in recent years thanks to the advent of dual antiretroviral regimens, administered orally or as long-acting injectable formulations. Here, we provide an update on the usefulness of therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of antiretroviral drugs to optimize the management of people with HIV (PWH) in the current scenario. AREAS COVERED A MEDLINE PubMed search for articles published between January 2014 and January 2024 was completed matching the terms HIV, antiretrovirals and TDM. Moreover, additional studies were identified from the reference list of retrieved articles. EXPERT OPINION Available antiretroviral treatments achieve a response rate of 90%-95%, making the routine TDM of antiretroviral drugs of limited clinical value. However, there are still some important applications of TDM in selected clinical conditions, such as assessing patient compliance or suspected drug-drug interactions (DDIs). Indeed, we are increasingly having to deal with polypharmacy and DDIs in the context of an aging patient with comorbidities that may potentially alter the pharmacokinetics of antiretroviral drugs. Finally, the role of pharmacogenetics, which is closely related to TDM, in influencing both the disposition of antiretrovirals and the course of DDIs should also be considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dario Cattaneo
- Gestione Ambulatoriale Politerapie (GAP) Outpatient Clinic, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco University Hospital, Milan, Italy
- Department of Infectious Diseases, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco University Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Cristina Gervasoni
- Gestione Ambulatoriale Politerapie (GAP) Outpatient Clinic, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco University Hospital, Milan, Italy
- Department of Infectious Diseases, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco University Hospital, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Madadi AK, Sohn MJ. Comprehensive Therapeutic Approaches to Tuberculous Meningitis: Pharmacokinetics, Combined Dosing, and Advanced Intrathecal Therapies. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:540. [PMID: 38675201 PMCID: PMC11054600 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16040540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Tuberculous meningitis (TBM) presents a critical neurologic emergency characterized by high mortality and morbidity rates, necessitating immediate therapeutic intervention, often ahead of definitive microbiological and molecular diagnoses. The primary hurdle in effective TBM treatment is the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which significantly restricts the delivery of anti-tuberculous medications to the central nervous system (CNS), leading to subtherapeutic drug levels and poor treatment outcomes. The standard regimen for initial TBM treatment frequently falls short, followed by adverse side effects, vasculitis, and hydrocephalus, driving the condition toward a refractory state. To overcome this obstacle, intrathecal (IT) sustained release of anti-TB medication emerges as a promising approach. This method enables a steady, uninterrupted, and prolonged release of medication directly into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), thus preventing systemic side effects by limiting drug exposure to the rest of the body. Our review diligently investigates the existing literature and treatment methodologies, aiming to highlight their shortcomings. As part of our enhanced strategy for sustained IT anti-TB delivery, we particularly seek to explore the utilization of nanoparticle-infused hydrogels containing isoniazid (INH) and rifampicin (RIF), alongside osmotic pump usage, as innovative treatments for TBM. This comprehensive review delineates an optimized framework for the management of TBM, including an integrated approach that combines pharmacokinetic insights, concomitant drug administration strategies, and the latest advancements in IT and intraventricular (IVT) therapy for CNS infections. By proposing a multifaceted treatment strategy, this analysis aims to enhance the clinical outcomes for TBM patients, highlighting the critical role of targeted drug delivery in overcoming the formidable challenges presented by the blood-brain barrier and the complex pathophysiology of TBM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Khalid Madadi
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Inje University, 75, Bokji-ro, Busanjin-gu, Busan 47392, Republic of Korea;
| | - Moon-Jun Sohn
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Inje University, 75, Bokji-ro, Busanjin-gu, Busan 47392, Republic of Korea;
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neuroscience & Radiosurgery Hybrid Research Center, College of Medicine, Inje University Ilsan Paik Hospital, 170, Juhwa-ro, Ilsanseo-gu, Goyang City 10380, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhang B, Wang Z, Zhang S, Zhong S, Sun Y, Liu X. N6-methyloxyadenine-mediated detoxification and ferroptosis confer a trade-off between multi-fungicide resistance and fitness. mBio 2024; 15:e0317723. [PMID: 38294217 PMCID: PMC10936191 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03177-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Multi-fungicide resistance (MFR) is a serious environmental problem, which results in the excessive use of fungicides. Fitness penalty, as a common phenomenon in MFR, can partially counteract the issue of resistance due to the weakened vigor of MFR pathogens. Their underlying mechanism and relationship remain unexplained. By Oxford Nanopore Technologies sequencing and dot blot, we found that N6-methyloxyadenine (6mA) modification, the dominate epigenetic marker in Phytophthora capsici, was significantly altered after MFR emerged. Among the differently methylated genes, PcGSTZ1 could efficiently detoxify SYP-14288, a novel uncoupler, through complexing the fungicide with glutathione and induce MFR. Interestingly, PcGSTZ1 overexpression was induced by elevated 6mA levels and chromatin accessibility to its genomic loci. Moreover, the overexpression led to reactive oxygen species burst and ferroptosis in SYP-14288-resistant mutants, which enhanced the resistance and induced fitness penalty in P. capsici through triggering low energy shock adaptive response. Furthermore, this study revealed that the 6mA-PcGSTZ1-ferroptosis axis could mediate intergenerational resistance memory transmission and enabled adaptive advantage to P. capsici. In conclusion, the findings provide new insights into the biological role of 6mA as well as the mechanisms underlying the trade-off between MFR and fitness. These could also benefit disease control through the blockade of the epigenetic axis to resensitize resistant isolates.IMPORTANCEN6-methyloxyadenine (6mA) modification on DNA is correlated with tolerance under different stress in prokaryotes. However, the role of 6mA in eukaryotes remains poorly understood. Our current study reveals that DNA adenine methyltransferase 1 (DAMT1)-mediated 6mA modification at the upstream region of GST zeta 1 (GSTZ1) is elevated in the resistant strain. This elevation promotes the detoxification uncoupler and induces multifungicide resistance (MFR). Moreover, the overexpression led to reactive oxygen species burst and ferroptosis in SYP-14288-resistant mutants, which enhanced the resistance and induced fitness penalty in Phytophthora capsici through triggering low energy shock adaptive response. Furthermore, this study revealed that the 6mA-PcGSTZ1-ferroptosis axis could mediate intergenerational resistance memory transmission and enabled adaptive advantage to P. capsici. Overall, our findings uncover an innovative mechanism underlying 6mA modification in regulating PcGSTZ1 transcription and the ferroptosis pathway in P. capsici.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Borui Zhang
- China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiwen Wang
- China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Sanya Institute of China Agricultural University, Sanya, China
| | | | - Shan Zhong
- China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ye Sun
- China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xili Liu
- China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Rishikesan S, Brindhadevi P, K R, Srinath N, Balamugundhan M. Potential bioactive compound and hub gene identification of endometrial carcinoma using systems biology. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024:1-17. [PMID: 38459947 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2024.2326199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
Endometrial carcinoma is a frequent cancer of the female genital tract. Endometrial carcinoma accounts for 97% of all uterine malignancies and 3 % of sarcomas that develop from the endometrium's glands. Endometrial cancer is frequently found in its early stages since most women quickly report postmenopausal vaginal hemorrhage. The need for more advanced medications to improve survival in such situations is still unfulfilled. As a result, there is growing interest in employing an herbal treatment to treat endometriosis, which seems to be an effective strategy. We have discovered a few unintended targets (ligands) in our investigation that are active components of common therapeutic herbs. The differentially expressed genes (DEG - target protein) for endometrial cancer were found using the NCBI and CIViC databases. In our investigation, the protein used for docking and simulation was PDB ID: 3THW. Using the Cytoscape server, the gene-encoding protein network has been identified. It was discovered that the Protein 3THW's binding energy to the bioactive substance (Asarone) was -7.15 Kcal/mol. It was discovered that the crucial interacting amino acid residues were ILE648, PHE650, ILE651, VAL802, TYR815, VAL817. The properties of the pharmaceutical target are further investigated by employing a molecular simulation study for 100 ns with NAMD software. Low RMSD and SASA (Solvent accessible surface area), high RMSF, High hydrogen bonds, between Asarone and MSH2 demonstrated their potency as endometrial cancer inhibitor compounds. Based on these analyses we infer that the bioactive substances originating from medicinal plants may be an effective treatment for endometrial cancer.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rajakumari K
- Department of Bioengineering, Vels University (VISTAS), Pallavaram, India
| | - N Srinath
- Department of Bioengineering, Vels University (VISTAS), Pallavaram, India
| | - M Balamugundhan
- Department of Bioengineering, Vels University (VISTAS), Pallavaram, India
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ramachandran A, Gadgil CJ. A physiologically-based pharmacokinetic model for tuberculosis drug disposition at extrapulmonary sites. CPT Pharmacometrics Syst Pharmacol 2023; 12:1274-1284. [PMID: 37431175 PMCID: PMC10508491 DOI: 10.1002/psp4.13008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a leading cause of mortality attributed to an infectious agent. TB primarily targets the lungs, but in about 16% cases can affect other organs as well, giving rise to extrapulmonary TB (EPTB). However, an optimal regimen for EPTB treatment is not defined. Although the recommended treatment for most forms of EPTB is the same as pulmonary TB, the pharmacokinetics of EPTB therapy are not as well studied. To address this gap, we formulate a whole-body physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model for EPTB that for the first time includes the ability to simulate drug concentrations in the pleura and lymph node, the most commonly affected sites of EPTB. Using this model, we estimate the time-dependent concentrations, at potential EPTB infection sites, of the following four first-line anti-TB drugs: rifampicin, ethambutol, isoniazid, and pyrazinamide. We use reported plasma concentration kinetics data to estimate model parameters for each drug and validate our model using reported concentration data not used for model formulation or parameter estimation. Model predictions match the validation data, and reported pharmacokinetic parameters (maximum plasma concentration, time to reach maximum concentration) for the drugs. The model also predicts ethambutol, isoniazid, and pyrazinamide concentrations in the pleura that match reported experimental values from an independent study. For each drug, the predicted drug concentrations at EPTB sites are compared with their critical concentration. Simulations suggest that although rifampicin and isoniazid concentrations are greater than critical concentration values at most EPTB sites, the concentrations of ethambutol and pyrazinamide are lower than their critical concentrations at most EPTB sites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aparna Ramachandran
- Chemical Engineering and Process Development DivisionCouncil of Scientific and Industrial Research‐National Chemical LaboratoryPuneIndia
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Council Of Scientific And Industrial Research–Human Resource Development Centre CampusGhaziabadIndia
| | - Chetan J. Gadgil
- Chemical Engineering and Process Development DivisionCouncil of Scientific and Industrial Research‐National Chemical LaboratoryPuneIndia
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Council Of Scientific And Industrial Research–Human Resource Development Centre CampusGhaziabadIndia
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research‐Institute of Genomics and Integrative BiologyDelhiIndia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Valverde-Fraga L, Haddad R, Alrabadi N, Sánchez S, Remuñán-López C, Csaba N. Design and in vitro assessment of chitosan nanocapsules for the pulmonary delivery of rifabutin. Eur J Pharm Sci 2023:106484. [PMID: 37268092 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2023.106484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a life-threatening disease and a main cause of death worldwide. It mainly affects the lungs, and it is attributed to the infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). Current treatments consist of the oral administration of combinations of antibiotics including rifabutin, in high doses and for long periods of time. These therapeutic regimens are associated with many side effects and high rates of drug resistance. To overcome these problems, this study aims at developing a nanosystem for the improved delivery of antibiotics, with potential application in pulmonary delivery. Chitosan-based nanomaterials are widely used in biomedical applications, due to their biodegradability and biocompatibility, as well as their potential antimicrobial effects and lack of toxicity. In addition, this polymer is particularly attractive for mucosal delivery due to its bioadhesive properties. Therefore, the structure of the proposed nanocarrier consists of a chitosan shell and a lipid core with a combination of different oils and surfactants to allow optimal association of the hydrophobic drug rifabutin. These nanocapsules were characterized in terms of size, polydispersity index, surface charge, morphology, encapsulation efficiency and biological stability. The release kinetics of the drug-loaded nanostructures was evaluated in simulated lung media. Moreover, in vitro studies in different cell models (A549 and Raw 264.7 cells) demonstrated the safety of the nanocapsules as well as their efficient internalization. An antimicrobial susceptibility test was performed to evaluate the efficacy of the rifabutin-loaded nanocapsules against Mycobacterium phlei. This study indicated complete inhibition for antibiotic concentrations within the expected susceptibility range of Mycobacterium (≤ 0.25-16 mg/L).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Valverde-Fraga
- Nanobiofar Group. Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Technology. Faculty of Pharmacy. University of Santiago de Compostela Campus Vida. 15782 Santiago de Compostela. Spain; Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CiMUS). University of Santiago de Compostela. Campus Vida, 15782 Santiago de Compostela. Spain
| | - Razan Haddad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Pharmaceutical Sciences. Faculty of Pharmacy. Department of Pharmacology. Faculty of Medicine. Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Nasr Alrabadi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Pharmaceutical Sciences. Faculty of Pharmacy. Department of Pharmacology. Faculty of Medicine. Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Sandra Sánchez
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology. Faculty of Pharmacy. University of Santiago de Compostela. Campus Vida, 15782 Santiago de Compostela. Spain
| | - Carmen Remuñán-López
- Nanobiofar Group. Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Technology. Faculty of Pharmacy. University of Santiago de Compostela Campus Vida. 15782 Santiago de Compostela. Spain
| | - Noemi Csaba
- Nanobiofar Group. Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Technology. Faculty of Pharmacy. University of Santiago de Compostela Campus Vida. 15782 Santiago de Compostela. Spain; Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CiMUS). University of Santiago de Compostela. Campus Vida, 15782 Santiago de Compostela. Spain..
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Osipova N, Budko A, Maksimenko O, Shipulo E, Vanchugova L, Chen W, Gelperina S, Wacker MG. Comparison of Compartmental and Non-Compartmental Analysis to Detect Biopharmaceutical Similarity of Intravenous Nanomaterial-Based Rifabutin Formulations. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15041258. [PMID: 37111743 PMCID: PMC10145013 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15041258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Pharmacometric analysis is often used to quantify the differences and similarities between formulation prototypes. In the regulatory framework, it plays a significant role in the evaluation of bioequivalence. While non-compartmental analysis provides an unbiased data evaluation, mechanistic compartmental models such as the physiologically-based nanocarrier biopharmaceutics model promise improved sensitivity and resolution for the underlying causes of inequivalence. In the present investigation, both techniques were applied to two nanomaterial-based formulations for intravenous injection, namely, albumin-stabilized rifabutin nanoparticles and rifabutin-loaded PLGA nanoparticles. The antibiotic rifabutin holds great potential for the treatment of severe and acute infections of patients co-infected with human immunodeficiency virus and tuberculosis. The formulations differ significantly in their formulation and material attributes, resulting in an altered biodistribution pattern as confirmed in a biodistribution study in rats. The albumin-stabilized delivery system further undergoes a dose-dependent change in particle size which leads to a small yet significant change in the in vivo performance. A second analysis was conducted comparing the dose fraction-scaled pharmacokinetic profiles of three dose levels of albumin-stabilized rifabutin nanoparticles. The dose strength affects both the nanomaterial-related absorption and biodistribution of the carrier as well as the drug-related distribution and elimination parameters, increasing the background noise and difficulty of detecting inequivalence. Depending on the pharmacokinetic parameter (e.g., AUC, Cmax, Clobs), the relative (percentage) difference from the average observed using non-compartmental modeling ranged from 85% to 5.2%. A change in the formulation type (PLGA nanoparticles vs. albumin-stabilized rifabutin nanoparticles) resulted in a similar level of inequivalence as compared to a change in the dose strength. A mechanistic compartmental analysis using the physiologically-based nanocarrier biopharmaceutics model led to an average difference of 152.46% between the two formulation prototypes. Albumin-stabilized rifabutin nanoparticles tested at different dose levels led to a 128.30% difference, potentially due to changes in particle size. A comparison of different dose strengths of PLGA nanoparticles, on average, led to a 3.87% difference. This study impressively illustrates the superior sensitivity of mechanistic compartmental analysis when dealing with nanomedicines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrey Budko
- N.N. Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center, Russian Academy of Medical Science, Kashirskoye Shosse 24, 115478 Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga Maksimenko
- Nanosystem Ltd., Kolomenskiy Proezd 13A, 115446 Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena Shipulo
- Nanosystem Ltd., Kolomenskiy Proezd 13A, 115446 Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Wenqian Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, 4 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117544, Singapore
| | | | - Matthias G Wacker
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, 4 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117544, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Thangaraju P, Velmurugan H, N K. Current Status of Pharmacokinetic Research in Children: A Systematic Review of Clinical Trial Records. Curr Rev Clin Exp Pharmacol 2022; 19:CRCEP-EPUB-128427. [PMID: 36573054 DOI: 10.2174/2772432818666221223155455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many medications have different pharmacokinetics in children than in adults. Knowledge about the safety and efficacy of medications in children requires research into the pharmacokinetic profiles of children's medicines. By analysing registered clinical trial records, this study determined how frequently pharmacokinetic data is gathered in paediatric drug trials. METHODS We searched for the pharmacokinetic data from clinical trial records for preterm infants and children up to the age of 16 from January 2011 to April 2022. The records of trials involving one or more drugs in preterm infants and children up to the age of 16 were examined for evidence that pharmacokinetic data would be collected. RESULTS In a total of 1483 records of interventional clinical trials, 136 (9.17%) pharmacokinetic data involved adults. Of those 136 records, 60 (44.1%) records were pharmacokinetics trials involving one or more medicines in children up to the age of 16. 20 (33.3 %) in America, followed by 19 (31.6 %) in Europe. Most trials researched medicines in the field of infection or parasitic diseases 20 (33.3%). 27 (48.2%) and 26 (46.4%) trials investigated medicines that were indicated as essential medicine. CONCLUSION The pharmacokinetic characteristics of children's drugs need to be better understood. The current state of pharmacokinetic research appears to address the knowledge gap in this area adequately. Despite slow progress, paediatric clinical trials have experienced a renaissance as the significance of paediatric trials has gained international attention. The outcome of paediatric trials will have an impact on children's health in the future. In recent years, the need for greater availability and access to safe child-size pharmaceuticals has received a lot of attention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pugazhenthan Thangaraju
- Department of Pharmacology, All India institute of medical sciences, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Hemasri Velmurugan
- Department of Pharmacology, All India institute of medical sciences, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Krishnapriya N
- Department of Pharmacology, All India institute of medical sciences, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Bautista-Olivier CD, Elizondo G. PXR as the tipping point between innate immune response, microbial infections, and drug metabolism. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 202:115147. [PMID: 35714683 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Pregnane X receptor (PXR) is a xenosensor that acts as a transcription factor in the cell nucleus to protect cells from toxic insults. In response to exposure to several chemical agents, PXR induces the expression of enzymes and drug transporters that biotransform xenobiotic and endobiotic and eliminate metabolites. Recently, PXR has been shown to have immunomodulatory effects that involve cross-communication with molecular pathways in innate immunity cells. Conversely, several inflammatory factors regulate PXR signaling. This review examines the crosstalk between PXR and nuclear factor kappa B (NFkB), Toll-like receptors (TLRs), and inflammasome components. Discussions of the consequences of these interactions on immune responses to infections caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites are included together with a review of the effects of microorganisms on PXR-associated drug metabolism. This paper aims to encourage researchers to pursue studies that will better elucidate the relationship between PXR and the immune system and thus inform treatment development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Guillermo Elizondo
- Departamento de Biología Celular, CINVESTAV-IPN, Av. IPN 2508, C.P. 07360, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Pleiotropic Effects of Statins: New Therapeutic Approaches to Chronic, Recurrent Infection by Staphylococcus aureus. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13122047. [PMID: 34959329 PMCID: PMC8706520 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13122047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
An emergent approach to bacterial infection is the use of host rather than bacterial-directed strategies. This approach has the potential to improve efficacy in especially challenging infection settings, including chronic, recurrent infection due to intracellular pathogens. For nearly two decades, the pleiotropic effects of statin drugs have been examined for therapeutic usefulness beyond the treatment of hypercholesterolemia. Interest originated after retrospective studies reported decreases in the risk of death due to bacteremia or sepsis for those on a statin regimen. Although subsequent clinical trials have yielded mixed results and earlier findings have been questioned for biased study design, in vitro and in vivo studies have provided clear evidence of protective mechanisms that include immunomodulatory effects and the inhibition of host cell invasion. Ultimately, the benefits of statins in an infection setting appear to require attention to the underlying host response and to the timing of the dosage. From this examination of statin efficacy, additional novel host-directed strategies may produce adjunctive therapeutic approaches for the treatment of infection where traditional antimicrobial therapy continues to yield poor outcomes. This review focuses on the opportunistic pathogen, Staphylococcus aureus, as a proof of principle in examining the promise and limitations of statins in recalcitrant infection.
Collapse
|
12
|
Ghosh S, Pramanik S. Structural diversity, functional aspects and future therapeutic applications of human gut microbiome. Arch Microbiol 2021; 203:5281-5308. [PMID: 34405262 PMCID: PMC8370661 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-021-02516-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The research on human gut microbiome, regarded as the black box of the human body, is still at the stage of infancy as the functional properties of the complex gut microbiome have not yet been understood. Ongoing metagenomic studies have deciphered that the predominant microbial communities belong to eubacterial phyla Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, Fusobacteria, Cyanobacteria, Verrucomicrobia and archaebacterial phylum Euryarchaeota. The indigenous commensal microbial flora prevents opportunistic pathogenic infection and play undeniable roles in digestion, metabolite and signaling molecule production and controlling host's cellular health, immunity and neuropsychiatric behavior. Besides maintaining intestinal health via short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production, gut microbes also aid in neuro-immuno-endocrine modulatory molecule production, immune cell differentiation and glucose and lipid metabolism. Interdependence of diet and intestinal microbial diversity suggests the effectiveness of pre- and pro-biotics in maintenance of gut and systemic health. Several companies worldwide have started potentially exploiting the microbial contribution to human health and have translated their use in disease management and therapeutic applications. The present review discusses the vast diversity of microorganisms playing intricate roles in human metabolism. The contribution of the intestinal microbiota to regulate systemic activities including gut-brain-immunity crosstalk has been focused. To the best of our knowledge, this review is the first of its kind to collate and discuss the companies worldwide translating the multi-therapeutic potential of human intestinal microbiota, based on the multi-omics studies, i.e. metagenomics and metabolomics, as ready solutions for several metabolic and systemic disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soma Ghosh
- Kolkata Zonal Center, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, i-8 Sector-C, East Kolkata Township, Kolkata, 700107, India.
| | - Sreemanta Pramanik
- Kolkata Zonal Center, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, i-8 Sector-C, East Kolkata Township, Kolkata, 700107, India
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Mhambi S, Fisher D, Tchokonte MBT, Dube A. Permeation Challenges of Drugs for Treatment of Neurological Tuberculosis and HIV and the Application of Magneto-Electric Nanoparticle Drug Delivery Systems. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1479. [PMID: 34575555 PMCID: PMC8466684 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13091479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The anatomical structure of the brain at the blood-brain barrier (BBB) creates a limitation for the movement of drugs into the central nervous system (CNS). Drug delivery facilitated by magneto-electric nanoparticles (MENs) is a relatively new non-invasive approach for the delivery of drugs into the CNS. These nanoparticles (NPs) can create localized transient changes in the permeability of the cells of the BBB by inducing electroporation. MENs can be applied to deliver antiretrovirals and antibiotics towards the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and tuberculosis (TB) infections in the CNS. This review focuses on the drug permeation challenges and reviews the application of MENs for drug delivery for these diseases. We conclude that MENs are promising systems for effective CNS drug delivery and treatment for these diseases, however, further pre-clinical and clinical studies are required to achieve translation of this approach to the clinic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sinaye Mhambi
- Discipline of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town 7535, South Africa;
| | - David Fisher
- Department of Medical Bioscience, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town 7535, South Africa;
| | | | - Admire Dube
- Discipline of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town 7535, South Africa;
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kotadiya RM, Patel FN. Analytical Methods Practiced to Quantitation of Rifampicin: A Captious Survey. CURR PHARM ANAL 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1573412916999200704144231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:Rifampicin (RIF), also known as rifampin, a bactericidal antibiotic having
broad antibacterial activity against various gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria acts by inhibiting
DNA dependent RNA polymerase. RIF has been administered in different dosage forms like tablets,
capsules, injections, oral suspension, powder, etc. for the treatment of several types of bacterial infections,
including tuberculosis, Mycobacterium avium complex, leprosy and Legionnaires’ disease.
Introduction: To ensure the quality, efficacy, safety and effectiveness of RIF drug product, effective
and reliable analytical methods are of utmost importance. To quantify RIF for quality control or pharmacokinetic
purposes, alternative analytical methods have been developed along with the official compendial
methods.
Methods:In this review paper, an extensive literature survey was conducted to gather information on
various analytical instrumental methods used so far for RIF.
Results:These methods were high-performance liquid chromatography (42%), hyphenated techniques
(18%), spectroscopy (15%), high-performance thin-layer chromatography or thin-layer chromatography
(7%) and miscellaneous (18%).
Conclusion:All these methods were selective and specific for the RIF analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajendra Muljibhai Kotadiya
- Ramanbhai Patel College of Pharmacy, Charotar University of Science and Technology, Changa, Dist. Anand, Gujarat,India
| | - Foram Narottambhai Patel
- Ramanbhai Patel College of Pharmacy, Charotar University of Science and Technology, Changa, Dist. Anand, Gujarat,India
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
Almost 50% of prescription drugs lack age-appropriate dosing guidelines and therefore are used "off-label." Only ~10% drugs prescribed to neonates and infants have been studied for safety or efficacy. Immaturity of drug metabolism in children is often associated with drug toxicity. This chapter summarizes data on the ontogeny of major human metabolizing enzymes involved in oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis, and conjugation of drugs. The ontogeny data of individual drug-metabolizing enzymes are important for accurate prediction of drug pharmacokinetics and toxicity in children. This information is critical for designing clinical studies to appropriately test pharmacological hypotheses and develop safer pediatric drugs, and to replace the long-standing practice of body weight- or surface area-normalized drug dosing. The application of ontogeny data in physiologically based pharmacokinetic model and regulatory submission are discussed.
Collapse
|
16
|
Suhail M. The Target Determination and the Mechanism of Action of Chiral-Antimalarial Drugs: A Docking Approach. JOURNAL OF COMPUTATIONAL BIOPHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1142/s2737416521500290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Due to an undecided target and the prescription of chiral-aminoquinolines (chloroquine, primaquine and quinacrine) in the racemic form, the mechanism of action as well as the reason of causing side effects become unclear. Based on computationally evaluated literature data, the things determined theoretically were (i) the target of aminoquinolines during antimalarial activity, (ii) the mechanism of action of chiral-aminoquinolines and (iii) biologically active enantiomers of aminoquinolines. For the presented study, the enantiomeric binding affinities of aminoquinolines with all the targets claimed by other scientists were calculated, and then used in interpretation with the help of many investigations done/observed by others. The results were very interesting based on which, a new and acceptable mechanism of action of chiral-aminoquinolines during malaria curing step, is given for the first time. The current docking study not only resolves the questionable point about a definite target of aminoquinolines but also makes the mechanism of action understandable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohd. Suhail
- Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Jacobs TG, Svensson EM, Musiime V, Rojo P, Dooley KE, McIlleron H, Aarnoutse RE, Burger DM, Turkova A, Colbers A. Pharmacokinetics of antiretroviral and tuberculosis drugs in children with HIV/TB co-infection: a systematic review. J Antimicrob Chemother 2020; 75:3433-3457. [PMID: 32785712 PMCID: PMC7662174 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkaa328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Management of concomitant use of ART and TB drugs is difficult because of the many drug-drug interactions (DDIs) between the medications. This systematic review provides an overview of the current state of knowledge about the pharmacokinetics (PK) of ART and TB treatment in children with HIV/TB co-infection, and identifies knowledge gaps. METHODS We searched Embase and PubMed, and systematically searched abstract books of relevant conferences, following PRISMA guidelines. Studies not reporting PK parameters, investigating medicines that are not available any longer or not including children with HIV/TB co-infection were excluded. All studies were assessed for quality. RESULTS In total, 47 studies met the inclusion criteria. No dose adjustments are necessary for efavirenz during concomitant first-line TB treatment use, but intersubject PK variability was high, especially in children <3 years of age. Super-boosted lopinavir/ritonavir (ratio 1:1) resulted in adequate lopinavir trough concentrations during rifampicin co-administration. Double-dosed raltegravir can be given with rifampicin in children >4 weeks old as well as twice-daily dolutegravir (instead of once daily) in children older than 6 years. Exposure to some TB drugs (ethambutol and rifampicin) was reduced in the setting of HIV infection, regardless of ART use. Only limited PK data of second-line TB drugs with ART in children who are HIV infected have been published. CONCLUSIONS Whereas integrase inhibitors seem favourable in older children, there are limited options for ART in young children (<3 years) receiving rifampicin-based TB therapy. The PK of TB drugs in HIV-infected children warrants further research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tom G Jacobs
- Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Elin M Svensson
- Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Victor Musiime
- Research Department, Joint Clinical Research Centre, Kampala, Uganda
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, School of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Pablo Rojo
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases Unit. Hospital 12 de Octubre, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Kelly E Dooley
- Divisions of Clinical Pharmacology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Helen McIlleron
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Rob E Aarnoutse
- Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - David M Burger
- Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Anna Turkova
- MRC Clinical Trials Unit at UCL, Institute of Clinical Trials & Methodology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Angela Colbers
- Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Tamuzi JL, Ayele BT, Shumba CS, Adetokunboh OO, Uwimana-Nicol J, Haile ZT, Inugu J, Nyasulu PS. Implications of COVID-19 in high burden countries for HIV/TB: A systematic review of evidence. BMC Infect Dis 2020; 20:744. [PMID: 33036570 PMCID: PMC7545798 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-020-05450-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The triple burden of COVID-19, tuberculosis and human immunodeficiency virus is one of the major global health challenges of the twenty-first century. In high burden HIV/TB countries, the spread of COVID-19 among people living with HIV is a well-founded concern. A thorough understanding of HIV/TB and COVID-19 pandemics is important as the three diseases interact. This may clarify HIV/TB/COVID-19 as a newly related field. However, several gaps remain in the knowledge of the burden of COVID-19 on patients with TB and HIV. This study was conducted to review different studies on SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV or COVID-19 associated with HIV/TB co-infection or only TB, to understand the interactions between HIV, TB and COVID-19 and its implications on the burden of the COVID-19 among HIV/TB co-infected or TB patients, screening algorithm and clinical management. METHODS We conducted an electronic search of potentially eligible studies published in English in the Cochrane Controlled Register of Trials, PubMed, Medrxiv, Google scholar and Clinical Trials Registry databases. We included case studies, case series and observational studies published between January, 2002 and July, 2020 in which SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and COVID-19 co-infected to HIV/TB or TB in adults. We screened titles, abstracts and full articles for eligibility. Descriptive and meta-analysis were done and results have been presented in graphs and tables. RESULTS After removing 95 duplicates, 58 out of 437 articles were assessed for eligibility, of which 14 studies were included for descriptive analysis and seven studies were included in the meta-analysis. Compared to the descriptive analysis, the meta-analysis showed strong evidence that current TB exposure was high-risk COVID-19 group (OR 1.67, 95% CI 1.06-2.65, P = 0.03). The pooled of COVID-19/TB severity rate increased from OR 4.50 (95% CI 1.12-18.10, P = 0.03), the recovery rate was high among COVID-19 compared to COVID-19/TB irrespective of HIV status (OR 2.23, 95% CI 1.83-2.74, P < 0.001) and the mortality was reduced among non-TB group (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION In summary, TB was a risk factor for COVID-19 both in terms of severity and mortality irrespective of HIV status. Structured diagnostic algorithms and clinical management are suggested to improve COVID-19/HIV/TB or COVID-19/TB co-infections outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacques L Tamuzi
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Birhanu T Ayele
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Constance S Shumba
- Department of Population Health, Aga Khan University, Nairobi, Kenya
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Aga Khan University, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Olatunji O Adetokunboh
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence in Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Jeannine Uwimana-Nicol
- School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Science, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Zelalem T Haile
- Department of Social Medicine, Ohio University, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Dublin, USA
| | - Joseph Inugu
- Departments of Public Health, School of Health Sciences, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, USA
| | - Peter S Nyasulu
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.
- Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Yip V, Figueroa I, Latifi B, Masih S, Ng C, Leipold D, Kamath A, Shen BQ. Anti-Lymphocyte Antigen 6 Complex, Locus E- Seco-Cyclopropabenzindol-4-One-Dimer Antibody-Drug Conjugate That Forms Adduct with α1-Microglobulin Demonstrates Slower Systemic Antibody Clearance and Reduced Tumor Distribution in Animals. Drug Metab Dispos 2020; 48:1247-1256. [PMID: 33020064 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.120.000145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Anti-Ly6E-seco-cyclopropabenzindol-4-one dimer antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) has been reported to form an adduct with α1-microglobulin (A1M) in animal plasma, but with unknown impact on ADC PK and tissue distribution. In this study, we compared the PK and tissue distribution of anti-Ly6E ADC with unconjugated anti-Ly6E mAb in rodents and monkeys. For PK studies, animals received an intravenous administration of anti-Ly6E ADC or unconjugated anti-Ly6E mAb. Plasma samples were analyzed for total antibody (Tab) levels and A1M adduct formation. PK parameters were generated from dose-normalized plasma concentrations. Tissue distribution was determined in tumor-bearing mice after a single intravenous dosing of radiolabeled ADC or mAb. Tissue radioactivity levels were analyzed using a gamma counter. The impact of A1M adduct formation on target cell binding was assessed in an in vitro cell binding assay. The results show that ADC Tab clearance was slower than that of mAb in mice and rats but faster than mAb in monkeys. Correspondingly, the formation of A1M adduct appeared to be faster and higher in mice, followed by rats, and slowest in monkeys. Although ADC tended to show an overall lower distribution to normal tissues, it had a strikingly reduced distribution to tumors compared with mAb, likely due to A1M adduct formation interfering with target binding, as demonstrated by the in vitro cell binding assay. Together, these data 1) demonstrate that anti-Ly6E ADC that forms A1M adduct had slower systemic clearance with strikingly reduced tumor distribution and 2) highlight the importance of selecting an appropriate linker-drug for successful ADC development. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Anti-lymphocyte antigen 6 complex, locus E, ADC with seco-cyclopropabenzindol-4-one-dimer payload formed adduct with A1M, which led to a decrease in systemic clearance but also attenuated tumor distribution. These findings demonstrate the importance of selecting an appropriate linker-drug for ADC development and also highlight the value of a mechanistic understanding of ADC biotransformation, which could provide insight into ADC molecule design, optimization, and selection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victor Yip
- Preclinical and Translational Pharmacokinetics (V.Y., I.F., B.L., S.M., D.L., A.K., B.-Q.S.) and Bio-Analytical Sciences (C.N.), Genentech, South San Francisco, California
| | - Isabel Figueroa
- Preclinical and Translational Pharmacokinetics (V.Y., I.F., B.L., S.M., D.L., A.K., B.-Q.S.) and Bio-Analytical Sciences (C.N.), Genentech, South San Francisco, California
| | - Brandon Latifi
- Preclinical and Translational Pharmacokinetics (V.Y., I.F., B.L., S.M., D.L., A.K., B.-Q.S.) and Bio-Analytical Sciences (C.N.), Genentech, South San Francisco, California
| | - Shab Masih
- Preclinical and Translational Pharmacokinetics (V.Y., I.F., B.L., S.M., D.L., A.K., B.-Q.S.) and Bio-Analytical Sciences (C.N.), Genentech, South San Francisco, California
| | - Carl Ng
- Preclinical and Translational Pharmacokinetics (V.Y., I.F., B.L., S.M., D.L., A.K., B.-Q.S.) and Bio-Analytical Sciences (C.N.), Genentech, South San Francisco, California
| | - Doug Leipold
- Preclinical and Translational Pharmacokinetics (V.Y., I.F., B.L., S.M., D.L., A.K., B.-Q.S.) and Bio-Analytical Sciences (C.N.), Genentech, South San Francisco, California
| | - Amrita Kamath
- Preclinical and Translational Pharmacokinetics (V.Y., I.F., B.L., S.M., D.L., A.K., B.-Q.S.) and Bio-Analytical Sciences (C.N.), Genentech, South San Francisco, California
| | - Ben-Quan Shen
- Preclinical and Translational Pharmacokinetics (V.Y., I.F., B.L., S.M., D.L., A.K., B.-Q.S.) and Bio-Analytical Sciences (C.N.), Genentech, South San Francisco, California
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Assessing Drug-Drug Interaction Potential among Patients Admitted to Surgery Departments in Three Palestinian Hospitals. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:9634934. [PMID: 33029535 PMCID: PMC7532408 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9634934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Drug-drug interactions (DDIs) are a common issue that leads to adverse drug reactions in hospitals. Patients in the surgical department are expected to have potential DDIs that may lead to morbidity and mortality. Objectives To study potential DDI prevalence in the surgery departments in 3 hospitals in Palestine. Moreover, to identify pertinent factors that are associated with drug-drug interactions. Method A cross-sectional study in 3 governmental Palestinian hospitals: Palestine Medical Complex, Rafidia Hospital, and Beit Jala Hospital. Patients who are 20 years old or above and admitted to the surgical wards between September 2017 and February 2018 were included in the study. Patient demographics, all medications given in the hospital, and hospitalization period were obtained from medical files. The digital clinical decision support system Micromedex® was used for analysis and classification of possible drug interactions. Bivariate analysis and logistic regression were used to study the risk factors for developing DDIs. Results 502 patients were included in this report. The prevalence of potential DDIs among patients admitted to surgery wards in three Palestinian hospitals was 56%. The number of detected potential DDIs per patient was 2.22 ± 3.76. The number of prescribed medications (P < 0.001) was found to increase the possibility of having drug interactions. Conclusions DDIs in Palestinian hospitals are a prevalent problem, and caution should be taken when ordering medications to hospitalized patients in surgery departments.
Collapse
|
21
|
Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling to assess metabolic drug-drug interaction risks and inform the drug label for fedratinib. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2020; 86:461-473. [PMID: 32886148 PMCID: PMC7515950 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-020-04131-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Fedratinib (INREBIC®), a Janus kinase 2 inhibitor, is approved in the United States to treat patients with myelofibrosis. Fedratinib is not only a substrate of cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes, but also exhibits complex auto-inhibition, time-dependent inhibition, or mixed inhibition/induction of CYP enzymes including CYP3A. Therefore, a mechanistic modeling approach was used to characterize pharmacokinetic (PK) properties and assess drug–drug interaction (DDI) potentials for fedratinib under clinical scenarios. Methods The physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model of fedratinib was constructed in Simcyp® (V17R1) by integrating available in vitro and in vivo information and was further parameterized and validated by using clinical PK data. Results The validated PBPK model was applied to predict DDIs between fedratinib and CYP modulators or substrates. The model simulations indicated that the fedratinib-as-victim DDI extent in terms of geometric mean area under curve (AUC) at steady state is about twofold or 1.2-fold when strong or moderate CYP3A4 inhibitors, respectively, are co-administered with repeated doses of fedratinib. In addition, the PBPK model successfully captured the perpetrator DDI effect of fedratinib on a sensitive CY3A4 substrate midazolam and predicted minor effects of fedratinib on CYP2C8/9 substrates. Conclusions The PBPK-DDI model of fedratinib facilitated drug development by identifying DDI potential, optimizing clinical study designs, supporting waivers for clinical studies, and informing drug label claims. Fedratinib dose should be reduced to 200 mg QD when a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor is co-administered and then re-escalated to 400 mg in a stepwise manner as tolerated after the strong CYP3A4 inhibitor is discontinued. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00280-020-04131-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
|
22
|
Hong JY, Kim JH. PG-path: Modeling and personalizing pharmacogenomics-based pathways. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0230950. [PMID: 32365122 PMCID: PMC7197763 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A pharmacogenomics-based pathway represents a series of reactions that occur between drugs and genes in the human body after drug administration. PG-path is a pharmacogenomics-based pathway that standardizes and visualizes the components (nodes) and actions (edges) involved in pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes. It provides an intuitive understanding of the drug response in the human body. A pharmacokinetic pathway visualizes the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) at the systemic level, and a pharmacodynamic pathway shows the action of the drug in the target cell at the cellular-molecular level. The genes in the pathway are displayed in locations similar to those inside the body. PG-path allows personalized pathways to be created by annotating each gene with the overall impact degree of deleterious variants in the gene. These personalized pathways play a role in assisting tailored individual prescriptions by predicting changes in the drug concentration in the plasma. PG-path also supports counseling for personalized drug therapy by providing visualization and documentation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joo Young Hong
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Cipherome. Inc., Seoul, Korea
| | - Ju Han Kim
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Seoul National University Biomedical Informatics (SNUBI), Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
George J. Metabolism and interactions of antileprosy drugs. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 177:113993. [PMID: 32339493 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.113993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease caused my Mycobacterium leprae that primarily affects peripheral nervous system and extremities and is prevalent in tropical countries. Treatment for leprosy with multidrug regimens is very effective compared to monotherapy especially in multibacillary cases. The three major antileprosy drugs currently in use are 4, 4'-diaminodiphenyl sulfone (DDS, dapsone), rifampicin, and clofazimine. During multidrug therapy, the potent antibiotic rifampicin induces the metabolism of dapsone, which results in decreased plasma half-life of dapsone and its metabolites. Furthermore, rifampicin induces its own metabolism and decreases its half-life during monotherapy. Rifampicin upregulates several hepatic microsomal drug-metabolizing enzymes, especially cytochrome P450 (CYP) family that in turn induce the metabolism of dapsone. Clofazimine lacks significant induction of any drug-metabolizing enzyme including CYP family and does not interact with dapsone metabolism. Rifampicin does not induce clofazimine metabolism during combination treatment. Administration of dapsone in the acetylated form (acedapsone) can release the drug slowly into circulation up to 75 days and could be useful for the effective treatment of paucibacillary cases along with rifampicin. This review summarizes the major aspects of antileprosy drug metabolism and drug interactions and the role of cytochrome P450 family of drug metabolizing enzymes, especially CYP3A4 during multidrug regimens for the treatment of leprosy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph George
- Department of Biochemistry, Central Leprosy Teaching and Research Institute, Chengalpattu 603001, Tamil Nadu, India.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Stahlmann R, Lode H. Calculated initial parenteral treatment of bacterial infections: Safety and tolerabilty. GMS INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2020; 8:Doc16. [PMID: 32373441 PMCID: PMC7186799 DOI: 10.3205/id000060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This is the fourth chapter of the guideline "Calculated initial parenteral treatment of bacterial infections in adults - update 2018" in the 2nd updated version. The German guideline by the Paul-Ehrlich-Gesellschaft für Chemotherapie e.V. (PEG) has been translated to address an international audience. Safety and tolerability of antimicrobial agents will be discussed in this chapter. Toxic, allergic and biological effects can be differentiated on the basis of their pathogenesis. The question of differences in the tolerability of specific antibiotics is of particular importance. However, due to limitations of the available data, it cannot be answered for most agents with the desired accuracy. For an assessment of rare side effects, results from the postmarketing surveillance have to be used.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Stahlmann
- Institut für Klinische Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Rajoli RKR, Curley P, Chiong J, Back D, Flexner C, Owen A, Siccardi M. Predicting Drug-Drug Interactions Between Rifampicin and Long-Acting Cabotegravir and Rilpivirine Using Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling. J Infect Dis 2020; 219:1735-1742. [PMID: 30566691 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cabotegravir and rilpivirine are 2 long-acting (LA) antiretrovirals that can be administered intramuscularly; their interaction with rifampicin, a first-line antituberculosis agent, has not been investigated. The aim of this study was to simulate and predict drug-drug interactions (DDIs) between these LA antiretroviral agents and rifampicin using physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling. METHODS The designed PBPK models were qualified (according to European Medicines Agency guidelines) against observed data for oral formulations of cabotegravir, rilpivirine, and rifampicin. Induction potential of rifampicin was also qualified by comparing the DDI between oral cabotegravir and oral rilpivirine with rifampicin. Qualified PBPK models were utilized for pharmacokinetic prediction of DDIs. RESULTS PBPK models predicted a reduction in both area under the curve (AUC0-28 days) and trough concentration (Ctrough, 28th day) of LA cabotegravir of 41%-46% for the first maintenance dose coadministered with 600 mg once-daily oral rifampicin. Rilpivirine concentrations were predicted to decrease by 82% for both AUC0-28 days and Ctrough, 28th day following the first maintenance dose when coadministered with rifampicin. CONCLUSIONS The developed PBPK models predicted the theoretical effect of rifampicin on cabotegravir and rilpivirine LA intramuscular formulations. According to these simulations, it is likely that coadministration of rifampicin with these LA formulations will result in subtherapeutic concentrations of both drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajith K R Rajoli
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Curley
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Justin Chiong
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - David Back
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Charles Flexner
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Andrew Owen
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Marco Siccardi
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Karbwang J, Na‐Bangchang K. The Role of Clinical Pharmacology in Chemotherapy of Multidrug‐Resistant
Plasmodium falciparum. J Clin Pharmacol 2020; 60:830-847. [DOI: 10.1002/jcph.1589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Juntra Karbwang
- Graduate Program in Bioclinical SciencesChulabhorn International College of MedicineThammasat University (Rangsit Campus) Pathumthani Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Pharmacology and Molecular Biology of Malaria and CholangiocarcinomaThammasat University (Rangsit Campus) Pathumthani Thailand
- Drug Discovery and Development Center, Office of Advanced Science and TechnologyThammasat University (Rangsit Campus) Pathumthani Thailand
- Department of Clinical Product developmentNagasaki Institute of Tropical MedicineNagasaki University Nagasaki Japan
| | - Kesara Na‐Bangchang
- Graduate Program in Bioclinical SciencesChulabhorn International College of MedicineThammasat University (Rangsit Campus) Pathumthani Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Pharmacology and Molecular Biology of Malaria and CholangiocarcinomaThammasat University (Rangsit Campus) Pathumthani Thailand
- Drug Discovery and Development Center, Office of Advanced Science and TechnologyThammasat University (Rangsit Campus) Pathumthani Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Lewis J, Gregorian T, Portillo I, Goad J. Drug interactions with antimalarial medications in older travelers: a clinical guide. J Travel Med 2020; 27:5644627. [PMID: 31776555 DOI: 10.1093/jtm/taz089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 10/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Increasingly older adults are traveling to international destinations with malaria as a present risk. Surveillance systems indicate that older adults are more likely to suffer severe complications from malaria. The role of health care providers in selecting an appropriate medication for chemoprophylaxis or treatment of malaria in adults becomes more difficult as older adults undergo physiologic changes that alter the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic nature of medications potentially causing increased drug interactions, adverse events and altered drug action. A comprehensive literature search from 1970 to present, with a focus on the past 10 years, was conducted on drug interactions, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects on antimalarials in adults. It was determined that due to pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic changes in older adults, especially renal and cardiovascular, special attention should be given to this population of travelers in order to minimize the likelihood of adverse events or altered drug efficacy. Antimalarial drug-disease interactions in older adults can occur more often due to QT prolongation, exacerbation of hypoglycemia, decreased renal elimination and decreased hepatic metabolism. Older antimalarials have well-documented drug-drug interactions. Tafenoquine, a new antimalarial, requires glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase screening like primaquine and monitoring of new potential drug interaction with MATE1 and OCT2 substrates. While drug-drug interactions in older travelers may occur more often as a result of polypharmacy, data did not indicate adverse reactions or decreased drug efficacy is greater compared with younger adults. Overall, with the exception of recently approved tafenoquine, much is known about antimalarial drug and disease interactions, but new drugs are always being approved, requiring travel health providers to understand the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of antimalarial drugs to predict the impact on safety and efficacy in travelers. This guide provides travel health providers with valuable insights on potential outcomes associated with drug interactions in adults and recommended monitoring or drug regimen modification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Lewis
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Tania Gregorian
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Ivan Portillo
- Leatherby Libraries, Chapman University, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Jeff Goad
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Irvine, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Manna SC, Mistri S, Patra A, Mahish MK, Saren D, Manne RK, Santra MK, Zangrando E, Puschmann H. Synthesis, structure, DNA/protein binding, molecular docking and in vitro anticancer activity of two Schiff base coordinated copper(II) complexes. Polyhedron 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2019.06.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
29
|
Puttappa N, Kumar RS, Kuppusamy G, Radhakrishnan A. Nano-facilitated drug delivery strategies in the treatment of plasmodium infection. Acta Trop 2019; 195:103-114. [PMID: 31039335 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Malaria, one of the major infectious disease-causing sizeable morbidity, mortality and economic loss worldwide. The main drawback for the failure to eradicate malaria is the spread of multiple drug resistance to the majority of currently available chemotherapy. At present nanotechnology offers an advanced opportunity in the delivery of drugs and vaccines to the desired targeted site in the body following oral and systemic administration. It confers the major advantages like improving drug pharmacokinetic profiles, reduce dose frequency and reduction in drug toxicity. Hence, Nano-based drug delivery system can provide a promising prospect in the way of malaria treatment. This paper is a review of recent researches highlighting includes nanocarriers loaded antimalarial drugs for better therapeutic efficacy and future perspective in the treatment of malaria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nethravathi Puttappa
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research (Deemed to be University), Ooty, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Raman Suresh Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research (Deemed to be University), Ooty, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Gowthamarajan Kuppusamy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research (Deemed to be University), Ooty, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Arun Radhakrishnan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research (Deemed to be University), Ooty, Tamil Nadu, India
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
McFeely SJ, Yu J, Zhao P, Hershenson S, Kern S, Ragueneau‐Majlessi I, Hartman D. Drug-Drug Interactions of Infectious Disease Treatments in Low-Income Countries: A Neglected Topic? Clin Pharmacol Ther 2019; 105:1378-1385. [PMID: 30771252 PMCID: PMC6563420 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.1397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Despite recent advances in recognizing and reducing the risk of drug-drug interactions (DDIs) in developed countries, there are still significant challenges in managing DDIs in low-income countries (LICs) worldwide. In the treatment of major infectious diseases in these regions, multiple factors contribute to ineffective management of DDIs that lead to loss of efficacy or increased risk of adverse events to patients. Some of these difficulties, however, can be overcome. This review aims to evaluate the inherent complexities of DDI management in LICs from pharmacological standpoints and illustrate the unique barriers to effective management of DDIs, such as the challenges of co-infection and treatment settings. A better understanding of comprehensive drug-related properties, population-specific attributes, such as physiological changes associated with infectious diseases, and the use of modeling and simulation techniques are discussed, as they can facilitate the implementation of optimal treatments for infectious diseases at the individual patient level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jingjing Yu
- School of PharmacyUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Ping Zhao
- The Bill & Melinda Gates FoundationSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | | | - Steven Kern
- The Bill & Melinda Gates FoundationSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | | | - Dan Hartman
- The Bill & Melinda Gates FoundationSeattleWashingtonUSA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Smith PB, Cotten CM, Hudak ML, Sullivan JE, Poindexter BB, Cohen-Wolkowiez M, Boakye-Agyeman F, Lewandowski A, Anand R, Benjamin DK, Laughon MM. Rifampin Pharmacokinetics and Safety in Preterm and Term Infants. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2019; 63:e00284-19. [PMID: 30910891 PMCID: PMC6535522 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00284-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Rifampin is active against methicillin-resistant staphylococcal species and tuberculosis (TB). We performed a multicenter, prospective pharmacokinetic (PK) and safety study of intravenous rifampin in infants of <121 days postnatal age (PNA). We enrolled 27 infants; the median (range) gestational age was 26 weeks (23 to 41 weeks), and the median PNA was 10 days (0 to 84 days). We collected 102 plasma PK samples from 22 of the infants and analyzed safety data from all 27 infants. We analyzed the data using a population PK approach. Rifampin PK was best characterized by a one-compartment model; drug clearance increased with increasing size (body weight) and maturation (PNA). There were no adverse events related to rifampin. Simulated weight and PNA-based intravenous dosing regimens administered once daily (<14 days PNA, 8 mg/kg; ≥14 days PNA, 15 mg/kg) in infants resulted in comparable exposures to adults receiving therapeutic doses of rifampin against staphylococcal infections and TB. (This study has been registered at ClinicalTrials.gov under identifier NCT01728363.).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Brian Smith
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - C Michael Cotten
- Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Mark L Hudak
- Division of Neonatology, University of Florida College of Medicine-Jacksonville, UF Health and Wolfson Children's Hospital, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Janice E Sullivan
- University of Louisville, Kosair Charities Pediatric Clinical Research Unit and Norton Children's Hospital, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Brenda B Poindexter
- Department of Pediatrics, Riley Hospital for Children, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Michael Cohen-Wolkowiez
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Felix Boakye-Agyeman
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | | | - Daniel K Benjamin
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Matthew M Laughon
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Miftahussurur M, Cruz M, Doohan D, Subsomwong P, Abreu JAJ, Hosking C, Waskito LA, Yamaoka Y. Five alternative Helicobacter pylori antibiotics to counter high levofloxacin and metronidazole resistance in the Dominican Republic. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0213868. [PMID: 30917150 PMCID: PMC6436749 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of Helicobacter pylori resistance to levofloxacin and metronidazole was high in the Dominican Republic. We used two-fold agar dilution method to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration of five alternative antibiotics in 63 Dominican strains. We also assessed the genetic mutations associated with the antibiotic resistance using next-generation sequencing. We revealed that all 63 strains were sensitive towards sitafloxacin, furazolidone, and rifabutin. In contrast, the prevalence of rifaximin and garenoxacin resistance were high (82.5% and 34.9%, respectively). Patients more than or equal to 60 years old had the highest risk of double-antibiotic resistance (7/9, 77.8%, OR = 31.5, P = 0.009) and garenoxacin resistances (8/9, 88.9%, OR = 45.33, P = 0.002) with an increasing risk simultaneously by age (P = 0.004, r = 0.357). Almost all rifaximin resistant strains possessed multiple mutations with more than three mutations within rpoB including the most frequent novel mutations of S352L, I2726L, and V2465A. There was a significant association between vacA genotype and rifaximin resistance (P = 0.042). Among 23 levofloxacin-resistant strains, 82.6% (19/23, P <0.001) were also resistant to garenoxacin, and 39.1% (9/23) had a high minimal inhibitory concentration ≥8 μg/mL with positive trend correlation (P = <0.001, r = 0.84). Among 19 garenoxacin resistant strains, 16 (84.2%) contained mutations at D91 and N87 of gyrA. In conclusion, sitafloxacin, rifabutin, and furazolidone might be considered as alternative antibiotics to be included in H. pylori eradication regimen in regions with high prevalence of levofloxacin and metronidazole resistance, such as the Dominican Republic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Miftahussurur
- Gastroentero-Hepatology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine-Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
- Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Modesto Cruz
- Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Autonomous University of Santo Domingo, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Institute of Medicine and Diagnostic Imaging, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
| | - Dalla Doohan
- Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Yufu, Japan
| | - Phawinee Subsomwong
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Yufu, Japan
| | - José A. Jiménez Abreu
- Dominican–Japanese Digestive Disease Center, Dr. Luis E. Aybar Health and Hygiene City, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
| | - Celso Hosking
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Institute of Medicine and Diagnostic Imaging, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
| | - Langgeng Agung Waskito
- Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Yufu, Japan
| | - Yoshio Yamaoka
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Yufu, Japan
- Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology Section, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Miftahussurur M, Aftab H, Shrestha PK, Sharma RP, Subsomwong P, Waskito LA, Doohan D, Fauzia KA, Yamaoka Y. Effective therapeutic regimens in two South Asian countries with high resistance to major Helicobacter pylori antibiotics. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2019; 8:40. [PMID: 30815255 PMCID: PMC6377755 DOI: 10.1186/s13756-019-0482-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nepal and Bangladesh have a high prevalence of Helicobacter pylori with high resistance rates to clarithromycin, metronidazole, and levofloxacin. Here, we evaluated the susceptibility and genetic mutations of 5 alternative antibiotics against isolates from both countries to obtain an effective treatment regimen for H. pylori eradication. Methods We used the agar dilution method to determine the minimal inhibitory concentration of 5 alternative antibiotics against 42 strains from Nepal and 56 from Bangladesh and performed whole genome mutation analysis. Results No resistance to furazolidone or rifabutin and a high susceptibility of sitafloxacin (95.2% in Nepal and 98.2% in Bangladesh) were observed. In contrast, resistance to rifaximin (52.4% in Nepal and 64.3% in Bangladesh) was high. Moreover, resistance to garenoxacin was higher in Bangladesh (51.6%) than in Nepal (28.6%, P = 0.041), most likely due to its correlation with levofloxacin resistance (P = 0.03). Garenoxacin and rifaximin were significantly correlated in Bangladesh (P = 0.014) and occurred together with all sitafloxacin-resistant strains. Mutations of gyrA could play a significant role in garenoxacin resistance, and double mutations of A87 and D91 were associated with sitafloxacin resistance. Analysis of the rpoB gene demonstrated well-known mutations, such as V657I, and several novel mutations, including I2619V, V2592 L, T2537A, and F2538 L. Conclusions Rifabutin can be cautiously implemented as therapy for H. pylori infection due to its interaction with the tuberculosis endemic in Bangladesh. The high susceptibility of furazolidone and sitafloxacin suggests their possible future application in Nepal and Bangladesh.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Miftahussurur
- Division of Gastroentero-Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine-Dr. Soetomo Teaching Hospital, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, 60131 Indonesia
- Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, 60115 Indonesia
| | - Hafeza Aftab
- Department of Gastroenterology, Dhaka Medical College and Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Pradeep Krishna Shrestha
- Department of Gastroenterology, Maharajgunj Medical Campus, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu, 44600 Nepal
| | - Rabi Prakash Sharma
- Department of Gastroenterology, Maharajgunj Medical Campus, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu, 44600 Nepal
| | - Phawinee Subsomwong
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Yufu-City, Oita 879-5593 Japan
| | - Langgeng Agung Waskito
- Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, 60115 Indonesia
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Yufu-City, Oita 879-5593 Japan
| | - Dalla Doohan
- Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, 60115 Indonesia
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Yufu-City, Oita 879-5593 Japan
| | - Kartika Afrida Fauzia
- Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, 60115 Indonesia
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Yufu-City, Oita 879-5593 Japan
| | - Yoshio Yamaoka
- Division of Gastroentero-Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine-Dr. Soetomo Teaching Hospital, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, 60131 Indonesia
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Yufu-City, Oita 879-5593 Japan
- Global Oita Medical Advanced Research Center for Health, Oita University, Oita, 870-1192 Japan
- Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology Section, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Ellis J, Eneh PC, Ssebambulidde K, Rutakingirwa MK, Lamorde M, Rhein J, Cresswell FV, Boulware DR, Nicol MR. Case Report: Three's a crowd: a case report examining the diagnostic and pharmacokinetic challenges in HIV-tuberculous meningitis-malaria co-infection. Wellcome Open Res 2019; 3:111. [PMID: 30687789 PMCID: PMC6343228 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.14726.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2016, 10.4 million cases of tuberculosis (TB) were reported globally. Malaria also continues to be a global public health threat. Due to marked epidemiological overlap in the global burden of TB and malaria, co-infection does occur. An HIV-infected, 32-year-old male presented with a two-week history of headache with fevers to Mulago National Referral Hospital, Uganda. Five months prior, he was diagnosed with pulmonary TB. He endorsed poor adherence to anti-tuberculous medications.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis in CSF was confirmed on Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra. On day 2, he was initiated on dexamethasone at 0.4mg/kg/day and induction TB-medications were re-commenced (rifampicin, isoniazid, ethambutol, pyrazinamide) for TBM. He continued to spike high-grade fevers, a peripheral blood smear showed
P. falciparum parasites despite a negative malaria rapid diagnostic test (RDT). He received three doses of IV artesunate and then completed 3 days of oral artemether/lumefantrine. To our knowledge this is the first published case of HIV-TBM-malaria co-infection. TBM/malaria co-infection poses a number of management challenges. Due to potential overlap in symptoms between TBM and malaria, it is important to remain vigilant for co-infection. Access to accurate parasitological diagnostics is essential, as RDT use continues to expand, it is essential that clinicians are aware of the potential for false negative results. Anti-malarial therapeutic options are limited due to important drug-drug interactions (DDIs). Rifampicin is a potent enzyme inducer of several hepatic cytochrome P450 enzymes, this induction results in reduced plasma concentrations of several anti-malarial medications. Despite recognition of potential DDIs between rifampicin and artemisinin compounds, and rifampicin and quinine, no treatment guidelines currently exist for managing patients with co-infection. There is both an urgent need for the development of new anti-malarial drugs which do not interact with rifampicin and for pharmacokinetic studies to guide dose modification of existing anti-malarial drugs to inform clinical practice guidelines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jayne Ellis
- Infectious Diseases Institute, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.,Hospital for Tropical Diseases, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Prosperity C Eneh
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Kenneth Ssebambulidde
- Infectious Diseases Institute, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Morris K Rutakingirwa
- Infectious Diseases Institute, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Mohammed Lamorde
- Infectious Diseases Institute, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Joshua Rhein
- Infectious Diseases Institute, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.,Division of Infectious Diseases and International Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Fiona V Cresswell
- Infectious Diseases Institute, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.,Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.,LSHTM-MRC-UVRI Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - David R Boulware
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Melanie R Nicol
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Rosi E, Pescitelli L, Ricceri F, Di Cesare A, Novelli A, Pimpinelli N, Prignano F. Clindamycin as unique antibiotic choice in Hidradenitis Suppurativa. Dermatol Ther 2018; 32:e12792. [DOI: 10.1111/dth.12792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elia Rosi
- Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, Section of DermatologyUniversity of Florence Florence Italy
| | - Leonardo Pescitelli
- Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, Section of DermatologyUniversity of Florence Florence Italy
| | - Federica Ricceri
- Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, Section of DermatologyUniversity of Florence Florence Italy
| | - Antonella Di Cesare
- Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, Section of DermatologyUniversity of Florence Florence Italy
| | - Andrea Novelli
- Department of Health Sciences, Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology SectionUniversity of Florence Florence Italy
| | - Nicola Pimpinelli
- Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, Section of DermatologyUniversity of Florence Florence Italy
| | - Francesca Prignano
- Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, Section of DermatologyUniversity of Florence Florence Italy
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Ellis J, Eneh PC, Ssebambulidde K, Rutakingirwa MK, Lamorde M, Rhein J, Cresswell FV, Boulware DR, Nicol MR. Case Report: Three's a crowd: a case report examining the diagnostic and pharmacokinetic challenges in HIV-tuberculous meningitis-malaria co-infection. Wellcome Open Res 2018; 3:111. [DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.14726.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2016, 10.4 million cases of tuberculosis (TB) were reported globally. Malaria also continues to be a global public health threat. Due to marked epidemiological overlap in the global burden of TB and malaria, co-infection does occur. An HIV-infected, 32-year-old male presented with a two-week history of headache with fevers to Mulago National Referral Hospital, Uganda. Five months prior, he was diagnosed with pulmonary TB. He endorsed poor adherence to anti-tuberculous medications. Mycobacterium tuberculosis in CSF was confirmed on Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra. On day 2, he was initiated on dexamethasone at 0.4mg/kg/day and induction TB-medications were re-commenced (rifampicin, isoniazid, ethambutol, pyrazinamide) for TBM. He continued to spike high-grade fevers, a peripheral blood smear showed P. falciparum parasites despite a negative malaria rapid diagnostic test (RDT). He received three doses of IV artesunate and then completed 3 days of oral artemether/lumefantrine. To our knowledge this is the first published case of HIV-TBM-malaria co-infection. TBM/malaria co-infection poses a number of management challenges. Due to potential overlap in symptoms between TBM and malaria, it is important to remain vigilant for co-infection. Access to accurate parasitological diagnostics is essential, as RDT use continues to expand, it is essential that clinicians are aware of the potential for false negative results. Anti-malarial therapeutic options are limited due to important drug-drug interactions (DDIs). Rifampicin is a potent enzyme inducer of several hepatic cytochrome P450 enzymes, this induction results in reduced plasma concentrations of several anti-malarial medications. Despite recognition of potential DDIs between rifampicin and artemisinin compounds, and rifampicin and quinine, no treatment guidelines currently exist for managing patients with co-infection. There is both an urgent need for the development of new anti-malarial drugs which do not interact with rifampicin and for pharmacokinetic studies to guide dose modification of existing anti-malarial drugs to inform clinical practice guidelines.
Collapse
|
37
|
Ho KK, Conley AC, Kennis RA, Hathcock TL, Boothe DM, White AG. Minimum inhibitory concentration and killing properties of rifampicin against canine Staphylococcus pseudintermedius isolates from dogs in the southeast USA. Vet Dermatol 2018; 29:302. [PMID: 29845664 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Meticillin-resistant (MR) staphylococcal pyoderma in dogs has led to increased use of alternate antibiotics such as rifampicin (RFP). However, little information exists regarding its pharmacodynamics in MR Staphylococcus pseudintermedius. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES To determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and killing properties of RFP for canine Staphylococcus pseudintermedius isolates. METHODS The MIC of RFP was determined using the ETEST® for 50 meticillin-susceptible (MS) and 50 MR S. pseudintermedius isolates collected from dogs. From these isolates, two MS isolates (RFP MIC of 0.003 and 0.008 μg/mL, respectively) and two MR isolates (RFP MIC of 0.003 and 0.012 μg/mL, respectively) were subjected to time-kill studies. Mueller-Hinton broth was supplemented with RFP at 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16 and 32 times the MIC for 0, 2, 4, 10, 16 and 24 h. The number of viable colony forming units in each sample was determined using a commercial luciferase assay kit. RESULTS The MIC50 and MIC90 were the same for MS and MR isolates, at 0.004 μg/mL and 0.008 μg/mL, respectively. Rifampicin kill curves were not indicative of concentration-dependency, suggesting time-dependent activity. Two isolates (MS 0.003 and 0.008 μg/mL) exhibited bacteriostatic activity, whereas two others (MR 0.003 and 0.012 μg/mL) exhibited bactericidal activity. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE This study demonstrated that MS and MR S. pseudintermedius isolates were equally susceptible to rifampicin and that dosing intervals should be designed for time-dependent efficacy. These data can support pharmacokinetic studies of RFP in dogs with susceptible infections caused by S. pseudintermedius.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karen K Ho
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, 1220 Wire Road, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Austin C Conley
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, 109 Greene Hall, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Robert A Kennis
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, 1220 Wire Road, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Terri L Hathcock
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, 264 Greene Hall, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Dawn M Boothe
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, 109 Greene Hall, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Amelia G White
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, 1220 Wire Road, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Gufford BT, Robarge JD, Eadon MT, Gao H, Lin H, Liu Y, Desta Z, Skaar TC. Rifampin modulation of xeno- and endobiotic conjugating enzyme mRNA expression and associated microRNAs in human hepatocytes. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2018; 6:e00386. [PMID: 29610665 PMCID: PMC5869567 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Rifampin is a pleiotropic inducer of multiple drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters. This work utilized a global approach to evaluate rifampin effects on conjugating enzyme gene expression with relevance to human xeno‐ and endo‐biotic metabolism. Primary human hepatocytes from 7 subjects were treated with rifampin (10 μmol/L, 24 hours). Standard methods for RNA‐seq library construction, EZBead preparation, and NextGen sequencing were used to measure UDP‐glucuronosyl transferase UGT, sulfonyltransferase SULT, N acetyltransferase NAT, and glutathione‐S‐transferase GST mRNA expression compared to vehicle control (0.01% MeOH). Rifampin‐induced (>1.25‐fold) mRNA expression of 13 clinically important phase II drug metabolizing genes and repressed (>1.25‐fold) the expression of 3 genes (P < .05). Rifampin‐induced miRNA expression changes correlated with mRNA changes and miRNAs were identified that may modulate conjugating enzyme expression. NAT2 gene expression was most strongly repressed (1.3‐fold) by rifampin while UGT1A4 and UGT1A1 genes were most strongly induced (7.9‐ and 4.8‐fold, respectively). Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling (PBPK) was used to simulate the clinical consequences of rifampin induction of CYP3A4‐ and UGT1A4‐mediated midazolam metabolism. Simulations evaluating isolated UGT1A4 induction predicted increased midazolam N‐glucuronide exposure (~4‐fold) with minimal reductions in parent midazolam exposure (~10%). Simulations accounting for simultaneous induction of both CYP3A4 and UGT1A4 predicted a ~10‐fold decrease in parent midazolam exposure with only a ~2‐fold decrease in midazolam N‐glucuronide metabolite exposure. These data reveal differential effects of rifampin on the human conjugating enzyme transcriptome and potential associations with miRNAs that form the basis for future mechanistic studies to elucidate the interplay of conjugating enzyme regulatory elements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brandon T Gufford
- Department of Medicine Division of Clinical Pharmacology Indiana University School of Medicine Indianapolis IN
| | - Jason D Robarge
- Department of Medicine Division of Clinical Pharmacology Indiana University School of Medicine Indianapolis IN
| | - Michael T Eadon
- Department of Medicine Division of Clinical Pharmacology Indiana University School of Medicine Indianapolis IN
| | - Hongyu Gao
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics Indiana University School of Medicine Indianapolis IN
| | - Hai Lin
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics Indiana University School of Medicine Indianapolis IN
| | - Yunlong Liu
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics Indiana University School of Medicine Indianapolis IN
| | - Zeruesenay Desta
- Department of Medicine Division of Clinical Pharmacology Indiana University School of Medicine Indianapolis IN
| | - Todd C Skaar
- Department of Medicine Division of Clinical Pharmacology Indiana University School of Medicine Indianapolis IN
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
O'Halloran C, Dobromylskyj M. Clinical mycobacterial diseases of companion animals: part 2. Management of companion animal mycobacteriosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.12968/coan.2017.22.11.652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Conor O'Halloran
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute, Easter Bush Campus, The University of Edinburgh, EH25 9RG
| | - Melanie Dobromylskyj
- Finn Pathologists, Histopathology Department, One Eyed Lane, Weybread, Diss, Norfolk IP21 5TT
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
van der Velden M, Bilos A, van den Heuvel JJMW, Rijpma SR, Hurkmans EGE, Sauerwein RW, Russel FGM, Koenderink JB. Proguanil and cycloguanil are organic cation transporter and multidrug and toxin extrusion substrates. Malar J 2017; 16:422. [PMID: 29061131 PMCID: PMC5654082 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-017-2062-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Malaria, HIV/AIDS, and tuberculosis endemic areas show considerable geographical overlap, leading to incidence of co-infections. This requires treatment with multiple drugs, potentially causing adverse drug–drug interactions (DDIs). As anti-malarials are generally positively charged at physiological pH, they are likely to interact with human organic cation transporters 1 and 2 (OCT1 and OCT2). These transporters are involved in the uptake of drugs into hepatocytes and proximal tubule cells for subsequent metabolic conversion or elimination. This efflux of cationic drugs from hepatocytes and proximal tubule cells into bile and urine can be mediated by multidrug and toxin extrusion 1 and 2-K (MATE1 and MATE2-K) transporters, respectively. Methods Here, the interaction of anti-malarials with these transporters was studied in order to predict potential DDIs. Using baculovirus-transduced HEK293 cells transiently expressing human OCT1, OCT2, MATE1 and MATE2K uptake and inhibition was studied by a range of anti-malarials. Results Amodiaquine, proguanil, pyrimethamine and quinine were the most potent inhibitors of 4-(4-(dimethylamino)styryl)-N-methylpyridinium iodide (ASP) transport, a known substrate of OCT1/2, resulting in half maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of 11, 13, 1.6, and 3.4 µM, respectively. Only quinine had a drug–drug index higher than the cut-off value of 0.1 for OCT2, therefore, in vivo pharmacokinetic studies focusing on DDIs involving this compound and other OCT2-interacting drugs are warranted. Furthermore, proguanil appeared to be a substrate of OCT1 and OCT2 with affinities of 8.1 and 9.0 µM, respectively. Additionally, MATE1 and MATE2-K were identified as putative transport proteins for proguanil. Finally, its metabolite cycloguanil was also identified as an OCT1, OCT2, MATE1 and MATE2-K substrate. Conclusion Anti-malarials can reduce OCT1 and OCT2 transport activity in vitro. Furthermore, proguanil and cycloguanil were found to be substrates of OCT1, OCT2, MATE1 and MATE2-K, highlighting the importance of these transporters in distribution and excretion. As these compounds shares substrate overlap with metformin DDIs can be anticipated during concurrent treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maarten van der Velden
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 28, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Albert Bilos
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 28, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen J M W van den Heuvel
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 28, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sanna R Rijpma
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 28, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Evelien G E Hurkmans
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 28, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Robert W Sauerwein
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 28, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Frans G M Russel
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 28, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan B Koenderink
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 28, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Arroyo-Lira AG, Rodríguez-Ramos F, Ortiz MI, Castañeda-Hernández G, Chávez-Piña AE. Supra-Additive Interaction of Docosahexaenoic Acid and Naproxen and Gastric Safety on the Formalin Test in Rats. Drug Dev Res 2017; 78:332-339. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arlette Guadalupe Arroyo-Lira
- Doctorado en Biotecnología; Escuela Nacional de Medicina y Homeopatía del Instituto Politécnico Nacional; Ciudad de México México
| | - Fernando Rodríguez-Ramos
- Departamento de Ciencias Naturales, DCNI; Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Cuajimalpa; Ciudad de México México
| | - Mario I. Ortiz
- Área Académica de Medicina del Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo; Pachuca Hidalgo México
| | - Gilberto Castañeda-Hernández
- Departamento de Farmacología; Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional; Ciudad de México México
| | - Aracely Evangelina Chávez-Piña
- Doctorado en Biotecnología; Escuela Nacional de Medicina y Homeopatía del Instituto Politécnico Nacional; Ciudad de México México
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Programa Institucional en Biomedicina Molecular; Escuela Nacional de Medicina y Homeopatía del Instituto Politécnico Nacional; Ciudad de México México
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Ramakrishnan G, Chandra N, Srinivasan N. Exploring anti-malarial potential of FDA approved drugs: an in silico approach. Malar J 2017; 16:290. [PMID: 28720135 PMCID: PMC5516367 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-017-1937-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The critically important issue on emergence of drug-resistant malarial parasites is compounded by cross resistance, where resistance to one drug confers resistance to other chemically similar drugs or those that share mode of action. This aspect requires discovery of new anti-malarial compounds or formulation of new combination therapy. The current study attempts to contribute towards accelerating anti-malarial drug development efforts, by exploring the potential of existing FDA-approved drugs to target proteins of Plasmodium falciparum. METHODS Using comparative sequence and structure analyses, FDA-approved drugs, originally developed against other pathogens, were identified as potential repurpose-able candidates against P. falciparum. The rationale behind the undertaken approach is the likeliness of small molecules to bind to homologous targets. Such a study of evolutionary relationships between established targets and P. falciparum proteins aided in identification of approved drug candidates that can be explored for their anti-malarial potential. RESULTS Seventy-one FDA-approved drugs were identified that could be repurposed against P. falciparum. A total of 89 potential targets were recognized, of which about 70 are known to participate in parasite housekeeping machinery, protein biosynthesis, metabolic pathways and cell growth and differentiation, which can be prioritized for chemotherapeutic interventions. An additional aspect of prioritization of predicted repurpose-able drugs has been explored on the basis of ability of the drugs to permeate cell membranes, i.e., lipophilicity, since the parasite resides within a parasitophorous vacuole, within the erythrocyte, during the blood stages of infection. Based on this consideration, 46 of 71 FDA-approved drugs have been identified as feasible repurpose-able candidates against P. falciparum, and form a first-line for laboratory investigations. At least five of the drugs identified in the current analysis correspond to existing antibacterial agents already under use as repurposed anti-malarial agents. CONCLUSIONS The drug-target associations predicted, primarily by taking advantage of evolutionary information, provide a valuable resource of attractive and feasible candidate drugs that can be readily taken through further stages of anti-malarial drug development pipeline.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gayatri Ramakrishnan
- Indian Institute of Science Mathematics Initiative, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India.,Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India.,Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Nagasuma Chandra
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Novita BD, Pranoto A, Wuryani, Soediono EI, Mertaniasih NM. A case risk study of lactic acidosis risk by metformin use in type 2 diabetes mellitus tuberculosis coinfection patients. Indian J Tuberc 2017; 65:252-256. [PMID: 29933869 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijtb.2017.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Metformin (MET) has possibilities to be utilized as an adjunct of tuberculosis (TB) therapy for controlling the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis). MET enhances the production of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species and facilitates phagosome-lysosome fusion; those mechanism are important in M. tuberculosis elimination. Moreover, MET-associated lactic acidosis (MALA) needs to be considered and the incidence of MALA in patients with type 2 DM-TB coinfection remains unknown. This result contributes much to our understanding about the clinical effect of MET use in type 2 DM-TB coinfection. For the purpose of understanding the MET effect as an adjuvant therapy in TB therapy and insulin simultaneous therapy, an observational clinical study was done in type 2 DM newly TB coinfection outpatients at Surabaya Paru Hospital. Patients were divided into two groups. First group was MET group, in which the patients were given MET accompanying insulin and TB treatment regimens, the golden standard therapy of DM-TB coinfection. MET therapy was given for at least 2 months. Second group was non-MET group, in which the patients were given insulin and TB treatment regimens. The lactate levels in both groups were measured after 2 months. Among 42 participants, there was no case of lactic acidosis during this study period. Data were normally distributed; thus, we continued analysis of the difference using paired T-test with 95% confidence. There was no difference in lactate levels (p=0.396) after MET therapy compared to non-MET group. In this study involving patients with TB pulmonary diseases, there is neither evidence that MET therapy induced lactic acidosis event nor that it increased lactate blood level. Thus, we concluded that MET use in type 2 DM-TB coinfection did not induce lactic acidosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bernadette Dian Novita
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapy, Faculty of Medicine Widya Mandala Catholic University Surabaya, Indonesia; Ph.D. Scholar, Faculty of Medicine Airlangga University, Indonesia.
| | - Agung Pranoto
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Airlangga University/Dr. Soetomo Hospital, Indonesia
| | - Wuryani
- Internal Medicine's Ward, Surabaya Paru Hospital, Indonesia
| | - Endang Isbandiati Soediono
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapy, Faculty of Medicine Widya Mandala Catholic University Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Ni Made Mertaniasih
- Department of Clinical Microbology, Faculty of Medicine Airlangga University/Dr. Soetomo Hospital, Indonesia
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Critical Review: What Dose of Rifabutin Is Recommended With Antiretroviral Therapy? J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2017; 72:138-52. [PMID: 26855245 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000000944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Since the advent of combination antiretroviral therapy to successfully treat HIV infection, drug-drug interactions (DDIs) have become a significant problem as many antiretrovirals (ARVs) are metabolized in the liver. Antituberculous therapy traditionally includes rifamycins, particularly rifampicin. Rifabutin (RBT) has shown similar efficacy as rifampicin but induces CYP3A4 to a lesser degree and is less likely to have DDIs with ARVs. We identified 14 DDI pharmacokinetic studies on HIV monoinfected and HIV-tuberculosis coinfected individuals, and the remaining studies were healthy volunteer studies. Although RBT may be coadministered with most nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, identifying the optimal dose with ritonavir-boosted or cobicistat-boosted protease inhibitors is challenging because of concern about adverse effects with increased RBT exposure. Limited healthy volunteer studies on other ARV drug classes and RBT suggest that dose modification may be unnecessary. The paucity of data assessing clinical tuberculosis endpoints concurrently with RBT and ARV pharmacokinetics limits evidence-based recommendations on the optimal dose of RBT within available ARV drug classes.
Collapse
|
45
|
Nirbhavane P, Vemuri N, Kumar N, Khuller GK. Lipid Nanocarrier-Mediated Drug Delivery System to Enhance the Oral Bioavailability of Rifabutin. AAPS PharmSciTech 2017; 18:829-837. [PMID: 27350276 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-016-0559-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Rifabutin (RFB) is prescribed for the treatment of tuberculosis infections as well as Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) infection in immunocompromised individuals and HIV patients. With a view to develop a sustained release oral solid lipid nanoformulation (SLN), RFB was encapsulated in glyceryl monostearate (GMS) nanoparticles. The rifabutin solid lipid nanoparticles (RFB-SLNs), prepared by the solvent diffusion evaporation method, had a size of 345 ± 17.96 nm and PDI of 0.321 ± 0.09. The stability of RFB-SLNs was investigated in simulated gastric fluid (SGF) pH 2.0, simulated intestinal fluid (SIF) pH 6.8 and physiological buffer (PBS) pH 7.4. The gastric medium did not affect the SLNs and were found to be stable, while a sustained release was observed in SIF up to 48 h and in PBS up to 7 days. The pharmacokinetic profile of a single oral administration of RFB-SLNs in mice showed maintenance of therapeutic drug concentrations in plasma for 4 days and in the tissues (lungs, liver and spleen) for 7 days. Oral administration of free RFB showed clearance from plasma within 24 h. The relative bioavailability of RFB from SLNs was five fold higher as compared to administration with free RFB. The intent of using lipid nanocarriers is primarily to enhance the oral bioavailability of rifabutin and eventually decrease the dose and dosing frequency for successful management of MAC infection.
Collapse
|
46
|
Devaleenal Daniel B, Ramachandran G, Swaminathan S. The challenges of pharmacokinetic variability of first-line anti-TB drugs. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2016; 10:47-58. [PMID: 27724114 DOI: 10.1080/17512433.2017.1246179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Inter-individual variations in the pharmacokinetics (PK) of anti-TB drugs are known to occur, which could have important therapeutic implications in patient management. Areas covered: We compiled factors responsible for PK variability of anti-TB drugs reported from different settings that would give a better understanding about the challenges of PK variability of anti-TB medications. We searched PubMed data base and Google scholar from 1976 to the present using the key words 'Pharmacokinetics', 'pharmacokinetic variability', 'first-line anti-TB therapy', 'Rifampicin', 'Isoniazid', 'Ethambutol', 'Pyrazinamide', 'food', 'nutritional status', 'HIV', 'diabetes', 'genetic polymorphisms' and 'pharmacokinetic interactions'. We also included abstracts from scientific meetings and review articles. Expert commentary: A variety of host and genetic factors can cause inter-individual variations in the PK of anti-TB drugs. PK studies conducted in various settings have adopted different designs, PK sampling time points, drug estimation methodologies. Hence comparison and interpretation of these results should be done with caution More phamacogenomic studies in different patient populations are needed for further understanding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bella Devaleenal Daniel
- a Department of Clinical Research , National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis , Chennai , Tamil Nadu , India
| | - Geetha Ramachandran
- a Department of Clinical Research , National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis , Chennai , Tamil Nadu , India
| | - Soumya Swaminathan
- b Secretary Department of Health Research & Director General , Indian Council of Medical Research , New Delhi , India
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Chow ECY, Talattof A, Tsakalozou E, Fan J, Zhao L, Zhang X. Using Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK) Modeling to Evaluate the Impact of Pharmaceutical Excipients on Oral Drug Absorption: Sensitivity Analyses. AAPS JOURNAL 2016; 18:1500-1511. [PMID: 27520379 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-016-9964-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Drug solubility, effective permeability, and intestinal metabolism and transport are parameters that govern intestinal bioavailability and oral absorption. However, excipients may affect the systemic bioavailability of a drug by altering these parameters. Thus, parameter sensitivity analyses using physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models were performed to examine the potential impact of excipients on oral drug absorption of different Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) class drugs. The simulation results showed that changes in solubility had minimal impact on Cmax and AUC0-t of investigated BCS class 1 and 3 drugs. Changes in passive permeability altered Cmax more than AUC0-t for BCS class 1 drugs but were variable and drug-specific across different BCS class 2 and 3 drugs. Depending on the drug compounds for BCS class 1 and 2 drugs, changes in intestinal metabolic activity altered Cmax and AUC0-t. Reducing or increasing influx and efflux transporter activity might likely affect Cmax and AUC0-t of BCS class 2 and 3 drugs, but the magnitude may be drug dependent. Changes in passive permeability and/or transporter activity for BCS class 2 and 3 drugs might also have a significant impact on fraction absorbed and systemic bioavailability while changes in intestinal metabolic activity may have an impact on gut and systemic bioavailability. Overall, we demonstrate that PBPK modeling can be used routinely to examine sensitivity of bioavailability based on physiochemical and physiological factors and subsequently assess whether biowaiver requirements need consideration of excipient effects for immediate release oral solid dosage forms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edwin Chiu Yuen Chow
- Division of Quantitative Methods and Modeling, Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.,, 10903 New Hampshire Ave., Bldg. 75, Room 4690, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, USA
| | - Arjang Talattof
- Division of Quantitative Methods and Modeling, Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.,, 10903 New Hampshire Ave., Bldg. 75, Room 4690, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, USA
| | - Eleftheria Tsakalozou
- Division of Quantitative Methods and Modeling, Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.,, 10903 New Hampshire Ave., Bldg. 75, Room 4690, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, USA
| | - Jianghong Fan
- Division of Quantitative Methods and Modeling, Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.,, 10903 New Hampshire Ave., Bldg. 75, Room 4690, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, USA
| | - Liang Zhao
- Division of Quantitative Methods and Modeling, Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.,, 10903 New Hampshire Ave., Bldg. 75, Room 4690, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, USA
| | - Xinyuan Zhang
- Division of Quantitative Methods and Modeling, Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA. .,, 10903 New Hampshire Ave., Bldg. 75, Room 4690, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
|
49
|
He ZX, Chen XW, Zhou ZW, Zhou SF. Impact of physiological, pathological and environmental factors on the expression and activity of human cytochrome P450 2D6 and implications in precision medicine. Drug Metab Rev 2015; 47:470-519. [PMID: 26574146 DOI: 10.3109/03602532.2015.1101131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
With only 1.3-4.3% in total hepatic CYP content, human CYP2D6 can metabolize more than 160 drugs. It is a highly polymorphic enzyme and subject to marked inhibition by a number of drugs, causing a large interindividual variability in drug clearance and drug response and drug-drug interactions. The expression and activity of CYP2D6 are regulated by a number of physiological, pathological and environmental factors at transcriptional, post-transcriptional, translational and epigenetic levels. DNA hypermethylation and histone modifications can repress the expression of CYP2D6. Hepatocyte nuclear factor-4α binds to a directly repeated element in the promoter of CYP2D6 and thus regulates the expression of CYP2D6. Small heterodimer partner represses hepatocyte nuclear factor-4α-mediated transactivation of CYP2D6. GW4064, a farnesoid X receptor agonist, decreases hepatic CYP2D6 expression and activity while increasing small heterodimer partner expression and its recruitment to the CYP2D6 promoter. The genotypes are key determinants of interindividual variability in CYP2D6 expression and activity. Recent genome-wide association studies have identified a large number of genes that can regulate CYP2D6. Pregnancy induces CYP2D6 via unknown mechanisms. Renal or liver diseases, smoking and alcohol use have minor to moderate effects only on CYP2D6 activity. Unlike CYP1 and 3 and other CYP2 members, CYP2D6 is resistant to typical inducers such as rifampin, phenobarbital and dexamethasone. Post-translational modifications such as phosphorylation of CYP2D6 Ser135 have been observed, but the functional impact is unknown. Further functional and validation studies are needed to clarify the role of nuclear receptors, epigenetic factors and other factors in the regulation of CYP2D6.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Xu He
- a Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Research Center & Sino-US Joint Laboratory for Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University , Guiyang , Guizhou , China
| | - Xiao-Wu Chen
- b Department of General Surgery , The First People's Hospital of Shunde, Southern Medical University , Shunde , Foshan , Guangdong , China , and
| | - Zhi-Wei Zhou
- c Department of Pharmaceutical Science , College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida , Tampa , FL , USA
| | - Shu-Feng Zhou
- a Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Research Center & Sino-US Joint Laboratory for Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University , Guiyang , Guizhou , China .,c Department of Pharmaceutical Science , College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida , Tampa , FL , USA
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Modelling of compound combination effects and applications to efficacy and toxicity: state-of-the-art, challenges and perspectives. Drug Discov Today 2015; 21:225-38. [PMID: 26360051 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2015.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The development of treatments involving combinations of drugs is a promising approach towards combating complex or multifactorial disorders. However, the large number of compound combinations that can be generated, even from small compound collections, means that exhaustive experimental testing is infeasible. The ability to predict the behaviour of compound combinations in biological systems, whittling down the number of combinations to be tested, is therefore crucial. Here, we review the current state-of-the-art in the field of compound combination modelling, with the aim to support the development of approaches that, as we hope, will finally lead to an integration of chemical with systems-level biological information for predicting the effect of chemical mixtures.
Collapse
|