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Romero-Oraá L, Pulido MR, Galán F, Palacios MVG, Pascual A, López-Cerero L. Genetic features of BEL-1-producing and KPC-2-producing E. coli from hospital wastewater: human source or sewages adaptation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024:10.1007/s11356-024-33875-w. [PMID: 38913264 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33875-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Hospital sewage is an ecosystem that facilitates the transfer of antibiotic and heavy metal resistance genes and the interaction of human and environmental bacteria. In this environment, we have detected the presence of 7 KPC-2 and BEL-1 co-producing E. coli isolates of two different clones over a 10-month period in the same hospital. All isolates carried blaKPC-2 and the operon mer on the same IncP plasmid of similar size and an IncN plasmid of different size each clone carrying blaBEL-1. Both IncN-blaBEL-1 plasmids shared a 77 kb region containing blaBEL-1 alongside with fosE, bla OXA-10 and aac(6')-1b genes in a class 3 integron within a Tn3 transposon. The major IncN plasmid contained in addition a region homolog to P1-like bacteriophage RCS47, including the lytic RepL and lysogenic proteins, but other phage regions were incomplete. The characters such as the temporal persistence in sewage, the absence of colonized patients in the hospital or in the region, the presence of a p1 phage-plasmid fusion and the infrequent class 3 integron as genetic platform would indicate that BEL-1-producing isolates could have been generated in situ by adaptation to human sewage. Part of the microbiota in these discharges could be explained by the interactions of sewage ecosystems and not derive directly from the hospital.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Romero-Oraá
- Unidad Clínica de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla IBIS, Seville, Spain
| | - Marina R Pulido
- Departamento de Microbiología, Universidad de Sevilla, Avda Dr. Fedriani S/N. 41009, Seville, Spain
| | - Fatima Galán
- Unidad de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, Cádiz, Spain
| | | | - Alvaro Pascual
- Unidad Clínica de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla IBIS, Seville, Spain
- Departamento de Microbiología, Universidad de Sevilla, Avda Dr. Fedriani S/N. 41009, Seville, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lorena López-Cerero
- Unidad Clínica de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla IBIS, Seville, Spain.
- Departamento de Microbiología, Universidad de Sevilla, Avda Dr. Fedriani S/N. 41009, Seville, Spain.
- CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
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Bhat BA, Mir RA, Qadri H, Dhiman R, Almilaibary A, Alkhanani M, Mir MA. Integrons in the development of antimicrobial resistance: critical review and perspectives. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1231938. [PMID: 37720149 PMCID: PMC10500605 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1231938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance development and pathogen cross-dissemination are both considered essential risks to human health on a worldwide scale. Antimicrobial resistance genes (AMRs) are acquired, expressed, disseminated, and traded mainly through integrons, the key players capable of transferring genes from bacterial chromosomes to plasmids and their integration by integrase to the target pathogenic host. Moreover, integrons play a central role in disseminating and assembling genes connected with antibiotic resistance in pathogenic and commensal bacterial species. They exhibit a large and concealed diversity in the natural environment, raising concerns about their potential for comprehensive application in bacterial adaptation. They should be viewed as a dangerous pool of resistance determinants from the "One Health approach." Among the three documented classes of integrons reported viz., class-1, 2, and 3, class 1 has been found frequently associated with AMRs in humans and is a critical genetic element to serve as a target for therapeutics to AMRs through gene silencing or combinatorial therapies. The direct method of screening gene cassettes linked to pathogenesis and resistance harbored by integrons is a novel way to assess human health. In the last decade, they have witnessed surveying the integron-associated gene cassettes associated with increased drug tolerance and rising pathogenicity of human pathogenic microbes. Consequently, we aimed to unravel the structure and functions of integrons and their integration mechanism by understanding horizontal gene transfer from one trophic group to another. Many updates for the gene cassettes harbored by integrons related to resistance and pathogenicity are extensively explored. Additionally, an updated account of the assessment of AMRs and prevailing antibiotic resistance by integrons in humans is grossly detailed-lastly, the estimation of AMR dissemination by employing integrons as potential biomarkers are also highlighted. The current review on integrons will pave the way to clinical understanding for devising a roadmap solution to AMR and pathogenicity. Graphical AbstractThe graphical abstract displays how integron-aided AMRs to humans: Transposons capture integron gene cassettes to yield high mobility integrons that target res sites of plasmids. These plasmids, in turn, promote the mobility of acquired integrons into diverse bacterial species. The acquisitions of resistant genes are transferred to humans through horizontal gene transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basharat Ahmad Bhat
- Department of Bio-Resources, School of Biological Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Rakeeb Ahmad Mir
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Kashmir, Ganderbal, India
| | - Hafsa Qadri
- Department of Bio-Resources, School of Biological Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Rohan Dhiman
- Department of Life Sciences, National Institute of Technology (NIT), Rourkela, Odisha, India
| | - Abdullah Almilaibary
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Al Baha University, Al Bahah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mustfa Alkhanani
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Hafr Al Batin University of Hafr Al-Batin, Hafar Al Batin, Saudi Arabia
| | - Manzoor Ahmad Mir
- Department of Bio-Resources, School of Biological Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
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Wu Y, Huang S, Zhang D, Ji H, Ni Y, Zhang X, Dong J, Li B. Characteristics of Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase-Producing Escherichia coli Derived from Food and Humans in Northern Xinjiang, China. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2023; 20:270-278. [PMID: 37379472 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2022.0061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the drug resistance, molecular characteristics, and genetic relationship of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli isolated from food and human stool samples in northern Xinjiang. From 2015 to 2016, a total of 431 samples (meats and vegetables) were collected from retail markets and supermarkets located in the regions of Urumqi, Shihezi, and Kuitun in Xinjiang, China, and 20 human stool samples from the Shihezi Hospital. The PCR method was used to detect E. coli, and the presence of ESBL-producing E. coli was confirmed using the K-B disk diffusion confirmatory method. The susceptibility to ESBL-producing E. coli was tested by the microdilution broth method, and the minimum inhibitory concentration was determined. PCR was used to detect the resistance and virulence genes of ESBL-producing E. coli, and phylogenetics, plasmid replicon typing, screening of three integrons, and multilocus sequence typing (MLST) were performed. The results showed that 127 E. coli strains (15 human stool and 112 food samples) were isolated. Out of the 127 E. coli strains, 38 strains (6 human stool and 32 food 34 samples) of ESBL-producing E. coli were identified through screening. These 38 strains showed resistance to cefotaxime (94.74%) and cefepime (94.74%), and were sensitive to meropenem (0.00%). The most detected resistance genes were blaTEM (47.37%), and the most detected virulence genes were fimH (97.73%), ompA (97.73%), hlyE (97.73%), and crl (97.37%). The isolates belonged to phylogroups B1 (42.11%), C (23.68%), and A (21.05%). Among the plasmid replicon subtypes, IncFIB was the main type (42.11%). The integrons detected were of the first type (47.37%) and the third type (26.32%). The 38 E. coli strains had 19 different sequence-type (ST) strains. These 38 strains of ESBL-producing E. coli were analyzed using MLST and STs are varied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yushuang Wu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
- Key Laboratory for Food Nutrition and Safety Control of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps School of Food Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Product Processing and Quality Control of Specialty (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), School of Food Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Shudi Huang
- School of Food Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
- Key Laboratory for Food Nutrition and Safety Control of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps School of Food Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Product Processing and Quality Control of Specialty (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), School of Food Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Donglai Zhang
- Department of Chemistry Engineering, Hebei Petroleum Vocational and Technical University, Hebei, China
| | - Hua Ji
- School of Food Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
- Key Laboratory for Food Nutrition and Safety Control of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps School of Food Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Product Processing and Quality Control of Specialty (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), School of Food Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Yongqing Ni
- School of Food Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
- Key Laboratory for Food Nutrition and Safety Control of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps School of Food Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Product Processing and Quality Control of Specialty (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), School of Food Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Xueling Zhang
- School of Food Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
- Key Laboratory for Food Nutrition and Safety Control of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps School of Food Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Product Processing and Quality Control of Specialty (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), School of Food Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Juan Dong
- School of Food Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
- Key Laboratory for Food Nutrition and Safety Control of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps School of Food Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Product Processing and Quality Control of Specialty (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), School of Food Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Baokun Li
- School of Food Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
- Key Laboratory for Food Nutrition and Safety Control of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps School of Food Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Product Processing and Quality Control of Specialty (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), School of Food Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
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Antibiotics Resistance in Escherichia coli Isolated from Livestock in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi, UAE, 2014–2019. Int J Microbiol 2022; 2022:3411560. [PMID: 35519508 PMCID: PMC9064518 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3411560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a zoonotic pathogen that showed growing resistance to antibiotics. No descriptive analysis highlights the threat of antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) of E. coli among livestock in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Herein, we conducted phenotypic and genotypic resistance studies on E. coli isolates from livestock samples in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi based on routine diagnosis between the periods 2014–2019. Bacterial culture and disk diffusion methods were used for bacterial isolation and phenotypic resistance analysis. Resistance mechanism was studied by PCR targeting the most commonly resistance genes: ampicillin (blaSHV, blaCMY, and blaTEM-1B), tetracyclines (tetA and tetB), co-trimoxazole [sulfamethoxazole (sul1, sul2, and sul3) + trimethoprim (dfrA1 and dfrA17)], aminoglycosides [aph(3'')-Ia, aph(6)-Id, and aac(3)-IV], and fluoroquinolones (qnrA and aac(6’)-Ib-cr). Analysis of 165 E. coli isolates showed resistant to ampicillin, tetracycline, co-trimoxazole, gentamicin, and enrofloxacin by 157/165 (95.4%), 154/165 (93.6%), 141/165 (86%), 139/165 (85%), and 135/165 (82.7%), respectively. Predominant resistance gene/s detected by PCR were blaCMY (119/160, 72%) and blaTEM-1B (154/160, 96.3%) for ampicillin; tetA (162/164, 98.8%) and tetB (112/164, 68.3%) for tetracyclines; sul2 (156/164, 95%), sul3 (138/164, 84%), and dfra17 (74/164, 44.5%) for co-trimoxazole; aph(3'')-Ia (134/164, 82.1%) and aph(6)-Id (161/164, 98.2%) for aminoglycosides; and aac(6’)-Ib-cr (61/61, 100%) for enrofloxacin. Both phenotypic and genotypic analyses revealed that all E. coli isolates were multidrug-resistant (resistance to 3, 4, and 5 antibiotics classes by 3.6%, 57.6%, and 38.8%, respectively) carrying one or more resistance gene/s for the same antibiotic. PCR profiling confirmed the presence of resistance genes corresponding to their antibiotic profile. Results of the study will highlight the knowledge based on E. coli AMR related to livestock in UAE that may call for interventions.
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Amin MB, Hoque KI, Roy S, Saha SR, Islam MR, Julian TR, Islam MA. Identifying the Sources of Intestinal Colonization With Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase-Producing Escherichia coli in Healthy Infants in the Community. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:803043. [PMID: 35432268 PMCID: PMC9008759 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.803043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of fecal colonization with extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli (ESBL-Ec) among children in low- and middle-income countries is alarmingly high. This study aimed to identify the sources of ESBL-Ec colonization in children < 1 year old through comparative analysis of E. coli isolates from child stool, child’s mother stool, and point-of-use drinking water from 46 rural households in Bangladesh. The pairwise similarity in antibiotic susceptibility of E. coli from all three sources was evaluated, followed by phylogenetic clustering using enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus polymerase chain reaction and whole-genome sequence analysis of the isolates. Matching antibiotic susceptibility and enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus polymerase chain reaction patterns were found among ESBL-Ec isolates from child–mother dyads of 24 and 11 households, respectively, from child–water dyads of 5 and 4 households, respectively, and from child–mother–water triads of 3 and 4 households, respectively. Whole-genome sequence analysis of 30 isolates from 10 households revealed that ESBL-Ec from children in five households (50%) was clonally related to ESBL-Ec either from their mothers (2 households), drinking water sources (2 households), or both mother and drinking-water sources (1 household) based on serotype, phylogroup, sequence type, antibiotic resistance genes, mobile genetic elements, core single-nucleotide polymorphisms, and whole-genome multilocus sequence typing. Overall, this study provides empirical evidence that ESBL-Ec colonization in children is linked to the colonization status of mothers and exposure to the household environments contaminated with ESBL-Ec. Interventions such as improved hygiene practices and a safe drinking water supply may help reduce the transmission of ESBL-Ec at the household level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Badrul Amin
- Laboratory of Food Safety and One Health, Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr, b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
- *Correspondence: Mohammed Badrul Amin,
| | - Kazi Injamamul Hoque
- Laboratory of Food Safety and One Health, Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr, b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Subarna Roy
- Laboratory of Food Safety and One Health, Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr, b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sumita Rani Saha
- Laboratory of Food Safety and One Health, Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr, b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Rayhanul Islam
- Laboratory of Food Safety and One Health, Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr, b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Timothy R. Julian
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mohammad Aminul Islam
- Laboratory of Food Safety and One Health, Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr, b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Health, Washington State University, Pullman, DC, United States
- Mohammad Aminul Islam,
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Martínez-Álvarez S, Sanz S, Olarte C, Hidalgo-Sanz R, Carvalho I, Fernández-Fernández R, Campaña-Burguet A, Latorre-Fernández J, Zarazaga M, Torres C. Antimicrobial Resistance in Escherichia coli from the Broiler Farm Environment, with Detection of SHV-12-Producing Isolates. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11040444. [PMID: 35453196 PMCID: PMC9024766 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11040444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is an important One Health challenge that encompasses the human, animal, and environmental fields. A total of 111 Escherichia coli isolates previously recovered from manure (n = 57) and indoor air (n = 54) samples from a broiler farm were analyzed to determine their phenotypes and genotypes of antimicrobial resistance and integron characterization; in addition, plasmid replicon analysis and molecular typing were performed in extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase (ESBL) producer isolates. A multidrug-resistance phenotype was detected in 46.8% of the isolates, and the highest rates of resistance were found for ampicillin, trimethoprim−sulfamethoxazole, and tetracycline (>40%); moreover, 15 isolates (13.5%) showed susceptibility to all tested antibiotics. None of the isolates showed imipenem and/or cefoxitin resistance. Twenty-three of the one hundred and eleven E. coli isolates (20.7%) were ESBL producers and carried the blaSHV-12 gene; one of these isolates was recovered from the air, and the remaining 22 were from manure samples. Most of ESBL-positive isolates carried the cmlA (n = 23), tet(A) (n = 19), and aac(6′)-Ib-cr (n = 11) genes. The following genetic lineages were identified among the ESBL-producing isolates (sequence type-phylogroup-clonotype): ST770-E-CH116−552 (n = 12), ST117-B2-CH45−97 (n = 4), ST68-E-CH26−382/49 (n = 3), ST68-E-CH26−49 (n = 1), and ST10992-A/B1-CH11−23/41/580 (n = 4); the latter two were detected for the first time in the poultry sector. At least two plasmid replicon types were detected in the ESBL-producing E. coli isolates, with IncF, IncF1B, IncK, and IncHI1 being the most frequently found. The following antimicrobial resistance genes were identified among the non-ESBL-producing isolates (number of isolates): blaTEM (58), aac(6′)-Ib-cr (6), qnrS (2), aac(3)-II (2), cmlA (6), tet(A)/tet(B) (22), and sul1/2/3 (51). Four different gene-cassette arrays were detected in the variable region of class 1 (dfrA1-aadA1, dfrA12-aadA2, and dfrA12-orf-aadA2-cmlA) and class 2 integrons (sat2-aadA1-orfX). This work reveals the worrying presence of antimicrobial-resistant E. coli in the broiler farm environment, with ESBL-producing isolates of SHV-12 type being extensively disseminated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Martínez-Álvarez
- Department of Agriculture and Food, University of La Rioja, 26006 Logroño, Spain; (S.M.-Á.); (S.S.); (C.O.); (R.H.-S.); (I.C.); (R.F.-F.); (A.C.-B.); (J.L.-F.); (M.Z.)
| | - Susana Sanz
- Department of Agriculture and Food, University of La Rioja, 26006 Logroño, Spain; (S.M.-Á.); (S.S.); (C.O.); (R.H.-S.); (I.C.); (R.F.-F.); (A.C.-B.); (J.L.-F.); (M.Z.)
| | - Carmen Olarte
- Department of Agriculture and Food, University of La Rioja, 26006 Logroño, Spain; (S.M.-Á.); (S.S.); (C.O.); (R.H.-S.); (I.C.); (R.F.-F.); (A.C.-B.); (J.L.-F.); (M.Z.)
| | - Raquel Hidalgo-Sanz
- Department of Agriculture and Food, University of La Rioja, 26006 Logroño, Spain; (S.M.-Á.); (S.S.); (C.O.); (R.H.-S.); (I.C.); (R.F.-F.); (A.C.-B.); (J.L.-F.); (M.Z.)
| | - Isabel Carvalho
- Department of Agriculture and Food, University of La Rioja, 26006 Logroño, Spain; (S.M.-Á.); (S.S.); (C.O.); (R.H.-S.); (I.C.); (R.F.-F.); (A.C.-B.); (J.L.-F.); (M.Z.)
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes-and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Rosa Fernández-Fernández
- Department of Agriculture and Food, University of La Rioja, 26006 Logroño, Spain; (S.M.-Á.); (S.S.); (C.O.); (R.H.-S.); (I.C.); (R.F.-F.); (A.C.-B.); (J.L.-F.); (M.Z.)
| | - Allelen Campaña-Burguet
- Department of Agriculture and Food, University of La Rioja, 26006 Logroño, Spain; (S.M.-Á.); (S.S.); (C.O.); (R.H.-S.); (I.C.); (R.F.-F.); (A.C.-B.); (J.L.-F.); (M.Z.)
| | - Javier Latorre-Fernández
- Department of Agriculture and Food, University of La Rioja, 26006 Logroño, Spain; (S.M.-Á.); (S.S.); (C.O.); (R.H.-S.); (I.C.); (R.F.-F.); (A.C.-B.); (J.L.-F.); (M.Z.)
| | - Myriam Zarazaga
- Department of Agriculture and Food, University of La Rioja, 26006 Logroño, Spain; (S.M.-Á.); (S.S.); (C.O.); (R.H.-S.); (I.C.); (R.F.-F.); (A.C.-B.); (J.L.-F.); (M.Z.)
| | - Carmen Torres
- Department of Agriculture and Food, University of La Rioja, 26006 Logroño, Spain; (S.M.-Á.); (S.S.); (C.O.); (R.H.-S.); (I.C.); (R.F.-F.); (A.C.-B.); (J.L.-F.); (M.Z.)
- Correspondence:
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Zhu Z, Jiang S, Qi M, Liu H, Zhang S, Liu H, Zhou Z, Wang L, Wang C, Luo Y, Ren Z, Ma X, Cao S, Shen L, Wang Y, Fu H, Geng Y, He C, Gu X, Xie Y, Peng G, Zhong Z. Prevalence and characterization of antibiotic resistance genes and integrons in Escherichia coli isolates from captive non-human primates of 13 zoos in China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 798:149268. [PMID: 34333432 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has become a public health concern; but antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and integrons that link to AMR of Escherichia coli from non-human primates remain largely unknown. This study aimed to investigate antibiotic resistance, emerging environmental pollutants ARGs, and integrons factors (intI1, intI2 and intI3) in 995 E. coli isolates obtained from 50 species of captive non-human primates of 13 zoos in China. Our result showed 83.62% of the E. coli isolates were resistant to at least one antibiotic and 47.94% isolates showed multiple drug resistances (MDR). The E. coli isolates mainly showed resistance to tetracycline (tetracycline 62.71%, doxycycline 61.11%), β-lactams (ampicillin 54.27%, amoxicillin 52.36%), and sulfonamide (trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole 36.78%). A total of 423 antibiotic resistance patterns were observed, of which DOX/TET (49 isolates, 4.92%) was the most common pattern. Antibiotic resistance rates among 13 zoos had a significant difference (P < 0.01). We further detected 22 ARGs in the 995 E. coli isolates, of which tetA had the highest occurrence (70.55%). The presence of integrons class 1 and 2 were 24.22% and 1.71%, respectively, while no class 3 integron was found. Significant positive associations were observed among integrons and antibiotics, of which the strongest association was observed for integrons / Gentamicin (OR, 2.642) and integrons / Cefotaxime (OR, 2.512). In addition, cassette arrays were detected in 64 strains of class 1 integron-positive isolates (26.56%) and 10 strains of class 2 integron-positive isolates (58.82%). Eighteen cassette arrays were found within 64 class 1 integron isolates, while 3 cassette arrays were identified within 10 class 2 integron isolates. Our results indicate a high diversity of antibiotic resistance phenotypes in non-human primate E. coli isolates, which carry multiple ARGs and integrons. Corresponding preventive measures should be taken to prevent the spread of integron-mediated ARGs in non-human primates and their living environments in zoos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqi Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Shaoqi Jiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Mingyu Qi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Haifeng Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Shaqiu Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Hang Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Ziyao Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Liqin Wang
- The Chengdu Zoo, Institute of Wild Animals, Chengdu 610081, China
| | - Chengdong Wang
- China Conservation and Research Center for the Giant Panda, Dujiangyan 611800, China
| | - Yan Luo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Zhihua Ren
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xiaoping Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Suizhong Cao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Liuhong Shen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Ya Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Hualin Fu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yi Geng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Changliang He
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xiaobin Gu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yue Xie
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Guangneng Peng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Zhijun Zhong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan, Chengdu 611130, China.
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Carvalho I, Cunha R, Martins C, Martínez-Álvarez S, Safia Chenouf N, Pimenta P, Pereira AR, Ramos S, Sadi M, Martins Â, Façanha J, Rabbi F, Capita R, Alonso-Calleja C, de Lurdes Nunes Enes Dapkevicius M, Igrejas G, Torres C, Poeta P. Antimicrobial Resistance Genes and Diversity of Clones among Faecal ESBL-Producing Escherichia coli Isolated from Healthy and Sick Dogs Living in Portugal. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10081013. [PMID: 34439063 PMCID: PMC8388948 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10081013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to analyse the prevalence and genetic characteristics of ESBL and acquired-AmpC (qAmpC)-producing Escherichia coli isolates from healthy and sick dogs in Portugal. Three hundred and sixty-one faecal samples from sick and healthy dogs were seeded on MacConkey agar supplemented with cefotaxime (2 µg/mL) for cefotaxime-resistant (CTXR) E. coli recovery. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing for 15 antibiotics was performed and the ESBL-phenotype of the E. coli isolates was screened. Detection of antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes, and molecular typing of the isolates (phylogroups, multilocus-sequence-typing, and specific-ST131) were performed by PCR (and sequencing when required). CTXRE. coli isolates were obtained in 51/361 faecal samples analysed (14.1%), originating from 36/234 sick dogs and 15/127 healthy dogs. Forty-seven ESBL-producing E. coli isolates were recovered from 32 sick (13.7%) and 15 healthy animals (11.8%). Different variants of blaCTX-M genes were detected among 45/47 ESBL-producers: blaCTX-M-15 (n = 26), blaCTX-M-1 (n = 10), blaCTX-M-32 (n = 3), blaCTX-M-55 (n = 3), blaCTX-M-14 (n = 2), and blaCTX-M-variant (n = 1); one ESBL-positive isolate co-produced CTX-M-15 and CMY-2 enzymes. Moreover, two additional CTXR ESBL-negative E. coli isolates were CMY-2-producers (qAmpC). Ten different sequence types were identified (ST/phylogenetic-group/β-lactamase): ST131/B2/CTX-M-15, ST617/A/CTX-M-55, ST3078/B1/CTX-M-32, ST542/A/CTX-M-14, ST57/D/CTX-M-1, ST12/B2/CTX-M-15, ST6448/B1/CTX-M-15 + CMY-2, ST5766/A/CTX-M-32, ST115/D/CMY-2 and a new-ST/D/CMY-2. Five variants of CTX-M enzymes (CTX-M-15 and CTX-M-1 predominant) and eight different clonal complexes were detected from canine ESBL-producing E. coli isolates. Although at a lower rate, CMY-2 β-lactamase was also found. Dogs remain frequent carriers of ESBL and/or qAmpC-producing E. coli with a potential zoonotic role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Carvalho
- Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics Unit, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Laboratory Associated for Green Chemistry (LAQV-REQUIMTE), New University of Lisbon, 2829-516 Monte da Caparica, Portugal
- Area Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of La Rioja, 26006 Logroño, Spain; (S.M.-Á.); (N.S.C.); (M.S.); (C.T.)
| | - Rita Cunha
- Hospital Veterinário Cascais da Onevet, 2775-352 Parede, Lisbon, Portugal;
| | - Carla Martins
- Clínica Veterinária do Vouga, 3740-253 Sever do Vouga, Portugal;
| | - Sandra Martínez-Álvarez
- Area Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of La Rioja, 26006 Logroño, Spain; (S.M.-Á.); (N.S.C.); (M.S.); (C.T.)
| | - Nadia Safia Chenouf
- Area Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of La Rioja, 26006 Logroño, Spain; (S.M.-Á.); (N.S.C.); (M.S.); (C.T.)
- Laboratory of Exploration and Valuation of the Steppe Ecosystem, University of Djelfa, Djelfa 17000, Algeria
| | - Paulo Pimenta
- Hospital Veterinário de Trás-os-Montes, 5000-056 Vila Real, Portugal;
| | - Ana Raquel Pereira
- Centro Veterinário de Macedo de Cavaleiros, 5340-202 Bragança, Portugal;
| | - Sónia Ramos
- VetRedondo, Consultório Veterinário de Monte Redondo Unipessoal Lda, Monte Redondo, 2425-618 Leiria, Portugal;
| | - Madjid Sadi
- Area Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of La Rioja, 26006 Logroño, Spain; (S.M.-Á.); (N.S.C.); (M.S.); (C.T.)
- Laboratory of Biotechnology Related to Animals Reproduction, Université Saad Dahlab de Blida, Blida 09000, Algeria
| | - Ângela Martins
- Animal and Veterinary Research Center (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
| | - Jorge Façanha
- Centro Veterinário Jorge Façanha, 5140-060 Carrazeda de Ansiães, Portugal;
| | - Fazle Rabbi
- Australian Computer Society, Docklands, Melbourne, VIC 3008, Australia;
| | - Rosa Capita
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Veterinary Faculty, University of León, 24071 León, Spain; (R.C.); (C.A.-C.)
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of León, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Carlos Alonso-Calleja
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Veterinary Faculty, University of León, 24071 León, Spain; (R.C.); (C.A.-C.)
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of León, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Maria de Lurdes Nunes Enes Dapkevicius
- Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of the Azores, 9500-321 Angra do Heroísmo, Portugal;
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Research and Technology (IITAA), University of the Azores, 9500-321 Angra do Heroísmo, Portugal
| | - Gilberto Igrejas
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics Unit, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Laboratory Associated for Green Chemistry (LAQV-REQUIMTE), New University of Lisbon, 2829-516 Monte da Caparica, Portugal
| | - Carmen Torres
- Area Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of La Rioja, 26006 Logroño, Spain; (S.M.-Á.); (N.S.C.); (M.S.); (C.T.)
| | - Patrícia Poeta
- Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
- Laboratory Associated for Green Chemistry (LAQV-REQUIMTE), New University of Lisbon, 2829-516 Monte da Caparica, Portugal
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-25935-0466; Fax: +351-25935-0629
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9
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Carvalho I, Safia Chenouf N, Cunha R, Martins C, Pimenta P, Pereira AR, Martínez-Álvarez S, Ramos S, Silva V, Igrejas G, Torres C, Poeta P. Antimicrobial Resistance Genes and Diversity of Clones among ESBL- and Acquired AmpC-Producing Escherichia coli Isolated from Fecal Samples of Healthy and Sick Cats in Portugal. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10030262. [PMID: 33807601 PMCID: PMC8001562 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10030262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to analyze the mechanisms of resistance in extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)- and acquired AmpC (qAmpC)-producing Escherichia coli isolates from healthy and sick cats in Portugal. A total of 141 rectal swabs recovered from 98 sick and 43 healthy cats were processed for cefotaxime-resistant (CTXR) E. coli recovery (in MacConkey agar supplemented with 2 µg/mL cefotaxime). The matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) method was used for E. coli identification and antimicrobial susceptibility was performed by a disk diffusion test. The presence of resistance/virulence genes was tested by PCR sequencing. The phylogenetic typing and multilocus sequence typing (MLST) were determined by specific PCR sequencing. CTXRE. coli isolates were detected in seven sick and six healthy cats (7.1% and 13.9%, respectively). Based on the synergy tests, 11 of 13 CTXRE. coli isolates (one/sample) were ESBL-producers (ESBL total rate: 7.8%) carrying the following ESBL genes: blaCTX-M-1 (n = 3), blaCTX-M-15 (n = 3), blaCTX-M-55 (n = 2), blaCTX-M-27 (n = 2) and blaCTX-M-9 (n = 1). Six different sequence types were identified among ESBL-producers (sequence type/associated ESBLs): ST847/CTX-M-9, CTX-M-27, CTX-M-1; ST10/CTX-M-15, CTX-M-27; ST6448/CTX-M-15, CTX-M-55; ST429/CTX-M-15; ST101/CTX-M-1 and ST40/CTX-M-1. Three of the CTXR isolates were CMY-2-producers (qAmpC rate: 2.1%); two of them were ESBL-positive and one ESBL-negative. These isolates were typed as ST429 and ST6448 and were obtained in healthy or sick cats. The phylogenetic groups A/B1/D/clade 1 were detected among ESBL- and qAmpC-producing isolates. Cats are carriers of qAmpC (CMY-2)- and ESBL-producing E. coli isolates (mostly of variants of CTX-M group 1) of diverse clonal lineages, which might represent a public health problem due to the proximity of cats with humans regarding a One Health perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Carvalho
- Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (I.C.); (V.S.)
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, UTAD, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics Unit, UTAD, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Laboratory Associated for Green Chemistry (LAQV-REQUIMTE), New University of Lisbon, 2829-516 Monte da Caparica, Portugal
- Area Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of La Rioja, 26006 Logroño, Spain; (N.S.C.); (S.M.-Á.); (C.T.)
| | - Nadia Safia Chenouf
- Area Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of La Rioja, 26006 Logroño, Spain; (N.S.C.); (S.M.-Á.); (C.T.)
- Laboratory of Exploration and Valuation of the Steppe Ecosystem, University of Djelfa, Djelfa 17000, Algeria
| | - Rita Cunha
- Hospital Veterinário de São Bento, 1200-822 Lisboa, Portugal;
| | - Carla Martins
- Clínica Veterinária do Vouga, 3740-253 Sever do Vouga, Portugal;
| | - Paulo Pimenta
- Hospital Veterinário de Trás-os-Montes, 5000-056 Vila Real, Portugal;
| | | | - Sandra Martínez-Álvarez
- Area Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of La Rioja, 26006 Logroño, Spain; (N.S.C.); (S.M.-Á.); (C.T.)
| | - Sónia Ramos
- VetRedondo, Consultório Veterinário de Monte Redondo Unipessoal Lda, Monte Redondo, 2425-618 Leiria, Portugal;
| | - Vanessa Silva
- Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (I.C.); (V.S.)
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, UTAD, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics Unit, UTAD, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Laboratory Associated for Green Chemistry (LAQV-REQUIMTE), New University of Lisbon, 2829-516 Monte da Caparica, Portugal
| | - Gilberto Igrejas
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, UTAD, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics Unit, UTAD, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Laboratory Associated for Green Chemistry (LAQV-REQUIMTE), New University of Lisbon, 2829-516 Monte da Caparica, Portugal
| | - Carmen Torres
- Area Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of La Rioja, 26006 Logroño, Spain; (N.S.C.); (S.M.-Á.); (C.T.)
| | - Patrícia Poeta
- Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (I.C.); (V.S.)
- Laboratory Associated for Green Chemistry (LAQV-REQUIMTE), New University of Lisbon, 2829-516 Monte da Caparica, Portugal
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-259350466; Fax: +351-259350629
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10
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Characterization of antibiotic resistance integrons harbored by Romanian Escherichia coli uropathogenic strains. REV ROMANA MED LAB 2020. [DOI: 10.2478/rrlm-2020-0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Because little is known about the integrons which constitute an important means of spreading resistance in bacteria circulating in Romania, this study aimed to detect antibiotic resistance gene cassettes embedded in integrons in a convenient collection of 60 ciprofloxacin-resistant Escherichia coli isolates of various phylogroups, associated with community-acquired urinary tract infections. Characterization of the integrons was accomplished by PCR, restriction fragment length polymorphism typing, and DNA sequencing of each identified type. More than half of the tested E. coli strains were positive for integrons of class 1 (31 strains) or 2 (1 strain). These strains derived more frequently from phylogenetic groups A (15 of 21 strains), B1 (10 of 14 strains), and F (3 of 4 strains), respectively. While 20 strains carried class 1 integrons which could be assigned to nine types, eleven strains carried integrons that lacked the 3’-end conserved segment. The attempts made to characterize the gene cassettes located within the variable region of the various integrons identified in this study revealed the presence of genes encoding resistance to trimethoprim, aminoglycosides, beta-lactams or chloramphenicol. The evidence of transferable resistance determinants already established in the autochthonous E. coli strains highlights the need for improved control of resistance-carrying bacteria.
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11
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Mohamed SA, Ardiyati T, Rifa'i M, Widodo. Detection of class 1 integron-associated gene cassettes and tetracycline resistance genes in Escherichia coli isolated from ready to eat vegetables. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2020; 55:327-331. [PMID: 32566218 PMCID: PMC7296334 DOI: 10.1016/j.amsu.2020.04.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ready to eat (RTE) vegetables are easily accessible healthy foods that are commonly consumed globally, including in Indonesia. However, these RTE vegetables contain potential contamination from pathogens and multi-drug resistant bacteria. Therefore, in the present study, we examined the presence of tetracycline-resistant E. coli (TRE) isolates from RTE vegetables. Methods Susceptibility to antimicrobial agents was determined using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Characterisation of antibiotic resistant genes was performed using PCR and sequencing of tetracycline resistant gene, integron and gene cassette from the TRE isolates. Results The isolates collected in this study were resistant not only to tetracycline, but also to streptomycin. Some isolates also displayed resistance to kanamycin (77.8%), chloramphenicol (11.1%), and ciprofloxacin (5.6%). All of the isolates contained integrons (intI1) and the tetA gene; tetB was not detected in our study. Further analysis showed that some isolates (38.8%) contained the dfrA7 gene cassette, which encodes dihydrofolate reductase, which is responsible for resistance to trimethoprim. Of all the isolates that presented integrons, 11 isolates (61.1%) did not carry gene cassettes. These empty integrons have the potential to convert themselves rapidly into multigraviton strains. Conclusions TRE isolates contain the tetA gene and integron 1. Only 38.8% of the isolates that have been identified contain the dfrA7 gene cassette, which is responsible for trimethoprim antibiotic resistance. Further identification of genes conferring resistance to other antibiotics is necessary to better characterise antibiotic resistance. This study was obtained Tetracycline Resistant E. coli (TRE) isolate. The isolate was also resistant to streptomycin. The isolate contains integrons (intI1) and the tetA gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saad A Mohamed
- Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, Bani Walid University, Libya.,Biology Department, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Brawijaya University, Indonesia
| | - Tri Ardiyati
- Biology Department, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Brawijaya University, Indonesia
| | - Muhaimin Rifa'i
- Biology Department, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Brawijaya University, Indonesia
| | - Widodo
- Biology Department, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Brawijaya University, Indonesia
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12
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Al-Hammadi MA, Al-Shamahy HA, Ali AQ, Abdulghani MAM, Pyar H, Al-Suboal I. Class 1 Integrons in Clinical Multi Drug Resistance <i>E. coli</i>, Sana'a Hospitals, Yemen. Pak J Biol Sci 2020; 23:231-239. [PMID: 31944083 DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2020.231.239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The occurrence of multi-drug resistance (MDR) Escherichia coli is one responsible for raised mortality and morbidity and was reported as major health problem. Class 1 integrons has crucial role in distributing antibiotic resistance genes among bacteria. Present work was aimed to determine the prevalence of class 1 integrons and its association with antibiotic resistance in MDR E. coli isolated from patient's body fluid and tissues from 6 health centers in Sana'a, Yemen. MATERIALS AND METHODS A cross-sectional study a total of 198 E. coli from patients diagnosed with infection that had been referred to 6 hospitals and medical diagnostic from July, 2017 to August, 2017 in Sana'a, Yemen. Susceptibility of E. coli isolates to 15 antibiotics using the disc diffusion method. Conventional polymerase chain reaction was used for detection of class 1 of integrons in 100 randomly selected MDR E. coli. RESULTS Overall 174 (87.9%) of 198 E. coli isolates were MDR. Class 1 integrons were detected in 67% of the randomly selected 100 of 198 MDR E. coli. A significant range (p<0.05-p<0.0001) was identified between presence of class 1 integrons and resistance to ceftriaxone, aztreonam, cefepime, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, cefotoxime, cefepime-clavulanic acid, ceftazidime-clavulanic acid, ciprofloxacin, ceftazidime, norfloxacin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, while no significant difference were identified between integron class 1 and resistance to gentamicin, amikacin, nitrofurantoin and imipenem. CONCLUSION High MDR E. coli isolates were detected in this study, among them the prevalence of class 1 integrons is the most common. The significant association between class 1 integrons and resistance to common prescribed antibiotics in hospitals in Sana'a, Yemen.
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13
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Ahumada-Santos YP, Báez-Flores ME, Díaz-Camacho SP, Uribe-Beltrán MDJ, Eslava-Campos CA, Parra-Unda JR, Delgado-Vargas F. Association of phylogenetic distribution and presence of integrons with multidrug resistance in Escherichia coli clinical isolates from children with diarrhoea. J Infect Public Health 2019; 13:767-772. [PMID: 31859055 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2019.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Escherichia coli strains include both commensal and virulent clones distributed in different phylogenetic groups. Antimicrobial resistance is an increasingly serious public health threat at the global level and integrons are important mobile genetic elements involved in resistance dissemination. This paper aims to determine the phylogenetic groups and presence of class 1 (intl1) and 2 (intl2) integrons in E. coli clinical isolates from children with diarrhoea, and to associate these characteristics with their antimicrobial resistance. METHODS Phylogeny and presence of integrons (intl1 and intl2) were analysed by PCR and amplicon sequencing in 70 E. coli isolates from children with and without diarrhoea (35 of each group) from Sinaloa, Mexico; these variables were analysed for correlation with the antimicrobial resistance profile of the isolates. RESULTS The most frequent phylogroups were A (42.9%) and B2 (15.7%). The E. coli isolates from children with diarrhoea were distributed in all phylogroups; while strains from children without diarrhoea were absent from phylogroups C, E, and clade I. The 17.1% of the isolates carried integrons (15.7% intI1 and 1.4% intI2); 28.6% of the isolates from children with diarrhoea showed the class 1 integron. Strains of phylogroup A showed the highest frequency of integrons (33.3%). The association of multidrug resistance and the presence of integrons was identified in 58.3% of strains isolated from children with diarrhoea included in phylogroups A and B2. The sequence analysis of intl1 and intl2 showed silent point mutations and similarities with plasmids of some APEC and AIEC strains. CONCLUSION Commensal E. coli strains are potential disseminators of antimicrobial resistance, and the improvement in the use of antimicrobials to treat childhood diarrhoea is essential for the control of such resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yesmi Patricia Ahumada-Santos
- School of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Ciudad Universitaria, Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - María Elena Báez-Flores
- School of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Ciudad Universitaria, Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Sylvia Páz Díaz-Camacho
- Research Unit in Environment and Health, Autonomous University of Occident, Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | | | - Carlos Alberto Eslava-Campos
- School of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacan, 04510, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico; Laboratory of Bacterial Pathogenicity, Hemato Oncology and Research Unit, Hospital Infantil de Mexico Federico Gomez 06720, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Jesús Ricardo Parra-Unda
- School of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Ciudad Universitaria, Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Francisco Delgado-Vargas
- School of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Ciudad Universitaria, Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico.
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14
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Paniagua-Contreras GL, Monroy-Pérez E, Díaz-Velásquez CE, Uribe-García A, Labastida A, Peñaloza-Figueroa F, Domínguez-Trejo P, García LR, Vaca-Paniagua F, Vaca S. Whole-genome sequence analysis of multidrug-resistant uropathogenic strains of Escherichia coli from Mexico. Infect Drug Resist 2019; 12:2363-2377. [PMID: 31447566 PMCID: PMC6682767 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s203661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Escherichia coli is the main bacterium associated with urinary tract infections (UTIs), including cystitis and pyelonephritis. Uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) harbors numerous genes that encode diverse virulence factors contributing to its pathogenicity. The treatment of UTIs has become complicated due to the natural selection of E. coli strains that are multiresistant to several groups of antibiotics regularly used in clinical settings such as hospitals. Genomic reports of the global composition and distribution of the antibiotic resistance and virulence genes of these pathogenic strains are lacking in the Mexican population. Purpose and methods: The aim of this study was to globally characterize the genomes of a group of UPEC strains by massive parallel sequencing to determine the prevalence and distribution of virulence and antibiotic resistance genes associated with different serotypes and phylogenetic groups. Results: The strains exhibited 138-197 virulence genes and 29 antibiotic resistance genes related to antibiotics that are commonly used in clinical practice. Conclusions: These findings are relevant to the definition of new strategies for treating urinary tract infections in public hospitals and private practice. To further define the epidemiological distribution and composition of these virulence and antibiotic resistance genes, larger studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- G L Paniagua-Contreras
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, México
| | - E Monroy-Pérez
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, México
| | - C E Díaz-Velásquez
- Laboratorio Nacional en Salud: Diagnóstico Molecular y Efecto Ambiental en Enfermedades Crónico-
Degenerativas, FES-Iztacala, UNAM, Tlalnepantla, Edo. de México, México
| | - A Uribe-García
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, México
| | | | | | | | - L R García
- Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social , México City, México
| | - F Vaca-Paniagua
- Laboratorio Nacional en Salud: Diagnóstico Molecular y Efecto Ambiental en Enfermedades Crónico-
Degenerativas, FES-Iztacala, UNAM, Tlalnepantla, Edo. de México, México.,Subdirección de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, México City, México.,Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, México
| | - S Vaca
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, México
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15
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Zhu L, Zhao Y, Yang K, Chen J, Zhou H, Chen X, Liu Q, Wei Z. Host bacterial community of MGEs determines the risk of horizontal gene transfer during composting of different animal manures. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 250:166-174. [PMID: 30995570 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Mobile genetic elements (MGEs) play critical roles in transferring antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) among different microorganisms in the environment. This study aimed to explore the fate of MGEs during chicken manure (CM) and bovine manure (BM) composting to assess horizontal transfer risks of ARGs. The results showed that the removal efficiency of MGEs during CM composting was significantly higher than that during BM composting, because the potential host bacteria of MGEs were eliminated largely during CM composting. Meanwhile, these potential host bacterial communities are significantly influenced by pH, NH4+, NO3- and total N, which can be used to regulate host bacterial communities to remove MGEs during composting. Projection pursuit regression further confirmed that composting can effectively reduce the horizontal transfer risk of ARGs, especially for CM composting. These results identified the critical roles of host bacterial communities in MGEs removal during composting of different animal manures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longji Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology of Heilongjiang Province Science and Technology Department, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China; College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology of Heilongjiang Province Science and Technology Department, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China; College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Kangjie Yang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology of Heilongjiang Province Science and Technology Department, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China; College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Beijing Tongzhou Agriculture Products Quality Inspection & Testing Center, Beijing, 101149, China
| | - Haixuan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology of Heilongjiang Province Science and Technology Department, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China; College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Xiaomeng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology of Heilongjiang Province Science and Technology Department, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China; College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Qi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology of Heilongjiang Province Science and Technology Department, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China; College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Zimin Wei
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology of Heilongjiang Province Science and Technology Department, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China; College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.
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16
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Belaynehe KM, Shin SW, Yoo HS. Interrelationship between tetracycline resistance determinants, phylogenetic group affiliation and carriage of class 1 integrons in commensal Escherichia coli isolates from cattle farms. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:340. [PMID: 30419899 PMCID: PMC6233274 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1661-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carriage of antibiotic-resistant foodborne pathogens by food production animals is one of many contributors to treatment failure in health care settings, and it necessitates an integrated approach to investigate the carriage of resistant pathogens harboring integrons in food-producing animals. METHODS Escherichia coli isolates with reduced susceptibility to tetracycline antibiotics (n = 92) were tested for associations between carriage of class1 integrons, phylogenetic group affiliation and tetracycline resistance determinants using the MIC method, PFGE analysis, PCR and sequencing. RESULTS Phylogroups B1 and A were the most common (58.7 and 19.6%, respectively), followed by groups D (20.7%) and B2 (1.1%). All isolates carried at least one of the tet genes examined. In addition, 88 (95.7%) of all tetracycline-resistant isolates carried tet(A) or tet(B), while 47 (51.1%) and 41 (44.6%) harbored only tet(A) or tet(B), respectively. Likewise, isolates harboring these genes had a higher chance (P < 0.05) of carrying class 1 integrons. Of the tested isolates, 38 (41.3%) carried the intI1 gene. Classical integrons with complete genes (sul1 and qacE∆1) at the 3'-CS were recognized in 27 isolates. PCR screening and subsequent sequencing demonstrated that 84.2% (32/38) of the intI1-positive isolates harbored resistance gene cassettes. Overall, seven gene cassettes were identified, either solely or combined with another gene cassette. The most common gene was aadA1 (10 isolates), followed by a combination of aadA1-dfrA1 (seven isolates), aadA1-dfrA12 (six isolates) and aadA1-aadA2-dfrA12 (three isolates). Genetic typing using PFGE showed minimum clonal relatedness with 28 different clusters and 12-25 discernible DNA fragments. CONCLUSIONS This study brings new insight into the relationships between the presence of integrons, phylogenetic group association and characteristics of tetracycline antibiotic resistance determinants in commensal E. coli strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuastros Mekonnen Belaynehe
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Won Shin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Han Sang Yoo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea
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17
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Karam MRA, Habibi M, Bouzari S. Relationships between Virulence Factors and Antimicrobial Resistance among Escherichia coli Isolated from Urinary Tract Infections and Commensal Isolates in Tehran, Iran. Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2018; 9:217-224. [PMID: 30402376 PMCID: PMC6202021 DOI: 10.24171/j.phrp.2018.9.5.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) are the major cause of urinary tract infections (UTIs). Here, we determined whether sensitivity to antibiotics was related to the prevalence of iron scavenging genes, or to biofilm and hemolysis formation. Methods A total of 110 UPEC and 30 E coli isolates were collected from the urine of UTI patients and feces of healthy individuals without UTI, respectively. The presence of iron receptor genes and phenotypic properties were evaluated by polymerase chain reaction and phenotypic methods, respectively. Susceptibility to routine antibiotics was evaluated using the disc diffusion method. Results The prevalence of iron scavenging genes ranged from 21.8% (ireA) to 84.5% (chuA) in the UPEC. Resistance to ceftazidime and cefotaxime was significantly correlated with the presence of fyuA and iutA iron genes. Biofilm production was significantly associated with the prevalence of fyuA and hma iron genes. A higher degree of antibiotic resistance was exhibited by isolates that produced biofilms than by their non-biofilm producing counterparts. Conclusion Our study clearly indicates that biofilm production is associated with antibiotic resistance, and that iron receptors and hemolysin production also contribute to reduced antibiotic sensitivity. These results further our understanding of the role that these virulence factors play during UPEC pathogenesis, which in turn may be valuable for the development of novel treatment strategies against UTIs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mehri Habibi
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeid Bouzari
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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18
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Plant growth-promoting Rhizopseudomonas: expanded biotechnological purposes and antimicrobial resistance concern. ANN MICROBIOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-018-1389-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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19
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Prevalence of Integrons and Insertion Sequences in ESBL-Producing E. coli Isolated from Different Sources in Navarra, Spain. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15102308. [PMID: 30347800 PMCID: PMC6209886 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15102308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Mobile genetic elements play an important role in the dissemination of antibiotic resistant bacteria among human and environmental sources. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the occurrence and patterns of integrons and insertion sequences of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli isolated from different sources in Navarra, northern Spain. A total of 150 isolates coming from food products, farms and feeds, aquatic environments, and humans (healthy people and hospital inpatients), were analyzed. PCRs were applied for the study of class 1, 2, and 3 integrons (intI1, intI2, and intI3), as well as for the determination of insertion sequences (IS26, ISEcp1, ISCR1, and IS903). Results show the wide presence and dissemination of intI1 (92%), while intI3 was not detected. It is remarkable, the prevalence of intI2 among food isolates, as well as the co-existence of class 1 and class 2 (8% of isolates). The majority of isolates have two or three IS elements, with the most common being IS26 (99.4%). The genetic pattern IS26⁻ISEcp1 (related with the pathogen clone ST131) was present in the 22% of isolates (including human isolates). In addition, the combination ISEcp1⁻IS26⁻IS903⁻ISCR1 was detected in 11 isolates being, to our knowledge, the first study that describes this genetic complex. Due to the wide variability observed, no relationship was determined among these mobile genetic elements and β-lactam resistance. More investigations regarding the genetic composition of these elements are needed to understand the role of multiple types of integrons and insertion sequences on the dissemination of antimicrobial resistance genes among different environments.
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20
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Sultan I, Rahman S, Jan AT, Siddiqui MT, Mondal AH, Haq QMR. Antibiotics, Resistome and Resistance Mechanisms: A Bacterial Perspective. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2066. [PMID: 30298054 PMCID: PMC6160567 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
History of mankind is regarded as struggle against infectious diseases. Rather than observing the withering away of bacterial diseases, antibiotic resistance has emerged as a serious global health concern. Medium of antibiotic resistance in bacteria varies greatly and comprises of target protection, target substitution, antibiotic detoxification and block of intracellular antibiotic accumulation. Further aggravation to prevailing situation arose on observing bacteria gradually becoming resistant to different classes of antibiotics through acquisition of resistance genes from same and different genera of bacteria. Attributing bacteria with feature of better adaptability, dispersal of antibiotic resistance genes to minimize effects of antibiotics by various means including horizontal gene transfer (conjugation, transformation, and transduction), Mobile genetic elements (plasmids, transposons, insertion sequences, integrons, and integrative-conjugative elements) and bacterial toxin-antitoxin system led to speedy bloom of antibiotic resistance amongst bacteria. Proficiency of bacteria to obtain resistance genes generated an unpleasant situation; a grave, but a lot unacknowledged, feature of resistance gene transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Insha Sultan
- Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Safikur Rahman
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
| | - Arif Tasleem Jan
- School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University, Rajouri, India
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21
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Li A, Chen L, Zhang Y, Tao Y, Xie H, Li S, Sun W, Pan J, He Z, Mai C, Fan Y, Xian H, Zhang Z, Wen D. Occurrence and distribution of antibiotic resistance genes in the sediments of drinking water sources, urban rivers, and coastal areas in Zhuhai, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:26209-26217. [PMID: 29974445 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2664-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) are regarded as emerging contaminants related with human activities. Aquatic environments of an urban city are apt for the persistence and prevalence of ARGs. In this study, we investigated the occurrence and distribution of ARGs and integrase genes in the sediment samples collected from drinking water sources, urban rivers, and coastal areas of Zhuhai, China, in the dry and wet seasons of 2016. The results show that sulfonamide resistance gene of sulII was present at the highest detection frequency (85.71%); and its average concentrations were also the highest in both dry and wet seasons (3.78 × 107 and 9.04 × 107 copies/g sediment, respectively), followed by tetC, tetO, tetA, ermB, dfrA1, and blaPSE-1. Temporally, the concentrations of total ARGs in the wet season were likely higher than those in the dry season; and spatially, the concentrations of total ARGs in the drinking water sources were substantially lower than those in the urban rivers and nearby coastal areas, indicating the different degrees of anthropogenic impact and consequent health risks. Positive correlations were found between intI1 and each quantitative ARG in all wet season samples rather than dry season samples, which suggested higher temperature and more rain in summer might have positive influences on ARG dissemination, especially that mediated by intI1 gene and class I integrons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aolin Li
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Lujun Chen
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Science and Technology, Department of Environmental Technology and Ecology, Yangtze Delta Region Institute of Tsinghua University, Jiaxing, 314050, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Yan Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Yile Tao
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Hui Xie
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Si Li
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Weiling Sun
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jianguo Pan
- Zhuhai Environmental Protection Monitoring Station, Zhuhai, 519000, China
| | - Zhidong He
- Zhuhai Environmental Protection Monitoring Station, Zhuhai, 519000, China
| | - Chaoan Mai
- Zhuhai Environmental Protection Monitoring Station, Zhuhai, 519000, China
| | - Yingying Fan
- Zhuhai Environmental Protection Monitoring Station, Zhuhai, 519000, China
| | - Huanchao Xian
- Zhuhai Environmental Protection Monitoring Station, Zhuhai, 519000, China
| | - Zebin Zhang
- Zhuhai Environmental Protection Monitoring Station, Zhuhai, 519000, China
| | - Donghui Wen
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
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22
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Ombarak RA, Hinenoya A, Elbagory ARM, Yamasaki S. Prevalence and Molecular Characterization of Antimicrobial Resistance in Escherichia coli Isolated from Raw Milk and Raw Milk Cheese in Egypt. J Food Prot 2018; 81:226-232. [PMID: 29323530 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-17-277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to examine antimicrobial resistance and characterize the implicated genes in 222 isolates of Escherichia coli from 187 samples of raw milk and the two most popular cheeses in Egypt. E. coli isolates were tested for susceptibility to 12 antimicrobials by a disk diffusion method. Among the 222 E. coli isolates, 66 (29.7%) were resistant to one or more antimicrobials, and half of these resistant isolates showed a multidrug resistance phenotype (resistance to at least three different drug classes). The resistance traits were observed to tetracycline (27.5%), ampicillin (18.9%), streptomycin (18.5%), sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (11.3%), cefotaxime (4.5%), kanamycin (4.1%), ceftazidime (3.6%), chloramphenicol (2.3%), nalidixic acid (1.8%), and ciprofloxacin (1.4%). No resistance to fosfomycin and imipenem was observed. Tetracycline resistance genes tetA, tetB, and tetD were detected in 53 isolates, 9 isolates, and 1 isolate, respectively, but tetC was not detected. Aminoglycoside resistance genes strA, strB, aadA, and aphA1 were detected in 41, 41, 11, and 9 isolates, respectively. Sulfonamide resistance genes sul1, sul2, and sul3 were detected in 7, 25, and 3 isolates, respectively. Of 42 ampicillin-resistant isolates, blaTEM, blaCTX-M, and blaSHV were detected in 40, 9, and 3 isolates, respectively, and 10 (23.8%) ampicillin-resistant isolates were found to produce extended-spectrum β-lactamase. Each bla gene of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing E. coli was further subtyped to be blaCTX-M-15, blaCTX-M-104, blaTEM-1, and blaSHV-12. The class 1 integron was also detected in 28 resistant isolates, and three different patterns were obtained by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism. Sequencing analysis of the variable region revealed that four isolates had dfrA12/orfF/aadA2, two had aadA22, and one had dfrA1/aadA1. These data suggest that antimicrobial-resistant E. coli are widely distributed in the milk production and processing environment in Egypt and may play a role in dissemination of antimicrobial resistance to other pathogenic and commensal bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabee A Ombarak
- 1 Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City 32897, Egypt.,2 Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
| | - Atsushi Hinenoya
- 2 Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
| | | | - Shinji Yamasaki
- 2 Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
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23
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Stoppe NDC, Silva JS, Carlos C, Sato MIZ, Saraiva AM, Ottoboni LMM, Torres TT. Worldwide Phylogenetic Group Patterns of Escherichia coli from Commensal Human and Wastewater Treatment Plant Isolates. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2512. [PMID: 29312213 PMCID: PMC5742620 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli is an important microorganism in the gastrointestinal tract of warm-blooded animals. Commensal populations of E. coli consist of stable genetic isolates, which means that each individual has only one phylogenetic group (phylogroup). We evaluated the frequency of human commensal E. coli phylogroups from 116 people and observed that the majority of isolates belonged to group A. We also evaluated the frequency of phylogroups in wastewater samples and found a strong positive correlation between the phylogroup distribution in wastewater and human hosts. In order to find out if some factors, such as geographical location, and climate could influence the worldwide phylogroup distribution, we performed a meta-analysis of 39 different studies and 24 countries, including different climates, living areas, and feeding habits. Unexpectedly, our results showed no substructuring patterns of phylogroups; indicating there was no correlation between phylogroup distribution and geographic location, climate, living area, feeding habits, or date of collection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy de Castro Stoppe
- Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil.,Núcleo de Pesquisa em Biodiversidade e Computação (BioComp-USP)-Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliana S Silva
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Biodiversidade e Computação (BioComp-USP)-Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Secretaria de Estado de Saúde de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Brazil.,Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Camila Carlos
- Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Maria I Z Sato
- Departamento de Análises Ambientais, Companhia Ambiental do Estado de São Paulo-CETESB, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antonio M Saraiva
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Biodiversidade e Computação (BioComp-USP)-Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Departamento de Engenharia de Computação e Sistemas Digitais, Escola Politécnica da USP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Laura M M Ottoboni
- Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Tatiana T Torres
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Biodiversidade e Computação (BioComp-USP)-Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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24
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Integrons in Enterobacteriaceae: diversity, distribution and epidemiology. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2017; 51:167-176. [PMID: 29038087 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2017.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Integrons are versatile gene acquisition systems that allow efficient capturing of exogenous genes and ensure their expression. Various classes of integrons possessing a wide variety of gene cassettes are ubiquitously distributed in enteric bacteria worldwide. The epidemiology of integrons associated multidrug resistance in Enterobacteriaceae is rapidly evolving. In the past two decades, the incidence of integrons in enteric bacteria has increased drastically with evolution of multiple gene cassettes, novel gene arrangements and complex chromosomal integrons such as Salmonella genomic islands. This review focuses on the distribution, versatility, spread and global trends of integrons among important members of the Enterobacteriaceae, including Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Shigella and Salmonella, which are known to cause infections globally. Such a comprehensive understanding of integron-associated antibiotic resistance, their role in the spread of such resistance traits and their clinical relevance especially with regard to each genus individually is paramount to contain the global spread of antibiotic resistance.
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25
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Chainier D, Barraud O, Masson G, Couve-Deacon E, François B, Couquet CY, Ploy MC. Integron Digestive Carriage in Human and Cattle: A "One Health" Cultivation-Independent Approach. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1891. [PMID: 29021787 PMCID: PMC5624303 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Dissemination of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global issue that requires the adoption of a "One-Health" approach promoting integration of human and animal health. Besides culture-dependent techniques frequently used for AMR surveillance, cultivation-independent methods can give additional insights into the diversity and reservoir of AMR genetic determinants. Integrons are molecular markers that can provide overall and reliable estimation of AMR dissemination. In this study, considering the "One-Health" approach, we have analyzed the integron digestive carriage from stools of humans and cattle living in a same area and exposed to different antibiotic selection pressures. Methods: Three collections of human [general population (GP) and intensive care unit patients (ICUs)] and bovine (BOV) stool samples were analyzed. The three main classes of integrons were detected using a multiplex qPCR both from total DNA extracted from stools, and from Gram-negative bacteria obtained by culture after an enrichment step. Results: With the cultivation-independent approach, integron carriage was 43.8, 52.7, and 65.6% for GP, ICU, and BOV respectively, percentages being at least twofold higher to those obtained with the cultivation-dependent approach. Class 1 integrons were the most prevalent; class 2 integrons seemed more associated to cattle than to humans; no class 3 integron was detected. The integron carriage was not significantly different between GP and ICU populations according to the antibiotic consumption, whatever the approach. Conclusion: The cultivation-independent approach constitutes a complementary exploratory method to investigate the integron digestive carriage of humans and bovines, notably within subjects under antibiotic treatment. The high frequency of carriage of integrons in the gut is of clinical significance, integrons being able to easily acquire and exchange resistant genes under antibiotic selective pressure and so leading to the dissemination of resistant bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Olivier Barraud
- INSERM, CHU Limoges, UMR 1092, Université Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Geoffrey Masson
- INSERM, CHU Limoges, UMR 1092, Université Limoges, Limoges, France
| | | | - Bruno François
- INSERM, CHU Limoges, UMR 1092, Université Limoges, Limoges, France.,INSERM, CIC1435, CHU Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Claude-Yves Couquet
- Laboratoire Départemental d'Analyses et de Recherches de la Haute-Vienne, Limoges, France
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26
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Odetoyin BW, Labar AS, Lamikanra A, Aboderin AO, Okeke IN. Classes 1 and 2 integrons in faecal Escherichia coli strains isolated from mother-child pairs in Nigeria. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183383. [PMID: 28829804 PMCID: PMC5568733 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antimicrobial resistance among enteric bacteria in Africa is increasingly mediated by integrons on horizontally acquired genetic elements. There have been recent reports of such elements in invasive pathogens across Africa, but very little is known about the faecal reservoir of integron-borne genes. METHODS AND FINDINGS We screened 1098 faecal Escherichia coli isolates from 134 mother-child pairs for integron cassettes by PCR using primers that anneal to the 5' and 3' conserved ends of the cassette regions and for plasmid replicons. Genetic relatedness of isolates was determined by flagellin and multi-locus sequence typing. Integron cassettes were amplified in 410 (37.5%) isolates and were significantly associated with resistance to trimethoprim and multiple resistance. Ten cassette combinations were found in class 1 and two in class 2 integrons. The most common class 1 cassette configurations were single aadA1 (23.4%), dfrA7 (18.3%) and dfrA5 (14.4%). Class 2 cassette configurations were all either dfrA1-satI-aadA1 (n = 31, 7.6%) or dfrA1-satI (n = 13, 3.2%). A dfr cassette was detected in 294 (31.1%) of trimethoprim resistant strains and an aadA cassette in 242 (23%) of streptomycin resistant strains. Strains bearing integrons carried a wide range of plasmid replicons of which FIB/Y (n = 169; 41.2%) was the most frequently detected. Nine isolates from five different individuals carried the dfrA17-aadA5-bearing ST69 clonal group A (CGA). The same integron cassette combination was identified from multiple distinct isolates within the same host and between four mother-child pairs. CONCLUSIONS Integrons are important determinants of resistance in faecal E. coli. Plasmids in integron-containing strains may contribute to dispersing resistance genes. There is a need for improved surveillance for resistance and its mechanisms of dissemination and persistence and mobility of resistance genes in the community and clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babatunde W. Odetoyin
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria
- * E-mail:
| | - Amy S. Labar
- Department of Biology, Haverford College, Haverford, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Adebayo Lamikanra
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Aaron O. Aboderin
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Iruka N. Okeke
- Department of Biology, Haverford College, Haverford, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
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Ma L, Li AD, Yin XL, Zhang T. The Prevalence of Integrons as the Carrier of Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Natural and Man-Made Environments. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:5721-5728. [PMID: 28426231 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b05887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Class 1 integrase intI1 has been considered as a good proxy for anthropogenic pollution because of being linked to genes conferring resistance to antibiotics. The gene cassettes of class 1 integrons could carry diverse antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and conduct horizontal gene transfer among microorganisms. The present study applied high-throughput sequencing technique combined with an intI1 database and genome assembly to quantify the abundance of intI1 in 64 environmental samples from 8 ecosystems, and to investigate the diverse arrangements of ARG-carrying gene cassettes (ACGCs) carried by class 1 integrons. The abundance of detected intI1 ranged from 3.83 × 10-4 to 4.26 × 10° intI1/cell. High correlation (Pearson's r = 0.852) between intI1 and ARG abundance indicated that intI1 could be considered as an important indicator of ARGs in environments. Aminoglycoside resistance genes were most frequently observed on gene cassettes, carried by 57% assembled ACGCs, followed by trimethoprim and beta-lactam resistance genes. This study established the pipeline for broad monitoring of intI1 in various environmental samples and scanning the ARGs carried by integrons. These findings supplemented our knowledge on the distribution of class 1 integrons and ARGs carried on mobile genetic elements, benefiting future studies on horizontal gene transfer of ARGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Ma
- Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, The University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong
| | - An-Dong Li
- Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, The University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong
| | - Xiao-Le Yin
- Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, The University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong
| | - Tong Zhang
- Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, The University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong
- International Center for Antibiotic Resistance in the Environment, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology , Shenzhen, China
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Singh T, Das S, Ramachandran VG, Wani S, Shah D, Maroof KA, Sharma A. Distribution of Integrons and Phylogenetic Groups among Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli Isolates from Children <5 Years of Age in Delhi, India. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:561. [PMID: 28443072 PMCID: PMC5385330 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Integrons by means of horizontal gene transfer carry multidrug resistance genes (MDR) among bacteria, including E. coli. The aim of this study was to determine the antibiotic resistance profiles and the genes associated with them, to gain insights in the distribution of phylogroups, prevalence, and characterization of class 1, 2 and 3 integrons among Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) isolates, from children upto 5 years of age from Delhi and National Capital Region (NCR), India. A total of 120 E. coli isolates, including 80 from diarrheagenic E. coli (cases) and 40 from healthy isolates (controls) were recruited in this study. After isolation of E. coli, screening for EPEC was done by conventional multiplex PCR. Antibiotic suseptibility test was performed using disk diffusion method and further confirmed by minimum inhibitory concentration (MICs) by E-test. The presence and characterization of integrons and antimicrobial resistance genes were performed by PCR and DNA sequencing. Phylogeny determination was carried out by quadruplex PCR. EPEC strains were found in 64 of the 80 diarrheagenic cases, out of which 38 were MDR. In the 40 healthy controls, 23 were found to be EPEC strain, out of which only 2 were MDR. Amongst 80 diarrheagenic cases, class 1 integron were observed in 43 isolates, class 2 integron in 12 isolates and 9 isolates were found with co-existence of both. Similarly, in healthy controls; class 1 integron in 9 and class 2 integron in 7 isolates were observed with co-existence in 3 isolates. None of the isolates included class 3 integron. The dfr was the most commonly identified gene cassette within the integron-positive isolates. Phylogenetic studies showed considerable representation of phylogroup B2 in both diarrheagenic cases and healthy controls. This study reiterates the importance of class 1 integron predominantly for acquisition of antibiotic resistance genes among EPEC isolates. Furthermore, it also ascertains the possible association between multidrug resistance and presence of integrons. Approximately 91% of isolates were easily assigned to their respective phylogroups. Assessment of the relationship between antibiotic resistance and dominant phylogroups detected was also attempted. This study also highlights the increased burden of antimicrobial resistance in healthy controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taru Singh
- Microbiology, University College of Medical Sciences and Guru Teg Bahadur HospitalNew Delhi, India
| | - Shukla Das
- Microbiology, University College of Medical Sciences and Guru Teg Bahadur HospitalNew Delhi, India
| | - V G Ramachandran
- Dermatology, University College of Medical Sciences and Guru Teg Bahadur Hospital, Dilshad GardenNew Delhi, India.,Department of Minimal Access and Bariatric Surgery, Fortis Flt. Rajan Dhall HospitalNew Delhi, India
| | - Sayim Wani
- Dermatology, University College of Medical Sciences and Guru Teg Bahadur Hospital, Dilshad GardenNew Delhi, India.,Department of Minimal Access and Bariatric Surgery, Fortis Flt. Rajan Dhall HospitalNew Delhi, India
| | - Dheeraj Shah
- Pediatrics, University College of Medical Sciences and Guru Teg Bahadur HospitalNew Delhi, India
| | - Khan A Maroof
- Community Medicine, University College of Medical Sciences, and Guru Teg Bahadur Hospital, Dilshad GardenNew Delhi, India
| | - Aditi Sharma
- Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Sardarjung HospitalNew Delhi, India
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CHUNG YS, PARK YK, PARK YH, PARK KT. Probable secondary transmission of antimicrobial-resistant Escherichia coli between people living with and without pets. J Vet Med Sci 2017; 79:486-491. [PMID: 28190823 PMCID: PMC5383166 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.16-0585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Companion animals are considered as one of the reservoirs of antimicrobial-resistant (AR) bacteria that can be cross-transmitted to humans. However, limited information is available on the possibility of AR bacteria originating from companion animals being transmitted secondarily from owners to non-owners sharing the same space. To address this issue, the present study investigated clonal relatedness among AR E. coli isolated from dog owners and non-owners in the same college classroom or household. Anal samples (n=48) were obtained from 14 owners and 34 non-owners; 31 E. coli isolates were collected (nine from owners and 22 from non-owners). Of 31 E. coli, 20 isolates (64.5%) were resistant to at least one antimicrobial, and 16 isolates (51.6%) were determined as multi-drug resistant E. coli. Six isolates (19.4%) harbored integrase genes (five harbored class I integrase gene and one harbored class 2 integrase gene, respectively). Pulsed-field gel electrophoretic analysis identified three different E. coli clonal sets among isolates, indicating that cross-transmission of AR E. coli can easily occur between owners and non-owners. The findings emphasize a potential risk of spread of AR bacteria originating from pets within human communities, once they are transferred to humans. Further studies are needed to evaluate the exact risk and identify the risk factors of secondarily transmission by investigating larger numbers of isolates from pets, their owners and non-owners in a community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon Soo CHUNG
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, BK21 Plus Program for Veterinary Science and Research
Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Kyung PARK
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, BK21 Plus Program for Veterinary Science and Research
Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Ho PARK
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, BK21 Plus Program for Veterinary Science and Research
Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Kun Taek PARK
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, BK21 Plus Program for Veterinary Science and Research
Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
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Navajas-Benito EV, Alonso CA, Sanz S, Olarte C, Martínez-Olarte R, Hidalgo-Sanz S, Somalo S, Torres C. Molecular characterization of antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli strains from a dairy cattle farm and its surroundings. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2017; 97:362-365. [PMID: 26969806 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study describes the phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of 78 genetically different Escherichia coli recovered from air and exudate samples of a dairy cattle farm and its surroundings in Spain, in order to gain insight into the flow of antimicrobial resistance through the environment and food supply. RESULTS Antimicrobial resistance was detected in 21.8% of the 78 E. coli isolates analyzed (resistance for at least one of the 14 agents tested). The highest resistance rates were recorded for ampicillin, nalidixic acid, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and tetracycline. The resistance genes detected were as follows (antibiotic (number of resistant strains), gene (number of strains)): ampicillin (9), blaTEM-1 (6); tetracycline (15), tet(A) (7), tet(B) (4), tet(A) + tet(B) (1); chloramphenicol (5), cmlA (2), floR (2); trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (10), sul2 (4), sul1 (3), sul3 (2), sul1 + sul2 (1); gentamicin-tobramycin (1), ant(2″) (1). About 14% of strains showed a multidrug-resistant phenotype and, of them, seven strains carried class 1 integrons containing predominantly the dfrA1-aadA1 array. One multidrug-resistant strain was found in both inside and outside air, suggesting that the airborne spread of multidrug-resistant bacteria from the animal housing facilities to the surroundings is feasible. CONCLUSIONS This study gives a genetic background of the antimicrobial resistance problem in a dairy cattle farm and shows that air can act as a source for dissemination of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carla Andrea Alonso
- Departamento de Agricultura y Alimentación, Universidad de La Rioja, Logroño, Spain
| | - Susana Sanz
- Departamento de Agricultura y Alimentación, Universidad de La Rioja, Logroño, Spain
| | - Carmen Olarte
- Departamento de Agricultura y Alimentación, Universidad de La Rioja, Logroño, Spain
| | | | | | - Sergio Somalo
- Departamento de Agricultura y Alimentación, Universidad de La Rioja, Logroño, Spain
| | - Carmen Torres
- Departamento de Agricultura y Alimentación, Universidad de La Rioja, Logroño, Spain
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Ali T, Ur Rahman S, Zhang L, Shahid M, Zhang S, Liu G, Gao J, Han B. ESBL-Producing Escherichia coli from Cows Suffering Mastitis in China Contain Clinical Class 1 Integrons with CTX-M Linked to IS CR1. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1931. [PMID: 27965653 PMCID: PMC5127808 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of pathogenic multi-drug resistant (MDR) extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli is rapidly increasing, becoming a global concern. In a veterinary context, ESBL-producing E. coli are mostly reported in poultry and pigs. Here, we report on the prevalence and characterize ESBL-producing E. coli isolated from diverse dairy farms in China. Overall, 36 (23.53%) out of 153 E. coli isolates from mastitic milk samples (n = 1252) were confirmed as ESBL-producers by double-disc synergy testing and PCR. Nucleotide analysis of PCR amplicons revealed that blaCTX-M was the predominant ESBL gene detected in 28 (77.78%) isolates, with blaCTX-M-15 being the major (78.57%) allele encoding for ESBLs. Also, 20 (55.56%) and 6 (16.67%) of the ESBL isolates were carrying blaTEM and blaSHV genes, respectively, in singlet or in combination. The majority of these isolates belonged to phylo-group A (69.44%) and D (16.67%). Strikingly, all these isolates were found to be MDR showing high resistance to cephalosporins including the fourth generation cefepime and common non β-lactams. Additionally, class 1 integrons (intI1) were found in 30 (83.33%) isolates. Analysis of the class 1 integrons variable regions indicated that they were carrying up to five different gene cassettes conferring resistance to various drugs with a predominant combination of dfrA17-aadA5 genes in tandem, conferring resistance to aminoglycosides and trimethoprim. However, no ESBL encoding genes were found in the cassettes. Interestingly, 22 (66.11%) of the ESBL isolates were also carrying insertion sequence common region 1 (ISCR1) which was found to be associated with most of the CTX-M genes. Altogether, the current study reports on the high prevalence of ESBL-positive E. coli, particularly CTX-M-15, carrying clinical class 1 integrons and ISCR1 elements are likely indicative of their rapid and wider dissemination, posing threats to veterinary and public health. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive study to report on the alarming high occurrence of ESBL-producing E. coli from mastitic cows in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tariq Ali
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University Beijing, China
| | - Sadeeq Ur Rahman
- College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Abdul Wali Khan University, Garden Campus Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Limei Zhang
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University Beijing, China
| | - Muhammad Shahid
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University Beijing, China
| | - Shiyao Zhang
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University Beijing, China
| | - Gang Liu
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University Beijing, China
| | - Jian Gao
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University Beijing, China
| | - Bo Han
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University Beijing, China
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Manyahi J, Tellevik MG, Ndugulile F, Moyo SJ, Langeland N, Blomberg B. Molecular Characterization of Cotrimoxazole Resistance Genes and Their Associated Integrons in Clinical Isolates of Gram-Negative Bacteria from Tanzania. Microb Drug Resist 2016; 23:37-43. [PMID: 27533639 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2016.0074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cotrimoxazole is widely used, particularly as a prophylactic drug in HIV patients. We assessed resistance mechanisms among cotrimoxazole resistant-Gram negative bacterial isolates (n = 123) obtained from blood (n = 69) and urine (n = 54) from Tanzanian patients. sul genes were detected in 98% (121/123) of the isolates. Coexistence of sul1 and sul2 was common (49/123). The dfr genes were found in 63% (77/123) of all isolates. sul1, dfrA15, and dfrA5 genes predominated among Klebsiella pneumoniae, while sul2 and dfrA1 genes were frequent in Escherichia coli isolates. Two isolates, both K. pneumoniae, carried sul3. Integrons were detected in 81.3% (100/123) of all isolates. Class 1 integrons were found in 95% (42/44), 53% (23/43), and 80.6% (25/31) of K. pneumoniae, E. coli, and other Enterobacteriaceae isolates, respectively. Class 2 integrons were found in 14% of E. coli, but not in K. pneumoniae. All sul1 genes in K. pneumoniae were carried in class 1 integrons. Gene cassette arrays dfrA5 and dfrA15-aadA1 were most frequently associated with class 1 integrons, while class 2 integrons contained only dfrA1-sat2-aadA1 gene cassettes. This is the first report of sul3 gene in K. pneumoniae from human sources. The finding that mechanisms differ between E. coli and K. pneumoniae may broaden our understanding of cotrimoxazole resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Manyahi
- 1 Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen , Bergen, Norway .,2 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences (MUHAS) , Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Marit Gjerde Tellevik
- 3 Department of Medicine, National Centre for Tropical Infectious Diseases, Haukeland University Hospital , Bergen, Norway
| | - Faustine Ndugulile
- 2 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences (MUHAS) , Dar es Salaam, Tanzania .,4 Parliament of Tanzania, United Republic of Tanzania , Dodoma, Tanzania
| | - Sabrina J Moyo
- 1 Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen , Bergen, Norway .,2 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences (MUHAS) , Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Nina Langeland
- 1 Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen , Bergen, Norway .,3 Department of Medicine, National Centre for Tropical Infectious Diseases, Haukeland University Hospital , Bergen, Norway
| | - Bjørn Blomberg
- 1 Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen , Bergen, Norway .,3 Department of Medicine, National Centre for Tropical Infectious Diseases, Haukeland University Hospital , Bergen, Norway
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Wyrsch ER, Roy Chowdhury P, Chapman TA, Charles IG, Hammond JM, Djordjevic SP. Genomic Microbial Epidemiology Is Needed to Comprehend the Global Problem of Antibiotic Resistance and to Improve Pathogen Diagnosis. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:843. [PMID: 27379026 PMCID: PMC4908116 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Contamination of waste effluent from hospitals and intensive food animal production with antimicrobial residues is an immense global problem. Antimicrobial residues exert selection pressures that influence the acquisition of antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes in diverse microbial populations. Despite these concerns there is only a limited understanding of how antimicrobial residues contribute to the global problem of antimicrobial resistance. Furthermore, rapid detection of emerging bacterial pathogens and strains with resistance to more than one antibiotic class remains a challenge. A comprehensive, sequence-based genomic epidemiological surveillance model that captures essential microbial metadata is needed, both to improve surveillance for antimicrobial resistance and to monitor pathogen evolution. Escherichia coli is an important pathogen causing both intestinal [intestinal pathogenic E. coli (IPEC)] and extraintestinal [extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC)] disease in humans and food animals. ExPEC are the most frequently isolated Gram negative pathogen affecting human health, linked to food production practices and are often resistant to multiple antibiotics. Cattle are a known reservoir of IPEC but they are not recognized as a source of ExPEC that impact human or animal health. In contrast, poultry are a recognized source of multiple antibiotic resistant ExPEC, while swine have received comparatively less attention in this regard. Here, we review what is known about ExPEC in swine and how pig production contributes to the problem of antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan R Wyrsch
- The ithree Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney NSW, Australia
| | - Piklu Roy Chowdhury
- The ithree Institute, University of Technology Sydney, SydneyNSW, Australia; NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, SydneyNSW, Australia
| | - Toni A Chapman
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Sydney NSW, Australia
| | - Ian G Charles
- Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park Norwich, UK
| | - Jeffrey M Hammond
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Sydney NSW, Australia
| | - Steven P Djordjevic
- The ithree Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney NSW, Australia
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Characterization of the variable region in the class 1 integron of antimicrobial-resistant Escherichia coli isolated from surface water. Braz J Microbiol 2016; 47:337-44. [PMID: 26991286 PMCID: PMC4874607 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjm.2016.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Fecal bacteria are considered to be a potential reservoir of antimicrobial resistance genes in the aquatic environment and could horizontally transfer these genes to autochthonous bacteria when carried on transferable and/or mobile genetic elements. Such circulation of resistance genes constitutes a latent public health hazard. The aim of this study was to characterize the variable region of the class 1 integron and relate its genetic content to resistance patterns observed in antimicrobial-resistant Escherichia coli isolated from the surface waters of Patos Lagoon, Southern Brazil. Genetic diversity of the isolates and presence of the qacEΔ1 gene, which confers resistance to quaternary ammonium compounds, were also investigated. A total of 27 isolates were analyzed. The variable region harbored dfrA17, dfrA1 and dfrA12 genes, which confer resistance to trimethoprim, and aadA1, aadA5 and aadA22 genes that encode resistance to streptomycin/spectinomycin. Most of the isolates were considered resistant to quaternary ammonium compounds and all of them carried the qacEΔ1 gene at the 3′ conserved segment of the integron. ERIC-PCR analyses of E. coli isolates that presented the integrons showed great genetic diversity, indicating diverse sources of contamination in this environment. These results suggest that fecal bacteria with class 1 integrons in aquatic environments are potentially important reservoirs of antibiotic-resistance genes and may transfer these elements to other bacteria that are capable of infecting humans.
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Ma L, Xia Y, Li B, Yang Y, Li LG, Tiedje JM, Zhang T. Metagenomic Assembly Reveals Hosts of Antibiotic Resistance Genes and the Shared Resistome in Pig, Chicken, and Human Feces. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:420-7. [PMID: 26650334 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b03522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The risk associated with antibiotic resistance disseminating from animal and human feces is an urgent public issue. In the present study, we sought to establish a pipeline for annotating antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) based on metagenomic assembly to investigate ARGs and their co-occurrence with associated genetic elements. Genetic elements found on the assembled genomic fragments include mobile genetic elements (MGEs) and metal resistance genes (MRGs). We then explored the hosts of these resistance genes and the shared resistome of pig, chicken and human fecal samples. High levels of tetracycline, multidrug, erythromycin, and aminoglycoside resistance genes were discovered in these fecal samples. In particular, significantly high level of ARGs (7762 ×/Gb) was detected in adult chicken feces, indicating higher ARG contamination level than other fecal samples. Many ARGs arrangements (e.g., macA-macB and tetA-tetR) were discovered shared by chicken, pig and human feces. In addition, MGEs such as the aadA5-dfrA17-carrying class 1 integron were identified on an assembled scaffold of chicken feces, and are carried by human pathogens. Differential coverage binning analysis revealed significant ARG enrichment in adult chicken feces. A draft genome, annotated as multidrug resistant Escherichia coli, was retrieved from chicken feces metagenomes and was determined to carry diverse ARGs (multidrug, acriflavine, and macrolide). The present study demonstrates the determination of ARG hosts and the shared resistome from metagenomic data sets and successfully establishes the relationship between ARGs, hosts, and environments. This ARG annotation pipeline based on metagenomic assembly will help to bridge the knowledge gaps regarding ARG-associated genes and ARG hosts with metagenomic data sets. Moreover, this pipeline will facilitate the evaluation of environmental risks in the genetic context of ARGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Ma
- Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, The University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong
| | - Yu Xia
- Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, The University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong
| | - Bing Li
- Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, The University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong
| | - Ying Yang
- Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, The University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong
| | - Li-Guan Li
- Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, The University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong
| | - James M Tiedje
- Department of Plant, Soil, and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University , East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Tong Zhang
- Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, The University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong
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Lavakhamseh H, Mohajeri P, Rouhi S, Shakib P, Ramazanzadeh R, Rasani A, Mansouri M. Multidrug-Resistant Escherichia coli Strains Isolated from Patients Are Associated with Class 1 and 2 Integrons. Chemotherapy 2015; 61:72-6. [DOI: 10.1159/000438666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Background:Escherichia coli isolates displaying multidrug-resistance (MDR) are a major health care problem that results in mortality and morbidity. Integrons are DNA elements in E.coli that are related to antibiotic resistance. The aim of this study was to determine class 1 and 2 integrons and MDR in E. coli isolates obtained from patients in two Sanandaj hospitals, located in Iran. Materials and Methods: 120 isolates of E. coli were obtained from clinical specimens (from November 2013 to April 2014), and the susceptibility of E. coli antimicrobial agents was determined using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method according to the CLSI. PCR were applied for detection of class 1 and 2 integrons in E. coli isolates. SPSS software v16 and the χ2 test were used for statistical analysis in order to calculate the association between antibiotic resistance and the presence of integrons (p < 0.05). Results: In a total of 120 E. coli isolates, 42.5% had MDR. Integrons were found in 50.9% of the MDR isolates, and included 47.05% class 1 and 3.92% class 2 integrons. The strains did not have both classes of integrons simultaneously. An association between resistance to antibiotics and integrons was found. Conclusion: Our results showed that int1 and int2 genes present in E. coli isolates obtained from patients cause MDR in this isolates. Since such bacteria are a reservoir for the transmission of MDR bacteria, appropriate programs are necessary to reduce this problem.
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Deng Y, Bao X, Ji L, Chen L, Liu J, Miao J, Chen D, Bian H, Li Y, Yu G. Resistance integrons: class 1, 2 and 3 integrons. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2015; 14:45. [PMID: 26487554 PMCID: PMC4618277 DOI: 10.1186/s12941-015-0100-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
As recently indiscriminate abuse of existing antibiotics in both clinical and veterinary treatment leads to proliferation of antibiotic resistance in microbes and poses a dilemma for the future treatment of such bacterial infection, antimicrobial resistance has been considered to be one of the currently leading concerns in global public health, and reported to widely spread and extended to a large variety of microorganisms. In China, as one of the currently worst areas for antibiotics abuse, the annual prescription of antibiotics, including both clinical and veterinary treatment, has approaching 140 gram per person and been roughly estimated to be 10 times higher than that in the United Kingdom, which is considered to be a potential area for the emergence of “Super Bugs”. Based on the integrons surveillance in Guangzhou, China in the past decade, this review thus aimed at summarizing the role of integrons in the perspective of both clinical setting and environment, with the focus on the occurrence and prevalence of class 1, 2 and 3 integrons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Deng
- College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - Xuerui Bao
- College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - Lili Ji
- College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - Lei Chen
- Institute of Agro-products Processing, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China.
| | - Junyan Liu
- College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - Jian Miao
- College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - Dingqiang Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical College, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
| | - Huawei Bian
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, China.
| | - Yanmei Li
- Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, 9 Jinsui Road, Guangzhou, 510620, China.
| | - Guangchao Yu
- First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510620, China.
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Sunde M, Simonsen GS, Slettemeås JS, Böckerman I, Norström M. Integron, Plasmid and Host Strain Characteristics of Escherichia coli from Humans and Food Included in the Norwegian Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring Programs. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128797. [PMID: 26047499 PMCID: PMC4457809 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistant Escherichia coli (n=331) isolates from humans with bloodstream infections were investigated for the presence of class 1 and class 2 integrons. The integron cassettes arrays were characterized and the findings were compared with data from similar investigations on resistant E. coli from meat and meat products (n=241) produced during the same time period. All isolates were obtained from the Norwegian monitoring programs for antimicrobial resistance in human pathogens and in the veterinary sector. Methods used included PCR, sequencing, conjugation experiments, plasmid replicon typing and subtyping, pulsed-field-gel-electrophoresis and serotyping. Integrons of class 1 and 2 occurred significantly more frequently among human isolates; 45.4% (95% CI: 39.9-50.9) than among isolates from meat; 18% (95% CI: 13.2 -23.3), (p<0.01, Chi-square test). Identical cassette arrays including dfrA1-aadA1, aadA1, dfrA12-orfF-aadA2, oxa-30-aadA1 (class 1 integrons) and dfrA1-sat1-aadA1 (class 2 integrons) were detected from both humans and meat. However, the most prevalent cassette array in human isolates, dfrA17-aadA5, did not occur in isolates from meat, suggesting a possible linkage between this class 1 integron and a subpopulation of E. coli adapted to a human host. The drfA1-aadA1 and aadA1 class 1 integrons were found frequently in both human and meat isolates. These isolates were subjected to further studies to investigate similarities with regard to transferability, plasmid and host strain characteristics. We detected incF plasmids with pMLST profile F24:A-:B1 carrying drfA1-aadA1 integrons in isolates from pork and in a more distantly related E. coli strain from a human with septicaemia. Furthermore, we showed that most of the class 1 integrons with aadA1 were located on incF plasmids with pMLST profile F51:A-:B10 in human isolates. The plasmid was present in unrelated as well as closely related host strains, demonstrating that dissemination of this integron also could be attributed to clonal spread. In conclusion, among the systematically collected isolates from two different sources, some significant differences concerning integron prevalence and integron variants were observed. However, closely related plasmids as vehicles for specific class 1 integrons in isolates from meat and from a human with bloodstream infection were found. The occurrence of similar multi-resistance plasmids in bacteria from a food source and from a human clinical sample highlights the possible role of meat as a source of resistance elements for pathogenic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Sunde
- Department of Laboratory Services, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gunnar Skov Simonsen
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Research Group for Host-Microbe Interaction, Institute of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø —The Norwegian Arctic University, Tromsø, Norway
| | | | - Inger Böckerman
- Department of Laboratory Services, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway
| | - Madelaine Norström
- Department of Health Surveillance, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway
- * E-mail:
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Cavicchio L, Dotto G, Giacomelli M, Giovanardi D, Grilli G, Franciosini MP, Trocino A, Piccirillo A. Class 1 and class 2 integrons in avian pathogenic Escherichia coli from poultry in Italy. Poult Sci 2015; 94:1202-8. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pev095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Kotlarska E, Łuczkiewicz A, Pisowacka M, Burzyński A. Antibiotic resistance and prevalence of class 1 and 2 integrons in Escherichia coli isolated from two wastewater treatment plants, and their receiving waters (Gulf of Gdansk, Baltic Sea, Poland). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:2018-30. [PMID: 25167818 PMCID: PMC4308648 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3474-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
In this study, antimicrobial-resistance patterns were analyzed in Escherichia coli isolates from raw (RW) and treated wastewater (TW) of two wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), their marine outfalls (MOut), and mouth of the Vistula River (VR). Susceptibility of E. coli was tested against different classes of antibiotics. Isolates resistant to at least one antimicrobial agent were PCR tested for the presence of integrons. Ampicillin-resistant E. coli were the most frequent, followed by amoxicillin/clavulanate (up to 32 %), trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (up to 20 %), and fluoroquinolone (up to 15 %)-resistant isolates. Presence of class 1 and 2 integrons was detected among tested E. coli isolates with rate of 32.06 % (n = 84) and 3.05 % (n = 8), respectively. The presence of integrons was associated with increased frequency of resistance to fluoroquinolones, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, amoxicillin/clavulanate, piperacillin/tazobactam, and presence of multidrug-resistance phenotype. Variable regions were detected in 48 class 1 and 5 class 2 integron-positive isolates. Nine different gene cassette arrays were confirmed among sequenced variable regions, with predominance of dfrA1-aadA1, dfrA17-aadA5, and aadA1 arrays. These findings illustrate the importance of WWTPs in spreading of resistance genes in the environment and the need for inclusion of at least monitoring efforts in the regular WWTP processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Kotlarska
- Genetics and Marine Biotechnology Department, Institute of Oceanology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstancow Warszawy 55, 81-712 Sopot, Poland
| | - Aneta Łuczkiewicz
- Department of Water and Wastewater Technology, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gdansk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Marta Pisowacka
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande 6, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Artur Burzyński
- Genetics and Marine Biotechnology Department, Institute of Oceanology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstancow Warszawy 55, 81-712 Sopot, Poland
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Kargar M, Mohammadalipour Z, Doosti A, Lorzadeh S, Japoni-Nejad A. High Prevalence of Class 1 to 3 Integrons Among Multidrug-Resistant Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli in Southwest of Iran. Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2014; 5:193-8. [PMID: 25379369 PMCID: PMC4215003 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrp.2014.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2014] [Revised: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Horizontal transfer of integrons is one of the important factors that can contribute to the occurrence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of integrons among MDR Escherichia coli strains isolated from stool specimens and investigate the associations between the existence of integrons and MDR properties in the southwest of Iran. METHODS There were 164 E. coli strains isolated from January 2012 to June 2012. Fecal specimens identified as E. coli by the conventional methods. Subsequently the antibiotic resistance was assessed using Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute criteria. The presence of class 1-3 integrons and embedded gene cassettes was verified using specific primers by multiplex polymerase chain reaction assay. RESULTS Among a total of 164 studied samples, 69 (42.07%) isolates were multidrug resistant. Class 1 and class 2 integrons were present in 78.26% and 76.81% MDR isolates, respectively. For the first time in Iran, class 3 integron was observed in 26.09% MDR isolates. Significant correlations were identified between: class 1 integron and resistance to amikacin, gentamicin, chloramphenicol, ampicillin, tetracycline, nalidixic acid, and co-trimoxazole; class 2 integron and resistance to aminoglycosides, co-trimoxazole, cefalexin, ampicillin, and chloramphenicol; and class 3 integron and resistance to gentamicin, kanamycin, and streptomycin. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that integrons are common among MDR isolates and they can be used as a marker for the identification of MDR isolates. Therefore, due to the possibility of a widespread outbreak of MDR isolates, molecular surveillance and sequencing of the integrons in other parts of the country is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Kargar
- Department of Microbiology, Jahrom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Jahrom, Iran
| | | | - Abbas Doosti
- Biotechnology Research Center, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord Branch, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Shahrokh Lorzadeh
- Biotechnology Research Center, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord Branch, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Alireza Japoni-Nejad
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Disease, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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Lima AMS, Melo MESD, Alves LC, Brayner FA, Lopes ACS. Investigation of class 1 integrons in Klebsiella pneumoniae clinical and microbiota isolates belonging to different phylogenetic groups in Recife, State of Pernambuco. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2014; 47:165-9. [DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0021-2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alexsandra Maria Silva Lima
- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Brasil; Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Brasil; Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Brasil
| | | | - Luiz Carlos Alves
- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Brasil; Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Brasil
| | - Fábio André Brayner
- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Brasil; Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Brasil
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Characterization of integron-mediated antimicrobial resistance among Escherichia coli strains isolated from a captive population of Amur tigers in China. J Zoo Wildl Med 2014; 44:951-6. [PMID: 24450054 DOI: 10.1638/2013-0020r2.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was undertaken to identify and characterize integrons and integrated resistance gene cassettes among multidrug resistant Escherichia coli isolates from a captive population of Amur tigers (Panthera tigris altaica) in China. In addition, the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance and class I integrons was assessed in E. coli strains (n = 61) isolated from a captive population of Amur tigers in Heilongjiang Amur Tiger Park, China. Among the isolates, 52.46% (32 of 61) were positive for intI1, but no isolates carried intI2 or intI3. Most isolates were susceptible to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, aztreonam, and polymyxin B, while they also exhibited high incidence rates of resistance to ampicillin, doxycycline, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, and dihydrofolate reductase. Sequencing analysis revealed three gene cassettes, which encoded resistance to dihydrofolate reductase (dfrA15), dihydrofolate reductase (dfrA12), and adenyltransferase (aadA2). The gene cassette arrays dfrA15 (31%) and dfrA12-aadA2 (19%) were most prevalent among these isolates.
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Nielsen KL, Dynesen P, Larsen P, Frimodt-Møller N. Faecal Escherichia coli from patients with E. coli urinary tract infection and healthy controls who have never had a urinary tract infection. J Med Microbiol 2014; 63:582-589. [PMID: 24464694 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.068783-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are primarily caused by Escherichia coli with the patient's own faecal flora acting as a reservoir for the infecting E. coli. Here we sought to characterize the E. coli faecal flora of UTI patients and healthy controls who had never had a UTI. Up to 20 E. coli colonies from each rectal swab were random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) typed for clonality, dominance in the sample and correlation to the infecting UTI isolate in patients. Each distinct clone was phylotyped and tested for antimicrobial susceptibility. Eighty-seven per cent of the UTI patients carried the infecting strain in their faecal flora, and faecal clones causing UTI were more often dominant in the faecal flora. Patients had a larger diversity of E. coli in their gut flora by carrying more unique E. coli clones compared to controls, and patient faecal clones were more often associated with multidrug resistance compared to controls. We found a similar phylotype distribution of faecal clones from UTI patients and healthy controls, including a large proportion of B2 isolates in the control group. Faecal-UTI isolates from patients were more often associated with multidrug resistance compared to faecal-only clones, indicating a link between UTI virulence and antimicrobial resistance. Intake of any antibiotic less than 6 months prior to inclusion in the experiment occurred significantly more in patients with UTI than in controls. In contrast, presence of an intrauterine device was significantly more common in controls indicating a protective effect against UTI. In conclusion, healthy controls have a large proportion of potentially pathogenic E. coli phylotypes in their faecal flora without this causing infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen L Nielsen
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Hvidovre Hospital, Kettegård Alle 30, 2640 Hvidovre, Denmark.,Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, 2300 København S, Denmark
| | - Pia Dynesen
- Haslev Lægecenter, Nygade 42, 4690 Haslev, Denmark
| | - Preben Larsen
- Lægehuset Ellemarksvej, Ellemarksvej 4, 4600 Køge, Denmark
| | - Niels Frimodt-Møller
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Hvidovre Hospital, Kettegård Alle 30, 2640 Hvidovre, Denmark.,Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, 2300 København S, Denmark
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Li B, Zhao ZC, Wang MH, Huang XH, Pan YH, Cao YP. Antimicrobial resistance and integrons of commensal Escherichia coli strains from healthy humans in China. J Chemother 2013; 26:190-2. [PMID: 24090594 PMCID: PMC4014832 DOI: 10.1179/1973947813y.0000000113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Zhi-chang Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Mei-hua Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Xin-hong Huang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Yu-hong Pan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Ying-ping Cao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
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Mahrouki S, Perilli M, Bourouis A, Chihi H, Ferjani M, Ben Moussa M, Amicosante G, Belhadj O. Prevalence of quinolone resistance determinantqnrA6 among broad- and extended-spectrum beta-lactam-resistant Proteus mirabilis and Morganella morganii clinical isolates withsul1-type class 1 integron association in a Tunisian Hospital. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 45:600-5. [DOI: 10.3109/00365548.2013.795657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Penders J, Stobberingh EE, Savelkoul PHM, Wolffs PFG. The human microbiome as a reservoir of antimicrobial resistance. Front Microbiol 2013; 4:87. [PMID: 23616784 PMCID: PMC3627978 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2013.00087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2012] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota is amongst the most densely populated microbial ecosystem on earth. While the microbiome exerts numerous health beneficial functions, the high density of micro-organisms within this ecosystem also facilitates horizontal transfer of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes to potential pathogenic bacteria. Over the past decades antibiotic susceptibility testing of specific indicator bacteria from the microbiome, such as Escherichia coli, has been the method of choice in most studies. These studies have greatly enlarged our understanding on the prevalence and distribution of AMR and associated risk factors. Recent studies using (functional) metagenomics, however, highlighted the unappreciated diversity of AMR genes in the human microbiome and identified genes that had not been described previously. Next to metagenomics, more targeted approaches such as polymerase chain reaction for detection and quantification of AMR genes within a population are promising, in particular for large-scale epidemiological screening. Here we present an overview of the indigenous microbiota as a reservoir of AMR genes, the current knowledge on this “resistome” and the recent and upcoming advances in the molecular diagnostic approaches to unravel this reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Penders
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+ Maastricht, Netherlands
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Ruiz del Castillo B, Vinué L, Román EJ, Guerra B, Carattoli A, Torres C, Martínez-Martínez L. Molecular characterization of multiresistant Escherichia coli producing or not extended-spectrum β-lactamases. BMC Microbiol 2013; 13:84. [PMID: 23586437 PMCID: PMC3637601 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-13-84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence and type of plasmids, resistance genes and integrons carried by two collections of multiresistant E. coli producing or not extended-spectrum β-lactamases have been compared. Rep-PCR was used to determine the clonal relationship of the organisms. Plasmids were classified according to their incompatibility. Class 1 and Class 2 integrons and antibiotic resistance genes were analysed by PCR and sequencing. RESULTS Both collections of organisms contained a large diversity of unrelated strains with some clones distributed in both groups of isolates. Large plasmids were identified in the two groups of organisms. Plasmids with replicons repK and repColE were more frequent among ESBL-producing isolates, while repFIA, repFII and repA/C replicons were more frequent in isolates lacking ESBL. Conjugative plasmids with repK and repA/C replicons coded for CTX-M-14 and CMY-2 β-lactamases, respectively. No significant differences were observed in the distribution of class 1 and class 2 integrons among multiresistant E. coli producing or not ESBL, and dfrA17-ant(3")-Ie was the cassette arrangement most commonly found. CONCLUSIONS In the concrete temporal and geographical context of this study, multiresistant E. coli producing ESBL or other mechanisms of resistance were largely clonally diverse and present some differences in the types of harboured plasmids. Still, some clones were found in both ESBL-producing and -lacking isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belén Ruiz del Castillo
- Service of Microbiology, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla-IFIMAV, Av/ de Valdecilla s/n, Santander 39008, Spain.
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Machado E, Coque TM, Cantón R, Sousa JC, Peixe L. Commensal Enterobacteriaceae as reservoirs of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases, integrons, and sul genes in Portugal. Front Microbiol 2013; 4:80. [PMID: 23579192 PMCID: PMC3619534 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2013.00080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria colonizing the human intestine have a relevant role in the spread of antimicrobial resistance. We investigated the faecal carriage of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae in healthy humans from Portugal and analyzed the distribution of sul genes and class 1 and 2 integrons. Faecal samples (n = 113) were recovered from healthy persons (North/Centre of Portugal, 2001-2004) and plated on MacConkey agar with and without ceftazidime (1 mg/L) or cefotaxime (1 mg/L). Isolates representing different morphotypes/plate and antibiotic susceptibility patterns (n = 201) were selected. Isolates resistant to sulfonamides and/or streptomycin, gentamicin, and trimethoprim were screened (PCR and sequencing) for sul genes (sul1, sul2, sul3) and class 1 and 2 integrons. Presence of ESBLs was inferred using the double disk synergy test (DDST) and further confirmed by PCR and sequencing. ESBL producers were selected for clonal analysis, plasmid characterization and conjugation assays by standard methods. ESBL-producing isolates were found in 1.8% (2/113) of samples, corresponding to Escherichia coli of phylogroups A (n = 1) and B1 (n = 1) carrying transferable bla CTX-M-14 and the new bla TEM-153, respectively. A 80kb IncK plasmid bearing bla CTX-M-14 was found, being highly related to that widely spread among CTX-M-14 producers of humans and animals from Portugal and other European countries. sul genes were found in 88% (22/25; sul2-60%, sul1-48%, sul3-4%) of the sulfonamide resistant isolates. Class 1 integrons were more frequently found than class 2 (7%, 14/201 vs. 3%, 6/201). Interestingly, gene cassette arrangements within these platforms were identical to those commonly observed among Enterobacteriaceae from Portuguese food-producing animals, although aadA13 is here firstly described in Morganella morganii. These results reinforce the relevance of human commensal flora as reservoir of clinically relevant antibiotic resistance genes including bla ESBLs, and highly transferable genetic platforms as IncK epidemic plasmids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabete Machado
- REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Microbiologia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do PortoPorto, Portugal
- CEBIMED, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Fernando PessoaPorto, Portugal
| | - Teresa M. Coque
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación SanitariaMadrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Cantón
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación SanitariaMadrid, Spain
| | - João C. Sousa
- CEBIMED, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Fernando PessoaPorto, Portugal
| | - Luísa Peixe
- REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Microbiologia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do PortoPorto, Portugal
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Xu Y, Luo QQ, Zhou MG. Identification and characterization of integron-mediated antibiotic resistance in the phytopathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55962. [PMID: 23437082 PMCID: PMC3578876 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2012] [Accepted: 01/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Four streptomycin-resistant isolates of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (YNA7-1, YNA10-2, YNA11-2, and YNA12-2) were examined via PCR amplification for the presence of class 1, class 2, and class 3 integrons and aadA1 and aadA2 genes, which confer resistance to streptomycin and spectinomycin. The class 1 integrase gene intI1 and the aminoglycoside adenylyltransferase gene aadA1 were identified in all four resistant isolates but not in 25 sensitive isolates. PCR amplifications showed that 7790-bp, 7162-bp, 7790-bp, and 7240-bp resistance integrons with transposition gene modules (tni module) in 3′ conserved segments existed in YNA7-1, YNA10-2, YNA11-2, and YNA12-2, respectively. Subsequent analysis of sequences indicated that the integrons of YNA7-1 and YNA11-2 carried three gene cassettes in the order |aacA3|arr3|aadA1|. The integron of YNA10-2 carried only |arr3|aadA1| gene cassettes. The integron of YNA12-2 lacked a 550-bp sequence including part of intI1 but it still carried |aacA3|arr3|aadA1| gene cassettes. The analysis of inactive mutants and complementation tests confirmed that the aacA3 gene conferred resistance to tobramycin, kanamycin, gentamicin and netilmicin; the arr3 gene conferred resistance to rifampicin; and the aadA1 gene conferred resistance to streptomycin and spectinomycin. The resistance phenotypes of the four isolates corresponded with their resistance gene cassettes, except that YNA7-1 and YNA12-2 did not show rifampicin resistance. Sequence comparison revealed that no gene cassette array in GenBank was in the same order as in the integrons of the four resistant isolates in this study and the aadA1, which was identical in the four resistant isolates, showed 99% identity with aadA1 sequences in GenBank. The result of a stability test showed that the resistance phenotype, the aadA1 gene, and the intI1 gene were completely stable in YNA7-1 and YNA12-2 but unstable in YNA10-2 and YNA11-2. To our knowledge, this is the first report of resistance integron in a phytopathogenic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xu
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Shanghai Landscape Gardening Research Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing-quan Luo
- Shanghai Landscape Gardening Research Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming-guo Zhou
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- * E-mail:
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