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Heath MR, Fan W, Leu CS, Gomez-Simmonds A, Lodise T, Freedberg DE. Gut colonization with multidrug resistant organisms in the intensive care unit: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care 2024; 28:211. [PMID: 38943133 PMCID: PMC11214232 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-024-04999-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/01/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gut colonization with multidrug-resistant organisms (MDRO) frequently precedes infection among patients in the intensive care unit (ICU), although the dynamics of colonization are not completely understood. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of ICU studies which described the cumulative incidence and rates of MDRO gut acquisition. METHODS We systematically searched PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science for studies published from 2010 to 2023 reporting on gut acquisition of MDRO in the ICU. MDRO were defined as multidrug resistant non-Pseudomonas Gram-negative bacteria (NP-GN), Pseudomonas spp., and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE). We included observational studies which obtained perianal or rectal swabs at ICU admission (within 48 h) and at one or more subsequent timepoints. Our primary outcome was the incidence rate of gut acquisition of MDRO, defined as any MDRO newly detected after ICU admission (i.e., not present at baseline) for all patient-time at risk. The study was registered with PROSPERO, CRD42023481569. RESULTS Of 482 studies initially identified, 14 studies with 37,305 patients met criteria for inclusion. The pooled incidence of gut acquisition of MDRO during ICU hospitalization was 5% (range: 1-43%) with a pooled incidence rate of 12.2 (95% CI 8.1-18.6) per 1000 patient-days. Median time to acquisition ranged from 4 to 26 days after ICU admission. Results were similar for NP-GN and Pseudomonas spp., with insufficient data to assess VRE. Among six studies which provided sufficient data to perform curve fitting, there was a quasi-linear increase in gut MDRO colonization of 1.41% per day which was stable through 30 days of ICU hospitalization (R2 = 0.50, p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Acquisition of gut MDRO was common in the ICU and increases with days spent in ICU through 30 days of follow-up. These data may guide future interventions seeking to prevent gut acquisition of MDRO in the ICU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison R Heath
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Weijia Fan
- Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Cheng-Shiun Leu
- Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Angela Gomez-Simmonds
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Thomas Lodise
- Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Daniel E Freedberg
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
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Razazi K, Luyt CE, Voiriot G, Rouzé A, Garnier M, Ferré A, Camous L, Heming N, Lapidus N, Charles-Nelson A, Mekontso-Dessap A. Ventilator-associated pneumonia related to extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing Enterobacterales during severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection: risk factors and prognosis. Crit Care 2024; 28:131. [PMID: 38641851 PMCID: PMC11031867 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-024-04906-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients infected with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV 2) and requiring mechanical ventilation suffer from a high incidence of ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP), mainly related to Enterobacterales. Data regarding extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing Enterobacterales (ESBL-E) VAP are scarce. We aimed to investigate risk factors and outcomes of ESBL-E related VAP among critically ill coronavirus infectious disease-19 (COVID-19) patients who developed Enterobacterales related VAP. PATIENTS AND METHODS We performed an ancillary analysis of a multicenter prospective international cohort study (COVID-ICU) that included 4929 COVID-19 critically ill patients. For the present analysis, only patients with complete data regarding resistance status of the first episode of Enterobacterales related VAP (ESBL-E and/or carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales, CRE) and outcome were included. RESULTS We included 591 patients with Enterobacterales related VAP. The main causative species were Enterobacter sp (n = 224), E. coli (n = 111) and K. pneumoniae (n = 104). One hundred and fifteen patients (19%), developed a first ESBL-E related VAP, mostly related to Enterobacter sp (n = 40), K. pneumoniae (n = 36), and E. coli (n = 31). Eight patients (1%) developed CRE related VAP. In a multivariable analysis, African origin (North Africa or Sub-Saharan Africa) (OR 1.7 [1.07-2.71], p = 0.02), time between intubation and VAP (OR 1.06 [1.02-1.09], p = 0.002), PaO2/FiO2 ratio on the day of VAP (OR 0.997 [0.994-0.999], p = 0.04) and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole exposure (OR 3.77 [1.15-12.4], p = 0.03) were associated with ESBL-E related VAP. Weaning from mechanical ventilation and mortality did not significantly differ between ESBL-E and non ESBL-E VAP. CONCLUSION ESBL-related VAP in COVID-19 critically-ill patients was not infrequent. Several risk factors were identified, among which some are modifiable and deserve further investigation. There was no impact of resistance of the first Enterobacterales related episode of VAP on outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keyvan Razazi
- Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, DMU Médecine, Service de Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), 94010, Créteil, France.
- IMRB, GRC CARMAS, Faculté de Santé de Créteil, Université Paris Est Créteil (UPEC), 94010, Créteil, France.
- Service de Medicine Intensive Réanimation, CHU Henri Mondor, 51, Av de Lattre de Tassigny, 94000, Créteil Cedex, France.
| | - Charles-Edouard Luyt
- Service de Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Institut de Cardiologie, Sorbonne-Université, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, and Sorbonne Université, INSERM, UMRS_1166-ICAN Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), 47-83, Boulevard de L'Hôpital, 75651, Paris, France
| | - Guillaume Voiriot
- Service de Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Hôpital Tenon, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Anahita Rouzé
- Inserm U1285, CHU Lille, Service de Médecine Intensive - Réanimation, CNRS, UMR 8576 - UGSF - Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Univ. Lille, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Marc Garnier
- GRC29, DMU DREAM, Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine Department, Tenon Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Sorbonne University, Paris, France
| | - Alexis Ferré
- Intensive Care Unit, Versailles Hospital, Le Chesnay, France
| | - Laurent Camous
- Medical and Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Guadeloupe Teaching Hospital, Antilles-Guyane University, Les Abymes, France
| | - Nicholas Heming
- Department of Intensive Care, Hôpital Raymond Poincaré, APHP University Versailles Saint Quentin - University Paris Saclay, Paris, France
- Laboratory of Infection and Inflammation - U1173, School of Medicine Simone Veil, INSERM, University Versailles Saint Quentin - University Paris Saclay, Garches, France
- FHU SEPSIS (Saclay and Paris Seine Nord Endeavour to PerSonalize Interventions for Sepsis), Garches, France
| | - Nathanaël Lapidus
- INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, AP-HP, Saint-Antoine Hospital, Public Health Department, Sorbonne University, 75012, Paris, France
| | - Anais Charles-Nelson
- Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Unité d'Épidémiologie et de Recherche Clinique, INSERM, Centre d'Investigation Clinique1418, Module Épidémiologie Clinique, AP-HP (Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris), Paris, France
| | - Armand Mekontso-Dessap
- Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, DMU Médecine, Service de Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), 94010, Créteil, France
- IMRB, GRC CARMAS, Faculté de Santé de Créteil, Université Paris Est Créteil (UPEC), 94010, Créteil, France
- INSERM, Unité U955, Université Paris Est, 94010, Créteil, France
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Shang C, Yang R, Yang Y, Zhang H, Zhang J, Xia Q, Gao Y, Deng Y. Colonization of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae does not affect subsequent infection and liver transplant outcomes: a retrospective observational cohort study. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1207889. [PMID: 37794888 PMCID: PMC10546942 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1207889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate the colonization rate of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL-E), subsequent infections by ESBL-E and ESBL-producing gram-negative bacilli (ESBL-GNB), and the effect of ESBL-E colonization on clinical outcomes in liver transplantation (LT) recipients. Methods This is a retrospective cohort study that included patients who underwent LT at Shanghai Renji Hospital between July 2016 and December 2017. Rectal swabs from LT patients at the postoperative ICU enrollment were screened anonymously for ESBL-E carriage. Demographics data, laboratory indexes, operative complications, and clinical course information were also obtained. The extent of ESBL-E colonization, the subsequent infection rates of ESBL-E and ESBL-GNB, and the clinical outcomes were compared between ESBL-E colonized and non-colonized patients. Results In total, 496 liver transplant recipients (387 males) were included in this study. ESBL-E colonization was detected in 240 patients (48.4%). There was no significant difference between the rates of ESBL-E infection (5.8 vs. 3.1%, p = 0.143), Ischemia-reperfusion ≥ 3 (27.9 vs. 24.6%, p = 0.403), acute kidney injury (39.6 vs. 38.7%, p = 0.835), acute rejection (2.1 vs. 1.6%, p = 0.664), graft versus host reaction (1.3 vs. 1.2%, p = 0.937), duration of hospitalization (22 vs. 23 days, p = 0.568), 90-day mortality (7.1 vs. 4.7%, p = 0.262) and 1-year mortality (12.9 vs. 9.3%, p = 0.265) in patients with and without ESBL-E colonization. Though the ESBL-GNB infection rate was higher in ESBL-E colonized patients (12.1 vs. 6.6%, p = 0.037), multivariate analysis showed that ESBL-E colonization did not increase the risk of ESBL-GNB infection (Model 1: aOR 1.755, 95% CI: 0.911-3.380, p = 0.093; Model 2: aOR 1.556, 95% CI: 0.761-3.181, p = 0.226). The ESBL-producing bacteria spectrum of colonization was significantly different from that of infections occurring after LT, with only three colonization events leading to infection by the same pathogen identified. Conclusion ESBL-E colonization in liver transplant patients is not associated with ESBL-E infection, nor is it a risk factor for post-transplant ESBL-GNB infection. Additionally, ESBL-E colonization does not lead to worse prognoses when compared with non-colonized patients. Clinical trial registration Chinese Clinical Trial Registry, Identifier [ChiCTR2100043034].
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Shang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Run Yang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ya Yang
- Department of Infection Control, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haomin Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianjun Zhang
- Department of Liver Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Xia
- Department of Liver Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuxiao Deng
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Liver Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Kardaś-Słoma L, Fournier S, Dupont JC, Rochaix L, Birgand G, Zahar JR, Lescure FX, Kernéis S, Durand-Zaleski I, Lucet JC. Cost-effectiveness of strategies to control the spread of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales in hospitals: a modelling study. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2022; 11:117. [PMID: 36117231 PMCID: PMC9484055 DOI: 10.1186/s13756-022-01149-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Spread of resistant bacteria causes severe morbidity and mortality. Stringent control measures can be expensive and disrupt hospital organization. In the present study, we assessed the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of control strategies to prevent the spread of Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales (CPE) in a general hospital ward (GW). Methods A dynamic, stochastic model simulated the transmission of CPE by the hands of healthcare workers (HCWs) and the environment in a hypothetical 25-bed GW. Input parameters were based on published data; we assumed the prevalence at admission of 0.1%. 12 strategies were compared to the baseline (no control) and combined different prevention and control interventions: targeted or universal screening at admission (TS or US), contact precautions (CP), isolation in a single room, dedicated nursing staff (DNS) for carriers and weekly screening of contact patients (WSC). Time horizon was one year. Outcomes were the number of CPE acquisitions, costs, and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICER). A hospital perspective was adopted to estimate costs, which included laboratory costs, single room, contact precautions, staff time, i.e. infection control nurse and/or dedicated nursing staff, and lost bed-days due to prolonged hospital stay of identified carriers. The model was calibrated on actual datasets. Sensitivity analyses were performed. Results The baseline scenario resulted in 0.93 CPE acquisitions/1000 admissions and costs 32,050 €/1000 admissions. All control strategies increased costs and improved the outcome. The efficiency frontier was represented by: (1) TS with DNS at a 17,407 €/avoided CPE case, (2) TS + DNS + WSC at a 30,700 €/avoided CPE case and (3) US + DNS + WSC at 181,472 €/avoided CPE case. Other strategies were dominated. Sensitivity analyses showed that TS + CP might be cost-effective if CPE carriers are identified upon admission or if the cases have a short hospital stay. However, CP were effective only when high level of compliance with hand hygiene was obtained. Conclusions Targeted screening at admission combined with DNS for identified CPE carriers with or without weekly screening were the most cost-effective options to limit the spread of CPE. These results support current recommendations from several high-income countries. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13756-022-01149-0.
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Wang R, Han JH, Lautenbach E, Tamma PD, Thom KA, Alby K, Blumberg EA, Bilker WB, Werzen A, Omorogbe J, Tolomeo P, Anesi JA. Clinical prediction tool for extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing enterobacterales as the etiology of a bloodstream infection in solid organ transplant recipients. Transpl Infect Dis 2021; 23:e13599. [PMID: 33724633 PMCID: PMC8443704 DOI: 10.1111/tid.13599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacterial infections are increasingly common among solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients, leading to challenges in the selection of empiric antimicrobial therapy. We sought to develop a clinical tool to predict which SOT recipients are at high risk for extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacterales (EB) bloodstream infection (BSI). METHODS A multicenter case-control study was performed. The source population included SOT recipients with an EB BSI between 2005 and 2018. Cases were those with ESBL-EB BSI; controls were those with non-ESBL EB BSI. The population was subdivided into derivation and validation cohorts based on study site. The predictive tool was developed in the derivation cohort through iterative multivariable logistic regression analyses that maximized the area under the receiver-operating curve (AUC). External validity was assessed using the validation cohort. RESULTS A total of 897 SOT recipients with an EB BSI were included, of which 539 were assigned to the derivation cohort (135, 25% ESBL-EB) and 358 to the validation cohort (221, 62% ESBL-EB). Using multivariable analyses, the most parsimonious model that was predictive of ESBL-EB BSI consisted of 10 variables, which fell into four clinical categories: prior colonization or infection with EB organisms, recent antimicrobial exposures, severity of preceding illness, and immunosuppressive regimen. This model achieved an AUC of 0.81 in the derivation cohort and 0.68 in the validation cohort. CONCLUSIONS Though further refinements are needed in additional populations, this tool shows promise for guiding empiric therapy for SOT recipients with EB BSI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Wang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Ebbing Lautenbach
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Pranita D. Tamma
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kerri A. Thom
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kevin Alby
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Emily A. Blumberg
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Warren B. Bilker
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Alissa Werzen
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jacqueline Omorogbe
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Pam Tolomeo
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Judith A. Anesi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Manquat E, Le Dorze M, Pean De Ponfilly G, Benmansour H, Amarsy R, Cambau E, Soyer B, Chousterman BG, Jacquier H. Impact of systematic screening for AmpC-hyperproducing Enterobacterales intestinal carriage in intensive care unit patients. Ann Intensive Care 2020; 10:149. [PMID: 33119840 PMCID: PMC7594978 DOI: 10.1186/s13613-020-00754-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Empirical antimicrobial therapy (EAT) is a challenge for community-acquired, hospital-acquired and ventilator-associated pneumonia, particularly in the context of the increasing occurrence of third-generation cephalosporin-resistant Enterobacterales (3GCR-E), including extended-spectrum beta-lactamase Enterobacterales (ESBL-E) and high-level expressed AmpC cephalosporinase-producing Enterobacterales (HLAC-E). To prevent the overuse of broad-spectrum antimicrobial therapies, such as carbapenems, we assessed the performance of screening for intestinal carriage of HLAC-E in addition to ESBL-E to predict 3GCR-E (ESBL-E and/or HLAC-E) presence or absence in respiratory samples in ICU, and to evaluate its potential impact on carbapenem prescription. MATERIALS AND METHODS This monocentric retrospective observational study was performed in a surgical ICU during a 4-year period (January 2013-December 2016). Patients were included if they had a positive culture on a respiratory sample and a previous intestinal carriage screening performed by rectal swabbing within 21 days. Sensitivity, specificity, positive (PPV) and negative (NPV) predictive values and likelihood ratios were calculated for the screening for intestinal carriage of ESBL-E, HLAC-E and 3GCR-E (ESBL-E and/or HLAC-E) as predictor of their absence/presence in respiratory samples. Impact of HLAC-E and ESBL-E reporting on EAT was also studied. RESULTS 765 respiratory samples, retrieved from 468 patients, were analyzed. ESBL-E prevalence was 23.8% in rectal swab and 4.4% in respiratory samples. HLAC-E prevalence was 9.0% in rectal swabs and 3.7% in respiratory samples. Overall, the 3GCR-E prevalence was 31.8% in rectal swabs and 7.7% in respiratory samples. NPVs were 98.8%, 98.0% and 96.6% for ESBL-E, HLAC-E and 3GCR-E, respectively. Over the study period, empirical antimicrobial therapy was initiated for 315 episodes of respiratory infections: 228/315 (72.4%) were associated with negative intestinal carriage screening for both HLAC-E and ESBL-E, of whom 28/228 (12.3%) were treated with carbapenems. Of 23/315 (7.3%) cases with screening for positive intestinal carriage with HLAC-E alone, 10/23 (43.5%) were treated with carbapenems. CONCLUSION Systematic screening and reporting of HLAC-E in addition to ESBL-E in intestinal carriage screening could help to predict the absence of 3GCR-E in respiratory samples of severe surgical ICU patients. This could improve the appropriateness of EAT in ICU patients with HAP and may prevent the overuse of carbapenems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Manquat
- Service de Réanimation Chirurgicale Polyvalente, Département d'Anesthésie Réanimation, Hôpital Lariboisière, AP-HP, 2 Rue Ambroise Paré, 75475, Paris Cedex 10, France.
| | - Matthieu Le Dorze
- Service de Réanimation Chirurgicale Polyvalente, Département d'Anesthésie Réanimation, Hôpital Lariboisière, AP-HP, 2 Rue Ambroise Paré, 75475, Paris Cedex 10, France
- UMR-S942, Mascot, University of Paris, Paris, France
| | - Gauthier Pean De Ponfilly
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie-Virologie, Hôpital Lariboisière, AP-HP, 2 Rue Ambroise Paré, 75475, Paris Cedex 10, France
| | - Hanaa Benmansour
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie-Virologie, Hôpital Lariboisière, AP-HP, 2 Rue Ambroise Paré, 75475, Paris Cedex 10, France
| | - Rishma Amarsy
- Equipe Opérationnelle d'Hygiène, Hôpital Lariboisière, AP-HP, 2 Rue Ambroise Paré, 75475, Paris Cedex 10, France
| | - Emmanuelle Cambau
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie-Virologie, Hôpital Lariboisière, AP-HP, 2 Rue Ambroise Paré, 75475, Paris Cedex 10, France
- UMR1137, IAME, University of Paris, Paris, France
| | - Benjamin Soyer
- Service de Réanimation Chirurgicale Polyvalente, Département d'Anesthésie Réanimation, Hôpital Lariboisière, AP-HP, 2 Rue Ambroise Paré, 75475, Paris Cedex 10, France
| | - Benjamin Glenn Chousterman
- Service de Réanimation Chirurgicale Polyvalente, Département d'Anesthésie Réanimation, Hôpital Lariboisière, AP-HP, 2 Rue Ambroise Paré, 75475, Paris Cedex 10, France
- UMR-S942, Mascot, University of Paris, Paris, France
| | - Hervé Jacquier
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie-Virologie, Hôpital Lariboisière, AP-HP, 2 Rue Ambroise Paré, 75475, Paris Cedex 10, France
- UMR1137, IAME, University of Paris, Paris, France
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Lau JSY, Korman TM, Woolley I. Life-long antimicrobial therapy: where is the evidence? J Antimicrob Chemother 2019; 73:2601-2612. [PMID: 29873746 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dky174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The decision to prescribe long-term or 'life-long' antibiotics in patients requires careful consideration by the treating clinician. While several guidelines exist to help assist in this decision, the long-term consequences are yet to be well studied. In this review, we aim to provide a summary of the available evidence for patient populations where long-term antibiotic therapy is currently recommended in clinical practice. We will also discuss the pitfalls of this approach, including medication adverse effects, economic cost and any possible contribution to the emerging epidemic of microbial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian S Y Lau
- Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Monash Infectious Diseases, Monash Health, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tony M Korman
- Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Monash Infectious Diseases, Monash Health, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ian Woolley
- Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Monash Infectious Diseases, Monash Health, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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8
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Birgand G, Zahar JR, Lucet JC. Insight Into the Complex Epidemiology of Multidrug-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae. Clin Infect Dis 2019; 66:494-496. [PMID: 29020395 DOI: 10.1093/cid/cix826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Birgand
- National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infection and Antimicrobial Resistance at Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jean-Ralph Zahar
- INSERM, IAME, UMR 1137, and Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris.,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Avicenne, Infection Control Unit, Bobigny
| | - Jean-Christophe Lucet
- INSERM, IAME, UMR 1137, and Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris.,AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Infection Control Unit, Paris, France
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9
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Bharadwaj R, Robinson ML, Balasubramanian U, Kulkarni V, Kagal A, Raichur P, Khadse S, Kadam D, Valvi C, Kinikar A, Kanade S, Suryavanshi N, Marbaniang I, Nelson G, Johnson J, Zenilman J, Sachs J, Gupta A, Mave V. Drug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae colonization is associated with healthcare utilization and antimicrobial use among inpatients in Pune, India. BMC Infect Dis 2018; 18:504. [PMID: 30286741 PMCID: PMC6172743 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-018-3390-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Healthcare exposure may increase drug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae colonization risk. Nascent antimicrobial stewardship efforts in low- and middle-income countries require setting-specific data. We aimed to evaluate risk factors for inpatient drug resistant Enterobacteriaceae colonization in a resource-limited setting in India. Methods Patients age ≥ 6 months admitted with ≥24 h of fever to a tertiary hospital in Pune, India were enrolled in a prospective cohort. Perirectal swabs, collected on admission and hospitalization day 3 or 4, were cultured in vancomycin- and ceftriaxone-impregnated media to assess for ceftriaxone-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CTRE) and carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CPRE). Multivariable analyses assessed risk factors for drug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae colonization among participants without admission colonization. Results Admission perirectal swabs were collected on 897 participants; 87 (10%) had CTRE and 14 (1.6%) had CPRE colonization. Admission CTRE colonization was associated with recent healthcare contact (p < 0.01). Follow-up samples were collected from 620 participants, 67 (11%) had CTRE and 21 (3.4%) had CPRE colonization. Among 561 participants without enrollment CTRE colonization, 49 (9%) participants were colonized with CTRE at follow-up. Detection of CTRE colonization among participants not colonized with CTRE at admission was independently associated with empiric third generation cephalosporin treatment (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 2.9, 95% CI 1.5–5.8). Follow-up transition to CPRE colonization detection was associated with ICU admission (OR 3.0, 95% CI 1.0–8.5). Conclusions Patients who receive empiric third generation cephalosporins and are admitted to the ICU rapidly develop detectable CTRE and CPRE colonization. Improved antimicrobial stewardship and infection control measures are urgently needed upon hospital admission. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12879-018-3390-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renu Bharadwaj
- Byramjee Jeejeebhoy Government Medical College-Johns Hopkins University Clinical Research Site, Pune, Maharashtra, India. .,Byramjee-Jeejeebhoy Government Medical College, Pune, Maharashtra, India.
| | | | - Usha Balasubramanian
- Byramjee Jeejeebhoy Government Medical College-Johns Hopkins University Clinical Research Site, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Vandana Kulkarni
- Byramjee Jeejeebhoy Government Medical College-Johns Hopkins University Clinical Research Site, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Anju Kagal
- Byramjee Jeejeebhoy Government Medical College-Johns Hopkins University Clinical Research Site, Pune, Maharashtra, India.,Byramjee-Jeejeebhoy Government Medical College, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Priyanka Raichur
- Byramjee Jeejeebhoy Government Medical College-Johns Hopkins University Clinical Research Site, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sandhya Khadse
- Byramjee Jeejeebhoy Government Medical College-Johns Hopkins University Clinical Research Site, Pune, Maharashtra, India.,Byramjee-Jeejeebhoy Government Medical College, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Dileep Kadam
- Byramjee Jeejeebhoy Government Medical College-Johns Hopkins University Clinical Research Site, Pune, Maharashtra, India.,Byramjee-Jeejeebhoy Government Medical College, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Chhaya Valvi
- Byramjee Jeejeebhoy Government Medical College-Johns Hopkins University Clinical Research Site, Pune, Maharashtra, India.,Byramjee-Jeejeebhoy Government Medical College, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Aarti Kinikar
- Byramjee Jeejeebhoy Government Medical College-Johns Hopkins University Clinical Research Site, Pune, Maharashtra, India.,Byramjee-Jeejeebhoy Government Medical College, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Savita Kanade
- Byramjee Jeejeebhoy Government Medical College-Johns Hopkins University Clinical Research Site, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Nishi Suryavanshi
- Byramjee Jeejeebhoy Government Medical College-Johns Hopkins University Clinical Research Site, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ivan Marbaniang
- Byramjee Jeejeebhoy Government Medical College-Johns Hopkins University Clinical Research Site, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - George Nelson
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Julia Johnson
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Jonathan Sachs
- Phoenix Children's Hospital / Maricopa Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Amita Gupta
- Byramjee Jeejeebhoy Government Medical College-Johns Hopkins University Clinical Research Site, Pune, Maharashtra, India.,Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Vidya Mave
- Byramjee Jeejeebhoy Government Medical College-Johns Hopkins University Clinical Research Site, Pune, Maharashtra, India.,Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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10
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Houard M, Rouzé A, Ledoux G, Six S, Jaillette E, Poissy J, Préau S, Wallet F, Labreuche J, Nseir S, Voisin B. Relationship between digestive tract colonization and subsequent ventilator-associated pneumonia related to ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0201688. [PMID: 30089150 PMCID: PMC6082537 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is the most common ICU-acquired infection. Recently, the incidence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBLE) has substantially increased in critically ill patients. Identifying patients at risk for VAP related to ESBLE could be helpful to improve the rate of appropriate initial antibiotic treatment, and to reduce unnecessary exposure to carbapenems. The primary objective was to identify risk factors for VAP related to ESBLE. Secondary objective was to determine the impact of ESBLE on outcome in VAP patients. METHODS This retrospective study was conducted in a single mixed intensive care unit (ICU), during a 4-year period. All patients with confirmed VAP were included. VAP was defined using clinical, radiologic and quantitative microbiological data. VAP first episodes were prospectively identified using the continuous surveillance data. Exposure to different risk factors was taken into account until the diagnosis of ESBLE VAP or until ICU discharge, in patients with ESBLE VAP and VAP related to other bacteria, respectively. In all patients, routine screening for ESBLE (rectal swab) was performed at ICU admission and once a week. Patients with ESBLE VAP were compared with those with VAP related to other bacteria using univariate analysis. All significant factors were included in the multivariate logistic regression model. RESULTS Among the 410 patients with VAP, 43 (10.5%) had ESBLE VAP, 76 (19%) patients had polymicrobial VAP and 189 (46%) had VAP related to multidrug resistant bacteria. Multivariate analysis identified prior ESBLE colonization of the digestive tract as the only independent risk factor for ESBLE VAP (OR [95% CI] = 23 [10-55], p < 0.001). Whilst the positive predictive value of ESBLE digestive colonization was low (43.6%), its negative predictive value was excellent (97.3%) in predicting ESBLE VAP. Duration of mechanical ventilation (median [IQR], 28 [18,42] vs 23 [15,42] d, p = 0.4), length of ICU stay (31 [19,53] vs 29 [18,46] d, p = 0.6), and mortality rates (55.8% vs 50%, p = 0.48) were similar in ESBLE VAP, compared with VAP related to other bacteria. CONCLUSION Digestive tract colonization related to ESBLE is independently associated with ESBLE VAP. Its excellent negative predictive value suggests that patients without ESBLE colonization should not receive carbapenems as part of their initial empirical treatment to cover ESBLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Houard
- CHU Lille, Critical Care Center, Lille, France
- Univ. Lille, Faculty of Medicine, Lille, France
| | | | | | - Sophie Six
- CHU Lille, Critical Care Center, Lille, France
- Univ. Lille, Faculty of Medicine, Lille, France
| | | | - Julien Poissy
- CHU Lille, Critical Care Center, Lille, France
- Univ. Lille, Faculty of Medicine, Lille, France
| | | | - Frédéric Wallet
- CHU Lille, Centre de Biologie et de Pathologie, Lille, France
| | - Julien Labreuche
- CHU Lille, Clinique de Santé Publique, Plateforme d'Aide Méthodologique, Lille, France
| | - Saad Nseir
- CHU Lille, Critical Care Center, Lille, France
- Univ. Lille, Faculty of Medicine, Lille, France
- * E-mail:
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11
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Zanichelli V, Monnier AA, Gyssens IC, Adriaenssens N, Versporten A, Pulcini C, Le Maréchal M, Tebano G, Vlahović-Palčevski V, Stanić Benić M, Milanič R, Harbarth S, Hulscher ME, Huttner B. Variation in antibiotic use among and within different settings: a systematic review. J Antimicrob Chemother 2018; 73:vi17-vi29. [PMID: 29878219 PMCID: PMC5989604 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dky115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Variation in antibiotic use may reflect inappropriate use. We aimed to systematically describe the variation in measures for antibiotic use among settings or providers. This study was conducted as part of the innovative medicines initiative (IMI)-funded international project DRIVE-AB. Methods We searched for studies published in MEDLINE from January 2004 to January 2015 reporting variation in measures for systemic antibiotic use (e.g. DDDs) in inpatient and outpatient settings. The ratio between a study's reported maximum and minimum values of a given measure [maximum:minimum ratio (MMR)] was calculated as a measure of variation. Similar measures were grouped into categories and when possible the overall median ratio and IQR were calculated. Results One hundred and forty-three studies were included, of which 85 (59.4%) were conducted in Europe and 12 (8.4%) in low- to middle-income countries. Most studies described the variation in the quantity of antibiotic use in the inpatient setting (81/143, 56.6%), especially among hospitals (41/81, 50.6%). The most frequent measure was DDDs with different denominators, reported in 23/81 (28.4%) inpatient studies and in 28/62 (45.2%) outpatient studies. For this measure, we found a median MMR of 3.7 (IQR 2.6-5.0) in 4 studies reporting antibiotic use in ICUs in DDDs/1000 patient-days and a median MMR of 2.3 (IQR 1.5-3.2) in 18 studies reporting outpatient antibiotic use in DDDs/1000 inhabitant-days. Substantial variation was also identified in other measures. Conclusions Our review confirms the large variation in antibiotic use even across similar settings and providers. Data from low- and middle-income countries are under-represented. Further studies should try to better elucidate reasons for the observed variation to facilitate interventions that reduce unwarranted practice variation. In addition, the heterogeneity of reported measures clearly shows that there is need for standardization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Zanichelli
- Infection Control Program, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Annelie A Monnier
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Scientific Center for Quality of Healthcare (IQ Healthcare), Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Faculty of Medicine, Research group of Immunology and Biochemistry, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Inge C Gyssens
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Faculty of Medicine, Research group of Immunology and Biochemistry, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Niels Adriaenssens
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ann Versporten
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Céline Pulcini
- Université de Lorraine, CHRU-Nancy, Infectious Diseases Department, F-54000 Nancy, France
- Université de Lorraine, APEMAC, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | | | | | - Vera Vlahović-Palčevski
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
- University of Rijeka, Medical Faculty, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Mirjana Stanić Benić
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | | | - Stephan Harbarth
- Infection Control Program, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Marlies E Hulscher
- Scientific Center for Quality of Healthcare (IQ Healthcare), Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Benedikt Huttner
- Infection Control Program, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
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12
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Cessation of screening for intestinal carriage of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in a low-endemicity intensive care unit with universal contact precautions. Clin Microbiol Infect 2018; 24:429.e7-429.e12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 07/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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13
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El-Nawawy A, Ashraf GA, Antonios MAM, Meheissen MA, El-Alfy MMR. Incidence of Multidrug-Resistant Organism Among Children Admitted to Pediatric Intensive Care Unit in a Developing Country. Microb Drug Resist 2018; 24:1198-1206. [PMID: 29589993 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2017.0414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Multidrug-resistant infections are an increasingly common condition particularly in critical care units. This study aimed to determine the incidence and types of resistant bacteria acquired in a pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) of a university hospital. SUBJECT AND METHODS A prospective study was conducted during the year 2016. All children aged below 16 years were studied for infection development and pattern of susceptibility to various groups of antibiotics. RESULTS A total of 264 patients were admitted to the PICU: 16 patients had community-acquired infection (CAI), 23 had hospital-acquired infection, and 24 patients had PICU-acquired infection (with 36 episodes) which is equivalent to 14.75 case/1,000 patient days. The study revealed high incidence of resistant organisms in the PICU but more important is the appearance of multi- and extreme drug-resistant bacteria in CAI. The study revealed that gram-negative bacteria were more prevalent in PICU, especially Klebsiella (30.5%), Acinetobacter baumanii (22.22%), and Pseudomonas (16.67%). Infection with resistant organisms in the PICU caused initial treatment failure and increased fourfold risk of mortality. CONCLUSION The incidence of resistant bacteria especially gram-negative pathogens was very high in the PICU. The top three resistant organisms of concern were Klebsiella, Acinetobacter, and Pseudomonas. This is a global concern that necessitates new strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed El-Nawawy
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, Alexandria University , Faculty of Medicine, El-Shatby Children's Hospital, Alexandria, Egypt
| | | | - Manal A M Antonios
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, Alexandria University , Faculty of Medicine, El-Shatby Children's Hospital, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Marwa A Meheissen
- 3 Department of Clinical Microbiology, Alexandria University , Faculty of Medicine, Egypt
| | - Marwa M R El-Alfy
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, Alexandria University , Faculty of Medicine, El-Shatby Children's Hospital, Alexandria, Egypt
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14
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Dépret F, Aubry A, Fournier A, Charles-Nelson A, Katsahian S, Compain F, Mainardi JL, Fernandez-Gerlinger MP. β LACTA testing may not improve treatment decisions made with MALDI-TOF MS-informed antimicrobial stewardship advice for patients with Gram-negative bacteraemia: a prospective comparative study. J Med Microbiol 2018; 67:183-189. [DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- F. Dépret
- Service de Microbiologie, Unité Mobile de Microbiologie Clinique, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - A. Aubry
- Service de Microbiologie, Unité Mobile de Microbiologie Clinique, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - A. Fournier
- Service de Microbiologie, Unité Mobile de Microbiologie Clinique, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - A. Charles-Nelson
- Pôle Biostatistique et Santé Publique, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France
- Faculté de Médecine Paris Descartes, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - S. Katsahian
- Pôle Biostatistique et Santé Publique, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France
- Faculté de Médecine Paris Descartes, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - F. Compain
- Service de Microbiologie, Unité Mobile de Microbiologie Clinique, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France
- Faculté de Médecine Paris Descartes, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - J. L. Mainardi
- Service de Microbiologie, Unité Mobile de Microbiologie Clinique, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France
- Faculté de Médecine Paris Descartes, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - M. P. Fernandez-Gerlinger
- Service de Microbiologie, Unité Mobile de Microbiologie Clinique, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France
- Faculté de Médecine Paris Descartes, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
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15
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Kardaś-Słoma L, Lucet JC, Perozziello A, Pelat C, Birgand G, Ruppé E, Boëlle PY, Andremont A, Yazdanpanah Y. Universal or targeted approach to prevent the transmission of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in intensive care units: a cost-effectiveness analysis. BMJ Open 2017; 7:e017402. [PMID: 29102989 PMCID: PMC5722099 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-017402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Several control strategies have been used to limit the transmission of multidrug-resistant organisms in hospitals. However, their implementation is expensive and effectiveness of interventions for the control of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL-PE) spread is controversial. Here, we aim to assess the cost-effectiveness of hospital-based strategies to prevent ESBL-PE transmission and infections. DESIGN Cost-effectiveness analysis based on dynamic, stochastic transmission model over a 1-year time horizon. PATIENTS AND SETTING Patients hospitalised in a hypothetical 10-bed intensive care unit (ICU) in a high-income country. INTERVENTIONS Base case scenario compared with (1) universal strategies (eg, improvement of hand hygiene (HH) among healthcare workers, antibiotic stewardship), (2) targeted strategies (eg, screening of patient for ESBL-PE at ICU admission and contact precautions or cohorting of carriers) and (3) mixed strategies (eg, targeted approaches combined with antibiotic stewardship). MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Cases of ESBL-PE transmission, infections, cost of intervention, cost of infections, incremental cost per infection avoided. RESULTS In the base case scenario, 15 transmissions and five infections due to ESBL-PE occurred per 100 ICU admissions, representing a mean cost of €94 792. All control strategies improved health outcomes and reduced costs associated with ESBL-PE infections. The overall costs (cost of intervention and infections) were the lowest for HH compliance improvement from 55%/60% before/after contact with a patient to 80%/80%. CONCLUSIONS Improved compliance with HH was the most cost-saving strategy to prevent the transmission of ESBL-PE. Antibiotic stewardship was not cost-effective. However, adding antibiotic restriction strategy to HH or screening and cohorting strategies slightly improved their effectiveness and may be worthy of consideration by decision-makers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Kardaś-Słoma
- IAME, UMR 1137, INSERM, Paris, France
- University of Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Lucet
- IAME, UMR 1137, INSERM, Paris, France
- University of Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Infection Control Unit, Bichat-Claude Bernard Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Anne Perozziello
- IAME, UMR 1137, INSERM, Paris, France
- University of Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Camille Pelat
- IAME, UMR 1137, INSERM, Paris, France
- University of Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Gabriel Birgand
- IAME, UMR 1137, INSERM, Paris, France
- University of Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Infection Control Unit, Bichat-Claude Bernard Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Etienne Ruppé
- Bacteriology Laboratory, Bichat-Claude Bernard Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Pierre-Yves Boëlle
- Pierre Louis Institute of Epidemiology and Public Health (IPLESPUMRS 1136), INSERM, UPMC University Paris 06, Sorbonne University, Paris, France
| | - Antoine Andremont
- Bacteriology Laboratory, Bichat-Claude Bernard Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Yazdan Yazdanpanah
- IAME, UMR 1137, INSERM, Paris, France
- University of Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Department, Bichat-Claude Bernard Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France
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16
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Network of microbial and antibiotic interactions drive colonization and infection with multidrug-resistant organisms. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:10467-10472. [PMID: 28900004 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1710235114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence and spread of multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs) across global healthcare networks poses a serious threat to hospitalized individuals. Strategies to limit the emergence and spread of MDROs include oversight to decrease selective pressure for MDROs by promoting appropriate antibiotic use via antibiotic stewardship programs. However, restricting the use of one antibiotic often requires a compensatory increase in the use of other antibiotics, which in turn selects for the emergence of different MDRO species. Further, the downstream effects of antibiotic treatment decisions may also be influenced by functional interactions among different MDRO species, with the potential clinical implications of such interactions remaining largely unexplored. Here, we attempt to decipher the influence network between antibiotic treatment, MDRO colonization, and infection by leveraging active surveillance and antibiotic treatment data for 234 nursing home residents. Our analysis revealed a complex network of interactions: antibiotic use was a risk factor for primary MDRO colonization, which in turn increased the likelihood of colonization and infection by other MDROs. When we focused on the risk of catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTI) caused by Escherichia coli, Enterococcus, and Staphylococcus aureus we observed that cocolonization with specific pairs of MDROs increased the risk of CAUTI, signifying the involvement of microbial interactions in CAUTI pathogenesis. In summary, our work demonstrates the existence of an underappreciated healthcare-associated ecosystem and strongly suggests that effective control of overall MDRO burden will require stewardship interventions that take into account both primary and secondary impacts of antibiotic treatments.
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17
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Repessé X, Artiguenave M, Paktoris-Papine S, Espinasse F, Dinh A, Charron C, El Sayed F, Geri G, Vieillard-Baron A. Epidemiology of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in an intensive care unit with no single rooms. Ann Intensive Care 2017; 7:73. [PMID: 28674848 PMCID: PMC5495817 DOI: 10.1186/s13613-017-0295-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The transmission of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing enterobacteriaceae (ESBL) is prevented by additional contact precautions, mainly relying on isolation in a single room and hand hygiene. Contact isolation cannot be achieved in our 12-bed ICU, which has only double rooms. We report the epidemiology of ESBL imported, acquired and transmitted in an ICU with no single rooms. Methods We prospectively conducted an observational and non-interventional study in a French 12-bed ICU. Inclusion criteria were patients >18 years of age treated by at least two successive nursing teams. Patient characteristics at admission and clinical data during hospital stay were collected prospectively. ESBL carriage was monitored using rectal swabs collected at admission and once weekly during the ICU stay. Potential cross-transmission was studied (1) by identifying index patients defined as possible ESBL sources for transmission, (2) by classifying each ESBL strain according to the cefotaximase München (CTXM) 1 and 9 groups and (3) by gene sequencing for remaining cases of possible transmission. Results From June 2014 to April 2015, of 550 patients admitted to the ICU, 470 met the inclusion criteria and 221 had at least two rectal swabs. The rate of ESBL colonization, mainly by Escherichia coli, at admission was 13.2%. The incidence of ESBL acquisition, mainly with E. coli too, was 4.1%. Mortality did not differ between ESBL carriers and non-carriers. In univariate analysis, ESBL acquisition was associated with male gender, SAPS II, SOFA, chronic kidney disease at admission, duration of mechanical ventilation, need for catecholamine and the ICU LOS. In multivariate analysis, SAPS II at admission was the only risk factor for ESBL acquisition. We confirmed cross-transmission, emanating from the same index patient, in two of the nine patients with ESBL acquisition (0.8%, 2/221). No case of cross-transmission in the same double room was observed. Discussion and conclusion Prevalence of ESBL colonization in our ICU was 13.2%. Despite the absence single rooms, the incidence of ESBL acquisition was 4.1% and cross-transmission was proven in only two cases, resulting from the same index patient who was not hospitalized in the same double room. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13613-017-0295-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Repessé
- Intensive Care Unit, Section Thorax-Vascular Disease-Abdomen-Metabolism, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, University Hospital Ambroise Paré, 9, Avenue Charles-de-Gaulle, 92100, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - Margaux Artiguenave
- Intensive Care Unit, Section Thorax-Vascular Disease-Abdomen-Metabolism, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, University Hospital Ambroise Paré, 9, Avenue Charles-de-Gaulle, 92100, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - Sophie Paktoris-Papine
- Intensive Care Unit, Section Thorax-Vascular Disease-Abdomen-Metabolism, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, University Hospital Ambroise Paré, 9, Avenue Charles-de-Gaulle, 92100, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - Florence Espinasse
- Infection Control Unit, Section Biology Pathology and Health Products, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, University Hospital Ambroise Paré, 92100, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - Aurélien Dinh
- Infectious Diseases Department, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, University Hospital Ambroise Paré, 92100, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - Cyril Charron
- Intensive Care Unit, Section Thorax-Vascular Disease-Abdomen-Metabolism, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, University Hospital Ambroise Paré, 9, Avenue Charles-de-Gaulle, 92100, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - Faten El Sayed
- Microbiology Unit, Section Biology Pathology and Health Products, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, University Hospital Ambroise Paré, 92100, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - Guillaume Geri
- Intensive Care Unit, Section Thorax-Vascular Disease-Abdomen-Metabolism, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, University Hospital Ambroise Paré, 9, Avenue Charles-de-Gaulle, 92100, Boulogne-Billancourt, France.,Faculty of Medicine Paris Ile-de-France Ouest, University of Versailles Saint-Quentin en Yvelines, 78280, Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, France.,INSERM U-1018, CESP, Team 5 (EpReC, Renal and Cardiovascular Epidemiology), UVSQ, 94807, Villejuif, France
| | - Antoine Vieillard-Baron
- Intensive Care Unit, Section Thorax-Vascular Disease-Abdomen-Metabolism, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, University Hospital Ambroise Paré, 9, Avenue Charles-de-Gaulle, 92100, Boulogne-Billancourt, France. .,Faculty of Medicine Paris Ile-de-France Ouest, University of Versailles Saint-Quentin en Yvelines, 78280, Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, France. .,INSERM U-1018, CESP, Team 5 (EpReC, Renal and Cardiovascular Epidemiology), UVSQ, 94807, Villejuif, France.
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Alevizakos M, Kallias A, Flokas ME, Mylonakis E. Colonization with extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in solid organ transplantation: A meta-analysis and review. Transpl Infect Dis 2017; 19. [PMID: 28470983 DOI: 10.1111/tid.12718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL-E) may cause severe infections, often preceded by ESBL-E gastrointestinal (GI) colonization. METHODS We conducted a review of the literature, investigating the prevalence of ESBL-E GI colonization in solid organ transplant (SOT) patients and the risk for subsequent ESBL-E infection. We searched the PubMed and EMBASE databases (to April 1, 2016) looking for studies that contained data on ESBL-E colonization among transplant patients. RESULTS Of 341 non-duplicate citations, four studies reporting data on 1089 patients fulfilled our inclusion criteria. Among them, the pooled prevalence for ESBL-E colonization was 18% (95% confidence interval [CI] 5%-36%). Stratifying by transplant type, we identified an ESBL-E colonization rate of 17% (95% CI 3%-39%) among liver transplant recipients and 24% (single report) among kidney transplant recipients. CONCLUSIONS Among SOT patients, approximately one in five patients is colonized with ESBL-E, although this finding may be skewed by reporting bias from centers with high ESBL-E prevalence. ESBL-E screening in SOT patients should be considered and evaluated in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michail Alevizakos
- Infectious Diseases Division, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Athanasios Kallias
- Infectious Diseases Division, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Myrto Eleni Flokas
- Infectious Diseases Division, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Eleftherios Mylonakis
- Infectious Diseases Division, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
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ICU Acquisition Rate, Risk Factors, and Clinical Significance of Digestive Tract Colonization With Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Crit Care Med 2017; 45:705-714. [PMID: 28157141 DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0000000000002253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the acquisition rate, identify risk factors, and estimate the risk for subsequent infection, associated with the colonization of the digestive tract with extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae during ICU-hospitalization. DATA SOURCES PubMed, EMBASE, and reference lists of all eligible articles. STUDY SELECTION Included studies provided data on ICU-acquired colonization with extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in previously noncolonized and noninfected patients and used the double disk synergy test for extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae phenotypic confirmation. Studies reporting extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae outbreaks or data on pediatric population were excluded. DATA EXTRACTION Two authors independently assessed study eligibility and performed data extraction. DATA SYNTHESIS Thirteen studies (with 15,045 ICUs-patients) were evaluated using a random-effect model and a meta-regression analysis. The acquisition rate of digestive tract colonization during ICU stay was 7% (95% CI, 5-10) and it varies from 3% (95% CI, 2-4) and 4% (95% CI, 2-6) in the Americas and Europe to 21% (95% CI, 9-35) in the Western Pacific region. Previous hospitalization (risk ratio, 1.57 [95% CI, 1.07-2.31]) or antibiotic use (risk ratio, 1.65 [95% CI, 1.15-2.37]) and exposure to beta-lactams/beta-lactamase inhibitors (risk ratio, 1.78 [95% CI, 1.24-2.56]) and carbapenems (risk ratio, 2.13 [95% CI, 1.49-3.06]) during the ICU stay were independent risk factors for ICU-acquired colonization. Importantly, colonized patients were more likely to develop an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae infection (risk ratio, 49.62 [95% CI, 20.42-120.58]). The sensitivity and specificity of prior colonization to predict subsequent extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae infection were 95.1% (95% CI, 54.7-99.7) and 89.2% (95% CI, 77.2-95.3), respectively. CONCLUSIONS The ICU acquisition rate of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae ranged from 5% to 10%. Previous use of beta-lactam/beta-lactamase or carbapenems and recent hospitalization were independent risk factors for extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae colonization, and colonization was associated with significantly higher frequency of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae subsequent infection and increased mortality.
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Maamar E, Ferjani S, Jendoubi A, Hammami S, Hamzaoui Z, Mayonnove-Coulange L, Saidani M, Kammoun A, Rehaiem A, Ghedira S, Houissa M, Boutiba-Ben Boubaker I, Slim A, Dubois V. High Prevalence of Gut Microbiota Colonization with Broad-Spectrum Cephalosporin Resistant Enterobacteriaceae in a Tunisian Intensive Care Unit. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1859. [PMID: 27965626 PMCID: PMC5126703 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Healthcare-associated infections due to cefotaxime-resistant (CTX-R) Enterobacteriaceae have become a major public health threat, especially in intensive care units (ICUs). Often acquired nosocomially, CTX-R Enterobacteriaceae can be introduced initially by patients at admission. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and genetic characteristics of CTX-R Enterobacteriaceae-intestinal carriage in ICU patients, to evaluate the rate of acquisition of these organisms during hospitalization, and to explore some of the associated risk factors for both carriage and acquisition. Between December 2014 and February 2015, the 63 patients admitted in the ICU of Charles Nicolle hospital were screened for rectal CTX-R Enterobacteriaceae colonization at admission and once weekly thereafter to identify acquisition. CTX-R Enterobacteriaceae fecal carriage rate was 20.63% (13/63) at admission. Among the 50 non-carriers, 35 were resampled during their hospitalization and the acquisition rate was 42.85% (15/35). Overall, 35 CTX-R Enterobacteriaceae isolates were collected from 28 patients (25 Klebsiella pneumoniae, seven Escherichia coli, and three Enterobacter cloacae strains). Seven patients were simultaneously colonized with two CTX-R Enterobacteriaceae isolates. CTX-M-15 was detected in most of the CTX-R Enterobacteriaceae isolates (30/35, 88.23%). Three strains co-produced CMY-4 and 22 strains were carbapenem-resistant and co-produced a carbapenemase [OXA-48 (n = 13) or NDM-1 (n = 6)]. Molecular typing of K. pneumoniae strains, revealed eight Pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) patterns and four sequence types (ST) [ST101, ST147, ST429, and ST336]. However, E. coli isolates were genetically unrelated and belonged to A (n = 2), B1 (n = 2) and B2 (n = 3) phylogenetic groups and to ST131 (two strains), ST572 (two strains), ST615 (one strain) and ST617 (one strain). Five colonized patients were infected by CTX-R Enterobacteriaceae (four with the same strain identified from their rectal swab and one with a different strain). Whether imported or acquired during the stay in the ICU, colonization by CTX-R Enterobacteriaceae is a major risk factor for the occurrence of serious nosocomial infections. Their systematic screening in fecal carriage is mandatory to prevent the spread of these multidrug resistant bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaa Maamar
- Faculty of Medicine of Tunis - LR99ES09 Research Laboratory of Antimicrobial Resistance, University of Tunis El ManarTunis, Tunisia; Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University of Tunis El ManarTunis, Tunisia
| | - Sana Ferjani
- Faculty of Medicine of Tunis - LR99ES09 Research Laboratory of Antimicrobial Resistance, University of Tunis El Manar Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Ali Jendoubi
- Intensive Care Unit, Charles Nicolle Hospital Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Samia Hammami
- Faculty of Medicine of Tunis - LR99ES09 Research Laboratory of Antimicrobial Resistance, University of Tunis El ManarTunis, Tunisia; Faculty of Sciences of Gafsa, University of GafsaGafsa, Tunisia
| | - Zaineb Hamzaoui
- Faculty of Medicine of Tunis - LR99ES09 Research Laboratory of Antimicrobial Resistance, University of Tunis El Manar Tunis, Tunisia
| | | | - Mabrouka Saidani
- Faculty of Medicine of Tunis - LR99ES09 Research Laboratory of Antimicrobial Resistance, University of Tunis El ManarTunis, Tunisia; Laboratory of Microbiology, Charles Nicolle HospitalTunis, Tunisia
| | - Aouatef Kammoun
- Faculty of Medicine of Tunis - LR99ES09 Research Laboratory of Antimicrobial Resistance, University of Tunis El ManarTunis, Tunisia; Laboratory of Microbiology, Charles Nicolle HospitalTunis, Tunisia
| | - Amel Rehaiem
- Faculty of Medicine of Tunis - LR99ES09 Research Laboratory of Antimicrobial Resistance, University of Tunis El ManarTunis, Tunisia; Laboratory of Microbiology, Charles Nicolle HospitalTunis, Tunisia
| | - Salma Ghedira
- Intensive Care Unit, Charles Nicolle Hospital Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Houissa
- Intensive Care Unit, Charles Nicolle Hospital Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Ilhem Boutiba-Ben Boubaker
- Faculty of Medicine of Tunis - LR99ES09 Research Laboratory of Antimicrobial Resistance, University of Tunis El ManarTunis, Tunisia; Laboratory of Microbiology, Charles Nicolle HospitalTunis, Tunisia
| | - Amine Slim
- Faculty of Medicine of Tunis - LR99ES09 Research Laboratory of Antimicrobial Resistance, University of Tunis El ManarTunis, Tunisia; Laboratory of Microbiology, Charles Nicolle HospitalTunis, Tunisia
| | - Veronique Dubois
- University Bordeaux, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, UMR5234 Bordeaux, France
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Camus C, Sauvadet E, Tavenard A, Piau C, Uhel F, Bouju P, Letheulle J, Dollo G, Gacouin A, Lavoué S, Le Tulzo Y. Decline of multidrug-resistant Gram negative infections with the routine use of a multiple decontamination regimen in ICU. J Infect 2016; 73:200-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2016.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Barbier F, Pommier C, Essaied W, Garrouste-Orgeas M, Schwebel C, Ruckly S, Dumenil AS, Lemiale V, Mourvillier B, Clec'h C, Darmon M, Laurent V, Marcotte G, Lucet JC, Souweine B, Zahar JR, Timsit JF. Colonization and infection with extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in ICU patients: what impact on outcomes and carbapenem exposure? J Antimicrob Chemother 2016; 71:1088-97. [PMID: 26755492 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkv423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES It remains uncertain whether colonization and infection with ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL-PE) affect the outcomes for ICU patients. Our objectives were to measure the effects of ESBL-PE carriage and infection on mortality, ICU length of stay (LOS) and carbapenem exposure in this population. METHODS A cause-specific hazard model based on prospectively collected data was built to assess the impact of ESBL-PE colonization and infection on competing risks of death and ICU discharge at day 28 in a multicentre cohort of ICU patients. Carbapenem exposure during the ICU stay was compared between infected carriers, uninfected carriers and non-carriers. RESULTS Among the 16,734 included patients, 594 (3.5%) were ESBL-PE carriers, including 98 (16.4%) with one or more ESBL-PE infections during the ICU stay. After adjustment for baseline and time-dependent confounders, ESBL-PE infections increased the probability of death at day 28 [adjusted cause-specific hazard ratio (aCSHR), 1.825, 95% CI 1.235-2.699, P = 0.0026] and the ICU LOS (aCSHR for discharge alive at day 28, 0.563, 95% CI 0.432-0.733, P < 0.0001). ESBL-PE carriage without infection extended the LOS (aCSHR, 0.623, 95% CI, 0.553-0.702, P < 0.0001), without affecting mortality (aCSHR, 0.906, 95% CI, 0.722-1.136, P = 0.3916). Carbapenem exposure increased in both infected and uninfected carriers when compared with non-carriers (627, 241 and 69 carbapenem days per 1000 patient days, respectively, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS ESBL-PE infections increased carbapenem consumption, LOS and day 28 mortality. ESBL-PE infections were rather infrequent in carriers; however, even ESBL-PE carriage without infection increased carbapenem exposure and delayed discharge, thereby amplifying the selective pressure and the colonization pressure in the ICU.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Barbier
- Medical Intensive Care Unit (ICU), La Source Hospital-CHR Orléans, Orléans, France
| | - Cécile Pommier
- UMR1137-IAME Inserm, Paris Diderot University, Paris, France
| | - Wafa Essaied
- UMR1137-IAME Inserm, Paris Diderot University, Paris, France
| | | | - Carole Schwebel
- Medical ICU, Albert Michallon University Hospital, Grenoble, France
| | | | | | | | - Bruno Mourvillier
- Medical and Infectious Diseases ICU, Bichat-Claude Bernard University Hospital, Paris, France
| | | | - Michaël Darmon
- Medical ICU, Saint-Etienne University Hospital, Saint-Priest en Jarez, France
| | | | | | - Jean-Christophe Lucet
- UMR1137-IAME Inserm, Paris Diderot University, Paris, France Infection Control Unit, Bichat-Claude Bernard University Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Bertrand Souweine
- Medical ICU, Gabriel Montpied University Hospital, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Jean-Ralph Zahar
- Infection Control Unit, Angers University Hospital, Angers, France
| | - Jean-François Timsit
- UMR1137-IAME Inserm, Paris Diderot University, Paris, France Medical and Infectious Diseases ICU, Bichat-Claude Bernard University Hospital, Paris, France
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Risk Factors and Outcomes for Intestinal Carriage of AmpC-Hyperproducing Enterobacteriaceae in Intensive Care Unit Patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 60:1883-7. [PMID: 26666938 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02101-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In a cohort of 1,209 intensive care unit (ICU) patients, the prevalence of intestinal colonization with high-level expressed AmpC cephalosporinase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (HLAC-PE) rose steadily from 2% at admission to 30% in patients with lengths of stay (LOS) exceeding 4 weeks. In multivariate analysis, LOS was the main predictor of carriage acquisition after adjustment on antimicrobial exposure. HLAC-PE infection occurred in 15% of carriers. Carriage and infection were associated with a marked increase in carbapenem consumption.
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Boyer A, Couallier V, Clouzeau B, Lasheras A, M'zali F, Kann M, Rogues AM, Gruson D. Control of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae nosocomial acquisition in an intensive care unit: A time series regression analysis. Am J Infect Control 2015; 43:1296-301. [PMID: 26364520 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2015.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study was undertaken to determine the temporal relationship between implementation of different interventions in an intensive care unit (ICU) and control of endemic nosocomial acquisition of extended-spectrum β-lactamase Enterobacteriaceae (ESBLE). METHODS This was a prospective observational study with time-series analysis of the monthly incidence of ESBLE and its predictors. In November 2007, after a 14-month baseline period, an intervention consisting of restriction of third-generation cephalosporins (3 GC) and increased use of alcohol-based hand rubs was implemented. In January 2008, an increased health care worker (HCW):patient ratio was also implemented. In March 2010, the ICU was closed, and patients were moved to a clean ICU. RESULTS The first intervention resulted in global reduction in 3 GC and increased use of alcohol-based hand rub. A significant change in ESBLE incidence was observed in a full segmented univariate regression analysis (mean change in level, -0.91 ± 0.19; P < .0001). After ICU closure, there was a dramatic reduction in ESBLE acquisition. According to the multivariate model, the ICU closure was the main protective factor. Before ICU closure, an increase in the HCW:patient ratio of 0.1 point tended to be associated with a decreased risk of ESBLE acquisition (relative risk, 0.28; 95% confidence interval, 0.06-1.25; P = .09). CONCLUSIONS This study shows that ICU closure was associated with, but not necessarily the reason for, control of ESBLE cross-transmission in a nonoutbreak setting. Environmental ESBE sources may play a role in cross-transmission.
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First multicenter study on multidrug resistant bacteria carriage in Chinese ICUs. BMC Infect Dis 2015; 15:358. [PMID: 26290050 PMCID: PMC4545921 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-015-1105-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The importance of multidrug-resistant organisms (MDRO) in Chinese hospitals is not clearly delineated. Thus we sought to assess the prevalence of MDRO in Chinese intensive care units (ICUs). Methods Prospective study of inpatients admitted consecutively to eight ICUs in four Chinese cities in 2009–10. Admission and weekly screenings were performed by using selective media for methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus, extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae, Acinetobacter and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. For the two latters, resistance to ceftazidime defined MDRO. Backward logistic regression models were designed to assess factors independently associated with MDRO carriage on admission and MDRO acquisition within ICUs. Results 686 patients were included, and the MDRO prevalence rate on admission was 30.5 % (32.7 % for ESBL-positive Enterobacteriaceae, 3.2 % for MRSA). Antibiotic treatment prior to ICU admission was independently associated with carriage on admission (OR: 1.4) in multivariate analysis. A total of 104 patients acquired ≥1 MDRO in ICU (overall attack rate: 23.7 %; 14.9 % for ESBL-positive Enterobacteriaceae, and 5.1 % for MRSA). The MDRO attack rate increased from 13.2 % in the first week to 82.1 % for ICU stay > 3 weeks. Duration of antibiotic exposure (OR: 1.16; 1.1–1.2) and prior antibiotic treatment before ICU (OR: 2.1; 1.1–3.3) were associated with MDRO acquisition in multivariate analysis. The MDRO prevalence rate on ICU discharge was 51.2 % and the global prevalence density rate 71 per 1000 hospital-days. Conclusion More than one out of two patients was MDRO carrier on ICU discharge in Chinese hospitals. This is the result of the combination of a high MDRO prevalence rate on ICU admission and a high MDRO acquisition rate within ICU.
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Ruppé É, Woerther PL, Barbier F. Mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance in Gram-negative bacilli. Ann Intensive Care 2015; 5:61. [PMID: 26261001 PMCID: PMC4531117 DOI: 10.1186/s13613-015-0061-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The burden of multidrug resistance in Gram-negative bacilli (GNB) now represents a daily issue for the management of antimicrobial therapy in intensive care unit (ICU) patients. In Enterobacteriaceae, the dramatic increase in the rates of resistance to third-generation cephalosporins mainly results from the spread of plasmid-borne extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL), especially those belonging to the CTX-M family. The efficacy of beta-lactam/beta-lactamase inhibitor associations for severe infections due to ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae has not been adequately evaluated in critically ill patients, and carbapenems still stands as the first-line choice in this situation. However, carbapenemase-producing strains have emerged worldwide over the past decade. VIM- and NDM-type metallo-beta-lactamases, OXA-48 and KPC appear as the most successful enzymes and may threaten the efficacy of carbapenems in the near future. ESBL- and carbapenemase-encoding plasmids frequently bear resistance determinants for other antimicrobial classes, including aminoglycosides (aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes or 16S rRNA methylases) and fluoroquinolones (Qnr, AAC(6′)-Ib-cr or efflux pumps), a key feature that fosters the spread of multidrug resistance in Enterobacteriaceae. In non-fermenting GNB such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, multidrug resistance may emerge following the sole occurrence of sequential chromosomal mutations, which may lead to the overproduction of intrinsic beta-lactamases, hyper-expression of efflux pumps, target modifications and permeability alterations. P. aeruginosa and A. baumannii also have the ability to acquire mobile genetic elements encoding resistance determinants, including carbapenemases. Available options for the treatment of ICU-acquired infections due to carbapenem-resistant GNB are currently scarce, and recent reports emphasizing the spread of colistin resistance in environments with high volume of polymyxins use elicit major concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Étienne Ruppé
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Genomic Research Laboratory, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland,
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Lucet JC, Bouadma L. Épidémiologie française de l’infection acquise en réanimation. MEDECINE INTENSIVE REANIMATION 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13546-015-1047-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Grohs P, Podglajen I, Guerot E, Bellenfant F, Caumont-Prim A, Kac G, Tillecovidin B, Carbonnelle E, Chatellier G, Meyer G, Fagon JY, Gutmann L. Assessment of five screening strategies for optimal detection of carriers of third-generation cephalosporin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae in intensive care units using daily sampling. Clin Microbiol Infect 2014; 20:O879-86. [PMID: 24807791 DOI: 10.1111/1469-0691.12663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Revised: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
There is no consensus on optimal screening procedures for multidrug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (MDRE) in intensive care units (ICUs). Therefore, we assessed five strategies for the detection of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) and high-level expressed AmpC cephalosporinase (HL-CASE) producers. During a 3-month period, a rectal screening swab sample was collected daily from every ICU patient, from the first 24 h to the last day of ICU stay. Samples were plated on MDRE-selective media. Bacteria were identified using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry and antibiograms were performed using disk diffusion. MDREs were isolated from 682/2348 (29.0%) screening samples collected from 93/269 (34.6%) patients. Incidences of patients with ESBL and HL-CASE producers were 17.8 and 19.3 per 100 admissions, respectively. In 48/93 patients, MDRE carriage was intermittent. Compared with systematic screening at admission, systematic screening at discharge did not significantly increase the rate of MDRE detection among the 93 patients (62% vs. 70%). In contrast, screening at admission and discharge, screening at admission and weekly thereafter, and screening at admission and weekly thereafter and at discharge significantly increased MDRE detection (77%, p 0.02; 76%, p 0.01; 86%, p<0.001, respectively). The difference in MDRE detection between these strategies relies essentially on the levels of detection of patients with HL-CASE producers. The most reasonable strategy would be to collect two samples, one at admission and one at discharge, which would detect 87.5% of the ESBL strains, 67.3% of the HL-CASE strains and 77.4% of all MDRE strains. This study should facilitate decision-making concerning the most suitable screening policy for MDRE detection in a given ICU setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Grohs
- Service de Microbiologie, AP-HP Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris Cedex 15, France
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Papakonstantinou I, Angelopoulos E, Baraboutis I, Perivolioti E, Parisi M, Psaroudaki Z, Kampisiouli E, Argyropoulou A, Nanas S, Routsi C. Risk factors for tracheobronchial acquisition of resistant Gram-negative bacterial pathogens in mechanically ventilated ICU patients. J Chemother 2014; 27:283-9. [PMID: 24981117 DOI: 10.1179/1973947814y.0000000199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to identify risk factors for tracheobronchial acquisition with the most common resistant Gram-negative bacteria in the intensive care unit (ICU) during the first week after intubation and mechanical ventilation. Tracheobronchial and oropharyngeal cultures were obtained at admission, after 48 hours, and after 7 days of mechanical ventilation. Patient characteristics, interventions, and antibiotic usage were recorded. Among 71 eligible patients with two negative bronchial cultures for resistant Gram-negative bacteria (at admission and within 48 hours), 41 (58%) acquired bronchial resistant Gram-negative bacteria by day 7. Acquisition strongly correlated with presence of the same pathogens in the oropharynx: Acinetobacter baumannii [odds ratio (OR) = 20·2, 95% confidence interval (CI): 5·5-73·6], Klebsiella pneumoniae (OR = 8·0, 95% CI: 1·9-33·6), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (OR = 27, 95%: CI 2·7-273). Bronchial acquisition with resistant K. pneumoniae also was associated with chronic liver disease (OR = 3·9, 95% CI: 1·0-15·3), treatment with aminoglycosides (OR = 4·9, 95% CI: 1·4-18·2), tigecycline (OR = 4·9, 95% CI: 1·4-18·2), and linezolid (OR = 3·9, 95% CI: 1·1-15·0). In multivariate analysis, treatment with tigecycline and chronic liver disease were independently associated with bronchial resistant K. pneumoniae acquisition. Our results show a high incidence of tracheobronchial acquisition with resistant Gram-negative microorganisms in the bronchial tree of newly intubated patients. Oropharynx colonization with the same pathogens and specific antibiotics use were independent risk factors.
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Biehl LM, Schmidt-Hieber M, Liss B, Cornely OA, Vehreschild MJGT. Colonization and infection with extended spectrum beta-lactamase producing Enterobacteriaceae in high-risk patients – Review of the literature from a clinical perspective. Crit Rev Microbiol 2014; 42:1-16. [DOI: 10.3109/1040841x.2013.875515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lena M. Biehl
- 1st Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany,
| | - Martin Schmidt-Hieber
- Klinik für Hämatologie, Onkologie und Tumorimmunologie, HELIOS Klinikum Berlin Buch, Berlin, Germany,
| | - Blasius Liss
- 1st Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany,
| | - Oliver A. Cornely
- 1st Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany,
- German Centre for Infection Research at Cologne, Germany, and
- Clinical Trials Centre Cologne, ZKS Köln, BMBF 01KN1106, and Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Response in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Maria J. G. T. Vehreschild
- 1st Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany,
- German Centre for Infection Research at Cologne, Germany, and
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Garcia-Migura L, Hendriksen RS, Fraile L, Aarestrup FM. Antimicrobial resistance of zoonotic and commensal bacteria in Europe: the missing link between consumption and resistance in veterinary medicine. Vet Microbiol 2014; 170:1-9. [PMID: 24589430 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Revised: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of resistance in food animals has been associated to the consumption of antimicrobials in veterinary medicine. Consequently, monitoring programs have been designed to monitor the occurrence of antimicrobial resistant bacteria. This study analyses the amount of antimicrobial agents used in nine European countries from 2005 to 2011, and compares by univariate analysis the correlations between consumptions of each of the following antimicrobial classes; tetracycline, penicillins, cephalosporins, quinolones and macrolides. An overview of resistance in zoonotic and commensal bacteria in Europe focusing on Salmonella, Escherichia coli, Campylobacter sp. and Enterococcus sp., during the same period of time based on monitoring programs is also assessed. With the exception of cephalosporins, linear regressions showed strong positive associations between the consumption of the four different antimicrobial classes. Substantial differences between countries were observed in the amount of antimicrobials used to produce 1 kg of meat. Moreover, large variations in proportions of resistant bacteria were reported by the different countries, suggesting differences in veterinary practice. Despite the withdrawn of a specific antimicrobial from "on farm" use, persistence over the years of bacteria resistant to this particular antimicrobial agent, was still observed. There were also differences in trends of resistance associated to specific animal species. In order to correlate the use of antimicrobial agents to the presence of resistance, surveillance of antimicrobial consumption by animal species should be established. Subsequently, intervention strategies could be designed to minimize the occurrence of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lourdes Garcia-Migura
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), UAB-IRTA, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Rene S Hendriksen
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Lorenzo Fraile
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), UAB-IRTA, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain; Universidad de Lleida, Departamento de Producción Animal, Lleida, Spain
| | - Frank M Aarestrup
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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Grohs P, Kernéis S, Sabatier B, Lavollay M, Carbonnelle E, Rostane H, Souty C, Meyer G, Gutmann L, Mainardi JL. Fighting the spread of AmpC-hyperproducing Enterobacteriaceae: beneficial effect of replacing ceftriaxone with cefotaxime. J Antimicrob Chemother 2013; 69:786-9. [PMID: 24159154 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkt403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Considering the hypothesis that the high biliary elimination of ceftriaxone could be responsible for the selection of Enterobacteriaceae harbouring high-level AmpC β-lactamase (HL-CASE), the use of ceftriaxone was discontinued in our hospital in 2006 and replaced with cefotaxime. METHODS Antibiotic consumption, expressed as defined daily dose (DDD)/1000 patient-days (PD), and HL-CASE incidence, expressed as the number of patients carrying HL-CASE/1000 PD, were compared between the pre-intervention period (Period 1, 2001-05) and the post-intervention period (Period 2, 2006-12) using an interrupted time series analysis. RESULTS The incidence of HL-CASE increased significantly from 0.32 to 0.69/1000 PD during Period 1 (coefficient = 0.082, P < 0.01). A significant inflection of the slope in the incidence curve occurred in Period 2 (coefficient = -0.061, P = 0.05), mainly owing to the stabilization of the HL-CASE incidence of Enterobacteriaceae harbouring chromosomally inducible cephalosporinase (Period 1, 0.27 to 0.64/1000 PD; Period 2, 0.58 to 0.61/1000 PD) and especially for Enterobacter cloacae (Period 1, 0.09 to 0.30/1000 PD; Period 2, 0.26 to 0.27/1000 PD). This deceleration was observed despite a significant increase in the slope of cefotaxime consumption over Period 2 (coefficient = 2.97, P < 0.01). CONCLUSION Despite the disadvantages of using cefotaxime compared with ceftriaxone (administration three times daily versus once a day), the ecological benefits of this substitution seem sufficiently convincing to preferentially use cefotaxime. Control of HL-CASE incidence is crucial to limiting carbapenem use and preventing the selection of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Grohs
- Service de Microbiologie, AP-HP, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris F-75015, France
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Epidemiological interpretation of studies examining the effect of antibiotic usage on resistance. Clin Microbiol Rev 2013; 26:289-307. [PMID: 23554418 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00001-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial resistance to antibiotics is a growing clinical problem and public health threat. Antibiotic use is a known risk factor for the emergence of antibiotic resistance, but demonstrating the causal link between antibiotic use and resistance is challenging. This review describes different study designs for assessing the association between antibiotic use and resistance and discusses strengths and limitations of each. Approaches to measuring antibiotic use and antibiotic resistance are presented. Important methodological issues such as confounding, establishing temporality, and control group selection are examined.
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Vlek ALM, Cooper BS, Kypraios T, Cox A, Edgeworth JD, Auguet OT. Clustering of antimicrobial resistance outbreaks across bacterial species in the intensive care unit. Clin Infect Dis 2013; 57:65-76. [PMID: 23549524 PMCID: PMC3669527 DOI: 10.1093/cid/cit192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are frequent reports of intensive care unit (ICU) outbreaks due to transmission of particular antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Less is known about the burden of outbreaks of resistance due to horizontal transfer of mobile genetic elements between species. Moreover, the potential of existing statistical software as a preliminary means for detecting such events has never been assessed. This study uses a software package to determine the burden of species and resistance outbreaks in 2 adjacent ICUs and to look for evidence of clustering of resistance outbreaks consistent with interspecies transmission of resistance elements. METHODS A retrospective analysis of data from 2 adjacent 15-bed adult ICUs between 2002 and 2009 was undertaken. Detection of bacterial species-groups and resistance outbreaks was conducted using SaTScan and WHONet-SaTScan software. Resampling and permutation methods were applied to investigate temporal clustering of outbreaks. RESULTS Outbreaks occurred for 69% of bacterial species-groups (18/26), and resistance outbreaks were detected against 63% of antibiotics (10/16). Resistance outbreaks against 7 of 10 antibiotics were observed in multiple species-groups simultaneously and there was evidence of inter-species-group dependence for 4 of 7 antibiotics; background temporal changes in resistance did not explain the temporal aggregation of outbreaks in 3 of 7 antibiotics. CONCLUSIONS Species outbreaks occurred for the majority of bacteria commonly identified in the ICU. There was evidence for frequent temporal clustering of resistance outbreaks consistent with interspecies transmission of resistance elements. Wider application of outbreak detection software combined with targeted sequencing of bacterial genomes is needed to understand the contribution of interspecies gene transfer to resistance emergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne L M Vlek
- Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, King's College London and Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.
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