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Shu C, Chen Y, Zhang Z, Lei Y, Xu J, Lao W, Xi Q, Sun Q, Li X, Liao H, Luo Q, Li X. A polyhexamethylene biguanide-assembly assisted strategy of dentin bonding greatly promotes bonding effects and caries treatment. J Mater Chem B 2023; 11:10908-10922. [PMID: 37934118 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb02083e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Structural degeneration of a hybrid layer composed of a demineralized dentin matrix (DDM) and adhesive causes unsatisfactory functional outcomes in terms of bonding repair and caries treatment and is accompanied by high prevalence of secondary caries. Clinically, defects in the hybrid layer from insufficient adhesive infiltration, bacterial load from retained infected-dentin, and bacterial attack from the oral cavity are the main threats to degeneration. Currently, there is no strategy to simultaneously address adhesive penetration and bacterial infection. Herein, based on the core role of the strongly-polar hydrated DDM interface in dentin bonding, an interface-reconstructed bonding strategy assisted by electrostatic assembly of broad-spectrum germicidal polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB) is proposed that kills two birds with one stone. PHMB is absorbed onto the anionic 3D DDM forming a PHMB/DDM complex. The surface potential of the DDM increases by about 100 mV, the anion content decreases by 20%, and the interface water content decreases by nearly 40%. All of these changes contribute to the penetration of the adhesive, thereby improving the bonding strength and durability. After thermal cycling aging, the bonding strength of the PHMB group was 1.45-1.65 times that of the control group. In terms of antibacterial properties, PHMB treatment not only has a bacterial-killing ability due to the already formed biofilm but also significantly reduces the adhesion of bacteria, thereby delaying the occurrence of secondary caries. In summary, PHMB treatment reconstructed the DDM interface, resulting in a defect-low and inherent antibacterial hybrid layer that improves the bonding effect, treatment of caries and even prevention of secondary caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Shu
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310000, P. R. China.
| | - Yadong Chen
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310000, P. R. China.
| | - Zhenzhen Zhang
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310000, P. R. China.
| | - Yuqing Lei
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310000, P. R. China.
| | - Jiajia Xu
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310000, P. R. China.
| | - Weiwei Lao
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310000, P. R. China.
| | - Qingping Xi
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310000, P. R. China.
| | - Qiang Sun
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310000, P. R. China.
| | - Xiaojun Li
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310000, P. R. China.
| | - Hongbing Liao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Rehabilitation and Reconstruction, College of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, P. R. China
| | - Qiaojie Luo
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310000, P. R. China.
| | - Xiaodong Li
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310000, P. R. China.
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Ramachandra SS, Wright P, Han P, Abdal‐hay A, Lee RSB, Ivanovski S. Evaluating models and assessment techniques for understanding oral biofilm complexity. Microbiologyopen 2023; 12:e1377. [PMID: 37642488 PMCID: PMC10464519 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.1377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral biofilms are three-dimensional (3D) complex entities initiating dental diseases and have been evaluated extensively in the scientific literature using several biofilm models and assessment techniques. The list of biofilm models and assessment techniques may overwhelm a novice biofilm researcher. This narrative review aims to summarize the existing literature on biofilm models and assessment techniques, providing additional information on selecting an appropriate model and corresponding assessment techniques, which may be useful as a guide to the beginner biofilm investigator and as a refresher to experienced researchers. The review addresses previously established 2D models, outlining their advantages and limitations based on the growth environment, availability of nutrients, and the number of bacterial species, while also exploring novel 3D biofilm models. The growth of biofilms on clinically relevant 3D models, particularly melt electrowritten fibrous scaffolds, is discussed with a specific focus that has not been previously reported. Relevant studies on validated oral microcosm models that have recently gaining prominence are summarized. The review analyses the advantages and limitations of biofilm assessment methods, including colony forming unit culture, crystal violet, 2,3-bis-(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide inner salt assays, confocal microscopy, fluorescence in situ hybridization, scanning electron microscopy, quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and next-generation sequencing. The use of more complex models with advanced assessment methodologies, subject to the availability of equipment/facilities, may help in developing clinically relevant biofilms and answering appropriate research questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivas Sulugodu Ramachandra
- Centre for Orofacial Regeneration, Rehabilitation and Reconstruction (COR3), School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health and Behavioural SciencesThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneAustralia
- Preventive Dental Sciences, College of DentistryGulf Medical UniversityAjmanUnited Arab Emirates
| | - Patricia Wright
- Centre for Orofacial Regeneration, Rehabilitation and Reconstruction (COR3), School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health and Behavioural SciencesThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneAustralia
- School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health and Behavioural SciencesThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneAustralia
| | - Pingping Han
- Centre for Orofacial Regeneration, Rehabilitation and Reconstruction (COR3), School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health and Behavioural SciencesThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneAustralia
- School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health and Behavioural SciencesThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneAustralia
| | - Abdalla Abdal‐hay
- Centre for Orofacial Regeneration, Rehabilitation and Reconstruction (COR3), School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health and Behavioural SciencesThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneAustralia
- Department of Engineering Materials and Mechanical Design, Faculty of EngineeringSouth Valley UniversityQenaEgypt
- Faculty of Industry and Energy Technology, Mechatronics Technology ProgramNew Cairo Technological University, New Cairo‐Fifth SettlementCairoEgypt
| | - Ryan S. B. Lee
- Centre for Orofacial Regeneration, Rehabilitation and Reconstruction (COR3), School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health and Behavioural SciencesThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneAustralia
- School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health and Behavioural SciencesThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneAustralia
| | - Saso Ivanovski
- Centre for Orofacial Regeneration, Rehabilitation and Reconstruction (COR3), School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health and Behavioural SciencesThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneAustralia
- School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health and Behavioural SciencesThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneAustralia
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Ardila CM, Jiménez-Arbeláez GA, Vivares-Builes AM. Potential Clinical Application of Organs-on-a-Chip in Periodontal Diseases: A Systematic Review of In Vitro Studies. Dent J (Basel) 2023; 11:158. [PMID: 37504224 PMCID: PMC10378380 DOI: 10.3390/dj11070158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The periodontium is a unique organ from the standpoint of building an organ-on-a-chip (OoC) since it is a system that is continually threatened by microorganisms, their noxious compounds, and antigenic components. At the same time, periodontal health depends on a balanced connection between the host and the bacteria in the oral cavity, which is a complex micro-ecological environment. The objective of this systematic review of in vitro studies is to revise the potential clinical application of OoC in periodontal diseases. PRISMA was used to guide this analysis. The review framework made use of several databases, including SCOPUS, PubMed/MEDLINE, SCIELO, and LILACS as well as the gray literature. This systematic review comprised seven studies. The clinical efficacy of OoC in periodontal diseases was observed in models of the gingival crevice for the research of periodontitis, periodontal medication analysis, the interaction of multiple microbial species, pH measurements in in situ-grown biofilm, testing antimicrobial reagents, evaluation of mucosal interactions with microorganisms, and a device for quantitative exploration of microorganisms. OoC has the potential to advance our understanding of periodontal diseases by providing a more accurate representation of the oral microenvironment and enabling the development of new treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos M Ardila
- Basic Studies Department, School of Dentistry, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellín 050010, Colombia
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Yuan L, Straub H, Shishaeva L, Ren Q. Microfluidics for Biofilm Studies. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2023; 16:139-159. [PMID: 37314876 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-091522-103827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Biofilms are multicellular communities held together by a self-produced extracellular matrix and exhibit a set of properties that distinguish them from free-living bacteria. Biofilms are exposed to a variety of mechanical and chemical cues resulting from fluid motion and mass transport. Microfluidics provides the precise control of hydrodynamic and physicochemical microenvironments to study biofilms in general. In this review, we summarize the recent progress made in microfluidics-based biofilm research, including understanding the mechanism of bacterial adhesion and biofilm development, assessment of antifouling and antimicrobial properties, development of advanced in vitro infection models, and advancement in methods to characterize biofilms. Finally, we provide a perspective on the future direction of microfluidics-assisted biofilm research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Yuan
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, China;
| | - Hervé Straub
- Laboratory for Biointerfaces, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, St. Gallen, Switzerland;
| | - Liubov Shishaeva
- Laboratory for Biointerfaces, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, St. Gallen, Switzerland;
| | - Qun Ren
- Laboratory for Biointerfaces, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, St. Gallen, Switzerland;
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Optimal Surface Pre-Reacted Glass Filler Ratio in a Dental Varnish Effective for Inhibition of Biofilm-Induced Root Dentin Demineralization. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14225015. [PMID: 36433140 PMCID: PMC9695696 DOI: 10.3390/polym14225015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A unique type of dental varnish (DV) containing surface pre-reacted glass (S-PRG) fillers of different concentrations was evaluated to determine the unpresented optimal ratio for inhibiting root dentin bio-demineralization. S-PRG DVs (10% to 40%)—10%-S, 20%-S, 30%-S, and 40%-S—were applied to bovine root dentin blocks and compared with controls—0%-f (no S-PRG) and 5%-NaF (5%-NaF). The Streptococcus mutans biofilm challenge was executed inside and outside an oral biofilm reactor for 7 days. The specimens were examined using a confocal laser scanning microscope and swept-source optical coherence tomography. Furthermore, they were observed using a scanning electron microscope and analyzed using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The roughness (SzJIS) due to leaching of DV materials and demineralization depth were significantly less in the S-PRG groups than the control groups (p < 0.05). Complete or partially plugged dentinal tubules (DTs) were observed in 20%-S, 30%-S, and 40%-S, while wide-open DTs were observed more in controls. Cylindrical tags were present in groups containing more than 20% S-PRG. F, Na, Al, and Sr were detected in a higher percentile ratio in the 20%-S, 30%-S, and 40%-S groups compared to 0%-f and 10%-S. Nonetheless, it is suggested that incorporating 20% to 30% S-PRG fillers in DVs would be effective enough as an anti-demineralization coating, together with supplementing minerals; further evaluation is required to validate these findings.
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Yu Y, Wen H, Li S, Cao H, Li X, Ma Z, She X, Zhou L, Huang S. Emerging microfluidic technologies for microbiome research. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:906979. [PMID: 36051769 PMCID: PMC9424851 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.906979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of the microbiome is increasingly prominent. For example, the human microbiome has been proven to be strongly associated with health conditions, while the environmental microbiome is recognized to have a profound influence on agriculture and even the global climate. Furthermore, the microbiome can serve as a fascinating reservoir of genes that encode tremendously valuable compounds for industrial and medical applications. In the past decades, various technologies have been developed to better understand and exploit the microbiome. In particular, microfluidics has demonstrated its strength and prominence in the microbiome research. By taking advantage of microfluidic technologies, inherited shortcomings of traditional methods such as low throughput, labor-consuming, and high-cost are being compensated or bypassed. In this review, we will summarize a broad spectrum of microfluidic technologies that have addressed various needs in the field of microbiome research, as well as the achievements that were enabled by the microfluidics (or technological advances). Finally, how microfluidics overcomes the limitations of conventional methods by technology integration will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Genomics, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- Faculty of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hui Wen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Genomics, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- Faculty of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Sihong Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Genomics, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- Faculty of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Haojie Cao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Genomics, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- Faculty of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xuefei Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Genomics, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- Faculty of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhixin Ma
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Genomics, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- Faculty of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaoyi She
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Genomics, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- Faculty of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lei Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Genomics, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- Faculty of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shuqiang Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Genomics, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- Faculty of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Shuqiang Huang,
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7
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Nguyen AV, Shourabi AY, Yaghoobi M, Zhang S, Simpson KW, Abbaspourrad A. A high-throughput integrated biofilm-on-a-chip platform for the investigation of combinatory physicochemical responses to chemical and fluid shear stress. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0272294. [PMID: 35960726 PMCID: PMC9374262 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0272294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Physicochemical conditions play a key role in the development of biofilm removal strategies. This study presents an integrated, double-layer, high-throughput microfluidic chip for real-time screening of the combined effect of antibiotic concentration and fluid shear stress (FSS) on biofilms. Biofilms of Escherichia coli LF82 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were tested against gentamicin and streptomycin to examine the time dependent effects of concentration and FSS on the integrity of the biofilm. A MatLab image analysis method was developed to measure the bacterial surface coverage and total fluorescent intensity of the biofilms before and after each treatment. The chip consists of two layers. The top layer contains the concentration gradient generator (CGG) capable of diluting the input drug linearly into four concentrations. The bottom layer contains four expanding FSS chambers imposing three different FSSs on cultured biofilms. As a result, 12 combinatorial states of concentration and FSS can be investigated on the biofilm simultaneously. Our proof-of-concept study revealed that the reduction of E. coli biofilms was directly dependent upon both antibacterial dose and shear intensity, whereas the P. aeruginosa biofilms were not impacted as significantly. This confirmed that the effectiveness of biofilm removal is dependent on bacterial species and the environment. Our experimental system could be used to investigate the physicochemical responses of other biofilms or to assess the effectiveness of biofilm removal methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann V. Nguyen
- Department of Food Science, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Arash Yahyazadeh Shourabi
- Department of Food Science, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Mohammad Yaghoobi
- Department of Food Science, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Shiying Zhang
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Kenneth W. Simpson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Alireza Abbaspourrad
- Department of Food Science, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Chun ALM, Mosayyebi A, Butt A, Carugo D, Salta M. Early biofilm and streamer formation is mediated by wall shear stress and surface wettability: A multifactorial microfluidic study. Microbiologyopen 2022; 11:e1310. [PMID: 36031954 PMCID: PMC9380405 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.1310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilms are intricate communities of microorganisms encapsulated within a self‐produced matrix of extra‐polymeric substances (EPS), creating complex three‐dimensional structures allowing for liquid and nutrient transport through them. These aggregations offer constituent microorganisms enhanced protection from environmental stimuli—like fluid flow—and are also associated with higher resistance to antimicrobial compounds, providing a persistent cause of concern in numerous sectors like the marine (biofouling and aquaculture), medical (infections and antimicrobial resistance), dentistry (plaque on teeth), food safety, as well as causing energy loss and corrosion. Recent studies have demonstrated that biofilms interact with microplastics, often influencing their pathway to higher trophic levels. Previous research has shown that initial bacterial attachment is affected by surface properties. Using a microfluidic flow cell, we have investigated the relationship between both wall shear stress (τw) and surface properties (surface wettability) upon biofilm formation of two species (Cobetia marina and Pseudomonas aeruginosa). We investigated biofilm development on low‐density polyethylene (LDPE) membranes, Permanox® slides, and glass slides, using nucleic acid staining and end‐point confocal laser scanning microscopy. The results show that flow conditions affect biomass, maximum thickness, and surface area of biofilms, with higher τw (5.6 Pa) resulting in thinner biofilms than lower τw (0.2 Pa). In addition, we observed differences in biofilm development across the surfaces tested, with LDPE typically demonstrating more overall biofilm in comparison to Permanox® and glass. Moreover, we demonstrate the formation of biofilm streamers under laminar flow conditions within straight micro‐channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander L M Chun
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Health, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Ali Mosayyebi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Arthur Butt
- School of Pharmacy & Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Health, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Dario Carugo
- Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, UK
| | - Maria Salta
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Health, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK.,Department of Microbial Corrosion and Biofilms, Den Helder, The Netherlands
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9
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Tran VN, Khan F, Han W, Luluil M, Truong VG, Yun HG, Choi S, Kim YM, Shin JH, Kang HW. Real-time monitoring of mono- and dual-species biofilm formation and eradication using microfluidic platform. Sci Rep 2022; 12:9678. [PMID: 35690659 PMCID: PMC9188611 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13699-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In a human host, bacterial Staphylococcus aureus and fungal Candida albicans pathogens form a mixed biofilm that causes severe mortality and morbidity. However, research on the formation and eradication of mixed biofilms under dynamic conditions is lacking. Thus, this study employed a microfluidic technique to analyze the real-time formation of mono- and dual-species (S. aureus and C. albicans) biofilms and noninvasive optical treatment of the established mature biofilm using 405-nm laser light. A herringbone mixer thoroughly mixed both bacterial and fungal cells in the growth media before being injected into the observation channels on the microfluidic chip. At a flow rate of 1.0 µL/min of growth media for 24 h, the bacterial biofilm coverage was up to 15% higher than that of the fungal biofilm (50% for bacteria vs. 35% for fungus). On the other hand, the dual-species biofilm yielded the highest coverage of ~ 96.5% because of the collective interaction between S. aureus and C. albicans. The number of cell proliferation events in S. aureus was higher than that of C. albicans for 12 h, which indicates that the S. aureus biofilm was developed faster than C. albicans. The novel in situ test platform showed a significant bactericidal effect (80%) of the 405-nm laser light at 1080 J/cm2 towards the established S. aureus biofilm, whereas the same treatment removed approximately 69% of the mixed cells in the dual-species biofilm. This study revealed that the developed microfluidic platform could be utilized to monitor the formation of dual-species biofilms in real-time and laser-induced antimicrobial effects on dual-species biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van Nam Tran
- Industry 4.0 Convergence Bionics Engineering and Marine-Integrated Biomedical Technology Center, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, South Korea
| | - Fazlurrahman Khan
- Research Center for Marine Integrated Bionics Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, South Korea
| | - Won Han
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, South Korea
| | - Maknuna Luluil
- Industry 4.0 Convergence Bionics Engineering and Marine-Integrated Biomedical Technology Center, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, South Korea
| | - Van Gia Truong
- Industry 4.0 Convergence Bionics Engineering and Marine-Integrated Biomedical Technology Center, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, South Korea
| | - Hyo Geun Yun
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, South Korea
| | - Sungyoung Choi
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, South Korea.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, South Korea
| | - Young-Mog Kim
- Research Center for Marine Integrated Bionics Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, South Korea.,Department of Food Science and Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, South Korea
| | - Joong Ho Shin
- Industry 4.0 Convergence Bionics Engineering and Marine-Integrated Biomedical Technology Center, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, South Korea. .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, South Korea.
| | - Hyun Wook Kang
- Industry 4.0 Convergence Bionics Engineering and Marine-Integrated Biomedical Technology Center, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, South Korea. .,Research Center for Marine Integrated Bionics Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, South Korea. .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, South Korea.
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10
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Khosravi Y, Palmer S, Daep CA, Sambanthamoorthy K, Kumar P, Dusane D, Stoodley P. A commercial SnF 2 toothpaste formulation reduces simulated human plaque biofilm in a dynamic typodont model. J Appl Microbiol 2022; 133:1341-1352. [PMID: 35603698 PMCID: PMC9542754 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS We present a dynamic typodont biofilm model (DTBM) incorporating 1) human dentition anatomy, 2) fluid flow over intermittently fluid bathed tooth surfaces and 3) an oxic headspace to allow aerobic and anaerobic niches to develop naturally, as a screening tool to assess the effect of stannous fluoride (SnF2 ) toothpaste against a simulated human plaque biofilm (SPB). METHODS AND RESULTS First, hydroxyapatite (HA) coupons were inoculated with human saliva/plaque and cultured at 37o C under air. Selected species representative of common commensal and anaerobic pathogens were quantified for relative abundance changes over 4d by PCR densitometry to confirm the culture conditions allowed the proliferation of these species. A continuous culture DTBM reactor on a rocker table was inoculated with saliva/plaque and incubated at 37°C for 24h. Tooth shear stress was estimated by particle tracking. A SnF2 toothpaste solution, or a sham rise was administered twice daily for 3d to mimic routine oral hygiene. SPB biomass was assessed by total bacterial DNA and methylene blue (MB) staining. Early colonizer aerobes and late colonizer anaerobes species were detected in the HA and DTBM, and the trends in changing abundance were consistent with those seen clinically. CONCLUSIONS Treatment with the SnF2 solution showed significant reductions of 53.05% and 54.4% in the SPB by MB staining and DNA, respectively. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF STUDY The model has potential for assessing dentition anatomy and fluid flow on the efficacy of antimicrobial efficacy against localized SPB and may be amenable to the plaque index clinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalda Khosravi
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Ohio State University Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Sara Palmer
- College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | | | - Purnima Kumar
- College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Devendra Dusane
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Ohio State University Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Paul Stoodley
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Ohio State University Columbus, OH, USA.,Dept. Orthopaedics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,National Centre for Advanced Tribology (nCATS) and National Biofilm Innovation Centre (NBIC), Mechanical Engineering, University of Southampton, UK
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11
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House KL, Pan L, O'Carroll DM, Xu S. Applications of scanning electron microscopy and focused ion beam milling in dental research. Eur J Oral Sci 2022; 130:e12853. [PMID: 35288994 DOI: 10.1111/eos.12853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The abilities of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and focused ion beam (FIB) milling for obtaining high-resolution images from top surfaces, cross-sectional surfaces, and even in three dimensions, are becoming increasingly important for imaging and analyzing tooth structures such as enamel and dentin. FIB was originally developed for material research in the semiconductor industry. However, use of SEM/FIB has been growing recently in dental research due to the versatility of dual platform instruments that can be used as a milling device to obtain low-artifact cross-sections of samples combined with high-resolution images. The advent of the SEM/FIB system and accessories may offer access to previously inaccessible length scales for characterizing tooth structures for dental research, opening exciting opportunities to address many central questions in dental research. New discoveries and fundamental breakthroughs in understanding are likely to follow. This review covers the applications, key findings, and future direction of SEM/FIB in dental research in morphology imaging, specimen preparation for transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis, and three-dimensional volume imaging using SEM/FIB tomography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystal L House
- Colgate Palmolive Company, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA.,Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Long Pan
- Colgate Palmolive Company, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Deirdre M O'Carroll
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Shiyou Xu
- Colgate Palmolive Company, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
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12
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Luo TL, Vanek ME, Gonzalez-Cabezas C, Marrs CF, Foxman B, Rickard AH. In vitro model systems for exploring oral biofilms: From single-species populations to complex multi-species communities. J Appl Microbiol 2022; 132:855-871. [PMID: 34216534 PMCID: PMC10505481 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Numerous in vitro biofilm model systems are available to study oral biofilms. Over the past several decades, increased understanding of oral biology and advances in technology have facilitated more accurate simulation of intraoral conditions and have allowed for the increased generalizability of in vitro oral biofilm studies. The integration of contemporary systems with confocal microscopy and 16S rRNA community profiling has enhanced the capabilities of in vitro biofilm model systems to quantify biofilm architecture and analyse microbial community composition. In this review, we describe several model systems relevant to modern in vitro oral biofilm studies: the constant depth film fermenter, Sorbarod perfusion system, drip-flow reactor, modified Robbins device, flowcells and microfluidic systems. We highlight how combining these systems with confocal microscopy and community composition analysis tools aids exploration of oral biofilm development under different conditions and in response to antimicrobial/anti-biofilm agents. The review closes with a discussion of future directions for the field of in vitro oral biofilm imaging and analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting L. Luo
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Michael E. Vanek
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Carlos Gonzalez-Cabezas
- Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences and Endodontics, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Carl F. Marrs
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Betsy Foxman
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Alexander H. Rickard
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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13
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14
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Akram Z, Daood U, Aati S, Ngo H, Fawzy AS. Formulation of pH-sensitive chlorhexidine-loaded/mesoporous silica nanoparticles modified experimental dentin adhesive. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 122:111894. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.111894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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15
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Straub H, Eberl L, Zinn M, Rossi RM, Maniura-Weber K, Ren Q. A microfluidic platform for in situ investigation of biofilm formation and its treatment under controlled conditions. J Nanobiotechnology 2020; 18:166. [PMID: 33176791 PMCID: PMC7661213 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-020-00724-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Studying bacterial adhesion and early biofilm development is crucial for understanding the physiology of sessile bacteria and forms the basis for the development of novel antimicrobial biomaterials. Microfluidics technologies can be applied in such studies since they permit dynamic real-time analysis and a more precise control of relevant parameters compared to traditional static and flow chamber assays. In this work, we aimed to establish a microfluidic platform that permits real-time observation of bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation under precisely controlled homogeneous laminar flow conditions. Results Using Escherichia coli as the model bacterial strain, a microfluidic platform was developed to overcome several limitations of conventional microfluidics such as the lack of spatial control over bacterial colonization and allow label-free observation of bacterial proliferation at single-cell resolution. This platform was applied to demonstrate the influence of culture media on bacterial colonization and the consequent eradication of sessile bacteria by antibiotic. As expected, the nutrient-poor medium (modified M9 minimal medium) was found to promote bacterial adhesion and to enable a higher adhesion rate compared to the nutrient-rich medium (tryptic soy broth rich medium ). However, in rich medium the adhered cells colonized the glass surface faster than those in poor medium under otherwise identical conditions. For the first time, this effect was demonstrated to be caused by a higher retention of newly generated bacteria in the rich medium, rather than faster growth especially during the initial adhesion phase. These results also indicate that higher adhesion rate does not necessarily lead to faster biofilm formation. Antibiotic treatment of sessile bacteria with colistin was further monitored by fluorescence microscopy at single-cell resolution, allowing in situ analysis of killing efficacy of antimicrobials. Conclusion The platform established here represents a powerful and versatile tool for studying environmental effects such as medium composition on bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation. Our microfluidic setup shows great potential for the in vitro assessment of new antimicrobials and antifouling agents under flow conditions.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Hervé Straub
- Laboratory for Biointerfaces, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 9014, St. Gallen, Switzerland.,Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zürich, 8008, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Leo Eberl
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zürich, 8008, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Manfred Zinn
- Institute of Life Technologies, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland (HES-SO Valais-Wallis), Sion, Switzerland
| | - René M Rossi
- Laboratory for Biomimetic Membranes and Textiles, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 9014, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Katharina Maniura-Weber
- Laboratory for Biointerfaces, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 9014, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Qun Ren
- Laboratory for Biointerfaces, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 9014, St. Gallen, Switzerland.
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16
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Khosravi Y, Kandukuri RDP, Palmer SR, Gloag ES, Borisov SM, Starke EM, Ward MT, Kumar P, de Beer D, Chennu A, Stoodley P. Use of an oxygen planar optode to assess the effect of high velocity microsprays on oxygen penetration in a human dental biofilms in-vitro. BMC Oral Health 2020; 20:230. [PMID: 32825831 PMCID: PMC7441732 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-020-01217-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dental plaque biofilms are the causative agents of caries, gingivitis and periodontitis. Both mechanical and chemical strategies are used in routine oral hygiene strategies to reduce plaque build-up. If allowed to mature biofilms can create anoxic microenvironments leading to communities which harbor pathogenic Gram-negative anaerobes. When subjected to high velocity fluid jets and sprays biofilms can be fluidized which disrupts the biofilm structure and allows the more efficient delivery of antimicrobial agents. METHODS To investigate how such jets may disrupt anoxic niches in the biofilm, we used planar optodes to measure the dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration at the base of in-vitro biofilms grown from human saliva and dental plaque. These biofilms were subject to "shooting" treatments with a commercial high velocity microspray (HVM) device. RESULTS HVM treatment resulted in removal of much of the biofilm and a concurrent rapid shift from anoxic to oxic conditions at the base of the surrounding biofilm. We also assessed the impact of HVM treatment on the microbial community by tracking 7 target species by qPCR. There was a general reduction in copy numbers of the universal 16S RNA by approximately 95%, and changes of individual species in the target region ranged from approximately 1 to 4 log reductions. CONCLUSION We concluded that high velocity microsprays removed a sufficient amount of biofilm to disrupt the anoxic region at the biofilm-surface interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalda Khosravi
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Ohio State University, Columbus, USA
| | | | - Sara R Palmer
- College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Erin S Gloag
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Ohio State University, Columbus, USA
| | - Sergey M Borisov
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry Graz University of Technology Stremayrgasse, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Marilyn T Ward
- Philips Oral Healthcare, Bothell, Washington, 98021, USA
| | - Purnima Kumar
- College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Dirk de Beer
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany
| | - Arjun Chennu
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany
| | - Paul Stoodley
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Ohio State University, Columbus, USA. .,Department Orthopaedics, Ohio State University, Columbus, USA. .,National Centre for Advanced Tribology (nCATS), Mechanical Engineering, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
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17
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Chatzigiannidou I, Teughels W, Van de Wiele T, Boon N. Oral biofilms exposure to chlorhexidine results in altered microbial composition and metabolic profile. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 2020; 6:13. [PMID: 32198347 PMCID: PMC7083908 DOI: 10.1038/s41522-020-0124-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral diseases (e.g., dental caries, periodontitis) are developed when the healthy oral microbiome is imbalanced allowing the increase of pathobiont strains. Common practice to prevent or treat such diseases is the use of antiseptics, like chlorhexidine. However, the impact of these antiseptics on the composition and metabolic activity of the oral microbiome is poorly addressed. Using two types of oral biofilms—a 14-species community (more controllable) and human tongue microbiota (more representative)—the impact of short-term chlorhexidine exposure was explored in-depth. In both models, oral biofilms treated with chlorhexidine exhibited a pattern of inactivation (>3 log units) and fast regrowth to the initial bacterial concentrations. Moreover, the chlorhexidine treatment induced profound shifts in microbiota composition and metabolic activity. In some cases, disease associated traits were increased (such as higher abundance of pathobiont strains or shift in high lactate production). Our results highlight the need for alternative treatments that selectively target the disease-associated bacteria in the biofilm without targeting the commensal microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wim Teughels
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, KU Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 33, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tom Van de Wiele
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Gent, Belgium
| | - Nico Boon
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Gent, Belgium.
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18
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Svistushkin VM, Nikiforova GN, Shevchik EA, Toporkova LA. [Efficacy of topical drugs in the treatment of patients with acute inflammatory diseases of the pharynx]. Vestn Otorinolaringol 2020; 84:112-117. [PMID: 32027334 DOI: 10.17116/otorino201984061112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The article discusses the main causative agents of acute inflammatory process of the pharynx, diagnostic features and treatment tactics. The question of the use of topical drugs in this pathology is covered. The data on the use of the drug Grammidin based on a local broad-spectrum antibiotic gramicidin C and antiseptic cetylpyridinium chloride, as well as data from clinical studies of the effectiveness of the drug in the treatment of acute tonsillopharyngitis in children and adults are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- V M Svistushkin
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119991, Trubezkaya str. 8/2, Moscow, Russia
| | - G N Nikiforova
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119991, Trubezkaya str. 8/2, Moscow, Russia
| | - E A Shevchik
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119991, Trubezkaya str. 8/2, Moscow, Russia
| | - L A Toporkova
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119991, Trubezkaya str. 8/2, Moscow, Russia
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19
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Fang JY, Lin YK, Wang PW, Alalaiwe A, Yang YC, Yang SC. The Droplet-Size Effect Of Squalene@cetylpyridinium Chloride Nanoemulsions On Antimicrobial Potency Against Planktonic And Biofilm MRSA. Int J Nanomedicine 2019; 14:8133-8147. [PMID: 31632023 PMCID: PMC6790405 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s221663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background It is important to explore the interaction between antibacterial nanoparticles and microbes for understanding bactericidal activity and developing novel applications. It is possible that the nanoparticulate size can govern the antibacterial potency. Purpose The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial and antibiofilm properties of cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC)–decorated nanoemulsions against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Methods The droplet size could be adjusted by varying the percentage of squalene, the main ingredient of the oily core. Results We fabricated cationic nanoemulsions of three different sizes, 55, 165, and 245 nm. The nanoemulsions showed greater storage stability than the self-assembled CPC micelles. The tested nanoemulsions exhibited more antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria than Gram-negative bacteria and fungi. The killing of MRSA was mainly induced by direct cell-membrane damage. This rupture led to the leakage of cytoplasmic DNA and proteins. The nanoemulsions might also degrade the DNA helix and disturb protein synthesis. The proteomic analysis indicated the significant downregulation of DNA-directed RNA polymerase (RNAP) subunits β and β’. The antibacterial effect of nanoemulsions increased with decreasing droplet size in the biofilm MRSA but not planktonic MRSA. The small-sized nanoemulsions had potent antibiofilm activity that showed a colony-forming unit (CFU) reduction of 10-fold compared with the control. The loss of total DNA concentration also negatively correlated with the nanoemulsion size. Conclusion The present report established a foundation for the development of squalene@CPC nanosystems against drug-resistant S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-You Fang
- Pharmaceutics Laboratory, Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Chinese Herbal Medicine Research Team, Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety and Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Anesthesiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yin-Ku Lin
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Keelung, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Wen Wang
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ahmed Alalaiwe
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yu-Ching Yang
- Pharmaceutics Laboratory, Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Chun Yang
- Department of Cosmetic Science, Providence University, Taichung, Taiwan
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20
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Brown JL, Johnston W, Delaney C, Short B, Butcher MC, Young T, Butcher J, Riggio M, Culshaw S, Ramage G. Polymicrobial oral biofilm models: simplifying the complex. J Med Microbiol 2019; 68:1573-1584. [PMID: 31524581 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past century, numerous studies have used oral biofilm models to investigate growth kinetics, biofilm formation, structure and composition, antimicrobial susceptibility and host-pathogen interactions. In vivo animal models provide useful models of some oral diseases; however, these are expensive and carry vast ethical implications. Oral biofilms grown or maintained in vitro offer a useful platform for certain studies and have the advantages of being inexpensive to establish and easy to reproduce and manipulate. In addition, a wide range of variables can be monitored and adjusted to mimic the dynamic environmental changes at different sites in the oral cavity, such as pH, temperature, salivary and gingival crevicular fluid flow rates, or microbial composition. This review provides a detailed insight for early-career oral science researchers into how the biofilm models used in oral research have progressed and improved over the years, their advantages and disadvantages, and how such systems have contributed to our current understanding of oral disease pathogenesis and aetiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason L Brown
- Oral Sciences Research Group, Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK.,Institute of Biomedical and Environmental Health Research, School of Science and Sport, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, PA1 2BE, UK
| | - William Johnston
- Oral Sciences Research Group, Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Christopher Delaney
- Oral Sciences Research Group, Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Bryn Short
- Oral Sciences Research Group, Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Mark C Butcher
- Oral Sciences Research Group, Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Tracy Young
- Oral Sciences Research Group, Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - John Butcher
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Health and Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, G4 0BA, UK.,Institute of Biomedical and Environmental Health Research, School of Science and Sport, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, PA1 2BE, UK
| | - Marcello Riggio
- Oral Sciences Research Group, Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Shauna Culshaw
- Oral Sciences Research Group, Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Gordon Ramage
- Oral Sciences Research Group, Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
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21
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Alfa MJ. Biofilms on instruments and environmental surfaces: Do they interfere with instrument reprocessing and surface disinfection? Review of the literature. Am J Infect Control 2019; 47S:A39-A45. [PMID: 31146849 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2019.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
There is a growing appreciation for the role of biofilm-embedded microbes in many different aspects of infection transmission. The format of biofilm includes traditional hydrated biofilm, build-up biofilm, and dry surface biofilm. The objectives of this article are to discuss how traditional biofilm differs from build-up biofilm and dry surface biofilm, and to review the evidence supporting infection transmission from biofilm that accumulates in reprocessed instruments and from dry biofilm that forms environmental reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle J Alfa
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
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22
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Mira A, Buetas E, Rosier B, Mazurel D, Villanueva-Castellote Á, Llena C, Ferrer MD. Development of an in vitro system to study oral biofilms in real time through impedance technology: validation and potential applications. J Oral Microbiol 2019; 11:1609838. [PMID: 31105900 PMCID: PMC6507917 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2019.1609838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and objectives: We have developed a standardized, easy-to-use in vitro model to study single- and multiple-species oral biofilms in real time through impedance technology, which elucidates the kinetics of biofilm formation in 96-well plates, without the requirement for any further manipulation. Design and Results: Using this system, biofilms of Streptococcus mutans appear to be sugar-dependent and highly resistant to amoxicilin, an antibiotic to which this oral pathogen is highly sensitive in a planktonic state. Saliva, tongue and dental plaque samples were also used as inocula to form multiple-species biofilms. DNA isolation and Illumina sequencing of the biofilms showed that the multi-species biofilms were formed by tens or hundreds of species, had a similar composition to the original inoculum, and included fastidious microorganisms which are important for oral health and disease. As an example of the potential applications of the model, we show that oral biofilms can be inhibited by amoxicilin, but in some cases they are induced by the antibiotic, suggesting the existence of responders and non-responders to a given antibiotic. Conclusions: We therefore propose the system as a valid in vitro model to study oral biofilm dynamics, including their susceptibility to antibiotics, antiseptics or anti-adhesive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Mira
- FISABIO Foundation, Centre for Advanced Research in Public Health, Valencia, Spain
| | - Elena Buetas
- FISABIO Foundation, Centre for Advanced Research in Public Health, Valencia, Spain
| | - Bob Rosier
- FISABIO Foundation, Centre for Advanced Research in Public Health, Valencia, Spain
| | - Danuta Mazurel
- FISABIO Foundation, Centre for Advanced Research in Public Health, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Carmen Llena
- Departamento de Estomatologia, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Maria D Ferrer
- FISABIO Foundation, Centre for Advanced Research in Public Health, Valencia, Spain
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23
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Amino Sugars Modify Antagonistic Interactions between Commensal Oral Streptococci and Streptococcus mutans. Appl Environ Microbiol 2019; 85:AEM.00370-19. [PMID: 30877119 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00370-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
N-Acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) and glucosamine (GlcN) enhance the competitiveness of the laboratory strain DL1 of Streptococcus gordonii against the caries pathogen Streptococcus mutans Here, we examine how amino sugars affect the interaction of five low-passage-number clinical isolates of abundant commensal streptococci with S. mutans by utilizing a dual-species biofilm model. Compared to that for glucose, growth on GlcN or GlcNAc significantly reduced the viability of S. mutans in cocultures with most commensals, shifting the proportions of species. Consistent with these results, production of H2O2 was increased in most commensals when growing on amino sugars, and inhibition of S. mutans by Streptococcus cristatus, Streptococcus oralis, or S. gordonii was enhanced by amino sugars on agar plates. All commensals except S. oralis had higher arginine deiminase activities when grown on GlcN and, in some cases, GlcNAc. In ex vivo biofilms formed using pooled cell-containing saliva (CCS), the proportions of S. mutans were drastically diminished when GlcNAc was the primary carbohydrate. Increased production of H2O2 could account in large part for the inhibitory effects of CCS biofilms. Surprisingly, amino sugars appeared to improve mutacin production by S. mutans on agar plates, suggesting that the commensals have mechanisms to actively subvert antagonism by S. mutans in cocultures. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that amino sugars can enhance the beneficial properties of low-passage-number commensal oral streptococci and highlight their potential for moderating the cariogenicity of oral biofilms.IMPORTANCE Dental caries is driven by dysbiosis of oral biofilms in which dominance by acid-producing and acid-tolerant bacteria results in loss of tooth mineral. Our previous work demonstrated the beneficial effects of amino sugars GlcNAc and GlcN in promoting the antagonistic properties of a health-associated oral bacterium, Streptococcus gordonii, in competition with the major caries pathogen Streptococcus mutans Here, we investigated 5 low-passage-number clinical isolates of the most common streptococcal species to establish how amino sugars may influence the ecology and virulence of oral biofilms. Using multiple in vitro models, including a human saliva-derived microcosm biofilm, experiments showed significant enhancement by at least one amino sugar in the ability of most of these bacteria to suppress the caries pathogen. Therefore, our findings demonstrated the mechanism of action by which amino sugars may affect human oral biofilms to promote health.
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Luo TL, Hayashi M, Zsiska M, Circello B, Eisenberg M, Gonzalez-Cabezas C, Foxman B, Marrs CF, Rickard AH. Introducing BAIT (Biofilm Architecture Inference Tool): a software program to evaluate the architecture of oral multi-species biofilms. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2019; 165:527-537. [PMID: 30882296 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Biofilm model systems are used to study biofilm growth and predict the effects of anti-biofilm interventions within the human oral cavity. Many in vitro biofilm model systems use a confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) in conjunction with image analysis tools to study biofilms. The aim of this study was to evaluate an in-house developed image analysis software program that we call BAIT (Biofilm Architecture Inference Tool) to quantify the architecture of oral multi-species biofilms following anti-biofilm interventions using a microfluidic biofilm system. Differences in architecture were compared between untreated biofilms and those treated with water (negative control), sodium gluconate ('placebo') or stannous fluoride (SnF2). The microfluidic system was inoculated with pooled human saliva and biofilms were developed over 22 h in filter-sterilized 25 % pooled human saliva. During this period, biofilms were treated with water, sodium gluconate, or SnF2 (1000, 3439 or 10 000 p.p.m. Sn2+) 8 and 18 h post-inoculation. After 22 h of growth, biofilms were stained with LIVE/DEAD stain, and imaged by CLSM. BAIT was used to calculate biofilm biovolume, total number of objects, surface area, fluffiness, connectivity, convex hull porosity and viability. Image analysis showed oral biofilm architecture was significantly altered by 3439 and 10 000 p.p.m. Sn2+ treatment regimens, resulting in decreased biovolume, surface area, number of objects and connectivity, while fluffiness increased (P<0.01). In conclusion, BAIT was shown to be able to measure the changes in biofilm architecture and detects possible antimicrobial and anti-biofilm effects of candidate agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting L Luo
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Michael Hayashi
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | | | - Marisa Eisenberg
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Carlos Gonzalez-Cabezas
- Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences and Endodontics, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Betsy Foxman
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Carl F Marrs
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Alexander H Rickard
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Vyas N, Manmi K, Wang Q, Jadhav AJ, Barigou M, Sammons RL, Kuehne SA, Walmsley AD. Which Parameters Affect Biofilm Removal with Acoustic Cavitation? A Review. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2019; 45:1044-1055. [PMID: 30792088 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 01/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial biofilms are a cause of contamination in a wide range of medical and biological areas. Ultrasound is a mechanical energy that can remove these biofilms using cavitation and acoustic streaming, which generate shear forces to disrupt biofilm from a surface. The aim of this narrative review is to investigate the literature on the mechanical removal of biofilm using acoustic cavitation to identify the different operating parameters affecting its removal using this method. The properties of the liquid and the properties of the ultrasound have a large impact on the type of cavitation generated. These include gas content, temperature, surface tension, frequency of ultrasound and acoustic pressure. For many of these parameters, more research is required to understand their mechanisms in the area of ultrasonic biofilm removal, and further research will help to optimise this method for effective removal of biofilms from different surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Vyas
- School of Dentistry, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Kawa Manmi
- School of Mathematics, College of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Qianxi Wang
- School of Mathematics, College of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Ananda J Jadhav
- School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Mostafa Barigou
- School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel L Sammons
- School of Dentistry, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah A Kuehne
- School of Dentistry, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - A Damien Walmsley
- School of Dentistry, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
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Legner M, McMillen DR, Cvitkovitch DG. Role of Dilution Rate and Nutrient Availability in the Formation of Microbial Biofilms. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:916. [PMID: 31114560 PMCID: PMC6503106 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We revisited the mathematical model of the chemostat and examined consequences of considerably decreasing the concentration of limiting nutrient in the inflow for the growth of both the planktonic and biofilm cells in the chemostat tank (fermenter). The model predicts a substantially lower steady-state biomass of planktonic cells in response to decreasing inflowing nutrient concentration. Contrarily, the steady-state concentration of nutrient inside the fermenter is expected to remain the same, as long as the inflowing concentration does not fall below its value. This allows the biofilm cells to grow at a rate regulated only by the exchange rate of the medium (dilution rate). We maintained a strain of Enterococcus faecalis in a chemostat of our own design with limiting nutrient in the inflow set near saturation constant at three dilution rates (0.09, 0.28, and 0.81 h-1). The highest dilution rate was near the critical rate calculated by the model. The one-day total biofilm buildup was 21× larger and its estimated growth rate 2.4× higher at highest dilution rate than at the lowest one. This increased biofilm formation with increased dilution rates is in agreement with previously published data on pure and mixed continuous flow cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milos Legner
- Discipline of Microbiology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - David R McMillen
- Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences and Impact Centre, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, Canada
| | - Dennis G Cvitkovitch
- Discipline of Microbiology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Pousti M, Zarabadi MP, Abbaszadeh Amirdehi M, Paquet-Mercier F, Greener J. Microfluidic bioanalytical flow cells for biofilm studies: a review. Analyst 2019; 144:68-86. [PMID: 30394455 DOI: 10.1039/c8an01526k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial biofilms are among the oldest and most prevalent multicellular life forms on Earth and are increasingly relevant in research areas related to industrial fouling, medicine and biotechnology. The main hurdles to obtaining definitive experimental results include time-varying biofilm properties, structural and chemical heterogeneity, and especially their strong sensitivity to environmental cues. Therefore, in addition to judicious choice of measurement tools, a well-designed biofilm study requires strict control over experimental conditions, more so than most chemical studies. Due to excellent control over a host of physiochemical parameters, microfluidic flow cells have become indispensable in microbiological studies. Not surprisingly, the number of lab-on-chip studies focusing on biofilms and other microbiological systems with expanded analytical capabilities has expanded rapidly in the past decade. In this paper, we comprehensively review the current state of microfluidic bioanalytical research applied to bacterial biofilms and offer a perspective on new approaches that are expected to drive continued advances in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Pousti
- Département de chimie, Faculté des sciences et de génie, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec G1 V 0A6, Canada
| | - Mir Pouyan Zarabadi
- Département de chimie, Faculté des sciences et de génie, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec G1 V 0A6, Canada
| | - Mehran Abbaszadeh Amirdehi
- Département de chimie, Faculté des sciences et de génie, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec G1 V 0A6, Canada
| | - François Paquet-Mercier
- Département de chimie, Faculté des sciences et de génie, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec G1 V 0A6, Canada
| | - Jesse Greener
- Département de chimie, Faculté des sciences et de génie, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec G1 V 0A6, Canada and CHU de Quebec Research Centre, Laval University, 10 rue de l'Espinay, Quebec City, (QC) G1L 3L5, Canada
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Abstract
Understanding the microbiology of dental caries is not a mere academic exercise; it provides the basis for preventive, diagnostic, and treatment strategies and gives the dentist a theoretical framework to become a better professional. The last years have seen the development of new research methodologies, ranging from high-throughput sequencing or "omics" techniques to new fluorescence microscopy applications and microfluidics, which have allowed the study of the oral microbiome to an unprecedented level of detail. Those studies have provided new insights about oral biofilm formation, biomarkers of caries risk, microbial etiology, appropriate sampling, identification of health-associated bacteria, and new anticaries strategies, among others. Several pitfalls are associated with the new technologies, including a small number of samples per study group, elevated cost, and genus- or species-based analyses that do not take into consideration intraspecies variability. However, the new data strongly suggest that saliva may not be an appropriate sample for etiological studies or for bacterial caries-risk tests, that microbial composition alone may be insufficient to predict caries risk, and that antimicrobial or immunization strategies targeting single species are unlikely to be effective. Strategies directed toward modulation of the oral biofilm, such as pre- and probiotics, emerge as promising new approaches to prevent tooth decay.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mira
- 1 Center for Advanced Research in Public Health, FISABIO Foundation, Valencia, Spain
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Yang SC, Huang TH, Chiu CH, Chou WL, Alalaiwe A, Yeh YC, Su KW, Fang JY. The atopic dermatitis-like lesion and the associated MRSA infection and barrier dysfunction can be alleviated by 2,4-dimethoxy-6-methylbenzene-1,3-diol from Antrodia camphorata. J Dermatol Sci 2018; 92:188-196. [PMID: 30219520 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atopic dermatitis (AD) is an inflammatory skin disease with an associated barrier dysfunction and Staphylococcus aureus infection. The mainstay steroid and calcineurin inhibitor therapy shows some adverse effects. 2,4-Dimethoxy-6-methylbenzene-1,3-diol (DMD) is a benzenoid isolated from Antrodia camphorata. OBJECTIVE We investigated the inhibitory effect of DMD on methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), the chemokine production in stimulated keratinocytes, and the AD-like lesion found in ovalbumin (OVA)-sensitized mice. METHODS The antimicrobial effect and cutaneous barrier function were evaluated using an in vitro culture model and an in vivo mouse model of AD-like skin. RESULTS DMD exhibited a comparative minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) against MRSA with nalidixic acid, a conventional antibiotic. The MIC and MBC for DMD was 78.1 and 156.3 μg/ml, respectively. DMD also showed the ability to eliminate the clinical bacteria isolates with resistance to methicillin and vancomycin. The DNA polymerase and gyrase inhibition evoked by DMD for bacterial lethality was proposed. In the activated keratinocytes, DMD stopped the upregulation of chemokines (CCL5 and CCL17) and increased the expression of differentiation proteins (filaggrin, involucrin, and integrin β-1). Topical application of DMD facilely penetrated into the skin, with AD-like skin displaying 2.5-fold greater permeation than healthy skin. The in vivo assessment using the mouse model with OVA sensitization and MRSA inoculation revealed a reduction of transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and bacterial burden by DMD by about 2- and 100-fold, respectively. Differentiation proteins were also restored after topical DMD delivery. CONCLUSION Our data demonstrated an advanced concept of AD treatment by combined barrier repair and bacterial eradication with a sole agent for ameliorating the overall complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Chun Yang
- Department of Cosmetic Science, Providence University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tse-Hung Huang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan; School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan; School of Nursing, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hui Chiu
- Graduate Institute of Health Industry Technology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety and Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ling Chou
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Ahmed Alalaiwe
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yuan-Chieh Yeh
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan; Program in Molecular Medicine, School of Life Sciences, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Wen Su
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Jia-You Fang
- Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety and Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Pharmaceutics Laboratory, Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Chinese Herbal Medicine Research Team, Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Anesthesiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
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Influence of naringenin on the biofilm formation of Streptococcus mutans. J Dent 2018; 76:24-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2018.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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A Sensitive Thresholding Method for Confocal Laser Scanning Microscope Image Stacks of Microbial Biofilms. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13013. [PMID: 30158655 PMCID: PMC6115396 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31012-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilms are surface-attached microbial communities whose architecture can be captured with confocal microscopy. Manual or automatic thresholding of acquired images is often needed to help distinguish biofilm biomass from background noise. However, manual thresholding is subjective and current automatic thresholding methods can lead to loss of meaningful data. Here, we describe an automatic thresholding method designed for confocal fluorescent signal, termed the biovolume elasticity method (BEM). We evaluated BEM using confocal image stacks of oral biofilms grown in pooled human saliva. Image stacks were thresholded manually and automatically with three different methods; Otsu, iterative selection (IS), and BEM. Effects on biovolume, surface area, and number of objects detected indicated that the BEM was the least aggressive at removing signal, and provided the greatest visual and quantitative acuity of single cells. Thus, thresholding with BEM offers a sensitive, automatic, and tunable method to maintain biofilm architectural properties for subsequent analysis.
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Yan H, Wang S, Han L, Peng W, Yi L, Guo R, Liu S, Yang H, Huang C. Chlorhexidine-encapsulated mesoporous silica-modified dentin adhesive. J Dent 2018; 78:83-90. [PMID: 30153498 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2018.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This work aims to explore the feasibility of chlorhexidine-encapsulated mesoporous silica (CHX@pMSN) as a modifier of a commercial dental adhesive via the evaluation of physicochemical properties and antibacterial capabilities of adhesive-dentin interface. METHODS Therapeutic adhesives were developed in the present study by incorporating CHX@pMSN into a commercial adhesive at four mass fractions (0, 1, 5 and 10 wt.%). The antibacterial capability on Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) biofilm, conversion degree, adhesive morphology, microtensile bond strength (MTBS) and nanoleakage expression were evaluated comprehensively. RESULTS MTT and CLSM evaluation showed that CHX@pMSN-doped adhesive inhibits S. mutans biofilm growth, while CHX is released from the modified adhesive continuously. The incorporation of CHX@pMSN did not affect immediate bond strength at the concentration of 1% and 5% (P > 0.05). Moreover, these bonds were mainly preserved in 5% CHX@pMSN group after one month of collagenase ageing. Meanwhile, CHX@pMSN-doped adhesive groups exhibited similar nanoleakage distribution compared with the control. CONCLUSION This study showed that the 5% CHX@pMSN-modified adhesive achieved balance amongst unaffected immediate bonding strength, well-preserved bonds against collagenase ageing and effective inhibition of S. mutans biofilm growth. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE CHX@pMSN-modified dentin adhesive can potentially extend the service life of adhesive restoration in clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyi Yan
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory for Oral Biomedical Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shilei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lin Han
- CR&WISCO General Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenan Peng
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory for Oral Biomedical Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Luyao Yi
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory for Oral Biomedical Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Rui Guo
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory for Oral Biomedical Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Siying Liu
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory for Oral Biomedical Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongye Yang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory for Oral Biomedical Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
| | - Cui Huang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory for Oral Biomedical Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
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Fernández CE, Aspiras M, Dodds MW, González-Cabezas C, Rickard AH. Combinatorial effect of magnolia bark extract and ethyl lauroyl arginate against multi-species oral biofilms: Food additives with the potential to prevent biofilm-related oral diseases. J Funct Foods 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2018.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2022] Open
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De A, Pompilio A, Francis J, Sutcliffe IC, Black GW, Lupidi G, Petrelli D, Vitali LA. Antidiabetic "gliptins" affect biofilm formation by Streptococcus mutans. Microbiol Res 2018; 209:79-85. [PMID: 29580624 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Streptococcus mutans, a dental caries causing odontopathogen, produces X-prolyl dipeptidyl peptidase (Sm-XPDAP, encoded by pepX), a serine protease known to have a nutritional role. Considering the potential of proteases as therapeutic targets in pathogens, this study was primarily aimed at investigating the role of Sm-XPDAP in contributing to virulence-related traits. Dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP IV), an XPDAP analogous enzyme found in mammalian tissues,is a well known therapeutic target in Type II diabetes. Based on the hypothesis that gliptins, commonly used as anti-human-DPP IV drugs, may affect bacterial growth upon inhibition of Sm-XPDAP, we have determined their ex vivo antimicrobial and anti-biofilm activity towards S. mutans. All three DPP IV drugs tested reduced biofilm formation as determined by crystal violet staining. To link the observed biofilm inhibition to the human-DPP IV analogue present in S. mutans UA159, a pepX isogenic mutant was generated. In addition to reduced biofilm formation, CLSM studies of the biofilm formed by the pepX isogenic mutant showed these were comparable to those formed in the presence of saxagliptin, suggesting a probable role of this enzyme in biofilm formation by S. mutans UA159. The effects of both pepX deletion and DPP IV drugs on the proteome were studied using LC-MS/MS. Overall, this study highlights the potential of Sm-XPDAP as a novel anti-biofilm target and suggests a template molecule to synthesize lead compounds effective against this enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpan De
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, 62032, Camerino, Italy
| | - Arianna Pompilio
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100, Chieti, Italy; Center of Excellence on Ageing, "G. d'Annunzio" University Foundation, 66100, Chieti, Italy
| | - Jenifer Francis
- Department of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, Northumbria University, NE1 8ST, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Iain C Sutcliffe
- Department of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, Northumbria University, NE1 8ST, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Gary W Black
- Department of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, Northumbria University, NE1 8ST, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Giulio Lupidi
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, 62032, Camerino, Italy
| | - Dezemona Petrelli
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62032, Camerino, Italy
| | - Luca A Vitali
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, 62032, Camerino, Italy.
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Fernández C, Aspiras M, Dodds M, González-Cabezas C, Rickard A. The effect of inoculum source and fluid shear force on the development ofin vitrooral multispecies biofilms. J Appl Microbiol 2017; 122:796-808. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.13376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C.E. Fernández
- Department of Epidemiology; School of Public Health; University of Michigan; Ann Arbor MI USA
- Department of Cariology; Restorative Sciences and Endodontics; School of Dentistry; University of Michigan; Ann Arbor MI USA
| | - M.B. Aspiras
- Scientific Discovery; Global Innovation Center (GIC); Wrigley; Chicago IL USA
| | - M.W. Dodds
- Scientific Discovery; Global Innovation Center (GIC); Wrigley; Chicago IL USA
| | - C. González-Cabezas
- Department of Cariology; Restorative Sciences and Endodontics; School of Dentistry; University of Michigan; Ann Arbor MI USA
| | - A.H. Rickard
- Department of Epidemiology; School of Public Health; University of Michigan; Ann Arbor MI USA
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36
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da Costa Luciano C, Olson N, Tipple AFV, Alfa M. Evaluation of the ability of different detergents and disinfectants to remove and kill organisms in traditional biofilm. Am J Infect Control 2016; 44:e243-e249. [PMID: 27234012 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2016.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2015] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of this study was to assess the ability of different detergent and disinfectant combinations to eradicate bacteria in traditional biofilm. METHODS Enterococcus faecalis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were used to develop biofilm over 8 days. The biofilm on each minimum biofilm eradication concentration peg contained 8 log10 colony forming units (CFU)/cm2 of both bacteria. The detergents evaluated were as follows: Prolystica Enzymatic 2X, Prolystica Neutral 2X, Neodisher, and Endozime Bio-Clean. The disinfectants evaluated were as follows: glutaraldehyde, accelerated hydrogen peroxide, and ortho-phthalaldehyde. Biofilm removal was evaluated using viable count, protein and carbohydrate quantitation, and scanning electron microscopy. RESULTS Only Prolystica Enzymatic 2X and Endozime Bio-Clean killed both E faecalis (3.90 log10 CFU/mL reduction) and P aeruginosa (3.96 log10 CFU/mL reduction) in suspension. None of the detergents tested could provide >1 log10 CFU/cm2 reduction for bacteria within biofilm. Any combination of detergent and high-level disinfectant reduced the level of both E faecalis and P aeruginosa within biofilm by 3-5 log10 CFU/cm2. Although the combination of Endozime Bio-Clean and glutaraldehyde provided a 6 log10 reduction, it could not eliminate both bacteria within biofilm. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that if biofilm accumulates in flexible endoscope channels during repeated rounds of reprocessing, then neither the detergent nor high-level disinfectant will provide the expected level of bacterial removal or killing.
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Rostami N, Shields RC, Yassin SA, Hawkins AR, Bowen L, Luo TL, Rickard AH, Holliday R, Preshaw PM, Jakubovics NS. A Critical Role for Extracellular DNA in Dental Plaque Formation. J Dent Res 2016; 96:208-216. [PMID: 27770039 DOI: 10.1177/0022034516675849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular DNA (eDNA) has been identified in the matrix of many different monospecies biofilms in vitro, including some of those produced by oral bacteria. In many cases, eDNA stabilizes the structure of monospecies biofilms. Here, the authors aimed to determine whether eDNA is an important component of natural, mixed-species oral biofilms, such as plaque on natural teeth or dental implants. To visualize eDNA in oral biofilms, approaches for fluorescently stained eDNA with either anti-DNA antibodies or an ultrasensitive cell-impermeant dye, YOYO-1, were first developed using Enterococcus faecalis, an organism that has previously been shown to produce extensive eDNA structures within biofilms. Oral biofilms were modelled as in vitro "microcosms" on glass coverslips inoculated with the natural microbial population of human saliva and cultured statically in artificial saliva medium. Using antibodies and YOYO-1, eDNA was found to be distributed throughout microcosm biofilms, and was particularly abundant in the immediate vicinity of cells. Similar arrangements of eDNA were detected in biofilms on crowns and overdenture abutments of dental implants that had been recovered from patients during the restorative phase of treatment, and in subgingival dental plaque of periodontitis patients, indicating that eDNA is a common component of natural oral biofilms. In model oral biofilms, treatment with a DNA-degrading enzyme, NucB from Bacillus licheniformis, strongly inhibited the accumulation of biofilms. The bacterial species diversity was significantly reduced by treatment with NucB and particularly strong reductions were observed in the abundance of anaerobic, proteolytic bacteria such as Peptostreptococcus, Porphyromonas and Prevotella. Preformed biofilms were not significantly reduced by NucB treatment, indicating that eDNA is more important or more exposed during the early stages of biofilm formation. Overall, these data demonstrate that dental plaque eDNA is potentially an important target for oral biofilm control.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Rostami
- 1 School of Dental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - R C Shields
- 1 School of Dental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - S A Yassin
- 1 School of Dental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - A R Hawkins
- 2 Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - L Bowen
- 3 Department of Physics, Durham University, Durham, UK
| | - T L Luo
- 4 Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - A H Rickard
- 4 Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - R Holliday
- 1 School of Dental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - P M Preshaw
- 1 School of Dental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - N S Jakubovics
- 1 School of Dental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Vyas N, Sammons RL, Addison O, Dehghani H, Walmsley AD. A quantitative method to measure biofilm removal efficiency from complex biomaterial surfaces using SEM and image analysis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32694. [PMID: 27601281 PMCID: PMC5013386 DOI: 10.1038/srep32694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilm accumulation on biomaterial surfaces is a major health concern and significant research efforts are directed towards producing biofilm resistant surfaces and developing biofilm removal techniques. To accurately evaluate biofilm growth and disruption on surfaces, accurate methods which give quantitative information on biofilm area are needed, as current methods are indirect and inaccurate. We demonstrate the use of machine learning algorithms to segment biofilm from scanning electron microscopy images. A case study showing disruption of biofilm from rough dental implant surfaces using cavitation bubbles from an ultrasonic scaler is used to validate the imaging and analysis protocol developed. Streptococcus mutans biofilm was disrupted from sandblasted, acid etched (SLA) Ti discs and polished Ti discs. Significant biofilm removal occurred due to cavitation from ultrasonic scaling (p < 0.001). The mean sensitivity and specificity values for segmentation of the SLA surface images were 0.80 ± 0.18 and 0.62 ± 0.20 respectively and 0.74 ± 0.13 and 0.86 ± 0.09 respectively for polished surfaces. Cavitation has potential to be used as a novel way to clean dental implants. This imaging and analysis method will be of value to other researchers and manufacturers wishing to study biofilm growth and removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Vyas
- Physical Sciences of Imaging for Biomedical Sciences (PSIBS) Doctoral Training Centre, College of Engineering & Physical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
- School of Dentistry, Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Mill Pool Way, Birmingham, B5 7EG, UK
| | - R. L. Sammons
- School of Dentistry, Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Mill Pool Way, Birmingham, B5 7EG, UK
| | - O. Addison
- School of Dentistry, Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Mill Pool Way, Birmingham, B5 7EG, UK
| | - H. Dehghani
- School of Computer Science, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - A. D. Walmsley
- School of Dentistry, Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Mill Pool Way, Birmingham, B5 7EG, UK
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Fabbri S, Johnston DA, Rmaile A, Gottenbos B, De Jager M, Aspiras M, Starke EM, Ward MT, Stoodley P. High-Velocity Microsprays Enhance Antimicrobial Activity in Streptococcus mutans Biofilms. J Dent Res 2016; 95:1494-1500. [PMID: 27554642 DOI: 10.1177/0022034516662813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus mutans in dental plaque biofilms play a role in caries development. The biofilm's complex structure enhances the resistance to antimicrobial agents by limiting the transport of active agents inside the biofilm. The authors assessed the ability of high-velocity water microsprays to enhance delivery of antimicrobials into 3-d-old S. mutans biofilms. Biofilms were exposed to a 90° or 30° impact, first using a 1-µm tracer bead solution (109 beads/mL) and, second, a 0.2% chlorhexidine (CHX) or 0.085% cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) solution. For comparison, a 30-s diffusive transport and simulated mouthwash were also performed. Confocal microscopy was used to determine number and relative bead penetration depth into the biofilm. Assessment of antimicrobial penetration was determined by calculating the killing depth detected by live/dead viability staining. The authors first demonstrated that the microspray was able to deliver significantly more microbeads deeper in the biofilm compared with diffusion and mouthwashing exposures. Next, these experiments revealed that the microspray yielded better antimicrobial penetration evidenced by deeper killing inside the biofilm and a wider killing zone around the zone of clearance than diffusion alone. Interestingly the 30° impact in the distal position delivered approximately 16 times more microbeads and yielded approximately 20% more bacteria killing (for both CHX and CPC) than the 90° impact. These data suggest that high-velocity water microsprays can be used as an effective mechanism to deliver microparticles and antimicrobials inside S. mutans biofilms. High shear stresses generated at the biofilm-burst interface might have enhanced bead and antimicrobial delivery inside the remaining biofilm by combining forced advection into the biofilm matrix and physical restructuring of the biofilm itself. Further, the impact angle has potential to be optimized both for biofilm removal and active agents' delivery inside biofilm in those protected areas where some biofilm might remain.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Fabbri
- National Centre for Advanced Tribology at Southampton (nCATS), University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - D A Johnston
- Biomedical Imaging Unit, School of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - A Rmaile
- Philips Research, High Tech Campus, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - B Gottenbos
- Philips Research, High Tech Campus, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - M De Jager
- Philips Research, High Tech Campus, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | | | - E M Starke
- Philips Oral Healthcare, Bothell, Washington, USA
| | - M T Ward
- Philips Oral Healthcare, Bothell, Washington, USA
| | - P Stoodley
- National Centre for Advanced Tribology at Southampton (nCATS), University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.,Departments of Microbial Infection and Immunity and the Department of Orthopaedics, Centre for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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40
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Lam RHW, Cui X, Guo W, Thorsen T. High-throughput dental biofilm growth analysis for multiparametric microenvironmental biochemical conditions using microfluidics. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 16:1652-62. [PMID: 27045372 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc00072j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Dental biofilm formation is not only a precursor to tooth decay, but also induces more serious systematic health problems such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Understanding the conditions promoting colonization and subsequent biofilm development involving complex bacteria coaggregation is particularly important. In this paper, we report a high-throughput microfluidic 'artificial teeth' device offering controls of multiple microenvironmental factors (e.g. nutrients, growth factors, dissolved gases, and seeded cell populations) for quantitative characteristics of long-term dental bacteria growth and biofilm development. This 'artificial teeth' device contains multiple (up to 128) incubation chambers to perform parallel cultivation and analyses (e.g. biofilm thickness, viable-dead cell ratio, and spatial distribution of multiple bacterial species) of bacteria samples under a matrix of different combinations of microenvironmental factors, further revealing possible developmental mechanisms of dental biofilms. Specifically, we applied the 'artificial teeth' to investigate the growth of two key dental bacteria, Streptococci species and Fusobacterium nucleatum, in the biofilm under different dissolved gas conditions and sucrose concentrations. Together, this high-throughput microfluidic platform can provide extended applications for general biofilm research, including screening of the biofilm properties developing under combinations of specified growth parameters such as seeding bacteria populations, growth medium compositions, medium flow rates and dissolved gas levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond H W Lam
- Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong. and Centre for Robotics and Automation, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong and Centre for Biosystems, Neuroscience and Nanotechnology, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Xin Cui
- Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
| | - Weijin Guo
- Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
| | - Todd Thorsen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, USA.
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41
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Gashti MP, Asselin J, Barbeau J, Boudreau D, Greener J. A microfluidic platform with pH imaging for chemical and hydrodynamic stimulation of intact oral biofilms. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 16:1412-9. [PMID: 26956837 DOI: 10.1039/c5lc01540e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A microfluidic platform with a fluorescent nanoparticle-based sensor is demonstrated for real-time, ratiometric pH imaging of biofilms. Sensing is accomplished by a thin patterned layer of covalently bonded Ag@SiO2+FiTC nanoparticles on an embedded planar glass substrate. The system is designed to be sensitive, responsive and give sufficient spatial resolution to enable new micro-scale studies of the dynamic response of oral biofilms to well-controlled chemical and hydrodynamic stimulation. Performance under challenging operational conditions is demonstrated, which include long-duration exposure to sheer stresses, photoexcitation and pH sensor biofouling. After comprehensive validation, the device was used to monitor pH changes at the attachment surface of a biofilm of the oral bacteria, Streptococcus salivarius. By controlling flow and chemical concentration conditions in the microchannel, biochemical and mass transport contributions to the Stephan curve could be probed individually. This opens the way for the analysis of separate contributions to dental caries due to localized acidification directly at the biofilm tooth interface.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - J Asselin
- Département de chimie, Université Laval, Québec (QC), G1V 0A6 Canada. and Centre d'optique, photonique et laser (COPL), Québec (QC), G1V 0A6 Canada
| | - J Barbeau
- Faculté de médecine dentaire, Université de Montréal (QC), H3C 3J4 Canada
| | - D Boudreau
- Département de chimie, Université Laval, Québec (QC), G1V 0A6 Canada. and Centre d'optique, photonique et laser (COPL), Québec (QC), G1V 0A6 Canada
| | - J Greener
- Département de chimie, Université Laval, Québec (QC), G1V 0A6 Canada.
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42
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Fernández CE, Fontana M, Samarian D, Cury JA, Rickard AH, González-Cabezas C. Effect of Fluoride-Containing Toothpastes on Enamel Demineralization and Streptococcus mutans Biofilm Architecture. Caries Res 2016; 50:151-8. [PMID: 27073873 DOI: 10.1159/000444888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the effect of fluoridated toothpastes on biofilm architecture and enamel demineralization in an in vitro biofilm model. Streptococcus mutans was grown on enamel and treated with slurries of commercial toothpastes, containing SnF2 or NaF. Water and chlorhexidine were used as negative and positive controls, respectively. The developed biofilms were imaged and enamel demineralization was measured. SnF2 and NaF toothpaste treatments significantly reduced enamel demineralization, but SnF2 toothpaste was more effective. Only SnF2 toothpaste and chlorhexidine treatments caused reductions on biofilm mass and thickness. In conclusion, this biofilm model was able to differentiate the effects of the SnF2 and NaF toothpastes on biofilm architecture and enamel demineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constanza E Fernández
- Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences and Endodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich., USA
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Abstract
Development of Candida spp. biofilms on medical devices such as catheters and voice prosthesis has been recognized as an increasing clinical problem. Different in vitro models are presented with increasing complexity. Each model system can be utilized for analysis of new active compounds to prevent or treat Candida biofilms as well as to study molecular processes involved in biofilm formation. Susceptibility studies of clinical isolates are generally performed in a simple 96-well model system similar to the CLSI standard. In the present chapter, optimized conditions that promote biofilm formation within individual wells of microtiter plates are described. In addition, the method has proven useful in preparing C. albicans biofilms for investigation by a variety of microscopic and molecular techniques. A more realistic and more complex biofilm system is presented by the Amsterdam Active Attachment (AAA) model. In this 24-well model all crucial steps of biofilm formation: adhesion, proliferation, and maturation, can be simulated on various surfaces, while still allowing a medium throughput approach. This model has been applied to study susceptibility, complex molecular mechanisms as well as interspecies (Candida-bacterium) interactions. Finally, a realistic microfluidics channel system is presented to follow dynamic processes in biofilm formation. In this Bioflux-based system, molecular mechanisms as well as dynamic processes can be studied at a high time-resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastiaan P Krom
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Free University Amsterdam, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1081 LA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Hubertine M E Willems
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Free University Amsterdam, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1081 LA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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45
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Kulshrestha S, Khan S, Hasan S, Khan ME, Misba L, Khan AU. Calcium fluoride nanoparticles induced suppression of Streptococcus mutans biofilm: an in vitro and in vivo approach. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 100:1901-1914. [PMID: 26610805 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-7154-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Revised: 10/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Biofilm formation on the tooth surface is the root cause of dental caries and periodontal diseases. Streptococcus mutans is known to produce biofilm which is one of the primary causes of dental caries. Acid production and acid tolerance along with exopolysaccharide (EPS) formation are major virulence factors of S. mutans biofilm. In the current study, calcium fluoride nanoparticles (CaF2-NPs) were evaluated for their effect on the biofilm forming ability of S. mutans in vivo and in vitro. The in vitro studies revealed 89 % and 90 % reduction in biofilm formation and EPS production, respectively. Moreover, acid production and acid tolerance abilities of S. mutans were also reduced considerably in the presence of CaF2-NPs. Confocal laser scanning microscopy and transmission electron microscopy images were in accordance with the other results indicating inhibition of biofilm without affecting bacterial viability. The qRT-PCR gene expression analysis showed significant downregulation of various virulence genes (vicR, gtfC, ftf, spaP, comDE) associated with biofilm formation. Furthermore, CaF2-NPs were found to substantially decrease the caries in treated rat groups as compared to the untreated groups in in vivo studies. Scanning electron micrographs of rat's teeth further validated our results. These findings suggest that the CaF2-NPs may be used as a potential antibiofilm applicant against S. mutans and may be applied as a topical agent to reduce dental caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shatavari Kulshrestha
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India
| | - Shakir Khan
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India
| | - Sadaf Hasan
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India
| | - M Ehtisham Khan
- Center of Excellence in Material Sciences (Nanomaterials), Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India
| | - Lama Misba
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India
| | - Asad U Khan
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India.
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46
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Holliday R, Preshaw PM, Bowen L, Jakubovics NS. The ultrastructure of subgingival dental plaque, revealed by high-resolution field emission scanning electron microscopy. BDJ Open 2015; 1:15003. [PMID: 29607057 PMCID: PMC5842838 DOI: 10.1038/bdjopen.2015.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Revised: 08/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives/Aims To explore the ultrastructure of subgingival dental plaque using high-resolution field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and to investigate whether extracellular DNA (eDNA) could be visualised in ex vivo samples. Materials and Methods Ten patients were recruited who fulfilled the inclusion criteria (teeth requiring extraction with radiographic horizontal bone loss of over 50% and grade II/III mobility). In total, 12 teeth were extracted using a minimally traumatic technique. Roots were sectioned using a dental air turbine handpiece, under water cooling to produce 21 samples. Standard fixation and dehydration protocols were followed. For some samples, gold-labelled anti-DNA antibodies were applied before visualising biofilms by FE-SEM. Results High-resolution FE-SEMs of subgingival biofilm were obtained in 90% of the samples. The sectioning technique left dental plaque biofilms undisturbed. Copious amounts of extracellular material were observed in the plaque, which may have been eDNA as they had a similar appearance to labelled eDNA from in vitro studies. There was also evidence of membrane vesicles and open-ended tubular structures. Efforts to label eDNA with immune-gold antibodies were unsuccessful and eDNA was not clearly labelled. Conclusions High-resolution FE-SEM images were obtained of undisturbed subgingival ex vivo dental plaque biofilms. Important structural features were observed including extracellular polymeric material, vesicles and unusual open tubule structures that may be remnants of lysed cells. The application of an eDNA immune-gold-labelling technique, previously used successfully in in vitro samples, did not clearly identify eDNA in ex vivo samples. Further studies are needed to characterise the molecular composition of the observed extracellular matrix material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Holliday
- School of Dental Sciences, Centre for Oral Health Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Philip M Preshaw
- School of Dental Sciences, Centre for Oral Health Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Leon Bowen
- Department of Physics, Durham University, Durham, UK
| | - Nicholas S Jakubovics
- School of Dental Sciences, Centre for Oral Health Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Pozhitkov AE, Daubert D, Brochwicz Donimirski A, Goodgion D, Vagin MY, Leroux BG, Hunter CM, Flemmig TF, Noble PA, Bryers JD. Interruption of Electrical Conductivity of Titanium Dental Implants Suggests a Path Towards Elimination Of Corrosion. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140393. [PMID: 26461491 PMCID: PMC4604158 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Peri-implantitis is an inflammatory disease that results in the destruction of soft tissue and bone around the implant. Titanium implant corrosion has been attributed to the implant failure and cytotoxic effects to the alveolar bone. We have documented the extent of titanium release into surrounding plaque in patients with and without peri-implantitis. An in vitro model was designed to represent the actual environment of an implant in a patient’s mouth. The model uses actual oral microbiota from a volunteer, allows monitoring electrochemical processes generated by biofilms growing on implants and permits control of biocorrosion electrical current. As determined by next generation DNA sequencing, microbial compositions in experiments with the in vitro model were comparable with the compositions found in patients with implants. It was determined that the electrical conductivity of titanium implants was the key factor responsible for the biocorrosion process. The interruption of the biocorrosion current resulted in a 4–5 fold reduction of corrosion. We propose a new design of dental implant that combines titanium in zero oxidation state for osseointegration and strength, interlaid with a nonconductive ceramic. In addition, we propose electrotherapy for manipulation of microbial biofilms and to induce bone healing in peri-implantitis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex E. Pozhitkov
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, University of Washington, Box 357444, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Diane Daubert
- Department of Periodontics, University of Washington, Box 357444, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Ashley Brochwicz Donimirski
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, University of Washington, Box 357444, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Douglas Goodgion
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, University of Washington, Box 357444, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Mikhail Y. Vagin
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM) Linköping University, SE-581 83, LINKÖPING, Sweden
| | - Brian G. Leroux
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, University of Washington, Box 357444, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Colby M. Hunter
- PhD Program in Microbiology, Alabama State University, Montgomery, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Thomas F. Flemmig
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Prince Philip Dental Hospital, 34 Hospital Road, Sai Ying Pun, Hong Kong SAR, Peoples’ Republic of China
| | - Peter A. Noble
- PhD Program in Microbiology, Alabama State University, Montgomery, Alabama, United States of America
| | - James D. Bryers
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, 3720 15th Avenue NE, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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48
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Vitt A, Sofrata A, Slizen V, Sugars RV, Gustafsson A, Gudkova EI, Kazeko LA, Ramberg P, Buhlin K. Antimicrobial activity of polyhexamethylene guanidine phosphate in comparison to chlorhexidine using the quantitative suspension method. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2015; 14:36. [PMID: 26182984 PMCID: PMC4504446 DOI: 10.1186/s12941-015-0097-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Polyhexamethylene guanidine phosphate (PHMG-P) belongs to the polymeric guanidine family of biocides and contains a phosphate group, which may confer better solubility, a detoxifying effect and may change the kinetics and dynamics of PHMG-P interactions with microorganisms. Limited data regarding PHMG-P activity against periodontopathogenic and cariogenic microorganisms necessitates studies in this area. Aim is to evaluate polyhexamethylene guanidine phosphate antimicrobial activity in comparison to chlorhexidine. Methods Quantitative suspension method was used enrolling Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus acidophilus. Results Both tested antiseptics at their clinically-used concentrations, of 0.2% (w/v) and 1% (w/v), correspondingly provided swift bactericidal effects against S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, E. coli andC. albicans, A. actinomycetemcomitans and P. gingivalis with reduction factors higher than 6.0. Diluted polyhexamethylene guanidine phosphate and chlorhexidine to 0.05% continued to display anti-bacterial activity and decreased titers of standard quality control, periopathogens to below 1.0 × 103 colony forming units/ml, albeit requiring prolonged exposure time. To achieve a bactericidal effect against S. mutans, both antiseptics at all concentrations required a longer exposure time. We found that a clinically-used 1% of polyhexamethylene guanidine phosphate concentration did not have activity against L. acidophilus. Conclusion High RF of polyhexamethylene guanidine phosphate and retention of bactericidal effects, even at 0.05%, support the use of polyhexamethylene guanidine phosphate as a biocide with sufficient anti-microbial activity against periopathogens. Polyhexamethylene guanidine phosphate displayed bactericidal activity against periopathogens and S. mutans and could potentially be applied in the management of oral diseases. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12941-015-0097-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Vitt
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Alfred Nobels Allé 8, Box 4064, 141 04, Huddinge, Sweden. .,First Department of Therapeutic Dentistry, Belarusian State Medical University, Minsk, Belarus.
| | - A Sofrata
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Alfred Nobels Allé 8, Box 4064, 141 04, Huddinge, Sweden.
| | - V Slizen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Belarusian State Medical University, Minsk, Belarus.
| | - R V Sugars
- Division of Oral Facial Diagnostics and Surgery, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden.
| | - A Gustafsson
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Alfred Nobels Allé 8, Box 4064, 141 04, Huddinge, Sweden.
| | - E I Gudkova
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Belarusian State Medical University, Minsk, Belarus.
| | - L A Kazeko
- First Department of Therapeutic Dentistry, Belarusian State Medical University, Minsk, Belarus.
| | - P Ramberg
- Division of Periodontology, Institute of Odontology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - K Buhlin
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Alfred Nobels Allé 8, Box 4064, 141 04, Huddinge, Sweden.
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49
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Dai J, Suh SJ, Hamon M, Hong JW. Determination of antibiotic EC50 using a zero-flow microfluidic chip based growth phenotype assay. Biotechnol J 2015; 10:1783-91. [PMID: 26110969 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201500037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2015] [Revised: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Current existing assay systems for evaluating antimicrobial activity suffer from several limitations including excess reagent consumption and inaccurate concentration gradient preparation. Recently, microfluidic systems have been developed to provide miniaturized platforms for antimicrobial susceptibility assays. However, some of current microfluidic based assays require continuous flows of reagents or elaborate preparation steps during concentration preparation. In this study, we introduce a novel microfluidic chip based growth phenotype assay that automatically generates a logarithmic concentration gradient and allows observing the growth of pathogenic bacteria under different concentrations of antibiotics in nanoliter batch culture reactors. We chose pathogen bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa as a model strain and evaluated the inhibitory effects of gentamicin and ciprofloxacin. We determined the EC50 values and confirmed the validity of the present system by comparing the EC50 values obtained through conventional test tube method. We demonstrated that the EC50 values acquired from present assay are comparable to those obtained from conventional test tube cultures. The potential application of present assay system for investigating combinatorial effects of antibiotics on multidrug resistant pathogenic bacteria is discussed and it can be further used for systematic evaluation of antifungal or antiviral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Dai
- Materials Research and Education Center, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Sang-Jin Suh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Morgan Hamon
- Materials Research and Education Center, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Jong Wook Hong
- Materials Research and Education Center, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA. .,Department of Bionano Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan, Korea.
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50
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Shin JM, Ateia I, Paulus JR, Liu H, Fenno JC, Rickard AH, Kapila YL. Antimicrobial nisin acts against saliva derived multi-species biofilms without cytotoxicity to human oral cells. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:617. [PMID: 26150809 PMCID: PMC4471743 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Nisin is a lantibiotic widely used for the preservation of food and beverages. Recently, investigators have reported that nisin may have clinical applications for treating bacterial infections. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of ultra pure food grade Nisin ZP (>95% purity) on taxonomically diverse bacteria common to the human oral cavity and saliva derived multi-species oral biofilms, and to discern the toxicity of nisin against human cells relevant to the oral cavity. Methods: The minimum inhibitory concentrations and minimum bactericidal concentrations of taxonomically distinct oral bacteria were determined using agar and broth dilution methods. To assess the effects of nisin on biofilms, two model systems were utilized: a static and a controlled flow microfluidic system. Biofilms were inoculated with pooled human saliva and fed filter-sterilized saliva for 20–22 h at 37°C. Nisin effects on cellular apoptosis and proliferation were evaluated using acridine orange/ethidium bromide fluorescent nuclear staining and lactate dehydrogenase activity assays. Results: Nisin inhibited planktonic growth of oral bacteria at low concentrations (2.5–50 μg/ml). Nisin also retarded development of multi-species biofilms at concentrations ≥1 μg/ml. Specifically, under biofilm model conditions, nisin interfered with biofilm development and reduced biofilm biomass and thickness in a dose-dependent manner. The treatment of pre-formed biofilms with nisin resulted in dose- and time-dependent disruption of the biofilm architecture along with decreased bacterial viability. Human cells relevant to the oral cavity were unaffected by the treatment of nisin at anti-biofilm concentrations and showed no signs of apoptotic changes unless treated with much higher concentrations (>200 μg/ml). Conclusion: This work highlights the potential therapeutic value of high purity food grade nisin to inhibit the growth of oral bacteria and the development of biofilms relevant to oral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae M Shin
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor MI, USA
| | - Islam Ateia
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor MI, USA
| | - Jefrey R Paulus
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor MI, USA
| | - Hongrui Liu
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor MI, USA
| | - J Christopher Fenno
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor MI, USA
| | - Alexander H Rickard
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor MI, USA
| | - Yvonne L Kapila
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor MI, USA
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