1
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Alves de Souza RW, Voltarelli V, Gallo D, Shankar S, Tift MS, Young M, Gomperts E, Gomperts A, Otterbein LE. Beneficial Effects of Oral Carbon Monoxide on Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiotoxicity. J Am Heart Assoc 2024; 13:e032067. [PMID: 38700010 PMCID: PMC11179858 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.123.032067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Doxorubicin and other anthracyclines are crucial cancer treatment drugs. However, they are associated with significant cardiotoxicity, severely affecting patient care and limiting dosage and usage. Previous studies have shown that low carbon monoxide (CO) concentrations protect against doxorubicin toxicity. However, traditional methods of CO delivery pose complex challenges for daily administration, such as dosing and toxicity. To address these challenges, we developed a novel oral liquid drug product containing CO (HBI-002) that can be easily self-administered by patients with cancer undergoing doxorubicin treatment, resulting in CO being delivered through the upper gastrointestinal tract. METHODS AND RESULTS HBI-002 was tested in a murine model of doxorubicin cardiotoxicity in the presence and absence of lung or breast cancer. The mice received HBI-002 twice daily before doxorubicin administration and experienced increased carboxyhemoglobin levels from a baseline of ≈1% to 7%. Heart tissue from mice treated with HBI-002 had a 6.3-fold increase in CO concentrations and higher expression of the cytoprotective enzyme heme oxygenase-1 compared with placebo control. In both acute and chronic doxorubicin toxicity scenarios, HBI-002 protected the heart from cardiotoxic effects, including limiting tissue damage and cardiac dysfunction and improving survival. In addition, HBI-002 did not compromise the efficacy of doxorubicin in reducing tumor volume, but rather enhanced the sensitivity of breast 4T1 cancer cells to doxorubicin while simultaneously protecting cardiac function. CONCLUSIONS These findings strongly support using HBI-002 as a cardioprotective agent that maintains the therapeutic benefits of doxorubicin cancer treatment while mitigating cardiac damage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vanessa Voltarelli
- Department of SurgeryBeth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - David Gallo
- Department of SurgeryBeth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - Sidharth Shankar
- Department of SurgeryBeth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - Michael S. Tift
- Department of Biology and Marine BiologyUniversity of North Carolina WilmingtonWilmingtonNCUSA
| | - Mark Young
- Hillhurst Biopharmaceuticals, lncMontroseCAUSA
| | | | | | - Leo E. Otterbein
- Department of SurgeryBeth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
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2
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Bauer N, Yuan Z, Yang X, Wang B. Plight of CORMs: The unreliability of four commercially available CO-releasing molecules, CORM-2, CORM-3, CORM-A1, and CORM-401, in studying CO biology. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 214:115642. [PMID: 37321416 PMCID: PMC10529722 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Carbon monoxide (CO) is an endogenously produced gaseous signaling molecule with demonstrated pharmacological effects. In studying CO biology, three delivery forms have been used: CO gas, CO in solution, and CO donors of various types. Among the CO donors, four carbonyl complexes with either a transition metal ion or borane (BH3) (termed CO-releasing molecules or CORMs) have played the most prominent roles appearing in over 650 publications. These are CORM-2, CORM-3, CORM-A1, and CORM-401. Intriguingly, there have been unique biology findings that were only observed with these CORMs, but not CO gas; yet these properties were often attributed to CO, raising puzzling questions as to why CO source would make such a fundamental difference in terms of CO biology. Recent years have seen a large number of reports of chemical reactivity (e.g., catalase-like activity, reaction with thiol, and reduction of NAD(P)+) and demonstrated CO-independent biological activity for these four CORMs. Further, CORM-A1 releases CO in an idiosyncratic fashion; CO release from CORM-401 is strongly influenced or even dependent on reaction with an oxidant and/or a nucleophile; CORM-2 mostly releases CO2, not CO, after a water-gas shift reaction except in the presence of a strong nucleophile; and CORM-3 does not release CO except in the presence of a strong nucleophile. All these beg the question as to what constitutes an appropriate CO donor for studying CO biology. This review critically summarizes literature findings related to these aspects, with the aim of helping result interpretation when using these CORMs and development of essential criteria for an appropriate donor for studying CO biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Bauer
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Zhengnan Yuan
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Xiaoxiao Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Binghe Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.
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3
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Byrne JD, Gallo D, Boyce H, Becker SL, Kezar KM, Cotoia AT, Feig VR, Lopes A, Csizmadia E, Longhi MS, Lee JS, Kim H, Wentworth AJ, Shankar S, Lee GR, Bi J, Witt E, Ishida K, Hayward A, Kuosmanen JLP, Jenkins J, Wainer J, Aragon A, Wong K, Steiger C, Jeck WR, Bosch DE, Coleman MC, Spitz DR, Tift M, Langer R, Otterbein LE, Traverso G. Delivery of therapeutic carbon monoxide by gas-entrapping materials. Sci Transl Med 2022; 14:eabl4135. [PMID: 35767653 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abl4135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Carbon monoxide (CO) has long been considered a toxic gas but is now a recognized bioactive gasotransmitter with potent immunomodulatory effects. Although inhaled CO is currently under investigation for use in patients with lung disease, this mode of administration can present clinical challenges. The capacity to deliver CO directly and safely to the gastrointestinal (GI) tract could transform the management of diseases affecting the GI mucosa such as inflammatory bowel disease or radiation injury. To address this unmet need, inspired by molecular gastronomy techniques, we have developed a family of gas-entrapping materials (GEMs) for delivery of CO to the GI tract. We show highly tunable and potent delivery of CO, achieving clinically relevant CO concentrations in vivo in rodent and swine models. To support the potential range of applications of foam GEMs, we evaluated the system in three distinct disease models. We show that a GEM containing CO dose-dependently reduced acetaminophen-induced hepatocellular injury, dampened colitis-associated inflammation and oxidative tissue injury, and mitigated radiation-induced gut epithelial damage in rodents. Collectively, foam GEMs have potential paradigm-shifting implications for the safe therapeutic use of CO across a range of indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D Byrne
- Division of Gastroenterology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.,Harvard Radiation Oncology Residency Program, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52240, USA.,Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - David Gallo
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Hannah Boyce
- Division of Gastroenterology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sarah L Becker
- Division of Gastroenterology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kristi M Kezar
- Department of Biology and Marine Biology, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC 28403, USA
| | - Alicia T Cotoia
- Department of Biology and Marine Biology, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC 28403, USA
| | - Vivian R Feig
- Division of Gastroenterology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Aaron Lopes
- Division of Gastroenterology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Eva Csizmadia
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Maria Serena Longhi
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jung Seung Lee
- Division of Gastroenterology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.,Department of Intelligent Precision Healthcare Convergence, SKKU Institute of Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Hyunjoon Kim
- Division of Gastroenterology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Adam J Wentworth
- Division of Gastroenterology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Sidharth Shankar
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Ghee Rye Lee
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jianling Bi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Emily Witt
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Keiko Ishida
- Division of Gastroenterology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Alison Hayward
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.,Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Johannes L P Kuosmanen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Josh Jenkins
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Jacob Wainer
- Division of Gastroenterology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Aya Aragon
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Kaitlyn Wong
- Division of Gastroenterology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Christoph Steiger
- Division of Gastroenterology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - William R Jeck
- Department of Pathology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Dustin E Bosch
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Mitchell C Coleman
- Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Douglas R Spitz
- Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Michael Tift
- Department of Biology and Marine Biology, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC 28403, USA
| | - Robert Langer
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Leo E Otterbein
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Giovanni Traverso
- Division of Gastroenterology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
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4
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Vanderstocken G, Marrow JP, Allwood MA, Stampfli MR, Simpson JA. Disruption of Physiological Rhythms Persist Following Cessation of Cigarette Smoke Exposure in Mice. Front Physiol 2020; 11:501383. [PMID: 33192539 PMCID: PMC7609783 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.501383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Physiological rhythms in mammals are essential for maintaining health, whereas disruptions may cause or exacerbate disease pathogenesis. As such, our objective was to characterize how cigarette smoke exposure affects physiological rhythms of otherwise healthy mice using telemetry and cosinor analysis. Methods Female BALB/c mice were implanted with telemetry devices to measure body temperature, heart rate, systolic blood pressure (SBP), and activity. Following baseline measurements, mice were exposed to cigarette smoke for approximately 50 min twice daily during weekdays over 24 weeks. Physiological parameters were recorded after 1, 4, 8, and 24 weeks of exposure or after 4 weeks cessation following 4 weeks of cigarette smoke exposure. Results Acute cigarette smoke exposure resulted in anapyrexia, and bradycardia, with divergent effects on SBP. Long term, cigarette smoke exposure disrupted physiological rhythms after just 1 week, which persisted across 24 weeks of exposure (as shown by mixed effects on mesor, amplitude, acrophase, and goodness-of-fit using cosinor analysis). Four weeks of cessation was insufficient to allow full recovery of rhythms. Conclusion Our characterization of the pathophysiology of cigarette smoke exposure on physiological rhythms of mice suggests that rhythm disruption may precede and contribute to disease pathogenesis. These findings provide a clear rationale and guide for the future use of chronotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilles Vanderstocken
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health at St. Joseph's Healthcare, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Jade P Marrow
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.,IMPART Team Canada Investigator Network, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Melissa A Allwood
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Martin R Stampfli
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health at St. Joseph's Healthcare, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jeremy A Simpson
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.,IMPART Team Canada Investigator Network, Guelph, ON, Canada
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5
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Torres LH, Real CC, Turato WM, Spelta LW, Dos Santos Durão ACC, Andrioli TC, Pozzo L, Squair PL, Pistis M, de Paula Faria D, Marcourakis T. Environmental Tobacco Smoke During the Early Postnatal Period of Mice Interferes With Brain 18 F-FDG Uptake From Infancy to Early Adulthood - A Longitudinal Study. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:5. [PMID: 32063826 PMCID: PMC7000461 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is associated with high morbidity and mortality, mainly in childhood. Our aim was to evaluate the effects of postnatal ETS exposure in the brain 2-deoxy-2-[18F]-fluoro-D-glucose (18F-FDG) uptake of mice by positron emission tomography (PET) neuroimaging in a longitudinal study. C57BL/6J mice were exposed to ETS that was generated from 3R4F cigarettes from postnatal day 3 (P3) to P14. PET analyses were performed in male and female mice during infancy (P15), adolescence (P35), and adulthood (P65). We observed that ETS exposure decreased 18F-FDG uptake in the whole brain, both left and right hemispheres, and frontal cortex in both male and female infant mice, while female infant mice exposed to ETS showed decreased 18F-FDG uptake in the cerebellum. In addition, all mice showed reduced 18F-FDG uptake in infancy, compared to adulthood in all analyzed VOIs. In adulthood, ETS exposure during the early postnatal period decreased brain 18F-FDG uptake in adult male mice in the cortex, striatum, hippocampus, cingulate cortex, and thalamus when compared to control group. ETS induced an increase in 18F-FDG uptake in adult female mice when compared to control group in the brainstem and cingulate cortex. Moreover, male ETS-exposed animals showed decreased 18F-FDG uptake when compared to female ETS-exposed in the whole brain, brainstem, cortex, left amygdala, striatum, hippocampus, cingulate cortex, basal forebrain and septum, thalamus, hypothalamus, and midbrain. The present study shows that several brain regions are vulnerable to ETS exposure during the early postnatal period and these effects on 18F-FDG uptake are observed even a long time after the last exposure. This study corroborates our previous findings, strengthening the idea that exposure to tobacco smoke in a critical period interferes with brain development of mice from late infancy to early adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Helena Torres
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Departamento de Alimentos e Medicamentos, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas, Brazil
| | - Caroline Cristiano Real
- Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine (LIM-43), Departamento de Radiologia e Oncologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Walter Miguel Turato
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lídia Wiazowski Spelta
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Tatiana Costa Andrioli
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lorena Pozzo
- Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Marco Pistis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and CNR Institute of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Daniele de Paula Faria
- Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine (LIM-43), Departamento de Radiologia e Oncologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tania Marcourakis
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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6
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Woodell A, Jones BW, Williamson T, Schnabolk G, Tomlinson S, Atkinson C, Rohrer B. A Targeted Inhibitor of the Alternative Complement Pathway Accelerates Recovery From Smoke-Induced Ocular Injury. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2016; 57:1728-37. [PMID: 27064393 PMCID: PMC4829088 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.15-18471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Morphologic and genetic evidence exists that an overactive complement system driven by the complement alternative pathway (AP) is involved in pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Smoking is the only modifiable risk factor for AMD. As we have shown that smoke-related ocular pathology can be prevented in mice that lack an essential activator of AP, we ask here whether this pathology can be reversed by increasing inhibition in AP. Methods Mice were exposed to either cigarette smoke (CS) or filtered air (6 hours/day, 5 days/week, 6 months). Smoke-exposed animals were then treated with the AP inhibitor (CR2-fH) or vehicle control (PBS) for the following 3 months. Spatial frequency and contrast sensitivity were assessed by optokinetic response paradigms at 6 and 9 months; additional readouts included assessment of retinal morphology by electron microscopy (EM) and gene expression analysis by quantitative RT-PCR. Results The CS mice treated with CR2-fH showed significant improvement in contrast threshold compared to PBS-treated mice, whereas spatial frequency was unaffected by CS or pharmacologic intervention. Treatment with CR2-fH in CS animals reversed thinning of the retina observed in PBS-treated mice as analyzed by spectral-domain optical coherence tomography, and reversed most morphologic changes in RPE and Bruch's membrane seen in CS animals by EM. Conclusions Taken together, these findings suggest that AP inhibitors not only prevent, but have the potential to accelerate the clearance of complement-mediated ocular injury. Improving our understanding of the regulation of the AP is paramount to developing novel treatment approaches for AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Woodell
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States
| | - Bryan W Jones
- Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Tucker Williamson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States
| | - Gloriane Schnabolk
- Research Service, Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina, United States
| | - Stephen Tomlinson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States 4Research Service, Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina, United States
| | - Carl Atkinson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States 5Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States
| | - Bärbel Rohrer
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States 4Research Service, Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina, United States 6Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University o
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7
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Abreu-Villaça Y, Correa-Santos M, Dutra-Tavares AC, Paes-Branco D, Nunes-Freitas A, Manhães AC, Filgueiras CC, Ribeiro-Carvalho A. A ten fold reduction of nicotine yield in tobacco smoke does not spare the central cholinergic system in adolescent mice. Int J Dev Neurosci 2016; 52:93-103. [PMID: 27287270 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The tobacco industry has gradually decreased nicotine content in cigarette smoke but the impact of this reduction on health is still controversial. Since the central cholinergic system is the primary site of action of nicotine, here, we investigated the effects of exposure of adolescent mice to tobacco smoke containing either high or low levels of nicotine on the central cholinergic system and the effects associated with cessation of exposure. From postnatal day (PN) 30 to 45, male and female Swiss mice were exposed to tobacco smoke (whole body exposure, 8h/day, 7 days/week) generated from 2R1F (HighNic group: 1.74mg nicotine/cigarette) or 4A1 (LowNic group: 0.14mg nicotine/cigarette) research cigarettes, whereas control mice were exposed to ambient air. Cholinergic biomarkers were assessed in the cerebral cortex and midbrain by the end of exposure (PN45), at short- (PN50) and long-term (PN75) deprivation. In the cortex, nicotinic cholinergic receptor upregulation was observed with either type of cigarette. In the midbrain, upregulation was detected only in HighNic mice and remained significant in females at short-term deprivation. The high-affinity choline transporter was reduced in the cortex: of HighNic mice by the end of exposure; of both HighNic and LowNic females at short-term deprivation; of LowNic mice at long-term deprivation. These decrements were separable from effects on choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholinesterase activities, suggesting cholinergic synaptic impairment. Here, we demonstrated central cholinergic alterations in an animal model of tobacco smoke exposure during adolescence. This system was sensitive even to tobacco smoke with very low nicotine content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael Abreu-Villaça
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Av. Prof. Manuel de Abreu 444, 5 andar-Vila Isabel, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20550-170, Brazil.
| | - Monique Correa-Santos
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Av. Prof. Manuel de Abreu 444, 5 andar-Vila Isabel, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20550-170, Brazil
| | - Ana C Dutra-Tavares
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Av. Prof. Manuel de Abreu 444, 5 andar-Vila Isabel, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20550-170, Brazil
| | - Danielle Paes-Branco
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Av. Prof. Manuel de Abreu 444, 5 andar-Vila Isabel, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20550-170, Brazil
| | - Andre Nunes-Freitas
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Av. Prof. Manuel de Abreu 444, 5 andar-Vila Isabel, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20550-170, Brazil
| | - Alex C Manhães
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Av. Prof. Manuel de Abreu 444, 5 andar-Vila Isabel, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20550-170, Brazil
| | - Cláudio C Filgueiras
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Av. Prof. Manuel de Abreu 444, 5 andar-Vila Isabel, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20550-170, Brazil
| | - Anderson Ribeiro-Carvalho
- Departamento de Ciências, Faculdade de Formação de Professores da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rua Dr. Francisco Portela 1470-Patronato, São Gonçalo, RJ 24435-005, Brazil
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8
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Torres LH, Garcia RCT, Blois AMM, Dati LMM, Durão AC, Alves AS, Pacheco-Neto M, Mauad T, Britto LRG, Xavier GF, Camarini R, Marcourakis T. Exposure of Neonatal Mice to Tobacco Smoke Disturbs Synaptic Proteins and Spatial Learning and Memory from Late Infancy to Early Adulthood. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136399. [PMID: 26305213 PMCID: PMC4549279 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) in the early postnatal period has been associated with several diseases; however, little is known about the brain effects of ETS exposure during this critical developmental period or the long-term consequences of this exposure. This study investigated the effects of the early postnatal ETS exposure on both reference and working memory, synaptic proteins and BDNF from late infancy to early adulthood (P3-P73). BALB/c mice were exposed to ETS generated from 3R4F reference research cigarettes (0.73 mg of nicotine/cigarette) from P3 to P14. Spatial reference and working memory were evaluated in the Morris water maze during infancy (P20-P29), adolescence (P37-P42) and adulthood (P67-P72). Synapsin, synaptophysin, PSD95 and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) were assessed at P15, P35 and P65 by immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting. Mice that were exposed to ETS during the early postnatal period showed poorer performance in the spatial reference memory task. Specifically, the ETS-exposed mice exhibited a significantly reduced time and distance traveled in the target quadrant and in the platform location area than the controls at all ages evaluated. In the spatial working memory task, ETS disrupted the maintenance but not the acquisition of the critical spatial information in both infancy and adolescence. ETS also induced changes in synaptic components, including decreases in synapsin, synaptophysin, PSD95 and BDNF levels in the hippocampus. Exposure to ETS in the early postnatal period disrupts both spatial reference and working memory; these results may be related to changes in synaptogenesis in the hippocampus. Importantly, most of these effects were not reversed even after a long exposure-free period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Helena Torres
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo/SP, CEP: 05508–000, Brazil
| | - Raphael C. T. Garcia
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo/SP, CEP: 05508–000, Brazil
| | - Anne M. M. Blois
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo/SP, CEP: 05508–000, Brazil
| | - Lívia M. M. Dati
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo/SP, CEP: 05508–000, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Durão
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo/SP, CEP: 05508–000, Brazil
| | - Adilson Silva Alves
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo/SP, CEP: 05508–000, Brazil
| | - Maurílio Pacheco-Neto
- Department of Clinical Pathology, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo/SP, CEP: 05403–010, Brazil
| | - Thais Mauad
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo/SP, CEP: 01246–903, Brazil
| | - Luiz R. G. Britto
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo/SP, CEP: 05508–000, Brazil
| | - Gilberto Fernando Xavier
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo/SP, CEP: 05508–900, Brazil
| | - Rosana Camarini
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo/SP, CEP: 05508–900, Brazil
| | - Tania Marcourakis
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo/SP, CEP: 05508–000, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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9
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Abreu-Villaça Y, Filgueiras CC, Correa-Santos M, Cavina CC, Naiff VF, Krahe TE, Manhães AC, Ribeiro-Carvalho A. Tobacco smoke containing high or low levels of nicotine during adolescence: effects on novelty-seeking and anxiety-like behaviors in mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2015; 232:1693-703. [PMID: 25401170 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-014-3801-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Thousands of adolescents start smoking daily but information on the effects of tobacco exposure on this age group is scarce. Moreover, the available animal models rely on the effects of nicotine, neglecting other neuroactive components of tobacco. OBJECTIVES We investigated the effects of exposure of adolescent mice to tobacco smoke generated from cigarettes containing either high or low levels of nicotine on novelty seeking and anxiety-like behaviors. METHODS From postnatal day (PN) 30 to 45, male and female Swiss mice were exposed to tobacco smoke (whole body exposure, 8 h/day, 7 days/week) generated from 2R1F (HighNic group: 1.74 mg nicotine/cigarette) or 4A1 (LowNic group: 0.14 mg nicotine/cigarette) research cigarettes, whereas control mice were exposed to ambient air. By the end (PN44-45), shortly (PN49-50), or long after (PN74-75) exposure, mice were tested on the elevated plus maze and on the hole board. RESULTS While HighNic mice presented an increased number of head-dips (increased novelty-seeking) and decreased grooming (increased anxiety-like behavior) by the end of adolescent exposure, only the latter effect persisted shortly after its end. Distinctively, LowNic mice presented reduced head-dips both by the end and shortly after exposure as well as decreased grooming shortly and long after the end of exposure. Interestingly, only HighNic mice presented detectable cotinine (nicotine metabolite) serum levels (109.1 ± 24.0 ng/ml). CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate that even adolescent exposure to tobacco smoke with very low nicotine content can have significant short- and long-term behavioral effects, supporting the hypothesis that adolescents can be particularly vulnerable to the effects of cigarette consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael Abreu-Villaça
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Av. Prof. Manuel de Abreu 444, 5 andar - Vila Isabel, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20550-170, Brazil,
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10
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Ochi S, Abe M, Li C, Mori Y, Ishimaru T, Yoshino Y, Yamazaki K, Mori T, Fukuhara R, Tanimukai S, Matsuda S, Yoshida K, Ueno SI. The nicotinic cholinergic system is affected in rats with delayed carbon monoxide encephalopathy. Neurosci Lett 2014; 569:33-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2014.03.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Revised: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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11
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van de Garde MDB, Martinez FO, Melgert BN, Hylkema MN, Jonkers RE, Hamann J. Chronic exposure to glucocorticoids shapes gene expression and modulates innate and adaptive activation pathways in macrophages with distinct changes in leukocyte attraction. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:1196-208. [PMID: 24395918 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) have been used for more than 50 y as immunosuppressive drugs, yet their efficacy in macrophage-dominated disorders, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, is debated. Little is known how long-term GC treatment affects macrophage responses in inflammatory conditions. In this study, we compared the transcriptome of human macrophages, matured in the presence or absence of fluticasone propionate (FP), and their ability to initiate or sustain classical activation, mimicked using acute LPS and chronic IFN-γ stimulation, respectively. We identified macrophage gene expression networks, modulated by FP long-term exposure, and specific patterns of IFN-γ- and LPS-induced genes that were resistant, inhibited, or exacerbated by FP. Results suggest that long-term treatment with GCs weakens adaptive immune signature components of IFN-γ and LPS gene profiles by downmodulating MHC class II and costimulatory molecules, but strengthens innate signature components by maintaining and increasing expression of chemokines involved in phagocyte attraction. In a mouse model of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, GC treatment induced higher chemokine levels, and this correlated with enhanced recruitment of leukocytes. Thus, GCs do not generally suppress macrophage effector functions, but they cause a shift in the innate-adaptive balance of the immune response, with distinct changes in the chemokine-chemokine receptor network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martijn D B van de Garde
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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12
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Wilson MR, O'Dea KP, Dorr AD, Yamamoto H, Goddard ME, Takata M. Efficacy and safety of inhaled carbon monoxide during pulmonary inflammation in mice. PLoS One 2010; 5:e11565. [PMID: 20644637 PMCID: PMC2903490 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2010] [Accepted: 06/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pulmonary inflammation is a major contributor to morbidity in a variety of respiratory disorders, but treatment options are limited. Here we investigate the efficacy, safety and mechanism of action of low dose inhaled carbon monoxide (CO) using a mouse model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced pulmonary inflammation. Methodology Mice were exposed to 0–500 ppm inhaled CO for periods of up to 24 hours prior to and following intratracheal instillation of 10 ng LPS. Animals were sacrificed and assessed for intraalveolar neutrophil influx and cytokine levels, flow cytometric determination of neutrophil number and activation in blood, lung and lavage fluid samples, or neutrophil mobilisation from bone marrow. Principal Findings When administered for 24 hours both before and after LPS, inhaled CO of 100 ppm or more reduced intraalveolar neutrophil infiltration by 40–50%, although doses above 100 ppm were associated with either high carboxyhemoglobin, weight loss or reduced physical activity. This anti-inflammatory effect of CO did not require pre-exposure before induction of injury. 100 ppm CO exposure attenuated neutrophil sequestration within the pulmonary vasculature as well as LPS-induced neutrophilia at 6 hours after LPS, likely due to abrogation of neutrophil mobilisation from bone marrow. In contrast to such apparently beneficial effects, 100 ppm inhaled CO induced an increase in pulmonary barrier permeability as determined by lavage fluid protein content and translocation of labelled albumin from blood to the alveolar space. Conclusions Overall, these data confirm some protective role for inhaled CO during pulmonary inflammation, although this required a dose that produced carboxyhemoglobin values close to potentially toxic levels for humans, and increased lung permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Wilson
- Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UK.
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13
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Watanabe S, Matsuo H, Kobayashi Y, Satoh Y, Fujita M, Nakayama A, Aizawa Y, Shinomiya N, Suzuki S. Transient degradation of myelin basic protein in the rat hippocampus following acute carbon monoxide poisoning. Neurosci Res 2010; 68:232-40. [PMID: 20633582 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2010.07.2029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2009] [Revised: 06/11/2010] [Accepted: 07/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The neurotoxicity of carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning is a significant clinical problem, but its mechanisms remain unclear. Previous studies of CO-exposed rats showed spatial memory disturbances and degradation of myelin basic protein (MBP) in the brain; however, regional localization of the degradation was not analyzed. In the present study, we histologically determined the foci of CO effects in the hippocampus. Wistar rats were exposed to CO for 60min (1000ppm for 40min+3000ppm for 20min) and returned into room air. For histological evaluation, the animals were sacrificed 90min, 1, 7 and 14 days after CO exposure and the brain tissue was analyzed with hematoxylin-eosin (HE), Nissl and Gallyas myelin staining as well as immunohistochemistry for MBP and phosphorylated or nonphosphorylated neurofilament. No histological changes were observed on HE, Nissl or Gallyas staining. In contrast, we detected MBP reduction at 90min after CO exposure in the dentate gyrus and CA3, and the recovery of MBP was observed after 14 days. The immunoreactivity of neurofilament also changed after CO exposure. Nevertheless, water maze test showed no significant effects of CO exposure on spatial memory. Our findings demonstrate that CO poisoning causes transient degradation of MBP and axonal injury in the hippocampus even though the animals showed no neurological disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Watanabe
- Division of Environmental Medicine, National Defense Medical College Research Institute, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-8513, Japan
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14
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Thatcher TH, Benson RP, Phipps RP, Sime PJ. High-dose but not low-dose mainstream cigarette smoke suppresses allergic airway inflammation by inhibiting T cell function. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2008; 295:L412-21. [PMID: 18567739 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00392.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have identified childhood exposure to environmental tobacco smoke as a significant risk factor for the onset and exacerbation of asthma, but studies of smoking in adults are less conclusive, and mainstream cigarette smoke (MCS) has been reported to both enhance and attenuate allergic airway inflammation in animal models. We sensitized mice to ovalbumin (OVA) and exposed them to MCS in a well-characterized exposure system. Exposure to MCS (600 mg/m(3) total suspended particulates, TSP) for 1 h/day suppresses the allergic airway response, with reductions in eosinophilia, tissue inflammation, goblet cell metaplasia, IL-4 and IL-5 in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid, and OVA-specific antibodies. Suppression is associated with a loss of antigen-specific proliferation and cytokine production by T cells. However, exposure to a lower dose of MCS (77 mg/m(3) TSP) had no effect on the number of BAL eosinophils or OVA-specific antibodies. This is the first report to demonstrate, using identical smoking methodologies, that MCS inhibits immune responses in a dose-dependent manner and may explain the observation that, although smoking provokes a systemic inflammatory response, it also inhibits T cell-mediated responses involved in a number of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas H Thatcher
- Department of Medicine, Univ. of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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15
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Wang XL, Wang J. Smoking-gene interaction and disease development: relevance to pancreatic cancer and atherosclerosis. World J Surg 2005; 29:344-53. [PMID: 15696395 DOI: 10.1007/s00268-004-7819-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
There is little doubt that cigarette smoking remains a major environmental health risk that humans are facing in the twenty-first century. Cigarette smokers are more likely to develop many forms of diseases than nonsmokers, including cancers and vascular diseases. With the availability of the human genome sequence, we become more aware of the genetic contributions to these common diseases, especially the interactive relations between environmental factors (e.g., smoking) and genes on disease susceptibility, development, and prognosis. Although smoking is responsible for up to 30% of pancreatic cancers and about 10% of cases are ascribed to genetic reasons, some genetic variants do not predispose carriers to disease development unless they are exposed to a specific adverse environment such as smoking. This smoke-gene interaction could potentially be responsible for most of the cases. Certain polymorphisms in genes such as CYP1A1 have been shown particularly sensitive to smoking-induced pathogenesis, including pancreatic cancer and atherosclerosis. We found that individuals with CYP1A1 CC genotype had a more than three fold increase in risk for severe coronary atherosclerosis when they smoked. Patients with endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) intron 4 27 repeat homozygotes were more likely to develop severe coronary stenosis when they smoked. On the other hand, DNA variants at the eNOS gene also dictate how smoking affects the expression of eNOS. We showed that GSTM1 deficiency was not involved in smoking-induced vascular diseases, but p53 polymorphisms tended to modify the disease severity in smokers. We are still at an early stage of defining the pairs and mechanisms of smoke-gene interaction, and this etiologic mechanism may hold great potential for risk assessment, treatment strategy, and prognostic predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Li Wang
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, MS NAB 2010, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
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16
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Mayr FB, Spiel A, Leitner J, Marsik C, Germann P, Ullrich R, Wagner O, Jilma B. Effects of carbon monoxide inhalation during experimental endotoxemia in humans. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2004; 171:354-60. [PMID: 15557136 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200404-446oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Data show that carbon monoxide (CO) exerts direct antiinflammatory effects in vitro and in vivo after LPS challenge in a mouse model. We hypothesized that CO may act as an antiinflammatory agent in human endotoxemia. The aim of this trial was to study the effects of CO inhalation on cytokine production during experimental human endotoxemia. The main study was a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, two-way cross-over trial in healthy volunteers. Each volunteer inhaled synthetic air (as placebo) and 500 ppm CO for 1 hour in random order with a washout period of 6 weeks and received a 2-ng/kg intravenous bolus of LPS after inhalation. Carboxyhemoglobin levels were assessed as a safety parameter. CO inhalation increased carboxyhemoglobin levels from 1.2% (95% confidence interval, 1.0 to 1.4%) to peak values of 7.0% (95% confidence interval, 6.5 to 7.7%). LPS infusion transiently increased plasma concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin (IL)-6 (approximately 150-fold increases), and IL-8, as well as IL-1alpha and IL-1beta mRNA levels (an approximately 200-fold increase). These LPS-induced changes were not influenced by CO inhalation. Inhalation of 500 ppm CO for 1 hour had no antiinflammatory effects in a systemic inflammation model in humans, as 250 ppm for 1 hour did in rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian B Mayr
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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17
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Abstract
Cigarette smoking as an addictive habit has accompanied human beings for more than 4 centuries. It is also one of the most potent and prevalent environmental health risks human beings are exposed to, and it is responsible for more than 1000 deaths each day in the United States. With recent research progress, it becomes clear that cigarette smoking can cause almost all major diseases prevalent today, such as cancer or heart disease. These detrimental effects are not only present in active smokers who choose the risk, but also to innocent bystanders, as passive smokers, who are exposed to cigarettes not-by-choice. While the cigarette-induced harm to human health is indiscriminate and severe, the degree of damage also varies from individual to individual. This intersubject variability in cigarette-induced pathologies is partly mediated by genetic variants of genes that may participate in detoxification process, eg, cytochrome P450 (CYP), cellular susceptibility to toxins, such as p53, or disease development. Through population studies, we have learned that certain CYP1A1 variants, such as Mspl polymorphism, may render the carriers more susceptible to cigarette-induced lung cancer or severe coronary atherosclerosis. The endothelial nitric oxide synthase intron 4 rare allele homozygotes are more likely to have myocardial infarction if they also smoke. In vitro experimental approach has further demonstrated that cigarettes may specifically regulate these genes in genotype-dependent fashion. While we still know little about genetic basis and molecular pathways for cigarette-induced pathological changes, understanding these mechanisms will be of great value in designing strategies to further reduce smoking in targeted populations, and to implement more effective measures in prevention and treatment of cigarette-induced diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Li Wang
- Vascular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA.
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18
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Lichtman AH, Poklis JL, Poklis A, Wilson DM, Martin BR. The pharmacological activity of inhalation exposure to marijuana smoke in mice. Drug Alcohol Depend 2001; 63:107-16. [PMID: 11376914 DOI: 10.1016/s0376-8716(00)00205-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Although the majority of cannabinoid users smoke marijuana, the preponderance of laboratory animal research is based on administration of Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Delta9-THC) or other cannabinoid agents via injection. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the impact of inhaling marijuana, or ethanol-extracted placebo smoke in the mouse model of cannabinoid activity by assessing inhibition of spontaneous activity, antinociception, catalepsy, and body temperature. In order to determine dosimetry, blood levels of Delta9-THC were obtained following either marijuana exposure or intravenous injection of Delta(9)-THC. Inhalation exposure to marijuana produced dose-related increases in antinociception and catalepsy, with estimated ED50 doses of Delta9-THC of 2.4 and 3.8 mg/kg, respectively. However, hypothermia and locomotor depression occurred in both the placebo- and marijuana-exposed mice. The CB1 receptor antagonist, SR 141716A antagonized the antinociceptive effects of marijuana (AD50 = 0.6 mg/kg), but only slightly decreased marijuana-induced catalepsy, and failed to alter either the hypothermic or locomotor depressive effects. In contrast, SR 141716A antagonized the antinociceptive, cataleptic, and hypothermic effects of intravenously administered Delta9-THC in mice that were exposed to air alone, though all subjects exhibited locomotor depression, possibly related to the restraint. In accordance with reports of others, these data suggest that exposure to smoke alone has pharmacological consequences. Our findings also indicate that marijuana-induced antinociception is mediated through a CB1-receptor mechanism of action and are consistent with the notion that Delta9-THC is mainly responsible for this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H Lichtman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, MCV Campus, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, P.O. Box 980613, Richmond, VA 23298-0613, USA.
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Abstract
Cigarette smoke is known to contain high concentrations of free radicals and oxidants. To examine the oxidative effect of cigarette smoking, we subjected rats to inhalation of cigarette smoke, and measured cellular free glutathione, the degree of protein S-thiolation, and 8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine (oxo8dG) in DNA. Inhalation of the cigarette smoke for 30 days, three times a day, resulted in a significant decrease of the total free glutathione contents in tissues, especially in the lung. Elevated levels of oxidized glutathione and protein S-thiolation were observed in the lung but not in other tissues. Increased contents of oxo8dG in DNA were found in all tissues analyzed. When rats were treated with buthionine sulfoximine (BSO, 80 mg/kg/day) to deplete glutathione, the oxidative effect of cigarette smoking was greatly potentiated. The effect of glutathione depletion was most evident in the lung. Cigarette smoking for only 7 days resulted in extreme depletion of the glutathione both in the lungs and in the liver of BSO-treated rats. Furthermore, oxo8dG in DNA increased markedly, especially in lung. The results verified that the lung is a primary target of cigarette smoke-induced oxidative damage, and cigarette smoke exerts its oxidative effects on the rest of the entire organs eventually. Our results indicate that glutathione plays crucial roles in protecting proteins and DNA from oxidation caused by cigarette smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Park
- Department of Chemistry, University of Inchon, Korea.
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Atef MM, Abd el-Baset MS, el-Kareem A, Aida S, Fadel MA. Effects of a static magnetic field on haemoglobin structure and function. Int J Biol Macromol 1995; 17:105-11. [PMID: 7547716 DOI: 10.1016/0141-8130(95)93525-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The exposure of mice to static magnetic fields (MF) of different strengths (1000-4000 G) for 10 min was studied. The effects of these magnetic fields on the function of haemoglobin (Hb), and its conformational stability, auto-oxidation kinetics, bioenergetics and viscosity, and those of different Hb derivatives were investigated. The fractions and concentrations of the inactive Hb pigments (such as methaemoglobin, carboxyhaemoglobin and sulfohaemoglobin) and the active Hb (in the HbO2 form) were determined using a newly developed multi-component spectrophotometric method. The direct effect of magnetic fields of relatively high strengths (3500 and 4000 G) led to different Hb conformations, accompanied by changes in intermolecular interactions represented by the slope of the eta sp/C = F(C) lines and Huggins' constant K', while no measurable change in the intrinsic viscosity [eta] of Hb was observed. These results indicate a lack of changes in the dimensions and shape of the Hb molecule. Study of the kinetics of oxyhaemoglobin auto-oxidation revealed decreases in the auto-oxidation reaction rate of 2-5.9% and 10-17%, under the effect of static MFs of strengths 1000-2500 G and 3500-4000 G, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Atef
- Biochemistry Department, National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt
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Abstract
To evaluate the in vivo versus in vitro paradoxical effects of marijuana and tobacco smoke on pulmonary defenses, the responses to smoke constituents were assessed with an alveolar macrophage tissue culture bioassay. A dose-response impairment of macrophage bactericidal activity was associated with water-soluble, gas-phase constituents. A model airway surface was constructed to examine the behavior of specific gas-phase constituents removed as they passed over wetted surfaces simulating the characteristics of the human respiratory system. Chemical analyses in the bioassay flask and in the model airway were compared. Gas-phase cytotoxins were measured after passage over wetted surface areas analogous to the trachea between the larynx and second-order bronchus. A wetted surface comparable to only 5% of the human airway, or less than 0.05% of the gas-exchanging surface of the entire lung, was capable of complete detoxification of the highly water-soluble gas-phase cytotoxins. In conclusion, gas-phase cytotoxins demonstrable by in vitro bioassays may have no cytotoxic potential when inhaled by humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- G L Huber
- Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Tyler 75710
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