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Scherer JN, Vasconcelos M, Dalanhol CS, Govoni B, Dos Santos BP, Borges GR, de Gouveia GC, Viola PP, Carlson RLR, Martins AF, Costa JL, Huestis MA, Pechansky F. Reliability of roadside oral fluid testing devices for ∆ 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol (∆ 9 -THC) detection. Drug Test Anal 2024. [PMID: 38440942 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
Driving under the influence of cannabis (DUIC) is increasing worldwide, and cannabis is the most prevalent drug after alcohol in impaired driving cases, emphasizing the need for a reliable traffic enforcement strategy. ∆9 -tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) detection in oral fluid has great potential for identifying recent cannabis use; however, additional data are needed on the sensitivities, specificities, and efficiencies of different oral fluid devices for detecting cannabinoids at the roadside by police during routine traffic safety enforcement efforts. At the roadside, 8945 oral fluid THC screening tests were performed with four devices: AquilaScan®, Dräger DrugTest®, WipeAlyser Reader®, and Druglizer®. A total of 530 samples screened positive for THC (5.9%) and were analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry at multiple cutoff concentrations (2 ng/mL, 10 ng/mL, and manufacturers' recommended device cutoffs) to investigate device performance. Results varied substantially, with sensitivities of 0%-96.8%, specificities of 89.8%-98.5%, and efficiencies of 84.3%-97.8%. The Dräger DrugTest® outperformed the other devices with a 96.8% sensitivity, 97.1% specificity, and 97.0% efficiency at a 5-ng/mL LC-MS/MS confirmation cutoff. The WipeAlyser Reader® had good performance with a 91.4% sensitivity, 97.2% specificity, and 96.4% efficiency. AquilaScan® and Druglizer® had unacceptable performance for cannabinoid detection, highlighted by sensitivity <13%. The choice of roadside oral fluid testing device must offer good analytical performance for cannabinoids because of its high prevalence of use and impact on road safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Nichterwitz Scherer
- Center for Drug and Alcohol Research, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Coletiva, Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos (UNISINOS), São Leopoldo, Brazil
| | - Mailton Vasconcelos
- Center for Drug and Alcohol Research, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - Bruna Govoni
- Center for Drug and Alcohol Research, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Bruno Pereira Dos Santos
- Center for Drug and Alcohol Research, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Ramos Borges
- Center for Drug and Alcohol Research, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - Patrícia Pacheco Viola
- Center for Drug and Alcohol Research, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - Aline Franco Martins
- Campinas Poison Control Center, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Jose Luiz Costa
- Campinas Poison Control Center, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Marilyn A Huestis
- Institute of Emerging Health Professions, Thomas Jefferson University, Severna Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Flavio Pechansky
- Center for Drug and Alcohol Research, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Harper CE, Hudson JS, Tidwell K, Boswell R, Yong HL, Maxwell AJ. Implementation of the first comprehensive state oral fluid drug testing program for roadside screening and laboratory testing in DUID cases-A 5-year review. J Anal Toxicol 2023; 47:694-702. [PMID: 37526020 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkad051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral fluid (OF) is a valuable specimen for driving under the influence of drugs (DUID) applications. This study demonstrates the implementation of the first comprehensive OF drug testing program in the United States, including approved roadside screening OF devices for law enforcement and validated liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS) confirmation methods. Three roadside OF screening devices were evaluated: the Dräger DrugTest® 5000, Abbott SoToxa®, and Randox Evidence MultiSTAT™. Two qualitative LC-MS-MS confirmation methods were validated per ASB Standard 036. The first method utilized an automated dispersive pipette extraction extraction using Integra and Hamilton STARlet platforms for drugs of abuse. The second method used a liquid-liquid extraction to detect cannabinoids. The prevalence of drugs in blood and OF was monitored over 5 years of casework. Calibration curves were analyzed with each batch to monitor OF concentrations for research purposes. Three roadside OF screening devices were deemed fit for purpose. Devices demonstrated appropriate sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and accuracy above 80% for targeted drugs except for benzodiazepines (DrugTest® 5000) and amphetamine (SoToxa®). The validated LC-MS-MS OF confirmation methods met the National Safety Council-recommended cutoffs for 18/21 (86%) of the targets. Over 5 years of casework, THC and cocaine were detected at a positivity rate of 90% and 97% in OF versus 75% and 44% in blood, respectively. OF:blood ratios exceeded unity for parent drugs. Median concentrations of THC in OF and blood were 31 and 3.5 ng/mL, respectively. OF is a viable alternative or supplemental specimen for DUID investigations. Collecting OF close to the driving event increases the opportunity to identify pharmacologically active substances, and when combined with blood analysis results, an elevated OF:blood ratio provides valuable information for DUID investigation purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Curt E Harper
- Alabama Department of Forensic Sciences, 2026 Valleydale Rd, Hoover, AL 35244, USA
| | - Jason S Hudson
- Quest Diagnostics, 10101 Renner Blvd, Lenexa, KS 66219, USA
| | - Kristin Tidwell
- Alabama Department of Forensic Sciences, 2026 Valleydale Rd, Hoover, AL 35244, USA
| | - Rebekah Boswell
- Alabama Department of Forensic Sciences, 2026 Valleydale Rd, Hoover, AL 35244, USA
| | - Hui Liu Yong
- Alabama Department of Forensic Sciences, 2026 Valleydale Rd, Hoover, AL 35244, USA
| | - Antoinette J Maxwell
- Alabama Department of Forensic Sciences, 2026 Valleydale Rd, Hoover, AL 35244, USA
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Nieddu M, Baralla E, Sodano F, Boatto G. Analysis of 2,5-dimethoxy-amphetamines and 2,5-dimethoxy-phenethylamines aiming their determination in biological matrices: a review. Forensic Toxicol 2023; 41:1-24. [PMID: 36652064 PMCID: PMC9849320 DOI: 10.1007/s11419-022-00638-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The present review aims to provide an overview of methods for the quantification of 2,5-dimethoxy-amphetamines and -phenethylamines in different biological matrices, both traditional and alternative ones. METHODS A complete literature search was carried out with PubMed, Scopus and the World Wide Web using relevant keywords, e.g., designer drugs, amphetamines, phenethylamines, and biological matrices. RESULTS Synthetic phenethylamines represent one of the largest classes of "designer drugs", obtained through chemical structure modifications of psychoactive substances to increase their pharmacological activities. This practice is also favored by the fact that every new synthetic compound is not considered illegal by existing legislation. Generally, in a toxicological laboratory, the first monitoring of drugs of abuse is made by rapid screening tests that sometimes can occur in false positive or false negative results. To reduce evaluation errors, it is mandatory to submit the positive samples to confirmatory methods, such as gas chromatography or liquid chromatography combined to mass spectrometry, for a more specific qualitative and quantitative analysis. CONCLUSIONS This review highlights the great need for updated comprehensive analytical methods, particularly when analyzing biological matrices, both traditional and alternative ones, for the search of newly emerging designer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Nieddu
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, 07100, Sassari, Italy.
| | - Elena Baralla
- grid.11450.310000 0001 2097 9138Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Federica Sodano
- grid.4691.a0000 0001 0790 385XDepartment of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Gianpiero Boatto
- grid.11450.310000 0001 2097 9138Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
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Nieddu M, Baralla E, Pasciu V, Rimoli MG, Boatto G. Cross-reactivity of commercial immunoassays for screening of new amphetamine designer drugs. A review. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 218:114868. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.114868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Savage T, Sanders T, Pieters R, Miles A, Barkholtz H. Suitability of SoToxa® Oral Fluid Screening Over Time: Re-examination of Drugged Driving in Wisconsin. J Anal Toxicol 2022; 46:825-834. [PMID: 35767245 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkac047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug impaired driver detection is a critical element of traffic safety. However, shifting drug use patterns over time and geography may limit long-term reliability of assay-based screening tools. In this work, we compare qualitative results from the Abbott SoToxa® oral fluid (OF) screening device to Quantisal™ OF and whole blood. Our objective was to examine these three qualitative toxicological approaches, scope applicability of OF collection at the roadside, and compare to a previous analysis of SoToxa® in Wisconsin. OF specimens were screened with the SoToxa® for six drugs or drug classes including amphetamine, benzodiazepines, cocaine, methamphetamine, opioids, and tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). OF and blood specimens were collected from 106 participants. Quantisal™ OF and blood specimens were screened for drugs on ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole time-of-flight high-resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC-QToF-HRMS) using a data independent acquisition mode. UPLC-QToF-HRMS data was compared to comprehensive spectral libraries and drugs were qualitatively identified. Drug Recognition Expert evaluations were performed, and face sheets submitted for 21 participants in this work. In general, the SoToxa® results were consistent with the combined qualitative results observed in Quantisal™ OF specimens and whole blood specimens. Limitations were uncovered for benzodiazepines, opioids, and THC. The SoToxa® benzodiazepine assay has high cutoff concentrations for diazepam and clonazepam, limiting its sensitivity and positive predictive value when considering these drugs. SoToxa® opioid screening did not detect fentanyl, which is increasingly prevalent among drug users. Finally, ∆9-THC and its major metabolite 11-nor-9-carboxy-∆9-THC are lipophilic, limiting partitioning into oral fluid. Despite these limitations, the SoToxa® instrument may be useful in assisting law enforcement with identifying individuals driving under the influence of drugs and establishing probable cause at roadside for making impaired driving arrests. Furthermore, Quantisal™ OF may be useful as screening specimens due to their ease of collection and results consistent with whole blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore Savage
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, Forensic Toxicology Section, 2601 Agriculture Drive, Madison, WI 53718, USA
| | - Therese Sanders
- Wisconsin Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Safety and Technical Services, Chemical Testing Section, 3502 Kinsman Boulevard, Madison, WI 53704, USA
| | - Ryan Pieters
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, Forensic Toxicology Section, 2601 Agriculture Drive, Madison, WI 53718, USA
| | - Amy Miles
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, Forensic Toxicology Section, 2601 Agriculture Drive, Madison, WI 53718, USA
| | - Heather Barkholtz
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, Forensic Toxicology Section, 2601 Agriculture Drive, Madison, WI 53718, USA.,Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Pharmacy, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA
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Avcioglu G, Yilmaz G, Yalcin Sahiner S, Kozaci LD, Bal C, Yilmaz FM. Evaluation of the diagnostic performance of an oral fluid screening test device for substance abuse at traffic controls. Clin Biochem 2021; 93:112-118. [PMID: 33882283 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2021.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to evaluate the analytical performance of the Kite Biotechnology Oral fluid (OF) screening test device, which is used for roadside screening of cannabis, opiates, amphetamines, methamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), cocaine and benzodiazepines by comparing samples with matched plasma samples, analysed via liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for confirmation. METHODS OF and plasma samples were obtained simultaneously from a total of 100 subjects. OF samples were analysed by OF screening test based on immunochromatography. The OF screening test cut-off values were 50 ng/mL for amphetamines (d-amphetamine) and methamphetamine/MDMA (d-methamphetamine), 30 ng/mL for cocaine (benzoylecgonine), 40 ng/mL for opiates (morphine), 20 ng/mL for benzodiazepines (nordazepam), and 25 ng/mL for cannabis (Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol). LC-MS/MS method validation was performed according to the CLSI C62-A recommendations with the following parameters: matrix effect, lower limit of quantification (LLOQ), linearity, intra-day and inter-day precision and accuracy. RESULTS The overall specificity, accuracy and negative predictive values (NPV) were acceptable and met the DRUID standard of >80%. The OF screening test device showed good sensitivity for cocaine, amphetamines and opiates, whereas it indicated poor sensitivity for methamphetamine/MDMA (66.7%) and failed to detect cannabis and benzodiazepines. CONCLUSION The present study is the first report to evaluate the Kite Biotechnology OF screening test device. The diagnostic performance of the OF screening test device was acceptable for opiates, cocaine and amphetamines, but it was insufficient for methamphetamine/MDMA, benzodiazepines and cannabis because of sensitivity issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gamze Avcioglu
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Karadeniz Ereğli State Hospital, Zonguldak, Turkey.
| | - Gulsen Yilmaz
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - L Didem Kozaci
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ceylan Bal
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Fatma Meric Yilmaz
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
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Desharnais B, Lajoie MJ, Laquerre J, Mireault P, Skinner CD. A threshold LC-MS/MS method for 92 analytes in oral fluid collected with the Quantisal® device. Forensic Sci Int 2020; 317:110506. [PMID: 33035929 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2020.110506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A study of impaired driving rates in the province of Québec is currently planned following the legalization of recreational cannabis in Canada. Oral fluid (OF) samples are to be collected with a Quantisal® device and sent to the laboratory for analysis. In order to prepare for this project, a qualitative decision point analysis method monitoring for the presence of 97 drugs and metabolites in OF was developed and validated. This high throughput method uses incubation with a precipitation solvent (acetone:acetonitrile 30:70 v:v) to boost drug recovery from the collecting device and improve stability of benzodiazepines (e.g., α-hydroxyalprazolam, clonazepam, 7-aminoclonazepam, flunitrazepam, 7-aminoflunitrazepam, N-desmethylflunitrazepam, nitrazepam). The Quantisal® device has polyglycol in its stabilizing buffer, but timed use of the mass spectrometer waste valve proved sufficient to avoid the glycol interferences for nearly all analytes. Interferences from OF matrices and 140 potentially interfering compounds, carryover, ion ratios, stability, recovery, reproducibility, robustness, false positive rate, false negative rate, selectivity, sensitivity and reliability rates were tested in the validation process. Five of the targeted analytes (olanzapine, oxazepam, 7-aminoclonazepam, flunitrazepam and nitrazepam) did not meet the set validation criteria but will be monitored for identification purposes (no comparison to a cut-off level). Blind internal proficiency testing was performed, where six OF samples were tested and analytes were classified as "negative", "likely positive" or "positive" with success. The final validated OF qualitative decision point method covers 92 analytes, and the presence of 5 additional analytes is screened in this high throughput analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte Desharnais
- Laboratoire de sciences judiciaires et de médecine légale, Department of Toxicology, 1701 Parthenais Street, Montréal, Québec, H2K 3S7, Canada; Concordia University, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, 7141 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, Québec, H4B 1R6, Canada.
| | - Marie-Jo Lajoie
- Laboratoire de sciences judiciaires et de médecine légale, Department of Toxicology, 1701 Parthenais Street, Montréal, Québec, H2K 3S7, Canada
| | - Julie Laquerre
- Laboratoire de sciences judiciaires et de médecine légale, Department of Toxicology, 1701 Parthenais Street, Montréal, Québec, H2K 3S7, Canada
| | - Pascal Mireault
- Laboratoire de sciences judiciaires et de médecine légale, Department of Toxicology, 1701 Parthenais Street, Montréal, Québec, H2K 3S7, Canada
| | - Cameron D Skinner
- Concordia University, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, 7141 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, Québec, H4B 1R6, Canada
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Scherer J, Schuch J, Rabelo-da-Ponte F, Silvestrin R, Ornell R, Sousa T, Limberger R, Pechansky F. Analytical reliability of four oral fluid point-of-collection testing devices for drug detection in drivers. Forensic Sci Int 2020; 315:110434. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2020.110434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Chan WS, Wong GF, Hung CW, Wong YN, Fung KM, Lee WK, Dao KL, Leung CW, Lo KM, Lee WM, Cheung BKK. Interpol review of toxicology 2016-2019. Forensic Sci Int Synerg 2020; 2:563-607. [PMID: 33385147 PMCID: PMC7770452 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsisyn.2020.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This review paper covers the forensic-relevant literature in toxicology from 2016 to 2019 as a part of the 19th Interpol International Forensic Science Managers Symposium. The review papers are also available at the Interpol website at: https://www.interpol.int/content/download/14458/file/Interpol%20Review%20.Papers%202019.pdf.
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Romano E, Moore C, Kelley-Baker T, Torres-Saavedra PA. The utility of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) measures obtained from oral fluid samples in traffic safety. TRAFFIC INJURY PREVENTION 2019; 20:667-672. [PMID: 31356118 DOI: 10.1080/15389588.2019.1635690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Objective: Blood and/or urine are typical drug detection matrices used by law enforcement. There are some concerns about using oral fluid (OF) in the identification of drivers potentially impaired by cannabis, particularly regarding their accuracy when compared to blood. The study objectives were to (1) examine the accuracy of predicting delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in blood from THC measured in OF and (2) examine factors influencing prediction accuracy. Methods: Using data from the 2007 and 2013-2014 National Roadside Survey (NRS) of Alcohol and Drug Use, 7,517 drivers with known laboratory results in both OF and blood were included in this study. OF samples were collected using the Quantisal® device and analyzed at the same private laboratory in both the 2007 and 2013-2014 NRS. The Quantisal device has consistently shown to collect 1 mL ±10%. Descriptive statistical analyses were used to examine and compare the distribution of THC concentrations in OF and blood. A hurdle model was applied to examine factors influencing the accuracy of the THCblood predictions based on THCOF while accounting for the decisions of cannabis consumption. We estimated the number of true positives (TPs), false positives (FPs), true negatives (TNs), false negatives (FNs), sensitivity, specificity, and positive predicted value (PPV). Results: This study found that THC measured in OF (THCOF) is a good predictor of THC measured in blood (THCblood), in particular when THCOF > 0 ng/mL is used to predict being positive for THCblood (THCblood > 0 ng/mL). However, as blood and OF concentrations depart from 0 ng/mL, the proportion of TPs (sensitivity) decreases, which might be a concern for law enforcement. The likelihood of accurately predicting THCblood from THCOF is lower for drivers who were simultaneously using cannabis and other drugs. Conclusions: The findings of this study are based on THC measures obtained in a laboratory, which may not be the same as those conducted by police using point-of-care devices. However, this study is unique due to its large sample of drivers obtained in similar roadside locations and times to actual law enforcement activities. Though a positive THCOF may assist law enforcement in probable cause for a blood draw, efforts to develop reliable methods to detect drug impairment based on OF should continue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Romano
- Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation (PIRE) , Calverton , Maryland
| | | | | | - Pedro A Torres-Saavedra
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez , Mayagüez , Puerto Rico
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Ji Kwon N, Han E. A review of drug abuse in recently reported cases of driving under the influence of drugs (DUID) in Asia, USA, and Europe. Forensic Sci Int 2019; 302:109854. [PMID: 31255839 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Driving Under the Influence of Drugs (DUID) is considered a serious issue related to the abuse of illegal drugs. DUID cases, including deaths, are being continuously reported in Asia, USA, and Europe. This literature review focuses on illegal drug abuse in recent DUID cases reported in Asia, USA, and Europe. To determine illegal drug abuse in DUID suspects, previous studies collected and analyzed biological samples, such as blood, urine, oral fluids, and hair. In addition, there were forensic autopsies and surveys for investigation of illegal drugs in DUID cases and drivers. In previous studies, ketamine, morphine, methamphetamine (MA), and khat were mainly reported in Asia, whereas amphetamine, benzodiazepines (BZDs), and cannabinoids were mainly reported in USA, and synthetic cannabinoids (SCs), opiates, and cocaine were mainly reported in Europe. Since DUID suspects related to illegal drugs have been frequently reported in Asia, USA, and Europe, there is a need to plan for national monitoring for drivers or motor vehicles to regulate and prevent drug abuse and relevant DUID cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nam Ji Kwon
- College of Pharmacy, Duksung Women's University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eunyoung Han
- College of Pharmacy, Duksung Women's University, Seoul, South Korea.
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Sorribes-Soriano A, Esteve-Turrillas FA, Armenta S, Amorós P, Herrero-Martínez JM. Amphetamine-type stimulants analysis in oral fluid based on molecularly imprinting extraction. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1052:73-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.11.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Truver MT, Swortwood MJ. Quantitative Analysis of Novel Synthetic Opioids, Morphine and Buprenorphine in Oral Fluid by LC–MS-MS. J Anal Toxicol 2018; 42:554-561. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bky053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Truver
- Department of Forensic Science, Sam Houston State University, 1003 Bowers Blvd., Huntsville, TX, USA
| | - Madeleine J Swortwood
- Department of Forensic Science, Sam Houston State University, 1003 Bowers Blvd., Huntsville, TX, USA
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