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Wu G, Liang Y, Chen C, Chen G, Zuo Q, Niu Y, Song J, Han W, Jin K, Li B. Identification of Two Potential Gene Insertion Sites for Gene Editing on the Chicken Z/W Chromosomes. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:962. [PMID: 39062741 PMCID: PMC11276091 DOI: 10.3390/genes15070962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The identification of accurate gene insertion sites on chicken sex chromosomes is crucial for advancing sex control breeding materials. In this study, the intergenic region NC_006127.4 on the chicken Z chromosome and the non-repetitive sequence EE0.6 on the W chromosome were selected as potential gene insertion sites. Gene knockout vectors targeting these sites were constructed and transfected into DF-1 cells. T7E1 enzyme cleavage and luciferase reporter enzyme analyses revealed knockout efficiencies of 80.00% (16/20), 75.00% (15/20), and 75.00% (15/20) for the three sgRNAs targeting the EE0.6 site. For the three sgRNAs targeting the NC_006127.4 site, knockout efficiencies were 70.00% (14/20), 60.00% (12/20), and 45.00% (9/20). Gel electrophoresis and high-throughput sequencing were performed to detect potential off-target effects, showing no significant off-target effects for the knockout vectors at the two sites. EdU and CCK-8 proliferation assays revealed no significant difference in cell proliferation activity between the knockout and control groups. These results demonstrate that the EE0.6 and NC_006127.4 sites can serve as gene insertion sites on chicken sex chromosomes for gene editing without affecting normal cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaoyuan Wu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (G.W.); (Y.L.); (C.C.); (G.C.); (Q.Z.); (Y.N.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding Reproduction and Molecular Design for Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Youchen Liang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (G.W.); (Y.L.); (C.C.); (G.C.); (Q.Z.); (Y.N.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding Reproduction and Molecular Design for Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (G.W.); (Y.L.); (C.C.); (G.C.); (Q.Z.); (Y.N.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding Reproduction and Molecular Design for Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Guohong Chen
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (G.W.); (Y.L.); (C.C.); (G.C.); (Q.Z.); (Y.N.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding Reproduction and Molecular Design for Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Qisheng Zuo
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (G.W.); (Y.L.); (C.C.); (G.C.); (Q.Z.); (Y.N.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding Reproduction and Molecular Design for Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yingjie Niu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (G.W.); (Y.L.); (C.C.); (G.C.); (Q.Z.); (Y.N.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding Reproduction and Molecular Design for Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Jiuzhou Song
- Department of Animal & Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA;
| | - Wei Han
- Poultry Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yangzhou 225003, China;
| | - Kai Jin
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (G.W.); (Y.L.); (C.C.); (G.C.); (Q.Z.); (Y.N.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding Reproduction and Molecular Design for Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Bichun Li
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (G.W.); (Y.L.); (C.C.); (G.C.); (Q.Z.); (Y.N.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding Reproduction and Molecular Design for Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China
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Kress C, Jouneau L, Pain B. Reinforcement of repressive marks in the chicken primordial germ cell epigenetic signature: divergence from basal state resetting in mammals. Epigenetics Chromatin 2024; 17:11. [PMID: 38671530 PMCID: PMC11046797 DOI: 10.1186/s13072-024-00537-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In mammals, primordial germ cells (PGCs), the embryonic precursors of the germline, arise from embryonic or extra-embryonic cells upon induction by the surrounding tissues during gastrulation, according to mechanisms which are elucidated in mice but remain controversial in primates. They undergo genome-wide epigenetic reprogramming, consisting of extensive DNA demethylation and histone post-translational modification (PTM) changes, toward a basal, euchromatinized state. In contrast, chicken PGCs are specified by preformation before gastrulation based on maternally-inherited factors. They can be isolated from the bloodstream during their migration to the genital ridges. Our prior research highlighted differences in the global epigenetic profile of cultured chicken PGCs compared with chicken somatic cells and mammalian PGCs. This study investigates the acquisition and evolution of this profile during development. RESULTS Quantitative analysis of global DNA methylation and histone PTMs, including their distribution, during key stages of chicken early development revealed divergent PGC epigenetic changes compared with mammals. Unlike mammalian PGCs, chicken PGCs do not undergo genome-wide DNA demethylation or exhibit a decrease in histone H3 lysine 9 dimethylation. However, chicken PGCs show 5‑hydroxymethylcytosine loss, macroH2A redistribution, and chromatin decompaction, mirroring mammalian processes. Chicken PGCs initiate their epigenetic signature during migration, progressively accumulating high global levels of H3K9me3, with preferential enrichment in inactive genome regions. Despite apparent global chromatin decompaction, abundant heterochromatin marks, including repressive histone PTMs, HP1 variants, and DNA methylation, persists in chicken PGCs, contrasting with mammalian PGCs. CONCLUSIONS Chicken PGCs' epigenetic signature does not align with the basal chromatin state observed in mammals, suggesting a departure from extensive epigenetic reprogramming. Despite disparities in early PGC development, the persistence of several epigenetic features shared with mammals implies their involvement in chromatin-regulated germ cell properties, with the distinctive elevation of chicken-specific H3K9me3 potentially participating in these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clémence Kress
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, INSERM, INRAE, U1208, USC1361, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute, Bron, France.
| | - Luc Jouneau
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INRAE, BREED, Jouy-en-Josas, 78350, France
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, BREED, Maisons-Alfort, 94700, France
| | - Bertrand Pain
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, INSERM, INRAE, U1208, USC1361, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute, Bron, France
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3
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Suzuki K, Kwon SJ, Saito D, Atsuta Y. LIN28 is essential for the maintenance of chicken primordial germ cells. Cells Dev 2023; 176:203874. [PMID: 37453484 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdev.2023.203874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanism of stem cell maintenance underlies the establishment of long-term and mass culture methods for stem cells that are fundamental for clinical and agricultural applications. In this study, we use chicken primordial germ cell (PGC) as a model to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying stem cell maintenance. The PGC is a useful experimental model because it is readily gene-manipulatable and easy to test gene function in vivo using transplantation. Previous studies to establish a long-term culture system have shown that secreted factors such as FGF2 are required to maintain the self-renewal capability of PGC. On the other hand, we know little about intracellular regulators responsible for PGC maintenance. Among representative stem cell factors, we focus on RNA-binding factors LIN28A and LIN28B as possible central regulators for the gene regulatory network essential to PGC maintenance. By taking advantage of the CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing and a clonal culture technique, we find that both LIN28A and LIN28B regulate the proliferation of PGC in vitro. We further showed that colonization efficiency of grafted PGC at the genital ridges, rudiments for the gonads, of chicken embryos were significantly decreased by knockout (KO) of LIN28A or LIN28B. Of note, overexpression of human LIN28 in LIN28-KO PGC was sufficient to restore the low colonization rates, suggesting that LIN28 plays a key role in PGC colonization at the gonads. Transcriptomic analyses of LIN28-KO PGC reveal that several genes related to mesenchymal traits are upregulated, including EGR1, a transcription factor that promotes the differentiation of mesodermal tissues. Finally, we show that the forced expression of human EGR1 deteriorates replication activity and colonization efficiency of PGCs. Taken together, this work demonstrates that LIN28 maintains self-renewal of PGC by suppressing the expression of differentiation genes including EGR1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuya Suzuki
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Seung June Kwon
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Daisuke Saito
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Yuji Atsuta
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.
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4
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Cordeiro CD, Gonceer N, Dorus S, Crill JE, Moshayoff V, Lachman A, Moran A, Vilenchik D, Fedida-Metula S. Fast, accurate, and cost-effective poultry sex genotyping using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1196755. [PMID: 38026630 PMCID: PMC10655105 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1196755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
According to The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), demand for poultry meat and eggs consumption is growing consistently since poultry meat and eggs are readily available and cheap source for nutritional protein. As such, there is pressing demand from industry for improved protocols to determine chicken sex, especially in layer industry since only females can lay eggs. Extensive efforts are being dedicated to avoiding male chicks culling by developing in-ovo sexing detection methods. Any established in-ovo detection method will need to be validated by embryo genotyping. Therefore, there is a growing demand for fast, inexpensive, and precise method for proper discrimination between males and females in the poultry science community. Our aim with this study was to develop an accurate, high-throughput protocol for sex determination using small volumes of blood. We designed primers targeting the Hint-W gene within the W chromosome clearly distinguishing between males and females. In the interest of establishing an efficient protocol without the need for gel electrophoresis, crude DNA extraction without further purification was coupled with qPCR. We validated the accuracy of our method using established protocols and gonad phenotyping and tested our protocol with four different chicken breeds, day-nine embryos, day-old chicks and adult chicken. In summary, we developed a fast, cost-effective, and accurate method for the genotyping of sex chromosomes in chicken.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Steve Dorus
- Department of Biology, Center for Reproductive Evolution, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, United States
| | - James E. Crill
- Forensic and National Security Sciences Institute, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, United States
| | | | | | | | - Dan Vilenchik
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
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5
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Süß SC, Werner J, Saller AM, Weiss L, Reiser J, Ondracek JM, Zablotski Y, Kollmansperger S, Anders M, Potschka H, Schusser B, Fenzl T, Baumgartner C. Nociception in Chicken Embryos, Part III: Analysis of Movements before and after Application of a Noxious Stimulus. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2859. [PMID: 37760259 PMCID: PMC10525827 DOI: 10.3390/ani13182859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Many potentially noxious interventions are performed on chicken embryos in research and in the poultry industry. It is therefore essential and in the interest of animal welfare to be able to precisely define the point at which a chicken embryo is capable of nociception in ovo. The present part III of a comprehensive study examined the movements of developing chicken embryos with the aim of identifying behavioral responses to a noxious stimulus. For this purpose, a noxious mechanical stimulus and a control stimulus were applied in a randomized order. The recorded movements of the embryos were evaluated using the markerless pose estimation software DeepLabCut and manual observations. After the application of the mechanical stimulus, a significant increase in beak movement was identified in 15- to 18-day-old embryos. In younger embryos, no behavioral changes related to the noxious stimulus were observed. The presented results indicate that noxious mechanical stimuli at the beak base evoke a nocifensive reaction in chicken embryos starting at embryonic day 15.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie C. Süß
- Center for Preclinical Research, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Bavaria, Germany; (S.C.S.); (J.W.); (A.M.S.); (L.W.); (J.R.)
| | - Julia Werner
- Center for Preclinical Research, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Bavaria, Germany; (S.C.S.); (J.W.); (A.M.S.); (L.W.); (J.R.)
| | - Anna M. Saller
- Center for Preclinical Research, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Bavaria, Germany; (S.C.S.); (J.W.); (A.M.S.); (L.W.); (J.R.)
| | - Larissa Weiss
- Center for Preclinical Research, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Bavaria, Germany; (S.C.S.); (J.W.); (A.M.S.); (L.W.); (J.R.)
| | - Judith Reiser
- Center for Preclinical Research, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Bavaria, Germany; (S.C.S.); (J.W.); (A.M.S.); (L.W.); (J.R.)
| | - Janie M. Ondracek
- Chair of Zoology, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Bavaria, Germany;
| | - Yury Zablotski
- Clinic for Swine, Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Bavaria, Germany;
| | - Sandra Kollmansperger
- Clinic for Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Bavaria, Germany; (S.K.); (M.A.); (T.F.)
| | - Malte Anders
- Clinic for Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Bavaria, Germany; (S.K.); (M.A.); (T.F.)
| | - Heidrun Potschka
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80539 Munich, Bavaria, Germany;
| | - Benjamin Schusser
- Reproductive Biotechnology, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Bavaria, Germany;
| | - Thomas Fenzl
- Clinic for Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Bavaria, Germany; (S.K.); (M.A.); (T.F.)
| | - Christine Baumgartner
- Center for Preclinical Research, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Bavaria, Germany; (S.C.S.); (J.W.); (A.M.S.); (L.W.); (J.R.)
- Veterinary Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80539 Munich, Bavaria, Germany
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6
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Borras E, Wang Y, Shah P, Bellido K, Hamera KL, Arlen RA, McCartney MM, Portillo K, Zhou H, Davis CE, Turpen TH. Active sampling of volatile chemicals for non-invasive classification of chicken eggs by sex early in incubation. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0285726. [PMID: 37216348 PMCID: PMC10202283 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0285726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
According to industry estimates, approximately 7 billion day-old male chicks are disposed of annually worldwide because they are not of use to the layer industry. A practical process to identify the sex of the egg early in incubation without penetrating the egg would improve animal welfare, reduce food waste and mitigate environmental impact. We implemented a moderate vacuum pressure system through commercial egg-handling suction cups to collect volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Three separate experiments were set up to determine optimal conditions to collect eggs VOCs to discriminate male from female embryos. Optimal extraction time (2 min), storage conditions (short period of incubation during egg storage (SPIDES) at days 8-10 of incubation), and sampling temperature (37.5°C) were determined. Our VOC-based method could correctly differentiate male from female embryos with more than 80% accuracy. These specifications are compatible with the design of specialized automation equipment capable of high-throughput, in-ovo sexing based on chemical sensor microchips.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Borras
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States of America
- UC Davis Lung Center, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Animal Science, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Priyanka Shah
- SensIT Ventures, Inc., Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Kevin Bellido
- Department of Animal Science, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Katherine L. Hamera
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States of America
- UC Davis Lung Center, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | | | - Mitchell M. McCartney
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States of America
- UC Davis Lung Center, Davis, CA, United States of America
- VA Northern California Health Care System, Mather, CA, United States of America
| | - Kristy Portillo
- Department of Animal Science, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Huaijun Zhou
- Department of Animal Science, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Cristina E. Davis
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States of America
- UC Davis Lung Center, Davis, CA, United States of America
- VA Northern California Health Care System, Mather, CA, United States of America
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7
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Jia XX, Lu JX, Tang XJ, Fan YF, Gao YS. A new method for molecular sex identification in the emu ( Dromaius novaehollandiae). Br Poult Sci 2023:1-6. [PMID: 36607349 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2022.2163876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
1. Sex chromosomes of emus are largely homomorphic. Therefore, the standard methodology for molecular sexing is based on screening intron length variations in sex-linked genes is not applicable. However, emu sexing requires costly and time-consuming PCR-RFLP or multiplex PCR methods.2. This experiment used a directed PCR amplification and capillary electrophoresis sexing protocol. Two distinct peaks were observed in females (ZW), while only one peak was observed in males (ZZ).3. This sexing technique proved to be rapid, non-invasive, and highly sensitive and may be useful for verifying the sex ratio and breeding management of emus.
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Affiliation(s)
- X X Jia
- Jiangsu institute of Poultry Science, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - J X Lu
- Jiangsu institute of Poultry Science, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - X J Tang
- Jiangsu institute of Poultry Science, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Y F Fan
- Jiangsu institute of Poultry Science, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Y S Gao
- Jiangsu institute of Poultry Science, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, PR China
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8
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Jung KM, Seo M, Han JY. Comparative single-cell transcriptomic analysis reveals differences in signaling pathways in gonadal primordial germ cells between chicken (Gallus gallus) and zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata). FASEB J 2023; 37:e22706. [PMID: 36520042 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202201569r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Primordial germ cells (PGCs) have been used in avian genetic resource conservation and transgenic animal production. Despite their potential applications to numerous avian taxa facing extinction due to habitat loss and degradation, research has largely focused on poultry, such as chickens, in part owing to the difficulty in obtaining intact PGCs from other species. Recently, phenotypic differences between PGCs of chicken and zebra finch, a wild bird with vocal learning, in early embryonic development have been reported. In this study, we used advanced single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) technology to evaluate zebra finch and chicken PGCs and surrounding cells, and to identify species-specific characteristics. We constructed single-cell transcriptome landscapes of chicken gonadal PGCs for a comparison with previously reported scRNA-seq data for zebra finch. We identified interspecific differences in several signaling pathways in gonadal PGCs and somatic cells. In particular, NODAL and insulin signaling pathway activity levels were higher in zebra finch than in chickens, whereas activity levels of the downstream FGF signaling pathway, involved in the proliferation of chicken PGCs, were higher in chickens. This study is the first cross-species single-cell transcriptomic analysis targeting birds, revealing differences in germ cell development between phylogenetically distant Galliformes and Passeriformes. Our results provide a basis for understanding the reproductive physiology of avian germ cells and for utilizing PGCs in the restoration of endangered birds and the production of transgenic birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Min Jung
- Biomodulation Major, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Minseok Seo
- Department of Computer and Information Science, Korea University, Sejong, South Korea
| | - Jae Yong Han
- Biomodulation Major, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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9
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Jodice PGR, Lamb JS, Satgé YG, Fiorello C. Blood biochemistry and hematology of adult and chick brown pelicans in the northern Gulf of Mexico: baseline health values and ecological relationships. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 10:coac064. [PMID: 36159741 PMCID: PMC9492288 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coac064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The northern Gulf of Mexico supports a diverse community of nearshore seabirds during both breeding and nonbreeding periods of the annual cycle and is also a highly industrialized marine ecosystem with substantial levels of oil and gas development particularly in the west and central regions. Stakeholders in the region often assess risk to species of interest based on these differing levels of development. We collected blood samples from 81 adult and 35 chick eastern brown pelicans (Pelecanus occidentalis carolinensis) from 10 colonies across the northern Gulf of Mexico and used these to establish baseline values for hematology and blood biochemistry. We assessed the potential influence of body condition, sex and home range size on hematology and blood biochemistry. We also assessed potential influences of oil and gas activity by considering differing levels of oil and gas development that occur regionally throughout the study area. Although blood analyte concentrations of adults and chicks were often associated with these regional differences, the pattern we observed was not entirely consistent with the differing levels of oil and gas activity across the Gulf, suggesting that regional levels of oil and gas activity around breeding sites may not be the primary drivers of hematology and blood biochemistry. We note that baseline values or reference intervals are not available for other nearshore seabirds that breed in the northern Gulf. Given that exposure and risk may differ among this suite of species based on diet, foraging strategies and life history strategies, similar assessments and monitoring may be warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick G R Jodice
- Corresponding author: U.S. Geological Survey, South Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA.
| | - Juliet S Lamb
- The Nature Conservancy, 250 Lawrence Hill Rd., Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Yvan G Satgé
- South Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit and Department of Forestry and Environmental Conservation, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
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10
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In Silico Analysis of Seven PCR Markers Developed from the CHD1, NIPBL and SPIN Genes Followed by Laboratory Testing Shows How to Reliably Determine the Sex of Musophagiformes Species. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13050932. [PMID: 35627317 PMCID: PMC9140868 DOI: 10.3390/genes13050932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex determination in birds, due to the very common lack of sexual dimorphism, is challenging. Therefore, molecular sexing is often the only reliable way to differentiate between the sexes. However, for many bird species, very few genetic markers are available to accurately, quickly, and cost-effectively type sex. Therefore, in our study, using 14 species belonging to the order Musophagiformes, we tested the usefulness of seven PCR markers (three of which have never been used to determine the sex of turacos), developed based on the CHD1, NIPBL, and SPIN genes, to validate existing and develop new strategies/methods of sex determination. After in silico analysis, for which we used the three turaco nuclear genomes available in GenBank, the suitability of the seven selected markers for sexing turacos was tested in the laboratory. It turned out that the best of the markers tested was the 17th intron in the NIPBL gene (not previously tested in turacos), allowing reliable sex determination in 13 of the 14 species tested. For the one species not sexed by this marker, the 9th intron in the CHD1 gene proved to be effective. The remaining markers were of little (4 markers developed based on the CHD1 gene) or no use (marker developed based on the SPIN gene).
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11
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Territory holders are more aggressive towards older, more dangerous floaters. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-022-03131-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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12
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Lamb JS, Satgé YG, Jodice PGR. Seasonal variation in environmental and behavioural drivers of annual‐cycle habitat selection in a nearshore seabird. DIVERS DISTRIB 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.13015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Juliet S. Lamb
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Conservation Clemson University Clemson SC USA
- South Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit Clemson SC USA
| | - Yvan G. Satgé
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Conservation Clemson University Clemson SC USA
- South Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit Clemson SC USA
| | - Patrick G. R. Jodice
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Conservation Clemson University Clemson SC USA
- U.S. Geological Survey South Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit Clemson SC USA
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13
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He L, Martins P, Huguenin J, Van TNN, Manso T, Galindo T, Gregoire F, Catherinot L, Molina F, Espeut J. Simple, sensitive and robust chicken specific sexing assays, compliant with large scale analysis. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0213033. [PMID: 30822330 PMCID: PMC6396912 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Chicken meat and eggs are important sources of food for the world population. The significant increase in food demand has pushed the food industry toward a rapid non-expensive production which in turn raises ethical issues. How chicken are cultivated and processed in food industry is no longer acceptable. Ethical and economical concerns emerging from chicken culling need to be solved in the near future. Indeed, in egg production industry, male chicken are killed at the age of 1-day post-hatching since they are not egg producers. A number of laboratory all over the world are looking for innovative non-invasive sexing methods to determine the sex of chicken in the early stages of the development before hatching. It will allow males' chicken elimination before the pain-feeling stages. In order to evaluate the efficiency of these methods, the scientific community need a reliable, easy to use and cost-effective in-ovo invasive sexing method. In this report, we developed two new invasive assays based on PCR and Q-PCR techniques respectively, which fulfil the above mentioned requirements. In the same line with other groups, we exploited the differences betweed males (ZZ) and females (ZW) chicken sexual chromosomes. We identified two genes, SWIM and Xho-I, on chromosome W and DMRT gene on chromosome Z allowing a clear discrimination between the two sexes using PCR and qPCR respectively. These two new genomic markers and their corresponding methods not only increase the accuracy but also reduce time and cost of the test compared to previously developed sexing methods. Depending on the technology available in the lab, one can choose between the two techniques requiring different machines and expertise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyan He
- Sys2diag, UMR9005 CNRS/Alcediag, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | | | - Taciana Manso
- Sys2diag, UMR9005 CNRS/Alcediag, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | | | - Franck Molina
- Sys2diag, UMR9005 CNRS/Alcediag, Montpellier, France
- * E-mail: (JE); (FM)
| | - Julien Espeut
- Sys2diag, UMR9005 CNRS/Alcediag, Montpellier, France
- * E-mail: (JE); (FM)
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14
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Okamura A, Masumoto A, Takenouchi A, Kudo T, Aizawa S, Ogoshi M, Takahashi S, Tsudzuki M, Takeuchi S. Changes in prolactin receptor homodimer availability may cause late feathering in chickens. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2019; 272:109-116. [PMID: 30594591 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2018.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Chicken early (EF) and late feathering (LF) are sex-linked phenotypes conferred by wild-type k+ and dominant K alleles on chromosome Z, respectively. Besides prolactin (PRL) receptor (PRLR) and sperm flagellar 2 (SPEF2) genes, the K allele contains a fusion gene in which partially duplicated PRLR (dPRLR) and SPEF2 (dSPEF2) genes are linked in a tail-to-tail manner. The causative dPRLR gene encodes a C-terminal truncated receptor. LF chickens have short or no primaries at hatching; however, their feather growth rate is higher than that of EF chickens. This study aimed to elucidate the molecular basis of the K allele's biphasic effect on feather development. By 3'RACE and RT-PCR analyses, we demonstrated that dSPEF2 gene transcription occurred beyond all coding exons of the dPRLR gene on the opposite strand and that dPRLR mRNA was less abundant than PRLR mRNA. In addition, a 5'UTR splice variant (SPV) of PRL receptor mRNAs was increased in LF chickens. In vitro expression analysis of 5'UTR linked to the luciferase reporter gene revealed higher translation efficiency of SPV. RT-qPCR showed that the dPRLR mRNA level was higher in embryos; conversely, SPV was higher in hatched chickens, as was dSPEF2 mRNA. These findings suggest that the K allele inhibits feather development at the fetal stage by expressing dPRLR to attenuate PRLR function and promotes feather growth after hatching by increasing PRLR through dSPEF2 mRNA expression. Increased SPV may cause greater feather growth than that in EF chickens by increasing the availability of PRLR homodimers and enhancing PRL signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayako Okamura
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Kitaku, Tsushimanaka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Ayane Masumoto
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Kitaku, Tsushimanaka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Atsushi Takenouchi
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan; Japanese Avian Bioresource Project Research Center, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Kudo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Shujitsu University, 1-6-1 Nakaku, Nishikawara, Okayama 703-8516, Japan
| | - Sayaka Aizawa
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Kitaku, Tsushimanaka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan; Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Kitaku, Tsushimanaka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Maho Ogoshi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Kitaku, Tsushimanaka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan; Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Kitaku, Tsushimanaka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Sumio Takahashi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Kitaku, Tsushimanaka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan; Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Kitaku, Tsushimanaka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Masaoki Tsudzuki
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan; Japanese Avian Bioresource Project Research Center, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan
| | - Sakae Takeuchi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Kitaku, Tsushimanaka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan; Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Kitaku, Tsushimanaka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan.
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15
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Collarini EJ, Leighton PA, Van de Lavoir MC. Production of Transgenic Chickens Using Cultured Primordial Germ Cells and Gonocytes. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1874:403-430. [PMID: 30353528 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8831-0_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The unique characteristics of the avian embryo, with its large opaque yolk, have necessitated the development of different approaches to transgenesis from those that have been successful in mammalian species. Genetic modification of birds was greatly advanced by the ability to grow long-term cultures of primordial germ cells (PGCs). These cells are obtained from embryos, established in culture, and can be propagated without losing the ability to contribute to the germline when reintroduced into a host animal. PGCs can be genetically modified in culture using traditional transfection and selection techniques, including gene targeting and site-specific nuclease approaches. Here, we describe our methods for deriving cell lines, long-term culture, genetic modification, production of germline chimeras and obtaining fully transgenic birds with the desired genetic modifications.
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16
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17
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Lamb JS, Satgé YG, Jodice PGR. Influence of density-dependent competition on foraging and migratory behavior of a subtropical colonial seabird. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:6469-6481. [PMID: 28861249 PMCID: PMC5574757 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Density-dependent competition for food resources influences both foraging ecology and reproduction in a variety of animals. The relationship between colony size, local prey depletion, and reproductive output in colonial central-place foragers has been extensively studied in seabirds; however, most studies have focused on effects of intraspecific competition during the breeding season, while little is known about whether density-dependent resource depletion influences individual migratory behavior outside the breeding season. Using breeding colony size as a surrogate for intraspecific resource competition, we tested for effects of colony size on breeding home range, nestling health, and migratory patterns of a nearshore colonial seabird, the brown pelican (Pelecanus occidentalis), originating from seven breeding colonies of varying sizes in the subtropical northern Gulf of Mexico. We found evidence for density-dependent effects on foraging behavior during the breeding season, as individual foraging areas increased linearly with the number of breeding pairs per colony. Contrary to our predictions, however, nestlings from more numerous colonies with larger foraging ranges did not experience either decreased condition or increased stress. During nonbreeding, individuals from larger colonies were more likely to migrate, and traveled longer distances, than individuals from smaller colonies, indicating that the influence of density-dependent effects on distribution persists into the nonbreeding period. We also found significant effects of individual physical condition, particularly body size, on migratory behavior, which in combination with colony size suggesting that dominant individuals remain closer to breeding sites during winter. We conclude that density-dependent competition may be an important driver of both the extent of foraging ranges and the degree of migration exhibited by brown pelicans. However, the effects of density-dependent competition on breeding success and population regulation remain uncertain in this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliet S Lamb
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Conservation Clemson University Clemson SC USA.,South Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit Clemson SC USA
| | - Yvan G Satgé
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Conservation Clemson University Clemson SC USA.,South Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit Clemson SC USA
| | - Patrick G R Jodice
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Conservation Clemson University Clemson SC USA.,U.S. Geological Survey South Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit Clemson SC USA
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18
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Hagadorn KA, Tell LA, Drazenovich TL, Ernest HB. Molecular sex identification markers for five North American hummingbird species. CONSERV GENET RESOUR 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s12686-016-0587-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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19
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Kamiński P, Grochowska E, Mroczkowski S, Jerzak L, Kasprzak M, Koim-Puchowska B, Woźniak A, Ciebiera O, Markulak D. Sex ratio of White Stork Ciconia ciconia in different environments of Poland. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:13194-13203. [PMID: 25940461 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-4250-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyze the variation in sex ratio of White Stork Ciconia ciconia chicks from differentiated Poland environments. We took under a consideration the impact of Cd and Pb for establish differences among sex ratio in chicks. We also study multiplex PCR employment for establish gender considerations. We collected blood samples via venipuncture of brachial vein of chicks during 2006-2008 breeding seasons at the Odra meadows (SW-Poland; control), which were compared with those from suburbs (SW-Poland), and from copper smelter (S-Poland; polluted) and from swamps near Baltic Sea. We found differences among sex ratio in White Stork chicks from types of environment. Male participation in sex structure is importantly higher in each type of environment excluded suburban areas. Differences in White Stork sex ratio according to the degree of environmental degradation expressed by Cd and Pb and sex-environment-metal interactions testify about the impact of these metals upon sex ratios in storks. Simultaneously, as a result of multiplex PCR, 18S ribosome gene, which served as internal control of PCR, was amplified in male and female storks. It means that it is possible to use primers designed for chicken in order to replicate this fragment of genome in White Stork. Moreover, the use of Oriental White Stork Ciconia boyciana W- chromosome specific primers makes it possible to determine the sex of C. ciconia chicks. Many factors make sex ratio of White Stork changes in subsequent breeding seasons, which depend significantly on specific environmental parameters that shape individual detailed defense mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Kamiński
- Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Department of Ecology and Environmental Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Skłodowska-Curie St. 9, 85-094, Bydgoszcz, Poland,
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20
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Piper WH, Mager JN, Walcott C, Furey L, Banfield N, Reinke A, Spilker F, Flory JA. Territory settlement in common loons: no footholds but age and assessment are important. Anim Behav 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2015.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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21
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Herrera AM, Brennan PL, Cohn MJ. Development of Avian External Genitalia: Interspecific Differences and Sexual Differentiation of the Male and Female Phallus. Sex Dev 2014; 9:43-52. [DOI: 10.1159/000364927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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22
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Insee J, Kamolnorranath S, Baicharoen S, Chumpadang S, Sawasu W, Wajjwalku W. PCR-based method for sex identification of Eastern sarus crane (Grus antigone sharpii): implications for reintroduction programs in Thailand. Zoolog Sci 2014; 31:95-100. [PMID: 24521319 DOI: 10.2108/zsj.31.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Due to human activity and a reduction in the size and quality of wetland habitats, populations of the Eastern sarus crane (Grus antigone sharpii) have declined dramatically across their range in Southeast Asia. Conservation efforts in Thailand have focused on reintroduction of the founders harboring the highest genetic diversity. One of the most important requirements to ensure the persistence of the reintroduced populations is a balanced sex ratio. In this study we tested three simple PCR-based methods which may be used for reliable sex identification in G. a. sharpii. The first method employs two combined primer sets based on a 0.6 kb EcoRI fragment (EE0.6). The second method is based on the intronic length polymorphism of the chromo-helicase DNA binding protein (CHD). The last technique relies on PCR-RFLP technique. The sex of six known and 24 unknown cranes were successfully identified by all three methods. These PCR-based sex identification methods are also useful for captive breeding management of G. a. sharpii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiranan Insee
- 1 Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Genetic Engineering. Faculty of Graduate School, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
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23
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Mudrik EA, Kashentseva TA, Gamburg EA, Politov DV. Sex determination in ten crane species by DNA marker EE0.6. RUSS J GENET+ 2013. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795413120065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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24
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Mudrik EA, Kashentseva TA, Gamburg EA, Gavrikova EY, Politov DV. Non-invasive method of sex identification of crane chicks by the DNA from capillary vessels of allantois. Russ J Dev Biol 2013. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062360413050056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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25
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He XL, Qing BP, Han JL, Ding CQ. Improved molecular assay for sex identification of the endangered crested Ibis (Nipponia nippon) based on the CHD1 gene and a sex-linked microsatellite locus. Zoolog Sci 2013; 30:742-7. [PMID: 24004080 DOI: 10.2108/zsj.30.742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Sex Identification of monomorphic birds, especially endangered avian species, is essential for ecological study and biodiversity conservation. In this study, two popular primer sets of 2550F/2718R and P2/P8, which were designed to amplify different fragments of chromodomain-helicase-DNA binding protein 1 (CHD1) genes mapped on both Z and W chromosomes in birds, were used to identify for the first time the sex of individuals of the endangered species crested ibis (Nipponia nippon) in a large number of samples. An improved primer set of 2467F/2530R was re-designed to be specific to crested ibis following their conserved sequences derived from the 2550F/2718R primers. PCR products of the new primers were conveniently visualized with two bands of 552 base pairs (bp) and 358 bp for females, but a single band of 552 bp for males in routine 1.8% agarose gel. Similarly, the P2/P8 primer set amplified two fragments of 398 bp and 381 bp from females but one fragment of 398 bp from males; however, a high resolution involving 10% Polyacrylamide gel had to be employed to resolve the 17 bp insertions/deletions (in/dels) present between the two amplicons in females. In addition, a microsatellite locus NnNF05 was validated to be sex-linked and shown to be effective in the sexing of crested ibis, supporting its utility in non-invasive sampling. This study provides a rapid, convenient, and reliable molecular assay for improving sex identification in the monomorphic and monogamous crested ibis, and thus facilitates the selection of breeding pairs in captive programs and reintroduction initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Lian He
- 1 College of Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
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26
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Kaneko K, Uematsu E, Takahashi Y, Tong B, Takino S, Wajiki Y, Kimura T, Yamashiro H, Kaneko Y, Iwaisaki H, Sugiyama T, Yamada T, Yamagishi S. Semen collection and polymerase chain reaction-based sex determination of black-headed and straw-necked ibis. Reprod Domest Anim 2013; 48:1001-5. [PMID: 23808530 DOI: 10.1111/rda.12200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to develop a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based sexing and effective semen collection methods for black-headed and straw-necked ibis species. However, most birds are not sexually dimorphic, that is, the sexes appear similar. Therefore, the gender should be determined before semen collection. DNA was extracted from the blood samples of 11 black-headed and 4 straw-necked ibis. The sex was determined after PCR amplification of the EE0.6 region of W-chromosome. The PCR products were separated using gel electrophoresis. A single band indicated the presence of the EE0.6 region and that the individual was a female, while no band indicated that the individual was a male. Further, the single bands from seven specimens were amplified. Semen collection was performed by massage or a combination of massage with electro-ejaculation and was attempted during all four seasons. The semen was successfully collected in March from male straw-necked ibis using the massage method. Limited motility, viability and concentration of straw-necked ibis sperm were observed. The sperm length was 180 μm and that of the nucleus was 30 μm with acrosome located at the tip of the nucleus. Thus, the PCR-based sexing proved to be an accurate molecular sexing method for black-headed and straw-necked ibis. Furthermore, we successfully collected semen and observed the stained sperm nucleus and acrosome of the straw-necked ibis sperm. We propose that the use of this PCR methodology can be applied as a routine method for sex determination and semen collection in ibis species for future ecological research. However, considering our limited success, further studies on semen collection method are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kaneko
- Faculty of Agriculture, Niigata University, Nishiku, Niigata, Japan
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27
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Herrera A, Shuster S, Perriton C, Cohn M. Developmental Basis of Phallus Reduction during Bird Evolution. Curr Biol 2013; 23:1065-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2013.04.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Revised: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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28
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Jang HJ, Lee MO, Kim S, Kim TH, Kim SK, Song G, Womack JE, Han JY. Biallelic expression of the L-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase gene with different methylation status between male and female primordial germ cells in chickens. Poult Sci 2013; 92:760-9. [PMID: 23436527 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2012-02538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The basic functions of DNA methylation include in gene silencing by methylation of specific gene promoters, defense of the host genome from retrovirus, and transcriptional suppression of transgenes. In addition, genomic imprinting, by which certain genes are expressed in a parent-of-origin-specific manner, has been observed in a wide range of plants and animals and has been associated with differential methylation. However, imprinting phenomena of DNA methylation effects have not been revealed in chickens. To analyze whether genomic imprinting occurs in chickens, methyl-DNA immunoprecipitation array analysis was applied across the entire genome of germ cells in early chick embryos. A differentially methylated region (DMR) was detected in the eighth intron of the l-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (GATM) gene. When the DMR in GATM was analyzed by bisulfite sequencing, the methylation in male primordial germ cells (PGC) of 6-d-old embryos was higher than that in female PGC (57.5 vs. 35.0%). At 8 d, the DMR methylation of GATM in male PGC was 3.7-fold higher than that in female PGC (65.0 vs. 17.5%). Subsequently, to investigate mono- or biallelic expression of the GATM gene during embryo development, we found 2 indel sequences (GTTTAATGC and CAAAAA) within the GATM 3'-untranslated region in Korean Oge (KO) and White Leghorn (WL) chickens. When individual WL and KO chickens were genotyped for indel sequences, 3 allele combinations (homozygous insertion, homozygous deletion, and heterozygotes) were detected in both breeds using a gel shift assay and high-resolution melt assay. The deletion allele was predominant in KO, whereas the insertion allele was predominant in WL. Heterozygous animals were evenly distributed in both breeds (P < 0.01). Despite the different methylation status between male and female PGC, the GATM gene conclusively displayed biallelic expression in PGC as well as somatic embryonic, extraembryonic, and adult chicken tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Jang
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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29
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Wang PH, Hsu HA, Chao MC, Chan FT, Wang LM, Lin PI, Tsao HS, Yuan HW, Chen CC, Ding ST. Sex identification in the Collared Scops Owl (Otus bakkamoena) with novel markers generated by random amplified polymorphic DNA. CONSERV GENET RESOUR 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s12686-012-9778-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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30
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Morinha F, Cabral J, Bastos E. Molecular sexing of birds: A comparative review of polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based methods. Theriogenology 2012; 78:703-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2012.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2012] [Revised: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 04/26/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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31
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Wu J, Li W, Feng Y, Zhao R, Wang C, Yu Y, Yang L, Zhang S. Sex-biased mortality analysis in chick embryos during the entire period of incubation. J APPL POULTRY RES 2012. [DOI: 10.3382/japr.2011-00395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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32
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Vucicevic M, Stevanov-Pavlovic M, Stevanovic J, Bosnjak J, Gajic B, Aleksic N, Stanimirovic Z. Sex determination in 58 bird species and evaluation of CHD gene as a universal molecular marker in bird sexing. Zoo Biol 2012; 32:269-76. [PMID: 22553188 DOI: 10.1002/zoo.21010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2011] [Revised: 12/05/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this research was to test the CHD gene (Chromo Helicase DNA-binding gene) as a universal molecular marker for sexing birds of relatively distant species. The CHD gene corresponds to the aim because of its high degree of conservation and different lengths in Z and W chromosomes due to different intron sizes. DNA was isolated from feathers and the amplification of the CHD gene was performed with the following sets of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers: 2550F/2718R and P2/P8. Sex determination was attempted in 284 samples of 58 bird species. It was successful in 50 bird species; in 16 of those (Alopochen aegyptiacus, Ara severus, Aratinga acuticaudata, Bucorvus leadbeateri, Cereopsis novaehollandiae, Columba arquatrix, Corvus corax, C. frugilegus, Cyanoliseus patagonus, Guttera plumifera, Lamprotornis superbus, Milvus milvus, Neophron percnopterus, Ocyphaps lophotes, Podiceps cristatus, and Poicephalus senegalus), it was carried out for the first time using molecular markers and PCR. It is reasonable to assume that extensive research is necessary to define the CHD gene as a universal molecular marker for successful sex determination in all bird species (with exception of ratites). The results of this study may largely contribute to the aim.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milos Vucicevic
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbia.
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33
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Sex Identification of Newly Hatched Chicks by Fluorescence in situ Hybridization using a W-specific DNA Probe in Feather Follicle Cells. J Poult Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.2141/jpsa.0120014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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34
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KASUGA K, HIGASHI M, YAMADA T, SUGIYAMA T, TANIGUCHI Y, IWAISAKI H, HOMMA K, WAJIKI Y, KANEKO Y, YAMAGISHI S. The W- and Z-linked EE0.6 sequences used for molecular sexing of captive Japanese crested ibis on Sado Island. Anim Sci J 2011; 83:83-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-0929.2011.00971.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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35
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Park JY, Lee JH, Choi SA, Kim KJ, Lee IB, Kim MK. DNA Sexing ofNipponia nipponby Duplex Polymerase Chain Reaction. Zoolog Sci 2011; 28:740-2. [DOI: 10.2108/zsj.28.740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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36
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Use of random amplified polymorphic DNA to identify several novel markers for sex identification in the crested serpent eagle and crested goshawk. Theriogenology 2009; 72:755-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2009.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2009] [Revised: 04/27/2009] [Accepted: 05/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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37
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Bao WB, Musa HH, Luan DQ, Zhang HX, Chen GH. Molecular Method of Sex Identification in Siberian White Crane (Grus eucogeranus). JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2009.9707010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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38
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Li WM, Feng YP, Zhao RX, Fan YZ, Affara NA, Wu JJ, Fang J, Tong Q, Wang C, Zhang SJ. Sex ratio bias in early-dead embryos of chickens collected during the first week of incubation. Poult Sci 2008; 87:2231-3. [PMID: 18931172 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2008-00139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
According to Mendelian heredity laws, the sex ratio of a given chicken population during hatching is expected to be 1:1. In this study, we collected 432 chicken embryos that died during the first week of incubation from 5 different breeds. The sexes of the early-dead embryos were determined by using the previously described molecular sexing technique of double PCR. The female-to-male sex ratio was analyzed for departure from the expected 1:1 sex ratio by chi(2) testing. These results showed that the number of female dead embryos was significantly greater than that of males in the Hubei local breeding stock, Zhusi, and Hy-line Variety Brown (P < 0.05, P < 0.01, P < 0.01 respectively), with observed female-to-male sex ratios of 1.40:1, 2.03:1, and 2.22:1, respectively. Two other Chinese local breeds (the Yellow chicken and the Aijiaohuang chicken) also showed altered sex ratios, although the differences were not significant. Altogether, these results indicated that female chickens were more likely than male chickens to die at the early stages of incubation.
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Affiliation(s)
- W M Li
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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39
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Haunshi S, Saxena SC, Pattanayak A, Bandyopadhaya S, Tyagi AK, Bujarbaruah KM. Simple Multiplex PCR for Rapid Diagnosis of Sex of Ducks and Duck Embryos. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2008.9706911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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40
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A Simple and Quick DNA Extraction Procedure for Rapid Diagnosis of Sex of Chicken and Chicken Embryos. J Poult Sci 2008. [DOI: 10.2141/jpsa.45.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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41
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Molecular cloning of zebra finch W chromosome repetitive sequences: evolution of the avian W chromosome. Chromosoma 2007; 117:111-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s00412-007-0130-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2007] [Revised: 10/09/2007] [Accepted: 10/09/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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42
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Itoh Y, Kampf K, Arnold AP. Comparison of the chicken and zebra finch Z chromosomes shows evolutionary rearrangements. Chromosome Res 2007; 14:805-15. [PMID: 17139532 DOI: 10.1007/s10577-006-1082-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2006] [Revised: 07/07/2006] [Accepted: 07/07/2006] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Using fluorescent in-situ hybridization (FISH) of zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata) bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clones, we determined the chromosomal localizations of 14 zebra finch genes that are Z-linked in chickens: ATP5A1, CHD1, NR2F1, DMRT1, PAM, GHR, HSD17B4, NIPBL, ACO1, HINT1, SMAD2, SPIN, NTRK2 and UBE2R2. All 14 genes also map to the zebra finch Z chromosome, indicating substantial conservation of gene content on the Z chromosome in the two avian lineages. However, the physical order of these genes on the zebra finch Z chromosome differed from that of the chicken, in a pattern that would have required several inversions since the two lineages diverged. Eight of 14 zebra finch BAC DNA showed cross-hybridization to the W chromosome, usually to the entire W chromosome, suggesting that repetitive sequences are shared by the W and Z chromosomes. These repetitive sequences likely evolved in the finch lineage after it diverged from the Galliform lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichiro Itoh
- Department of Physiological Science, UCLA, 621 Charles E. Young Drive South, Room 4117, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1606, USA
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43
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Sexing a wider range of avian species based on twoCHD1 introns with a unified reaction condition. Zoo Biol 2007; 26:425-31. [DOI: 10.1002/zoo.20149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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44
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Wang LC, Chen CT, Lee HY, Li SH, Lir JT, Chin SC, Pu CE, Wang CH. Cut feather containing rachis as a sampling way for avian sexing. Zoo Biol 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/zoo.20083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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45
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Eda-Fujiwara H, Yamamoto A, Sugita H, Takahashi Y, Kojima Y, Sakashita R, Ogawa H, Miyamoto T, Kimura T. Sexual Dimorphism of Acoustic Signals in the Oriental White Stork: Non-invasive Identification of Sex in Birds. Zoolog Sci 2004; 21:817-21. [PMID: 15333993 DOI: 10.2108/zsj.21.817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Identification of the sex of birds is important for captive breeding of endangered species. In the oriental white stork (Ciconia boyciana), an endangered species, both sexes produce an acoustic signal called "clatter" by rattling their mandibles together to generate sounds. We examined the structure of male and female clatter to determine whether clatter is sexually dimorphic. The acoustic structure of the clatter of the two sexes proved to be dimorphic with respect to the fundamental frequency; female clatter had higher fundamental frequencies. The fundamental frequency correlated significantly and positively with bill length, suggesting that bill morphology contributes to the sexual dimorphism of clatter. Sexing can be done by acoustic signals without capturing birds, and thus is useful as a non-invasive sexing method for ecological and conservation studies of birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Eda-Fujiwara
- Department of Chemical & Biological Sciences, Japan Women's University, Mejirodai, Bunkyo, Tokyo 112-8681, Japan.
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46
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Chiba A, Sakai H, Sato M, Honma R, Murata K, Sugimori F. Pituitary-gonadal axis and secondary sex characters in the spontaneously masculinized pintail, Anas acuta (Anatidae, Aves), with special regard to the gonadotrophs. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2004; 137:50-61. [PMID: 15094335 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2004.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2003] [Revised: 02/02/2004] [Accepted: 02/23/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes some aspects of the pituitary gland, gonads, and secondary sex characters of unusual pintails, Anas acuta, found in the wild. They were demonstrated to be females with partially masculinized plumage; i.e., their plumage showed various degrees of intersex, but the genital organs, syrinx, and electrophoretic pattern of sex-specific DNA were of the female type. Their left ovary underwent a marked involution and was associated with the mesonephros (the Wolffian body), as was the degenerated right ovary. Neither testicular tissue nor ovotestis was found in the gonad of either side. The oviduct was anatomically normal and comparable to that of the control adult. The plasma concentration of estradiol-17beta (E2) was shown to be 5.7+/-0.5 (mean+/-SE)pg/ml in the masculinized birds, 7.0+/-0.7 pg/ml in control males, and 22.5+/-6.1 pg/ml in control females, whereas plasma testosterone (T) was below the detection level in all of the samples. As to the pituitary gland, hypertrophy and/or deformity of the pars distalis was evident in the majority of the masculinized birds. Among others, hyperactive gonadotrophs, mainly luteinizing hormone (LH)- and LH/follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)-immunoreactive cells, were prominent in the entire gland; and typical signet ring cells (castration cells) or giant gonadotrophs were frequently observed. These changes in the gonadotrophs may have been caused by a feedback response to the physiologically ovariectomized condition in the masculinized birds. Causal factor(s) of the ovarian degeneration remain to be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Chiba
- Department of Biology, Nippon Dental University School of Dentistry at Niigata, Niigata 951-8580, Japan.
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47
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Ito H, Sudo-Yamaji A, Abe M, Murase T, Tsubota T. Sex identification by alternative polymerase chain reaction methods in falconiformes. Zoolog Sci 2003; 20:339-44. [PMID: 12692393 DOI: 10.2108/zsj.20.339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A number of avian species are difficult to sex morphologically, especially as nestlings. Like other avian species, many species of Falconiformes are sexually monomorphic. Therefore, it is desirable that new methods based on DNA analysis are established in Falconiformes and other sexual monomorphic species. We identified sex in Falconiformes by two alternative methods. First, we used a sexing method based on the intronic length variation between CHD1W and CHD1Z using primers flanking the intron. In this method, two species of Falconidae could be identified for sexing. However, six species of Accipitridae could not, because they have few length variations. The second method used was based on differences in sequences between CHD1W and CHD1Z. From sequence analysis, a 3'-terminal mismatch primer on point mutation conserved among Falconiformes was designed, and identification of sex with the amplification refractory mutation system (ARMS) was performed. This method could identify sex in all species tested. In addition, because the 3'-terminal mismatch primer was designed on a point mutation conserved among Falconiformes, ARMS with these primers may identify sex in all Falconiformes. These are simple and rapid sexing methods, since only polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and agarose electrophoresis are required. In conclusion, sex identification by an alternative PCR approach based on intronic length variation and on differences in sequences between CHD1W and CHD1Z proved applicable to and useful for Falconiformes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideyuki Ito
- Laboratory of Theriogenology, Faculty of Agriculture, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
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48
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De Kloet SR. Molecular sex identification of tinamous with PCR using primers derived from the spindlin gene. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-8286.2002.00279.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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49
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Abstract
DNA-based sex tests now exist for many avian species. However, none of these tests are widely applicable to ratites. We present DNA sequence data for a locus that is W chromosome-linked in the kiwi, ostrich, cassowary, rhea, and emu. At the amino acid level, this sequence has significant homology to X-linked genes in platyfish and Caenorhabditis elegans. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers designed to this locus allow the assignment of sex in all species of living ratites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon Huynen
- Institute of Molecular BioSciences and Allan Wilson Centre for Molecular Ecology and Evolution, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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