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Xie J, Shi S, Liu Y, Wang S, Rajput SA, Song T. Fructose metabolism and its role in pig production: A mini-review. Front Nutr 2022; 9:922051. [PMID: 35967778 PMCID: PMC9373593 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.922051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have shown that excessive intake of fructose is largely responsible for the increasing incidence of non-alcoholic fatty liver, obesity, and diabetes. However, depending on the amount of fructose consumption from diet, the metabolic role of fructose is controversial. Recently, there have been increasing studies reporting that diets low in fructose expand the surface area of the gut and increase nutrient absorption in mouse model, which is widely used in fructose-related studies. However, excessive fructose consumption spills over from the small intestine into the liver for steatosis and increases the risk of colon cancer. Therefore, suitable animal models may be needed to study fructose-induced metabolic changes. Along with its use in global meat production, pig is well-known as a biomedical model with an advantage over murine and other animal models as it has similar nutrition and metabolism to human in anatomical and physiological aspects. Here, we review the characteristics and metabolism of fructose and summarize observations of fructose in pig reproduction, growth, and development as well as acting as a human biomedical model. This review highlights fructose metabolism from the intestine to the blood cycle and presents the critical role of fructose in pig, which could provide new strategies for curbing human metabolic diseases and promoting pig production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahao Xie
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shiyi Shi
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yucheng Liu
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shaoshuai Wang
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shahid Ali Rajput
- Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Muhammad Nawaz Shareef University of Agriculture Multan, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Tongxing Song
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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Sellmann C, Priebs J, Landmann M, Degen C, Engstler AJ, Jin CJ, Gärttner S, Spruss A, Huber O, Bergheim I. Diets rich in fructose, fat or fructose and fat alter intestinal barrier function and lead to the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease over time. J Nutr Biochem 2015; 26:1183-92. [PMID: 26168700 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2015.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
General overnutrition but also a diet rich in certain macronutrients, age, insulin resistance and an impaired intestinal barrier function may be critical factors in the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Here the effect of chronic intake of diets rich in different macronutrients, i.e. fructose and/or fat on liver status in mice, was studied over time. C57BL/6J mice were fed plain water, 30% fructose solution, a high-fat diet or a combination of both for 8 and 16 weeks. Indices of liver damage, toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4) signaling cascade, macrophage polarization and insulin resistance in the liver and intestinal barrier function were analyzed. Chronic exposure to a diet rich in fructose and/or fat was associated with the development of hepatic steatosis that progressed with time to steatohepatitis in mice fed a combination of macronutrients. The development of NAFLD was also associated with a marked reduction of the mRNA expression of insulin receptor, whereas hepatic expressions of TLR-4, myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 and markers of M1 polarization of macrophages were induced in comparison to controls. Bacterial endotoxin levels in portal plasma were found to be increased while levels of the tight junction protein occludin and zonula occludens 1 were found to be significantly lower in the duodenum of all treated groups after 8 and 16 weeks. Our data suggest that chronic intake of fructose and/or fat may lead to the development of NAFLD over time and that this is associated with an increased translocation of bacterial endotoxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathrin Sellmann
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Model Systems of Molecular Nutrition, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Josephine Priebs
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Model Systems of Molecular Nutrition, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Marianne Landmann
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Model Systems of Molecular Nutrition, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Degen
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Model Systems of Molecular Nutrition, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Anna Janina Engstler
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Model Systems of Molecular Nutrition, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Cheng Jun Jin
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Model Systems of Molecular Nutrition, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Stefanie Gärttner
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Model Systems of Molecular Nutrition, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Astrid Spruss
- Department of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Otmar Huber
- Department of Biochemistry II, University Hospital Jena, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany; Center of Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Ina Bergheim
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Model Systems of Molecular Nutrition, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany.
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Zhang L, Perdomo G, Kim DH, Qu S, Ringquist S, Trucco M, Dong HH. Proteomic analysis of fructose-induced fatty liver in hamsters. Metabolism 2008; 57:1115-24. [PMID: 18640390 PMCID: PMC2553352 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2008.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2007] [Accepted: 03/18/2008] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
High fructose consumption is associated with the development of fatty liver and dyslipidemia with poorly understood mechanisms. We used a matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-based proteomics approach to define the molecular events that link high fructose consumption to fatty liver in hamsters. Hamsters fed high-fructose diet for 8 weeks, as opposed to regular-chow-fed controls, developed hyperinsulinemia and hyperlipidemia. High-fructose-fed hamsters exhibited fat accumulation in liver. Hamsters were killed, and liver tissues were subjected to matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-based proteomics. This approach identified a number of proteins whose expression levels were altered by >2-fold in response to high fructose feeding. These proteins fall into 5 different categories including (1) functions in fatty acid metabolism such as fatty acid binding protein and carbamoyl-phosphate synthase; (2) proteins in cholesterol and triglyceride metabolism such as apolipoprotein A-1 and protein disulfide isomerase; (3) molecular chaperones such as GroEL, peroxiredoxin 2, and heat shock protein 70, whose functions are important for protein folding and antioxidation; (4) enzymes in fructose catabolism such as fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase and glycerol kinase; and (5) proteins with housekeeping functions such as albumin. These data provide insight into the molecular basis linking fructose-induced metabolic shift to the development of metabolic syndrome characterized by hepatic steatosis and dyslipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - H. Henry Dong
- Correspondence should be addressed to: Dr. Dong, Rangos Research Center, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, 3460 5th Avenue, Rm 5140, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, Tel: +1 (412) 692-6324, Fax: +1 (412) 692-5809,
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Schürmann
- Department of Pharmacology, German Institute of Human Nutrition, Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, Nuthetal, Germany.
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Bergheim I, Weber S, Vos M, Krämer S, Volynets V, Kaserouni S, McClain CJ, Bischoff SC. Antibiotics protect against fructose-induced hepatic lipid accumulation in mice: role of endotoxin. J Hepatol 2008; 48:983-92. [PMID: 18395289 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2008.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 382] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2007] [Revised: 01/06/2008] [Accepted: 01/28/2008] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Consumption of refined carbohydrates in soft drinks has been postulated to be a key factor in the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The aim of the present study was to test the effects of ad libitum access to different sugars consumed in drinking water on hepatic fat accumulation. METHODS For 8 weeks, C57BL/J6 mice had free access to solutions containing 30% glucose, fructose, sucrose, or water sweetened with artificial sweetener (AS) or plain water. Body weight, caloric intake, hepatic steatosis and lipid peroxidation were assessed. RESULTS Total caloric intake and weight gain were highest in mice exposed to glucose. In contrast, hepatic lipid accumulation was significantly higher in mice consuming fructose compared to all other groups. Moreover, endotoxin levels in portal blood and lipid peroxidation as well as TNFalpha expression were significantly higher in fructose fed mice than in all other groups. Concomitant treatment of fructose fed mice with antibiotics (e.g., polymyxin B and neomycin) markedly reduced hepatic lipid accumulation in fructose fed mice. CONCLUSIONS These data support the hypothesis that high fructose consumption may not only lead to liver damage through overfeeding but also may be directly pro-inflammatory by increasing intestinal translocation of endotoxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ina Bergheim
- Department of Nutritional Medicine (180), University of Hohenheim, Fruwirthstrasse 12, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
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Cao D, Lu H, Lewis TL, Li L. Intake of Sucrose-sweetened Water Induces Insulin Resistance and Exacerbates Memory Deficits and Amyloidosis in a Transgenic Mouse Model of Alzheimer Disease. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:36275-82. [DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m703561200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Jürgens H, Haass W, Castañeda TR, Schürmann A, Koebnick C, Dombrowski F, Otto B, Nawrocki AR, Scherer PE, Spranger J, Ristow M, Joost HG, Havel PJ, Tschöp MH. Consuming fructose-sweetened beverages increases body adiposity in mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 13:1146-56. [PMID: 16076983 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2005.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The marked increase in the prevalence of obesity in the United States has recently been attributed to the increased fructose consumption. To determine if and how fructose might promote obesity in an animal model, we measured body composition, energy intake, energy expenditure, substrate oxidation, and several endocrine parameters related to energy homeostasis in mice consuming fructose. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES We compared the effects of ad libitum access to fructose (15% solution in water), sucrose (10%, popular soft drink), and artificial sweetener (0% calories, popular diet soft drink) on adipogenesis and energy metabolism in mice. RESULTS Exposure to fructose water increased adiposity, whereas increased fat mass after consumption of soft drinks or diet soft drinks did not reach statistical significance (n = 9 each group). Total intake of energy was unaltered, because mice proportionally reduced their caloric intake from chow. There was a trend toward reduced energy expenditure and increased respiratory quotient, albeit not significant, in the fructose group. Furthermore, fructose produced a hepatic lipid accumulation with a characteristic pericentral pattern. DISCUSSION These data are compatible with the conclusion that a high intake of fructose selectively enhances adipogenesis, possibly through a shift of substrate use to lipogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hella Jürgens
- Department of Pharmacology, German Institute of Human Nutrition, Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany.
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Aoyama Y, Wada M. Supplementation of orotic acid to the casein, but not to egg protein, soy protein, or wheat gluten diets, increases serum ornithine carbamoyltransferase activity. J Nutr Biochem 2000; 11:306-10. [PMID: 11002125 DOI: 10.1016/s0955-2863(00)00080-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Effects of dietary supplementation of orotic acid to a diet containing the casein protein were compared with diets containing egg protein, soy protein, or wheat gluten on lipid levels in the liver and serum and activities of ornithine carbamoyltransferase (OCT) and alanine aminotransferase in the serum of rats. We found that supplementation of orotic acid to each diet increased the contents of the liver total lipids, triacylglycerol, and phospholipids compared with those not supplemented. The contents of liver total lipids, triacylglycerol, cholesterol, and phospholipids in rats fed the casein diet were significantly higher than those of rats fed the other three diets when orotic acid was supplemented. The levels of triacylglycerol, cholesterol, and phospholipids in the serum of rats fed the casein diet were markedly decreased by addition of orotic acid. The supplementation of orotic acid significantly increased the activities of both serum OCT and alanine aminotransferase in rats fed the casein diet, but not in rats fed the other diets. In conclusion, liver lipid accumulation induced by dietary orotic acid depends on the type of dietary protein. The enhancement of serum OCT activity may result from liver lipid accumulation in rats fed the casein diet supplemented with orotic acid, demonstrating hepatic damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Aoyama
- Division of Applied Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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Martin A, Biol MC, Alallon W, Louisot P, Richard M. [Mechanism of lipid inhibitory effect on intestinal fucosyl-transferase in the rat]. ARCHIVES INTERNATIONALES DE PHYSIOLOGIE ET DE BIOCHIMIE 1981; 89:41-9. [PMID: 6166264 DOI: 10.3109/13813458109069136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
High-fat diets decrease microsomic and soluble fucosyl-transferase activities in rat intestinal mucosa. This inhibition is not due to qualitative (pHi) or quantitative (relative activities) changes ion three isoenzymes, nor is it caused by alterations in the kinetic behaviour of these enzymes (Km, V). It is also not due to a direct effect of the fatty acids on the enzyme activities. It seems reasonable to suggest that a decreased biosynthesis of the fucosyl-transferase occurs as a result of the high-fat diets.
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Wahle KW, Radcliffe JD. Effect of a diet rich in sunflower oil on aspects of lipid metabolism in the genetically-obese rat. Lipids 1977; 12:135-9. [PMID: 846294 DOI: 10.1007/bf02533282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Aspects of the lipid metabolism of male, obese and lean Zucker rats were compared using animals which had been fed ad libitum for 32 days on a diet (HS) which contained 200 g sunflowerseed oil/kg or one (LS) which contained 50 g/kg of the oil. When compared with the LS diet, the HS diet decreased the characteristic lipid accretion in the liver of obses rats from 126 mg (LS) to 81 mg (HS)/g wet weight; corresponding values for the lean rats were 39 mg and 56 mg/g wet weight of liver, respectively. The HS diet depressed lipid synthesis de novo by liver homogenates and decreased the delta9-desaturase activity of liver microsomes from obese and lean rats by about 50%. delta9-Desaturase activity in vitro was also depressed by the addition of linoleic acid to liver microsomes from both obese and lean rats fed ad libitum on a standard laboratory diet. Depressed delta9-desaturase activity, due to ingestion of the HS diet, was reflected in lower ratios of 16:1/16:0 and 18:1/18:0 fatty acids in tissue lipids from obese and lean rats. Ingestion of the HS compared with the LS diet resulted in increased proportions of 18:2omega6 in liver lipids and adipose tissue triacylglycerols of obese and lean rats. The HS diet also increased the proportions of 20:4omega6 in adipose triacylglycerols of obese and lean rats and in liver lipids of obese animals but not in their lean littermates.
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