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Meng Z, Zhou D, Lv D, Gan Q, Liao Y, Peng Z, Zhou X, Xu S, Chi P, Wang Z, Nüssler AK, Yang X, Liu L, Deng D, Yang W. Human milk extracellular vesicles enhance muscle growth and physical performance of immature mice associating with Akt/mTOR/p70s6k signaling pathway. J Nanobiotechnology 2023; 21:304. [PMID: 37644475 PMCID: PMC10463453 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-023-02043-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) play an important role in human and bovine milk composition. According to excellent published studies, it also exerts various functions in the gut, bone, or immune system. However, the effects of milk-derived EVs on skeletal muscle growth and performance have yet to be fully explored. Firstly, the current study examined the amino acids profile in human milk EVs (HME) and bovine milk EVs (BME) using targeted metabolomics. Secondly, HME and BME were injected in the quadriceps of mice for four weeks (1 time/3 days). Then, related muscle performance, muscle growth markers/pathways, and amino acids profile were detected or measured by grip strength analysis, rotarod performance testing, Jenner-Giemsa/H&E staining, Western blotting, and targeted metabolomics, respectively. Finally, HME and BME were co-cultured with C2C12 cells to detect the above-related indexes and further testify relative phenomena. Our findings mainly demonstrated that HME and BME significantly increase the diameter of C2C12 myotubes. HME treatment demonstrates higher exercise performance and muscle fiber densities than BME treatment. Besides, after KEGG and correlation analyses with biological function after HME and BME treatment, results showed L-Ornithine acts as a "notable marker" after HME treatment to affect mouse skeletal muscle growth or functions. Otherwise, L-Ornithine also significantly positively correlates with the activation of the AKT/mTOR pathway and myogenic regulatory factors (MRFs) and can also be observed in muscle and C2C12 cells after HME treatment. Overall, our study not only provides a novel result for the amino acid composition of HME and BME, but the current study also indicates the advantage of human milk on skeletal muscle growth and performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zitong Meng
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road 13, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene and MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road 13, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Dong Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hubei Province, 745 Wuluo Road, Wuhan, 430000, China
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hubei Province, 745 Wuluo Road, Wuhan, 430000, China
| | - Dan Lv
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jiefang Avenue 1095, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Quan Gan
- Department of Obstetrics, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hubei Province, 745 Wuluo Road, Wuhan, 430000, China
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hubei Province, 745 Wuluo Road, Wuhan, 430000, China
| | - Yuxiao Liao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road 13, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene and MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road 13, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Zhao Peng
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road 13, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene and MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road 13, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Xiaolei Zhou
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road 13, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene and MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road 13, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Shiyin Xu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road 13, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene and MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road 13, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Penglong Chi
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road 13, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene and MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road 13, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Zhipeng Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road 13, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene and MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road 13, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Andreas K Nüssler
- Department of Traumatology, BG Trauma Center, University of Tübingen, Schnarrenbergstr. 95, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Xuefeng Yang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road 13, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene and MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road 13, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Liegang Liu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road 13, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene and MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road 13, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Dongrui Deng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jiefang Avenue 1095, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Wei Yang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road 13, Wuhan, 430030, China.
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene and MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hangkong Road 13, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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Zhu L, Tong G, Yang F, Zhao Y, Chen G. The role of neuroimmune and inflammation in pediatric uremia-induced neuropathy. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1013562. [PMID: 36189322 PMCID: PMC9520989 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1013562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Uremic neuropathy in children encompasses a wide range of central nervous system (CNS), peripheral nervous system (PNS), autonomic nervous system (ANS), and psychological abnormalities, which is associated with progressive renal dysfunction. Clinically, the diagnosis of uremic neuropathy in children is often made retrospectively when symptoms improve after dialysis or transplantation, due to there is no defining signs or laboratory and imaging findings. These neurological disorders consequently result in increased morbidity and mortality among children population, making uremia an urgent public health problem worldwide. In this review, we discuss the epidemiology, potential mechanisms, possible treatments, and the shortcomings of current research of uremic neuropathy in children. Mechanistically, the uremic neuropathy may be caused by retention of uremic solutes, increased oxidative stress, neurotransmitter imbalance, and disturbance of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Neuroimmune, including the change of inflammatory factors and immune cells, may also play a crucial role in the progression of uremic neuropathy. Different from the invasive treatment of dialysis and kidney transplantation, intervention in neuroimmune and targeted anti-inflammatory therapy may provide a new insight for the treatment of uremia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linfeng Zhu
- Department of Urology, The Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guoqin Tong
- Department of Neurology, The First People’s Hospital of XiaoShan District, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Urology, The Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yijun Zhao
- Department of Urology, The Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guangjie Chen
- Department of Urology, The Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Guangjie Chen,
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Dorigatti JD, Thyne KM, Ginsburg BC, Salmon AB. Beta-guanidinopropionic acid has age-specific effects on markers of health and function in mice. GeroScience 2021; 43:1497-1511. [PMID: 33890206 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-021-00372-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a central regulator of both lifespan and health across multiple model organisms. β-Guanidinopropionic acid (GPA) is an endogenous AMPK activator previously shown to improve metabolic function in young and obese mice. In this study, we tested whether age of administration significantly affects the physiological outcomes of GPA administration in mice. We report that intervention starting at 7-8 months (young) results in activation of AMPK signaling and a phenotype consisting of lower body mass, improved glucose control, enhanced exercise tolerance, and altered mitochondrial electron transport chain flux similar to previous reports. When GPA treatment is started at 18-19 months (old), the effect of GPA on AMPK signaling is blunted compared to younger mice despite similar accumulation of GPA in skeletal muscle. Even so, GPA administration in older animals delayed age-related declines in lean mass, improved measures of gait performance and circadian rhythm, and increased fat metabolism as measured by respiratory exchange ratio. These results are likely partially driven by the relative difference in basal function and metabolic plasticity between young and old mice. Our results suggest that age-related declines in AMPK sensitivity may limit potential strategies targeting AMPK signaling in older subjects and suggest that further research and development is required for AMPK activators to realize their full potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Dorigatti
- Sam and Ann Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Kevin M Thyne
- Sam and Ann Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Brett C Ginsburg
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Adam B Salmon
- Sam and Ann Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA. .,Department of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA. .,Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX, USA.
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Early socialization and environmental enrichment of lactating piglets affects the caecal microbiota and metabolomic response after weaning. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6113. [PMID: 33731752 PMCID: PMC7969613 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85460-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the possible impact of early socialization and an enriched neonatal environment to improve adaptation of piglets to weaning. We hypothesized that changes in the microbiota colonization process and in their metabolic response and intestinal functionality could help the animals face weaning stress. A total of 48 sows and their litters were allotted into a control (CTR) or an enriched treatment (ENR), in which piglets from two adjacent pens were combined and enriched with toys. The pattern of caecal microbial colonization, the jejunal gene expression, the serum metabolome and the intestinal physiology of the piglets were assessed before (-2 d) and after weaning (+ 3d). A differential ordination of caecal microbiota was observed after weaning. Serum metabolome suggested a reduced energetic metabolism in ENR animals, as evidenced by shifts in triglycerides and fatty acids, VLDL/LDL and creatine regions. The TLR2 gene showed to be downregulated in the jejunum of ENR pigs after weaning. The integration of gene expression, metabolome and microbiota datasets confirmed that differences between barren and enriched neonatal environments were evident only after weaning. Our results suggest that improvements in adaptation to weaning could be mediated by a better response to the post-weaning stress.
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Wang Z, Zhang J, Wu P, Luo S, Li J, Wang Q, Huang P, Li Y, Ding X, Hou Z, Wu D, Huang J, Tu Q, Yang H. Effects of oral monosodium glutamate administration on serum metabolomics of suckling piglets. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2019; 104:269-279. [PMID: 31553089 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to determine the effects of oral administration with glutamate on metabolism of suckling piglets based on 1 H-Nuclear magnetic resonance (1 H NMR) spectroscopy through the level of metabolism. Forty-eight healthy [(Yorkshire × Landrace) × Duroc] piglets born on the same day with a similar birth bodyweight (1.55 ± 0.20 kg) were obtained from six sows (8 piglets per sow). The piglets from each sow were randomly assigned into four treatments (2 piglets per treatment). The piglets were given 0.09 g/kg body weight (BW) of sodium chloride (CN group), 0.03 g/kg BW monosodium glutamate (LMG group), 0.25 g/kg BW monosodium glutamate (MMG group) and 0.50 g/kg BW monosodium glutamate (HMG group) twice a day respectively. An 1 H NMR-based metabolomics' study found that the addition of monosodium glutamate (MSG) significantly reduced serum citrate content in 7-day-old piglets, while HMG significantly increased serum trimethylamine content and significantly reduced unsaturated fat content in 7-day-old piglets (p < .05). The content of glutamine, trimethylamine, albumin, choline and urea nitrogen was significantly increased and the creatinine content decreased significantly in the 21-day-old HMG (p < .05). Analysis of serum hormones revealed that glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) content in the 21-day-old HMG was highest (p < .05). The cholecystokinin (CCK) content in the HMG of 7-day-old piglets was lower than that in the LMG (p < .05), and the CCK content in the serum of the 21-day-old MMG was highest (p < .05). The serum leptin levels in the 21-day-old HMG were the lowest (p < .05). The serum insulin content in the 7-day-old MMG was highest (p < .05). This study suggests that MSG plays an important role in the metabolism of sugar, fat and protein (amino acids). These results provide a theoretical basis for designing piglet feed formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaobin Wang
- Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China.,Chinese Academy of Science, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Hunan Engineering and Research Center of Animal and Poultry Science and Key Laboratory for Agroecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Scientific Observation and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Chinese Academy of Science, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Hunan Engineering and Research Center of Animal and Poultry Science and Key Laboratory for Agroecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Scientific Observation and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha, China.,Fujian Aonong Bio-Technology Co., Ltd., Xiamen, China
| | - Pei Wu
- Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Shiyu Luo
- Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Jianzhong Li
- Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Qiye Wang
- Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Pengfei Huang
- Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Yali Li
- Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Xueqin Ding
- Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhenping Hou
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Duanqin Wu
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Jing Huang
- Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Qiang Tu
- Chinese Academy of Science, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Hunan Engineering and Research Center of Animal and Poultry Science and Key Laboratory for Agroecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Scientific Observation and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha, China.,State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Science, Shandong University-Helmholtz Institute of Biotechnology, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Huansheng Yang
- Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China.,Chinese Academy of Science, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Hunan Engineering and Research Center of Animal and Poultry Science and Key Laboratory for Agroecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Scientific Observation and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha, China
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Cloots RHE, Poynter ME, Terwindt E, Lamers WH, Köhler SE. Hypoargininemia exacerbates airway hyperresponsiveness in a mouse model of asthma. Respir Res 2018; 19:98. [PMID: 29792217 PMCID: PMC5967058 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-018-0809-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asthma is a chronic respiratory condition, with airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) and inflammation as hallmarks. The hypothesis that the substantially increased expression of arginase 1 in activated macrophages limits the availability of L-arginine for nitric oxide synthesis, and thus increases AHR in lungs of mice with experimentally induced allergic asthma was recently refuted by several studies. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that, instead, a low circulating concentration of arginine aggravates AHR in the same murine asthma model. Female FVB F/A2 tg/tg transgenic mice, which overexpress rat arginase 1 in their enterocytes, exhibit a ~ 50% decrease of their plasma L-arginine concentration. METHODS Adult female F/A2 tg/tg mice and their wild-type littermates (F/A2 wt/wt ) were sensitized and challenged with ovalbumin (OVA/OVA). Lung function was assessed with the flexiVent™ system. Adaptive changes in the expression of arginine-metabolizing or -transporting enzymes, chemokines and cytokines, and lung histology were quantified with qPCR, ELISA, and immunohistochemistry, respectively. RESULTS Reduction of circulating L-arginine concentration significantly increased AHR in OVA/OVA-treated mice and, to a lesser extent, even in PBS/OVA-treated mice. The pulmonary inflammatory response in OVA/OVA-treated F/A2 tg/tg and F/A2 wt/wt mice was comparable. OVA/OVA-treated F/A2 tg/tg mice differed from similarly treated female mice, in which arginase 1 expression in lung macrophages was eliminated, by a complete absence of an adaptive increase in the expression of arginine-metabolizing or -transporting enzymes. CONCLUSION A reduction of the circulating L-arginine concentration rather than the macrophage-mediated increase of arginine catabolism worsens AHR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy H. E. Cloots
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology and NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Matthew E. Poynter
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease and Critical Care, University of Vermont, VT, Burlington, USA
| | - Els Terwindt
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology and NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter H. Lamers
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology and NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - S. Eleonore Köhler
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology and NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Developmental changes of l-arginine transport at the blood-brain barrier in rats. Microvasc Res 2017; 117:16-21. [PMID: 29247719 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2017.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 11/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
l-Arginine is required for regulating synapse formation/patterning and angiogenesis in the developing brain. We hypothesized that this requirement would be met by increased transporter-mediated supply across the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Thus, the purpose of this work was to test the idea that elevation of blood-to-brain l-arginine transport across the BBB in the postnatal period coincides with up-regulation of cationic acid transporter 1 (CAT1) expression in developing brain capillaries. We found that the apparent brain-to-plasma concentration ratio (Kp, app) of l-arginine after intravenous administration during the first and second postnatal weeks was 2-fold greater than that at the adult stage. Kp, app of l-serine was also increased at the first postnatal week. In contrast, Kp, app of d-mannitol, a passively BBB-permeable molecule, did not change, indicating that increased transport of l-arginine and l-serine is not due to BBB immaturity. Double immunohistochemical staining of CAT1 and a marker protein, glucose transporter 1, revealed that CAT1 was localized on both luminal and abluminal membranes of brain capillary endothelial cells during the developmental and adult stages. A dramatic increase in CAT1 expression in the brain was seen at postnatal day 7 (P7) and day 14 (P14) and the expression subsequently decreased as the brain matured. In accordance with this, intense immunostaining of CAT1 was observed in brain capillaries at P7 and P14. These findings strongly support our hypothesis and suggest that the supply of blood-born l-arginine to the brain via CAT1 at the BBB plays a key role in meeting the elevated demand for l-arginine in postnatal brain.
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Didelija IC, Mohammad MA, Marini JC. Ablation of Arginase II Spares Arginine and Abolishes the Arginine Requirement for Growth in Male Mice. J Nutr 2017; 147:1510-1516. [PMID: 28679627 PMCID: PMC5525112 DOI: 10.3945/jn.117.251249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Arginine is considered a semiessential amino acid in many species, including humans, because under certain conditions its demand exceeds endogenous production. Arginine availability, however, is determined not only by its production but also by its disposal. Manipulation of disposal pathways has the potential to increase availability and thus abolish the requirement for arginine.Objective: The objective of the study was to test the hypothesis that arginase II ablation increases arginine availability for growth.Methods: In a completely randomized design with a factorial arrangement of treatments, postweaning growth was determined for 3 wk in male and female wild-type (WT) mice and arginase II knockout mice (ARGII) on a C57BL/6J background fed arginine-sufficient [Arg(+); 8 g arginine/kg] or arginine-free [Arg(-)] diets. Tracers were used to determine citrulline and arginine kinetics.Results: A sex dimorphism in arginine metabolism was detected; female mice had a greater citrulline flux (∼30%, P < 0.001), which translated to greater de novo synthesis of arginine (∼31%, P < 0.001). Female mice also had greater arginine fluxes (P < 0.015) and plasma arginine concentrations (P < 0.01), but a reduced arginine clearance rate (P < 0.001). Ablation of arginase II increased plasma arginine concentrations in both sexes (∼27%, P < 0.01) but increased arginine flux only in males (P < 0.01). The absence of arginine in the diet limited the growth of male WT mice (P < 0.01), but had no effect on male ARGII mice (P = 0.12). In contrast, WT females on the Arg(-) diet grew at the same rate and achieved final weight similar to that of female WT mice fed the Arg(+) diet (P = 0.47).Conclusion: The ablation of arginase II in male mice spares arginine that can then be used for growth and to meet other metabolic functions, thus abolishing arginine requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inka C Didelija
- USDA/Agricultural Research Service Children’s Nutrition Research Center and
| | - Mahmoud A Mohammad
- USDA/Agricultural Research Service Children’s Nutrition Research Center and
| | - Juan C Marini
- USDA/Agricultural Research Service Children's Nutrition Research Center and .,Section of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
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Diémé B, Mavel S, Blasco H, Tripi G, Bonnet-Brilhault F, Malvy J, Bocca C, Andres CR, Nadal-Desbarats L, Emond P. Metabolomics Study of Urine in Autism Spectrum Disorders Using a Multiplatform Analytical Methodology. J Proteome Res 2015; 14:5273-82. [PMID: 26538324 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.5b00699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder with no clinical biomarker. The aims of this study were to characterize a metabolic signature of ASD and to evaluate multiplatform analytical methodologies in order to develop predictive tools for diagnosis and disease follow-up. Urine samples were analyzed using (1)H and (1)H-(13)C NMR-based approaches and LC-HRMS-based approaches (ESI+ and ESI- on HILIC and C18 chromatography columns). Data tables obtained from the six analytical modalities on a training set of 46 urine samples (22 autistic children and 24 controls) were processed by multivariate analysis (orthogonal partial least-squares discriminant analysis, OPLS-DA). The predictions from each of these OPLS-DA models were then evaluated using a prediction set of 16 samples (8 autistic children and 8 controls) and receiver operating characteristic curves. Thereafter, a data fusion block-scaling OPLS-DA model was generated from the 6 best models obtained for each modality. This fused OPLS-DA model showed an enhanced performance (R(2)Y(cum) = 0.88, Q(2)(cum) = 0.75) compared to each analytical modality model, as well as a better predictive capacity (AUC = 0.91, p-value = 0.006). Metabolites that are most significantly different between autistic and control children (p < 0.05) are indoxyl sulfate, N-α-acetyl-l-arginine, methyl guanidine, and phenylacetylglutamine. This multimodality approach has the potential to contribute to find robust biomarkers and characterize a metabolic phenotype of the ASD population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binta Diémé
- INSERM U930, Imagerie et Cerveau, Université François-Rabelais , 37000 Tours, France
| | - Sylvie Mavel
- INSERM U930, Imagerie et Cerveau, Université François-Rabelais , 37000 Tours, France
| | - Hélène Blasco
- INSERM U930, Imagerie et Cerveau, Université François-Rabelais , 37000 Tours, France.,Service de Biochimie Et Biologie Moléculaire, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire (CHRU) de Tours , 37044 Tours, France
| | - Gabriele Tripi
- Service de Pédopsychiatrie, CHRU de Tours , 37044 Tours, France
| | - Frédérique Bonnet-Brilhault
- INSERM U930, Imagerie et Cerveau, Université François-Rabelais , 37000 Tours, France.,Service de Pédopsychiatrie, CHRU de Tours , 37044 Tours, France
| | - Joëlle Malvy
- INSERM U930, Imagerie et Cerveau, Université François-Rabelais , 37000 Tours, France.,Service de Pédopsychiatrie, CHRU de Tours , 37044 Tours, France
| | - Cinzia Bocca
- INSERM U930, Imagerie et Cerveau, Université François-Rabelais , 37000 Tours, France
| | - Christian R Andres
- INSERM U930, Imagerie et Cerveau, Université François-Rabelais , 37000 Tours, France.,Service de Biochimie Et Biologie Moléculaire, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire (CHRU) de Tours , 37044 Tours, France
| | - Lydie Nadal-Desbarats
- INSERM U930, Imagerie et Cerveau, Université François-Rabelais , 37000 Tours, France
| | - Patrick Emond
- INSERM U930, Imagerie et Cerveau, Université François-Rabelais , 37000 Tours, France.,Service de Biochimie Et Biologie Moléculaire, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire (CHRU) de Tours , 37044 Tours, France.,Service de Médecine Nucléaire In Vitro, CHRU de Tours , 37044 Tours, France
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10
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Xie G, Ma X, Zhao A, Wang C, Zhang Y, Nieman D, Nicholson JK, Jia W, Bao Y, Jia W. The metabolite profiles of the obese population are gender-dependent. J Proteome Res 2014; 13:4062-73. [PMID: 25132568 DOI: 10.1021/pr500434s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Studies have identified that several amino acids, in particular, branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), have increased significantly in obese individuals when compared to lean individuals. Additionally, these metabolites were strongly associated with future diabetes, which rendered them prognostic markers suitable for obese populations. Here we report a metabonomic study that reveals new findings on the role of these amino acid markers, particularly BCAAs, in a Chinese cohort including 106 healthy obese and 105 healthy lean participants. We found that the BCAAs were correlated with insulin resistance and differentially expressed in obese men, but not in obese women. The results were verified with two independent groups of participants (Chinese, n = 105 and American, n = 72) and demonstrate that the serum metabolite profiles of the obese population are gender-dependent. The study supports the previous findings of a panel of several key metabolites as prognostic markers of the obese population and highlights the need to take into account gender differences when using these markers for risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoxiang Xie
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus and Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital , Shanghai 200233, China
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11
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Tomaschitz A, Meinitzer A, Pilz S, Rus-Machan J, Genser B, Drechsler C, Grammer T, Krane V, Ritz E, Kleber ME, Pieske B, Kraigher-Krainer E, Fahrleitner-Pammer A, Wanner C, Boehm BO, Marz W. Homoarginine, kidney function and cardiovascular mortality risk. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2014; 29:663-71. [DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gft512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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12
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Marion V, Sankaranarayanan S, de Theije C, van Dijk P, Hakvoort TBM, Lamers WH, Köhler ES. Hepatic adaptation compensates inactivation of intestinal arginine biosynthesis in suckling mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67021. [PMID: 23785515 PMCID: PMC3681768 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Suckling mammals, including mice, differ from adults in the abundant expression of enzymes that synthesize arginine from citrulline in their enterocytes. To investigate the importance of the small-intestinal arginine synthesis for whole-body arginine production in suckling mice, we floxed exon 13 of the argininosuccinate synthetase (Ass) gene, which codes for a key enzyme in arginine biosynthesis, and specifically and completely ablated Ass in enterocytes by crossing Ass (fl) and Villin-Cre mice. Unexpectedly, Ass (fl/fl) /VilCre (tg/-) mice showed no developmental impairments. Amino-acid fluxes across the intestine, liver, and kidneys were calculated after determining the blood flow in the portal vein, and hepatic and renal arteries (86%, 14%, and 33%, respectively, of the transhepatic blood flow in 14-day-old mice). Relative to control mice, citrulline production in the splanchnic region of Ass (fl/fl) /VilCre (tg/-) mice doubled, while arginine production was abolished. Furthermore, the net production of arginine and most other amino acids in the liver of suckling control mice declined to naught or even changed to consumption in Ass (fl/fl) /VilCre (tg/-) mice, and had, thus, become remarkably similar to that of post-weaning wild-type mice, which no longer express arginine-biosynthesizing enzymes in their small intestine. The adaptive changes in liver function were accompanied by an increased expression of genes involved in arginine metabolism (Asl, Got1, Gpt2, Glud1, Arg1, and Arg2) and transport (Slc25a13, Slc25a15, and Slc3a2), whereas no such changes were found in the intestine. Our findings suggest that the genetic premature deletion of arginine synthesis in enterocytes causes a premature induction of the post-weaning pattern of amino-acid metabolism in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Marion
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Laboratoire de Génetique Médicale, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1112, Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | | | - Chiel de Theije
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Paul van Dijk
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Theo B. M. Hakvoort
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Gastrointestinal Research, Academic Medical Center University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter H. Lamers
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Gastrointestinal Research, Academic Medical Center University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eleonore S. Köhler
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- *E-mail:
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Perla V, Jayanty SS. Biguanide related compounds in traditional antidiabetic functional foods. Food Chem 2012; 138:1574-80. [PMID: 23411283 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.09.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Revised: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Biguanides such as metformin are widely used worldwide for the treatment of type-2 diabetes. The identification of guanidine and related compounds in French lilac plant (Galega officinalis L.) led to the development of biguanides. Despite of their plant origin, biguanides have not been reported in plants. The objective of this study was to quantify biguanide related compounds (BRCs) in experimentally or clinically substantiated antidiabetic functional plant foods and potatoes. The corrected results of the Voges-Proskauer (V-P) assay suggest that the highest amounts of BRCs are present in green curry leaves (Murraya koenigii (L.) Sprengel) followed by fenugreek seeds (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.), green bitter gourd (Momordica charantia Descourt.), and potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). Whereas, garlic (Allium sativum L.), and sweet potato (Ipomea batatas (L.) Lam.) contain negligible amounts of BRCs. In addition, the possible biosynthetic routes of biguanide in these plant foods are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venu Perla
- San Luis Valley Research Center, Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Colorado State University, 0249 East County Road 9N, Center, CO 81125, USA.
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14
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Czajka JL, McCay TS, Garneau DE. Physical and Cognitive Performance of the Least Shrew (Cryptotis parva) on a Calcium-Restricted Diet. Behav Sci (Basel) 2012; 2:172-185. [PMID: 25379219 PMCID: PMC4217630 DOI: 10.3390/bs2030172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2012] [Revised: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Geological substrates and air pollution affect the availability of calcium to mammals in many habitats, including the Adirondack Mountain Region (Adirondacks) of the United States. Mammalian insectivores, such as shrews, may be particularly restricted in environments with low calcium. We examined the consequences of calcium restriction on the least shrew (Cryptotis parva) in the laboratory. We maintained one group of shrews (5 F, 5 M) on a mealworm diet with a calcium concentration comparable to beetle larvae collected in the Adirondacks (1.1 ± 0.3 mg/g) and another group (5 F, 3 M) on a mealworm diet with a calcium concentration almost 20 times higher (19.5 ± 5.1 mg/g). Animals were given no access to mineral sources of calcium, such as snail shell or bone. We measured running speed and performance in a complex maze over 10 weeks. Shrews on the high-calcium diet made fewer errors in the maze than shrews on the low-calcium diet (F1,14 = 12.8, p < 0.01). Females made fewer errors than males (F1,14 = 10.6, p < 0.01). Running speeds did not markedly vary between diet groups or sexes, though there was a trend toward faster running by shrews on the high calcium diet (p = 0.087). Shrews in calcium-poor habitats with low availability of mineral sources of calcium may have greater difficulty with cognitive tasks such as navigation and recovery of food hoards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L. Czajka
- Albany Medical College, 47 New Scotland Avenue, Albany, NY 12208, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Timothy S. McCay
- Department of Biology, Colgate University, Hamilton, NY 13346, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Danielle E. Garneau
- Center for Earth and Environmental Science, State University of New York Plattsburgh, Plattsburgh, NY 12901, USA
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15
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He Q, Ren P, Kong X, Wu Y, Wu G, Li P, Hao F, Tang H, Blachier F, Yin Y. Comparison of serum metabolite compositions between obese and lean growing pigs using an NMR-based metabonomic approach. J Nutr Biochem 2011; 23:133-9. [PMID: 21429726 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2010.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2010] [Revised: 11/06/2010] [Accepted: 11/09/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Childhood obesity has become a prevalent risk to health of children and teenagers. To develop biomarkers in serum for altered lipid metabolism, genetically obese (Ningxiang strain) and lean (Duroc×Landrace×Large Yorkshire strain) growing pigs were used as models to identify potential differences in the serum metabonome between the two strains of pigs after consuming the same diet for 46 days. At the end of the study, pigs were euthanized for analysis of the serum metabonome and determination of body composition. Obese pigs had higher fat mass (42.3±8.8% vs. 21.9±4.5%) and lower muscle mass (35.4±4.5% vs. 58.9±2.5%) than lean pigs (P<.01). Serum concentrations of insulin and glucagon were higher (P<.02) in obese than in lean pigs. With the use of an NMR-based metabonomic technology, orthogonal projection to latent structure with discriminant analysis showed that serum HDL, VLDL, lipids, unsaturated lipids, glycoprotein, myo-inositol, pyruvate, threonine, tyrosine and creatine were higher in obese than in lean pigs (P<.05), while serum glucose and urea were lower in obese pigs (P<.05). In addition, changes in gut microbiota-related metabolites, including trimethylamine-N-oxide and choline, were observed in sera of obese pigs relatively to lean pigs (P<.05). These novel findings indicate that obese pigs have distinct metabolism, including lipogenesis, lipid oxidation, energy utilization and partition, protein and amino acid metabolism, and fermentation of gastrointestinal microbes, compared with lean pigs. The obese Ningxiang pig may be a useful model for childhood obesity research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghua He
- Key Laboratory for Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 410125 Hunan, People's Republic of China
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16
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Marion V, Sankaranarayanan S, de Theije C, van Dijk P, Lindsey P, Lamers MC, Harding HP, Ron D, Lamers WH, Köhler SE. Arginine deficiency causes runting in the suckling period by selectively activating the stress kinase GCN2. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:8866-74. [PMID: 21239484 PMCID: PMC3058991 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.216119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2010] [Revised: 01/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Suckling "F/A2" mice, which overexpress arginase-I in their enterocytes, develop a syndrome (hypoargininemia, reduced hair and muscle growth, impaired B-cell maturation) that resembles IGF1 deficiency. The syndrome may result from an impaired function of the GH-IGF1 axis, activation of the stress-kinase GCN2, and/or blocking of the mTORC1-signaling pathway. Arginine deficiency inhibited GH secretion and decreased liver Igf1 mRNA and plasma IGF1 concentration, but did not change muscle IGF1 concentration. GH supplementation induced Igf1 mRNA synthesis, but did not restore growth, ruling out direct involvement of the GH-IGF1 axis. In C2C12 muscle cells, arginine withdrawal activated GCN2 signaling, without impacting mTORC1 signaling. In F/A2 mice, the reduction of plasma and tissue arginine concentrations to ∼25% of wild-type values activated GCN2 signaling, but mTORC1-mediated signaling remained unaffected. Gcn2-deficient F/A2 mice suffered from hypoglycemia and died shortly after birth. Because common targets of all stress kinases (eIF2α phosphorylation, Chop mRNA expression) were not increased in these mice, the effects of arginine deficiency were solely mediated by GCN2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Marion
- From the Dept of Anatomy & Embryology and NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology, and Metabolism, and
| | | | - Chiel de Theije
- From the Dept of Anatomy & Embryology and NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology, and Metabolism, and
| | - Paul van Dijk
- From the Dept of Anatomy & Embryology and NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology, and Metabolism, and
| | - Patrick Lindsey
- the Department of Population Genetics, Genomics & Bioinformatics, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Marinus C. Lamers
- the Max-Planck Institute of Immunobiology, P.O. Box 1169, D-79011 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Heather P. Harding
- the Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom, and
| | - David Ron
- the Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom, and
| | - Wouter H. Lamers
- From the Dept of Anatomy & Embryology and NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology, and Metabolism, and
- the AMC Liver Center, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 22660, 1100 DD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - S. Eleonore Köhler
- From the Dept of Anatomy & Embryology and NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology, and Metabolism, and
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17
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Chou SY, Hsu CS, Hsu MY, Liang SJ, Yeh CL, Yeh SL. Effects of different arginine concentrations on angiogenic protein production induced by HeLa cells. Nutrition 2010; 26:818-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2009.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2009] [Revised: 08/03/2009] [Accepted: 08/09/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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18
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Deignan JL, De Deyn PP, Cederbaum SD, Fuchshuber A, Roth B, Gsell W, Marescau B. Guanidino compound levels in blood, cerebrospinal fluid, and post-mortem brain material of patients with argininemia. Mol Genet Metab 2010; 100 Suppl 1:S31-6. [PMID: 20176499 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2010.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2010] [Revised: 01/13/2010] [Accepted: 01/13/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The paucity of hyperammonemic crises together with spasticity, only seen in human arginase I deficient patients and not in patients with other urea cycle disorders, forces a search for candidates other than ammonia to associate with the pathophysiology and symptomatology. Therefore, we determined arginine together with some catabolites of arginine in blood and cerebrospinal fluid of these patients as well as in extremely rare post-mortem brain material of two patients with argininemia. The levels of alpha-keto-delta-guanidinovaleric acid, argininic acid and alpha-N-acetylarginine correlate with the arginine levels in blood and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with imposed or spontaneous protein restriction. The levels in blood are higher than the upper limit of normal in all studied patients. In addition to the highly increased levels of these same compounds in blood of a child with argininemia, the increase of guanidinoacetic acid, 24h before death, is remarkable. However, the manifest increases of these studied catabolites of arginine are not seen in post-mortem brain material of the same pediatric patient. Otherwise a clear increase of guanidinoacetic acid in post-mortem brain material of an adult patient was shown. A similar, comparable increase of homoarginine in both studied post-mortem brain materials is observed. Therefore the study of the pathobiochemistry of arginine in argininemia must be completed in the future by the determination of the end catabolites of the nitric oxide and agmatine biosynthesis pathways in the knockouts as well as in the patients to evaluate their role, together with the here studied catabolites, as candidates for association with pathophysiology and symptomatology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua L Deignan
- Department of Pathology, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Yeh CL, Pai MH, Li CC, Tsai YL, Yeh SL. Effect of arginine on angiogenesis induced by human colon cancer: in vitro and in vivo studies. J Nutr Biochem 2009; 21:538-43. [PMID: 19447018 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2009.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2008] [Revised: 01/13/2009] [Accepted: 03/04/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of arginine (Arg) supplementation on angiogenesis in human colon cancer. The in vitro study investigated the effects of different Arg levels and inducible nitric oxide (iNO) synthase inhibitor on angiogenic protein expressions stimulated by SW480 cells. The results showed that the production of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), basic fibroblast growth factor with 100 and 1000 micromol/L Arg and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 with 1000 micromol/L Arg was lower than that with 0 and 50 micromol/L Arg. Inhibition of iNO resulted in higher angiogenic protein expressions comparable with groups with low Arg administration, indicating that Arg administration at levels similar to or higher than physiological concentrations reduced the progression of colon cancer, and iNO may partly play a role in reducing angiogenesis. The in vivo study used a human colon cancer xenograft model in nude mice. Mice were inoculated with 1x10(7) SW480 cells and assigned to two groups. The control group was fed a semipurified diet, while the experimental group was supplied an Arg-supplemented diet. After 5 weeks, tumors were harvested and spleens were excised for further analysis. Results showed that the MMP-2, MMP-9 and VEGF receptor levels in tumors were significantly lower, whereas tumor NO levels and spleen natural killer (NK) cell activities were higher in the Arg group than in the control group. These results were consistent with the in vitro study that dietary Arg supplementation inhibits the progression of colon cancer possibly by increasing NO secretion and consequently enhancing NK cell activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiu-Li Yeh
- Institute of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Chia-Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan, Taiwan
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20
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Li JV, Holmes E, Saric J, Keiser J, Dirnhofer S, Utzinger J, Wang Y. Metabolic profiling of a Schistosoma mansoni infection in mouse tissues using magic angle spinning-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Int J Parasitol 2008; 39:547-58. [PMID: 19068218 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2008.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2008] [Revised: 10/13/2008] [Accepted: 10/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In order to enhance our understanding of physiological and pathological consequences of a patent Schistosoma mansoni infection in the mouse, we examined the metabolic responses of different tissue samples recovered from the host animal using a metabolic profiling strategy. Ten female NMRI mice were infected with approximately 80 S. mansoni cercariae each, and 10 uninfected age- and sex-matched animals served as controls. At day 74 post infection (p.i.), mice were killed and jejunum, ileum, colon, liver, spleen and kidney samples were removed. We employed (1)H magic angle spinning-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to generate tissue-specific metabolic profiles. The spectral data were analyzed using multivariate modelling methods including an orthogonal signal corrected-projection to latent structure analysis and hierarchical principal component analysis to assess the differences and/or similarities in metabolic responses between infected and non-infected control mice. Most tissues obtained from S. mansoni-infected mice were characterized by high levels of amino acids, such as leucine, isoleucine, lysine, glutamine and asparagine. High levels of membrane phospholipid metabolites, including glycerophosphoryl choline and phosphoryl choline were found in the ileum, colon, liver and spleen of infected mice. Additionally, low levels of energy-related metabolites, including lipids, glucose and glycogen were observed in ileum, spleen and liver samples of infected mice. Energy-related metabolites in the jejunum, liver and renal medulla were found to be positively correlated with S. mansoni worm burden upon dissection. These findings show that a patent S. mansoni infection causes clear disruption of metabolism in a range of tissues at a molecular level, which can be interpreted in relation to the previously reported signature in a biofluid (i.e. urine), giving further evidence of the global effect of the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia V Li
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Division of Surgery, Oncology, Reproductive Biology and Anaesthetics (SORA), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK
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Abstract
Given the multiple biological, metabolic, and pharmacologic effects of supplemental arginine, much effort has been devoted to defining its role in numerous clinical conditions. Herein, we review the multiple pathways of arginine metabolism with its various enzyme systems; the effect of arginine on nutrition, healing, and immune system; and its clinical use. Sepsis has been postulated to be an arginine-deficient state and/or a syndrome with elevated levels of nitric oxide. So-called immunonutritional formulations containing various nutritional components have been used most often, yet the effects often are attributed to arginine alone. Such conclusions led to guidelines recommending against the use of arginine-supplemented diets in critically ill patients. While caution in the face of a lack of evidence for benefit in sepsis is commended, well-defined studies examining arginine monotherapy in the context of full nutritional support should be carried out so as to define the possible clinical uses of arginine in critically ill and septic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Barbul
- Department of Surgery, Sinai Hospital and Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Yeh CL, Hsu CS, Chen SC, Hou YC, Chiu WC, Yeh SL. EFFECT OF ARGININE ON CELLULAR ADHESION MOLECULE EXPRESSION AND LEUKOCYTE TRANSMIGRATION IN ENDOTHELIAL CELLS STIMULATED BY BIOLOGICAL FLUID FROM SURGICAL PATIENTS. Shock 2007; 28:39-44. [PMID: 17483743 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0b013e31802f0190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of different arginine (Arg) concentrations on adhesion molecule expression on endothelial cells (ECs) and leukocytes and the transendothelial migration of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) through ECs stimulated by plasma or peritoneal drain fluid (PDF) from surgical patients. Human umbilical vein ECs (HUVECs) and PMNs from healthy subjects were treated with different concentrations (0, 50, 100, and 1000 micromol/L) of Arg for 24 h. After that, HUVECs were stimulated for 3 h with plasma or PDF from patients who underwent abdominal surgery, and PMNs were allowed to transmigrate through ECs for 2 h. The HUVEC expression of cellular adhesion molecules (CAMs) and integrin (CD11b) and the interleukin (IL) 8 receptor expression on PMNs were measured by flow cytometry. The PMNs transmigrating through ECs were also analyzed. The results showed that CAM and integrin expressions in PDF groups were higher than those in control groups. Among the PDF groups, IL-8 secretions from ECs and PMNs were lower with 100 and 1000 micromol/L Arg than with 0 and 50 micromol/L Arg, and this was consistent with the expression of the IL-8 receptor on PMNs. In addition, CAM expressions on ECs and CD11b expression on PMNs, as well as PMN transmigration, were lower with 100 and 1000 micromol/L Arg than with 0 and 50 micromol/L Arg. The HUVECs stimulated by plasma from surgical patients had similar effects on surface molecule expression as PDF; however, as shown in PDF stimulation, the effects were not so obvious. Inhibition of nitric oxide production results in high CAM and IL-8 expressions comparable with groups with low Arg administration. The results of this in vitro study suggest that ECs and PMNs were activated after patients' plasma or PDF stimulation. A low Arg concentration comparable with catabolic conditions resulted in higher adhesion molecule expression and greater transendothelial migration of neutrophils. Arginine administration at levels similar to or higher than physiological concentrations reduced IL-8 and CAM expression, and PMN transmigration was also decreased after stimulation with plasma or PDF from surgical patients. Inactivation of NO results in high CAM and IL-8 expression. This finding indicated that NO may be an important endogenous inhibitor for EC-PMN interaction and neutrophil transmigration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiu-Li Yeh
- Institute of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Cao L, Hudson CA, Moynihan JA. Chronic foot shock induces hyperactive behaviors and accompanying pro- and anti-inflammatory responses in mice. J Neuroimmunol 2007; 186:63-74. [PMID: 17408755 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2007.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2006] [Revised: 02/04/2007] [Accepted: 03/02/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Behavioral and accompanying physiological and immunological changes were investigated at various times during chronic irregular mild foot shock (CMFS) in adult male BALB/c mice. CMFS induced a significant hyperlocomotor activity in a familiar environment as well as increased consumption of chocolate milk (a favored drink) throughout the 5-week stress period. Unlike other chronic stress models, CMFS did not induce depressive-like behaviors. Hyperactivity was associated with transient elevations of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNFalpha and IL-1beta) and IL-2 and more sustained (IL-10) or later (arginase activity) elevations in anti-inflammatory mediators in the spleen (serum levels below levels of detection) suggesting a transition from a pro-inflammatory state to an anti-inflammatory state during CMFS. Similar increases in brain levels of IL-2 and arginase activity were also detected and may contribute to CMFS-induced hyperactivity as both of these mediators have been shown to induce hyperactivity. To our knowledge, this is the first time that increased arginase activity has been documented during a stress paradigm. Altogether, the data indicate that CMFS induces behavioral changes distinct from other chronic stress models. CMFS is associated with multiple dynamic immunological changes, suggesting involvement of multiple factors in chronic stress-induced behavioral changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Cao
- Box PSYCH, Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester, 300 Crittenden Blvd, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
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24
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Sheikh K, Camejo G, Lanne B, Halvarsson T, Landergren MR, Oakes ND. Beyond lipids, pharmacological PPARalpha activation has important effects on amino acid metabolism as studied in the rat. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2007; 292:E1157-65. [PMID: 17164430 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00254.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
PPARalpha agonists have been characterized largely in terms of their effects on lipids and glucose metabolism, whereas little has been reported about effects on amino acid metabolism. We studied responses to the PPARalpha agonist WY 14,643 (30 micromol x kg(-1) x day(-1) for 4 wk) in rats fed a saturated fat diet. Plasma and urine were analyzed with proton NMR. Plasma amino acids were measured using HPLC, and hepatic gene expression was assessed with DNA arrays. The high-fat diet elevated plasma levels of insulin and triglycerides (TG), and WY 14,643 treatment ameliorated this insulin resistance and dyslipidemia, lowering plasma insulin and TG levels. In addition, treatment decreased body weight gain, without altering cumulative food intake, and increased liver mass. WY 14,643 increased plasma levels of 12 of 22 amino acids, including glucogenic and some ketogenic amino acids, whereas arginine was significantly decreased. There was no alteration in branched-chain amino acid levels. Compared with the fat-fed control animals, WY 14,643-treated animals had raised plasma urea and ammonia levels as well as raised urine levels of N-methylnicotinamide and dimethylglycine. WY 14,643 induced changes in a number of key genes involved in amino acid metabolism in addition to expected effects on hepatic genes involved in lipid catabolism and ketone body formation. In conclusion, the present results suggest that, in rodents, effects of pharmacological PPARalpha activation extend beyond control of lipid metabolism to include important effects on whole body amino acid mobilization and hepatic amino acid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kashif Sheikh
- AstraZeneca R&D Cardiovascular/Gastrointestinal, Mölndal, Sweden
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Martin FPJ, Wang Y, Sprenger N, Holmes E, Lindon JC, Kochhar S, Nicholson JK. Effects of probiotic Lactobacillus paracasei treatment on the host gut tissue metabolic profiles probed via magic-angle-spinning NMR spectroscopy. J Proteome Res 2007; 6:1471-81. [PMID: 17316039 DOI: 10.1021/pr060596a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We have used a simplified gnotobiotic mouse model to evaluate the effects of single bacterial species, Lactobacillus paracasei NCC2461, on the metabolic profiles of intact intestinal tissues using high-resolution magic-angle-spinning 1H NMR spectroscopy (HRMAS). A total of 24 female gnotobiotic mice were divided into three groups: a control group supplemented with water and two groups supplemented with either live L. paracasei or a gamma-irradiated equivalent. HRMAS was used to characterize the biochemical components of intact epithelial tissues from the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, proximal, and distal colons in all animals and data were analyzed using chemometrics. Variations in relative concentrations of amino acids, anti-oxidant, and creatine were observed relating to different physiological properties in each intestinal tissue. Metabolic characteristics of lipogenesis and fat storage were observed in the jejunum and colon. Colonization with live L. paracasei induced region-dependent changes in the metabolic profiles of all intestinal tissues, except for the colon, consistent with modulation of intestinal digestion, absorption of nutrients, energy metabolism, lipid synthesis and protective functions. Ingestion of gamma-irradiated bacteria produced no effects on the observed metabolic profiles. 1H MAS NMR spectroscopy was able to generate characteristic metabolic signatures reflecting the structure and function of intestinal tissues. These signals acted as reference profiles with which to compare changes in response to gut microbiota manipulation at the tissue level as demonstrated by ingestion of a bacterial probiotic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francois-Pierre J Martin
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Division of Surgery, Oncology, Reproductive Biology and Anaesthetics, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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26
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Martin FPJ, Verdu EF, Wang Y, Dumas ME, Yap IKS, Cloarec O, Bergonzelli GE, Corthesy-Theulaz I, Kochhar S, Holmes E, Lindon JC, Collins SM, Nicholson JK. Transgenomic metabolic interactions in a mouse disease model: interactions of Trichinella spiralis infection with dietary Lactobacillus paracasei supplementation. J Proteome Res 2006; 5:2185-93. [PMID: 16944930 DOI: 10.1021/pr060157b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is a common multifactorial intestinal disorder for which the aetiology remains largely undefined. Here, we have used a Trichinella spiralis (T. spiralis)-induced model of post-infective IBS, and the effects of probiotic bacteria on gut dysfunction have been investigated using a metabonomic strategy. A total of 44 mice were divided into four groups: an uninfected control group and three T. spiralis-infected groups, one as infected control and the two other groups subsequently treated with either Lactobacillus paracasei (L. paracasei) NCC2461 in spent culture medium (SCM) or with L. paracasei-free SCM. Plasma, jejunal wall and longitudinal myenteric muscle samples were collected at day 21 post-infection. An NMR-based metabonomic approach characterized that the plasma metabolic profile of T. spiralis-infected mice showed an increased energy metabolism (lactate, citrate, alanine), fat mobilization (acetoacetate, 3-D-hydroxybutyrate, lipoproteins) and a disruption of amino acid metabolism due to increased protein breakdown, which were related to the intestinal hypercontractility. Increased levels of taurine, creatine and glycerophosphorylcholine in the jejunal muscles were associated with the muscular hypertrophy and disrupted jejunal functions. L. paracasei treatment normalized the muscular activity and the disturbed energy metabolism as evidenced by decreased glycogenesis and elevated lipid breakdown in comparison with untreated T. spiralis-infected mice. Changes in the levels of plasma metabolites (glutamine, lysine, methionine) that might relate to a modulation of immunological responses were also observed in the presence of the probiotic treatment. The work presented here suggests that probiotics may be beneficial in patients with IBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francois-Pierre J Martin
- Biological Chemistry, Biomedical Sciences Division, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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27
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Becker-Catania SG, Gregory TL, Yang Y, Gau CL, de Vellis J, Cederbaum SD, Iyer RK. Loss of arginase I results in increased proliferation of neural stem cells. J Neurosci Res 2006; 84:735-46. [PMID: 16773651 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.20964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Loss of arginase I (AI) results in a metabolic disorder characterized by growth retardation, increased mental impairment and spasticity, and potentially fatal hyperammonemia. This syndrome plus a growing body of evidence supports a role for arginase and arginine metabolites in normal neuronal development and function. Here we report our initial observations of the effects of AI loss on proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cells (NSCs) isolated from the germinal zones of embryonic and newborn AI knockout (KO) mice compared with heterozygous (HET) and wild-type (WT) control animals. By using both short and long-term proliferation assays (3 and 10 days, respectively), we found a 1.5-2-fold increase in the number of KO cells compared with WT. FACS analysis showed an increase in KO cells in the synthesis phase of the cell cycle vs. WT cells. After NSC differentiation, AI-deficient cells expressed beta-tubulin, SMI81 (SNAP25), glial fibrillary acidic protein, and CNPase, which are markers consistent with neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. Many KO cells exhibited a more mature morphology and expressed mature neuronal markers that were decreased or not present in HET or WT cells. Limited, comparative expression array and quantitative RT-PCR analysis identified differences in the levels of several mRNAs encoding structural, signaling, and arginine metabolism proteins between KO and WT cells. The consequence of these changes may contribute to the differential phenotypes of KO vs. WT cells. It appears that AI may play an important and unanticipated role in growth and development of NSCs.
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Zimmermann N, Rothenberg ME. The arginine-arginase balance in asthma and lung inflammation. Eur J Pharmacol 2006; 533:253-62. [PMID: 16458291 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2005.12.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2005] [Accepted: 12/13/2005] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Asthma, a complex chronic inflammatory pulmonary disorder, is on the rise despite intense ongoing research underscoring the need for new scientific inquiry. Using global microarray analysis, we have recently uncovered that asthmatic responses involve metabolism of arginine by arginase. We found that the cationic amino acid transporter (CAT)2, arginase I, and arginase II were particularly prominent among the allergen-induced gene transcripts. These genes are key regulators of critical processes associated with asthma including airway tone, cell hyperplasia and collagen deposition, respectively. Furthermore, systemic arginine levels and arginine metabolism via nitric oxide synthase (NOS) can have profound effect on lung inflammation. This review focuses on the current body of knowledge on l-arginine metabolism in asthma and lung inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nives Zimmermann
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH 45229, USA
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Wang XY, Li N, Gu J, Li WQ, Li JS. The effects of the formula of amino acids enriched BCAA on nutritional support in traumatic patients. World J Gastroenterol 2003; 9:599-602. [PMID: 12632526 PMCID: PMC4621590 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v9.i3.599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the formula of amino acid enriched BCAA on nutritional support in traumatic patients after operation.
METHODS: 40 adult patients after moderate or large abdominal operations were enrolled in a prospective, randomly and single-blind-controlled study, and received total parenteral nutrition (TPN) with either formula of amino acid (AA group, 20 cases) or formula of amino acid enriched BCAA (BCAA group, 20 cases). From the second day after operation, total parenteral nutrition was infused to the patients in both groups with equal calorie and equal nitrogen by central or peripheral vein during more than 12 hours per day for 6 days. Meanwhile, nitrogen balance was assayed by collecting 24 hours urine for 6 days. The markers of protein metabolism were investigated such as amino acid patterns, levels of total protein, albumin, prealbumin, transferrin and fibronectin in serum.
RESULTS: The positive nitrogen balance in BCAA group occurred two days earlier than that in AA group. The serum levels of total protein and albumin in BCAA group were increased more obviously than that in AA group. The concentration of valine was notably increased and the concentration of arginine was markedly decreased in BCAA group after the formula of amino acids enriched BCAA transfusion.
CONCLUSION: The formula of amino acid enriched BCAA may normalize the levels of serum amino acids, reduce the proteolysis, increase the synthesis of protein, improve the nutritional status of traumatic patients after operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Ying Wang
- Medical School of Nanjing University, Research Institute of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, 305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing 210002, Jiangsu Province, China.
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Van Geldre LA, Timmermans JP, Lefebvre RA. L-citrulline recycling by argininosuccinate synthetase and lyase in rat gastric fundus. Eur J Pharmacol 2002; 455:149-60. [PMID: 12445581 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-2999(02)02584-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate in rat gastric fundus whether L-citrulline, the co-product in the nitric oxide (NO) biosynthesis catalyzed by neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), can be converted back to the nNOS substrate L-arginine. Immunohistochemistry showed that argininosuccinate synthetase and argininosuccinate lyase, that mediate transformation of L-citrulline to L-arginine in the ureum cycle in hepatocytes, co-localize with nNOS. In longitudinal smooth muscle strips, L-arginine as well as L-citrulline (10(-3) M) was capable of completely respectively partially preventing the N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) (3 x 10(-5) M)-induced inhibition of electrically induced nitrergic relaxations, whereas D-citrulline (10(-3) M) was not. The L-citrulline-mediated prevention of the L-NAME-induced inhibition was reduced by L-glutamine (3 x 10(-3) M), the putative L-citrulline uptake inhibitor, and by succinate, an argininosuccinate lyase inhibitor. The results demonstrate that the L-citrulline recycling mechanism is active in rat gastric fundus. Recycling of L-citrulline might play a role in providing sufficient amounts of nNOS substrate during long-lasting relaxations in gastric fundus after food intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lieve A Van Geldre
- Heymans Institute of Pharmacology, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
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de Jonge WJ, Kwikkers KL, te Velde AA, van Deventer SJH, Nolte MA, Mebius RE, Ruijter JM, Lamers MC, Lamers WH. Arginine deficiency affects early B cell maturation and lymphoid organ development in transgenic mice. J Clin Invest 2002; 110:1539-48. [PMID: 12438451 PMCID: PMC151816 DOI: 10.1172/jci16143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Apart from its role in the synthesis of protein and nitric oxide (NO), and in ammonia detoxification, the amino acid arginine exerts an immunosupportive function. We have studied the role of arginine in immune defense mechanisms in the developing postnatal immune system. In suckling mice, arginine is produced in the small intestine. In F/A-2(+/+) transgenic mice, which overexpress arginase in their enterocytes, circulating and tissue arginine concentrations are reduced to 30-35% of controls. In these mice, the development and composition of the T cell compartment did not reveal abnormalities. However, in peripheral lymphoid organs and the small intestine, B cell cellularity and the number and size of Peyer's patches were drastically reduced, and serum IgM levels were significantly decreased. These phenotypes could be traced to an impaired transition from the pro- to pre-B cell stage in the bone marrow. Cytokine receptor levels in the bone marrow were normal. The development of the few peripheral B cells and their proliferative response after in vitro stimulation was normal. The disturbance in B cell maturation was dependent on decreased arginine levels, as this phenotype disappeared upon arginine supplementation and was not seen in NO synthase- or ornithine transcarbamoylase-deficient mice. We conclude that arginine deficiency impairs early B cell maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter J de Jonge
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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32
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de Jonge WJ, Kwikkers KL, te Velde AA, van Deventer SJ, Nolte MA, Mebius RE, Ruijter JM, Lamers MC, Lamers WH. Arginine deficiency affects early B cell maturation and lymphoid organ development in transgenic mice. J Clin Invest 2002. [DOI: 10.1172/jci0216143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Flynn NE, Meininger CJ, Haynes TE, Wu G. The metabolic basis of arginine nutrition and pharmacotherapy. Biomed Pharmacother 2002; 56:427-38. [PMID: 12481979 DOI: 10.1016/s0753-3322(02)00273-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
As an essential precursor for the synthesis of proteins and other molecules with enormous biological importance (including nitric oxide, urea, ornithine, proline, polyamines, glutamate, creatine, agmatine, and dimethylarginines), arginine displays remarkable metabolic and regulatory versatility. Evidence available to date provides a sound reason to classify arginine as an essential amino acid for young mammals (including parenterally fed human infants) and as a conditionally essential amino acid for adults under such conditions as trauma, burn injury, massive small-bowel resection, and renal failure. Arginine administration reverses endothelial dysfunction, enhances wound healing, prevents the early stages of tumorigenesis, and improves cardiovascular, reproductive, pulmonary, renal, digestive, and immune functions. Arginine or its effective precursor citrulline may hold great promise as a nutritional or pharmacotherapeutic treatment for a wide array of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- N E Flynn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Angelo State University, San Angelo, TX 76909, USA.
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