1
|
Xiao CW, Hendry A. Hypolipidemic Effects of Soy Protein and Isoflavones in the Prevention of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease- A Review. PLANT FOODS FOR HUMAN NUTRITION (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2022; 77:319-328. [PMID: 35678936 PMCID: PMC9463339 DOI: 10.1007/s11130-022-00984-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disease and affects about 25% of the population globally. Obesity and diabetes are the main causes of the disease characterized by excessive accumulation of lipids in the liver. There is currently no direct pharmacological treatments for NAFLD. Dietary intervention and lifestyle modification are the key strategies in the prevention and treatment of the disease. Soy consumption is associated with many health benefits such as decreased incidence of coronary heart disease, type-2 diabetes, atherosclerosis and obesity. The hypolipidemic functions of soy components have been shown in both animal studies and human clinical trials. Dietary soy proteins and associated isoflavones suppressed the formation and accumulation of lipid droplets in the liver and improved NAFLD-associated metabolic syndrome. The molecular mechanism(s) underlying the effects of soy components are mainly through modulation of transcription factors, sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ2, and expressions of their target genes involved in lipogenesis and lipolysis as well as lipid droplet-promoting protein, fat-specific protein-27. Inclusion of appropriate amounts of soy protein and isoflavones in the diets might be a useful approach to decrease the prevalence of NAFLD and mitigate disease burden.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Wu Xiao
- Nutrition Research Division, Bureau of Nutritional Sciences, Food Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, 2203C Banting Research Centre, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0L2, Canada.
- Food and Nutrition Science Program, Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada.
| | - Amy Hendry
- Nutrition Research Division, Bureau of Nutritional Sciences, Food Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, 2203C Banting Research Centre, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0L2, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Methiwala HN, Vaidya B, Addanki VK, Bishnoi M, Sharma SS, Kondepudi KK. Gut microbiota in mental health and depression: role of pre/pro/synbiotics in their modulation. Food Funct 2021; 12:4284-4314. [PMID: 33955443 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo02855j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The microbiome residing in the human gut performs a wide range of biological functions. Recently, it has been elucidated that a change in dietary habits is associated with alteration in the gut microflora which results in increased health risks and vulnerability towards various diseases. Falling in line with the same concept, depression has also been shown to increase its prevalence around the globe, especially in the western world. Various research studies have suggested that changes in the gut microbiome profile further result in decreased tolerance of stress. Although currently available medications help in relieving the symptoms of depressive disorders briefly, these drugs are not able to completely reverse the multifactorial pathology of depression. The discovery of the communication pathway between gut microbes and the brain, i.e. the Gut-Brain Axis, has led to new areas of research to find more effective and safer alternatives to current antidepressants. The use of probiotics and prebiotics has been suggested as being effective in various preclinical studies and clinical trials for depression. Therefore, in the present review, we address the new antidepressant mechanisms via gut microbe alterations and provide insight into how these can provide an alternative to antidepressant therapy without the side effects and risk of adverse drug reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hasnain N Methiwala
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab, India.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hwang CE, Kim SC, Kim DH, Lee HY, Suh HK, Cho KM, Lee JH. Enhancement of isoflavone aglycone, amino acid, and CLA contents in fermented soybean yogurts using different strains: Screening of antioxidant and digestive enzyme inhibition properties. Food Chem 2021; 340:128199. [PMID: 33027719 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
This study was the first to evaluate changes in isoflavone, amino acid, conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), antioxidant effect, and digestive enzyme inhibition during fermentation of soy-milk to soy-yogurt with L. brevis and L. plantarum. Total average isoflavones were reduced (1318.2 → 971.1 μg/g) with an increase of aglycones (60.2 → 804.9 μg/g, genistein > daidzein > glycitein) in soy powder yogurts (SPYs). Amino acids increased considerably, as did ornithine (average 4.1 → 551.0 mg/g), and CLA showed high variations from not-detected (ND) to 0.5, 0.9 mg/g (cis-9, trans-11) and ND to 0.3, 0.2 mg/g (trans-10, cis-12). Digestive enzyme inhibitions (α-glucosidase, α-amylase, and pancreatic lipase) displayed high activities (average 50.6 → 67.2, 5.2 → 46.4, 10.6 → 51.4%). Moreover, the antioxidant abilities against radicals were elevated as follows: ABTS > DPPH > hydroxyl (average 63.5 → 86.5, 50.2 → 70.3, 39.3 → 55.2%). Specifically, SPY using mixed strains exhibited the greatest enzymatic inhibition and antioxidant capacities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chung Eun Hwang
- Department of Food Science, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology, Jinju 34111, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Cheol Kim
- Department of Food Science, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology, Jinju 34111, Republic of Korea
| | - Du Hyun Kim
- Department of Life Resource Industry, Dong-A University, 37, Nakdong-daero 550 beon-gil, Saha-gu, Busan 49315, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Yul Lee
- Department of Food Science, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology, Jinju 34111, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Kwon Suh
- Department of Life Resource Industry, Dong-A University, 37, Nakdong-daero 550 beon-gil, Saha-gu, Busan 49315, Republic of Korea
| | - Kye Man Cho
- Department of Food Science, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology, Jinju 34111, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jin Hwan Lee
- Department of Life Resource Industry, Dong-A University, 37, Nakdong-daero 550 beon-gil, Saha-gu, Busan 49315, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kar SK, van der Hee B, Loonen LMP, Taverne N, Taverne-Thiele JJ, Schokker D, Smits MA, Jansman AJM, Wells JM. Effects of undigested protein-rich ingredients on polarised small intestinal organoid monolayers. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2020; 11:51. [PMID: 32467755 PMCID: PMC7232837 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-020-00443-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Here, we describe the use of monolayers of intestinal epithelial cells derived from intestinal organoids and transcriptomics to investigate the direct effects of dietary protein sources on epithelial function. Mechanically dissociated 3D organoids of mouse duodenum were used to generate a polarized epithelium containing all cell types found in the tissue of origin. The organoid-derived cell monolayers were exposed to 4% (w/v) of 'undigested (non-hydrolysed)-soluble' fraction of protein sources used as feed ingredients [soybean meal (SBM) and casein], or alternative protein sources (spray dried plasma protein, and yellow meal worm), or controls for 6 h prior to RNA isolation and transcriptomics. All protein sources altered expression of unique biological processes in the epithelial cells. Exposure of intestinal organoids to SBM downregulated expression of retinol and retinoid metabolic processes as well as cholesterol and lipid biosynthetic pathways, consistent with the reported hypotriglyceridaemic effect of soy protein in vivo. These findings support the use of intestinal organoids as models to evaluate complex interactions between dietary ingredients and the intestinal epithelium and highlights some unique host effects of alternative protein sources in animal feed and potentially human food. Graphical abstract Schematic representation of the study. 3-dimensional organoids were generated from mouse duodenum (1). The organoids were subsequently dissociated into single cells (2) and grown as 2-dimensional polarised monolayers (3). Polarized monolayers of organoid cells were exposed to different protein sources [CAS, SBM, SDPP, YMW, or medium control (MC)] for 6 h (4) and further processed for imaging (5) gene expression (6), and biochemical assays (7), to investigate the effects of undigested protein sources on the duodenal epithelium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soumya K Kar
- 1Host Microbe Interactomics Group, Wageningen University & Research, De Elst 1, 6708 WD Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bart van der Hee
- 1Host Microbe Interactomics Group, Wageningen University & Research, De Elst 1, 6708 WD Wageningen, The Netherlands.,2Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Linda M P Loonen
- 1Host Microbe Interactomics Group, Wageningen University & Research, De Elst 1, 6708 WD Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nico Taverne
- 1Host Microbe Interactomics Group, Wageningen University & Research, De Elst 1, 6708 WD Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Johanna J Taverne-Thiele
- 1Host Microbe Interactomics Group, Wageningen University & Research, De Elst 1, 6708 WD Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dirkjan Schokker
- 3Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University & Research, De Elst 1, 6708 WD Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mari A Smits
- 1Host Microbe Interactomics Group, Wageningen University & Research, De Elst 1, 6708 WD Wageningen, The Netherlands.,3Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University & Research, De Elst 1, 6708 WD Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Alfons J M Jansman
- 3Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University & Research, De Elst 1, 6708 WD Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jerry M Wells
- 1Host Microbe Interactomics Group, Wageningen University & Research, De Elst 1, 6708 WD Wageningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lee JH, Hwang CE, Son KS, Cho KM. Comparisons of nutritional constituents in soybeans during solid state fermentation times and screening for their glucosidase enzymes and antioxidant properties. Food Chem 2019; 272:362-371. [PMID: 30309556 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.08.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 07/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This research was the first to demonstrate the variations of nutritional constituents, glucosidase properties and antioxidant activities in soybeans during different solid state fermentation times (germination → 5 periods for 12 days) with Tricholoma matsutake. Total isoflavones were significantly reduced (2661.54 → 1559.04 μg/g) with the increase of aglycone contents (107.61 → 1285.66 μg/g, 12 times) for fermentation, whereas amino acid and fatty acid slightly increased. Among them, daidzein (43.2 → 43.6 → 421.9 → 721.4 → 634.0 μg/g), genistein (52.7 → 24.4 → 339.5 → 546.6 → 512.8 μg/g) and glutamic acid (0.3 → 1.7 → 3.9 → 6.6 → 16.1 mg/g) markedly increased between germinated and fermented soybeans. Total phenolic contents and antioxidant abilities also considerably increased, especially, ABTS displayed the predominant scavenging capacities (33.1 → 94.8%) at 200 μg/ml, followed by DPPH (11.9 → 87.0%) and hydroxyl (11.2 → 49.2%) radicals. Interestingly, α-glucosidase inhibition (11.8 → 84.9%) and β-glucosidase (3.1 → 40.3 unit/g) exhibited the highest activities after 9 days. Our results implied that fermented soybeans may be contributed to enhance the soybean value in nutrition and biological effect aspects to development of new functional foods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Hwan Lee
- Division of Research Development and Education, National Institute of Chemical Safety (NICS), Ministry of Environment, Daejeon 52725, Republic of Korea
| | - Chung Eun Hwang
- Department of Food Science, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology, Jinju 34111, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Sik Son
- Department of Food Science, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology, Jinju 34111, Republic of Korea
| | - Kye Man Cho
- Department of Food Science, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology, Jinju 34111, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Watanabe K, Igarashi M, Li X, Nakatani A, Miyamoto J, Inaba Y, Sutou A, Saito T, Sato T, Tachibana N, Inoue H, Kimura I. Dietary soybean protein ameliorates high-fat diet-induced obesity by modifying the gut microbiota-dependent biotransformation of bile acids. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0202083. [PMID: 30102711 PMCID: PMC6089412 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The consumption of soybean protein has well-known favorable metabolic effects (e.g., reduced body weight, body fat, hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, hepatic steatosis, and lipogenesis). These effects of soy protein have been linked to modulation by the gut microbiota; however, the dynamic interplay among these factors remains unclear. Accordingly, we examined the metabolic phenotype, intestinal BA pool, and the gut microbiome of male C57BL/6 mice that were randomized to receive either a regular high-fat diet (HFD) or HFD that contained soybean protein isolate (SPI) in place of dairy protein. The intake of SPI significantly reduced the HFD-induced weight gain and adipose tissue mass accumulation and attenuated hepatic steatosis. Along with an enhancement in the secretion of intestinal Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), an enlarged cecal BA pool with an elevated secondary/primary BA ratio was observed in the mice that consumed SPI, while fecal BA excretion remained unaltered. SPI also elicited dramatic changes in the gut microbiome, characterized by an expansion of taxa that may be involved in the biotransformation of BAs. The observed effects were abolished in germ-free (GF) mice, indicating that they were dependent on the microbiota. These findings collectively indicate that the metabolic benefits of SPI under the HFD regime may arise from a microbiota-driven increase in BA transformation and increase in GLP-1 secretion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keita Watanabe
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Miki Igarashi
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Xuan Li
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akiho Nakatani
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junki Miyamoto
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
- AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuka Inaba
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Unit, Institute for Frontier Science Initiative, Kanazawa University, Takara-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Asuka Sutou
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Saito
- Health and Nutrition Research Department, Research and Development Division for Future Creation, Fuji Oil Co., Ltd., Tsukuba-mirai, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takumi Sato
- Health and Nutrition Research Department, Research and Development Division for Future Creation, Fuji Oil Co., Ltd., Tsukuba-mirai, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Tachibana
- Health and Nutrition Research Department, Research and Development Division for Future Creation, Fuji Oil Co., Ltd., Tsukuba-mirai, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Inoue
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Unit, Institute for Frontier Science Initiative, Kanazawa University, Takara-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Ikuo Kimura
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
- AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Nakatani A, Li X, Miyamoto J, Igarashi M, Watanabe H, Sutou A, Watanabe K, Motoyama T, Tachibana N, Kohno M, Inoue H, Kimura I. Dietary mung bean protein reduces high-fat diet-induced weight gain by modulating host bile acid metabolism in a gut microbiota-dependent manner. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 501:955-961. [PMID: 29777704 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.05.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The 8-globulin-rich mung bean protein (MPI) suppresses hepatic lipogenesis in rodent models and reduces fasting plasma glucose and insulin levels in obese adults. However, its effects on mitigating high fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity and the mechanism underlying these effects remain to be elucidated. Herein, we examined the metabolic phenotype, intestinal bile acid (BA) pool, and gut microbiota of conventionally raised (CONV-R) male C57BL/6 mice and germ-free (GF) mice that were randomized to receive either regular HFD or HFD containing mung bean protein isolate (MPI) instead of the dairy protein present in regular HFD. MPI intake significantly reduced HFD-induced weight gain and adipose tissue accumulation, and attenuated hepatic steatosis. Enhancement in the secretion of intestinal glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and an enlarged cecal and fecal BA pool of dramatically elevated secondary/primary BA ratio were observed in mice that had consumed MPI. These effects were abolished in GF mice, indicating that the effects were dependent upon the presence of the microbiota. As revealed by 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, MPI intake also elicited dramatic changes in the gut microbiome, such as an expansion of taxa belonging to the phylum Bacteroidetes along with a reduced abundance of the Firmicutes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akiho Nakatani
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Xuan Li
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Junki Miyamoto
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan; AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 100-0004, Japan
| | - Miki Igarashi
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Watanabe
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Unit, Institute for Frontier Science Initiative, Kanazawa University, Takara-machi Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8641, Japan
| | - Asuka Sutou
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Keita Watanabe
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Takayasu Motoyama
- Health and Nutrition Research Department, Research and Development Division for Future Creation, Fuji Oil Co., Ltd., Tsukuba-mirai, Ibaraki, 300-2436, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Tachibana
- Health and Nutrition Research Department, Research and Development Division for Future Creation, Fuji Oil Co., Ltd., Tsukuba-mirai, Ibaraki, 300-2436, Japan
| | - Mitsutaka Kohno
- Health and Nutrition Research Department, Research and Development Division for Future Creation, Fuji Oil Co., Ltd., Tsukuba-mirai, Ibaraki, 300-2436, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Inoue
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Unit, Institute for Frontier Science Initiative, Kanazawa University, Takara-machi Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8641, Japan
| | - Ikuo Kimura
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan; AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 100-0004, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Attia Y, Abd El-Hamid A, de Oliveira M, Kamel K, Qota E, Al-Harthi M, Sadaka T. Soya lecithin and season affect the productive performance, nutrient digestibility, and blood constituents of growing rabbits. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL AND FEED SCIENCES 2018. [DOI: 10.22358/jafs/80344/2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
9
|
Jang YK, Shin GR, Jung ES, Lee S, Lee S, Singh D, Jang ES, Shin DJ, Kim HJ, Shin HW, Moon BS, Lee CH. Process specific differential metabolomes for industrial gochujang types (pepper paste) manufactured using white rice, brown rice, and wheat. Food Chem 2017; 234:416-424. [PMID: 28551255 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.04.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The metabolic perplexes for gochujang (GCJ) fermentative bioprocess, a traditional Korean pepper paste, has largely remain equivocal for preparative conditions and raw material (RM) additives exacerbating its commercial standardization. Herein, we outlined a differential non-targeted metabolite profiling for three GCJ (white rice-WR; brown rice-BR; wheat-WT) under varying processing steps (P1 - fermentation; P2 - meju addition; P3 - ripening; and P4 - red pepper addition). We correlated the process specific metabolomes with corresponding physicochemical factors, enzymatic phenotypes, and bioactivities for GCJ-types. The P1 was characterized by a uniform increase in the levels of RM-derived lysoPCs. In contrast, P2 was observed with proportionally higher levels of meju-released isoflavones and soyasaponins in WR-GCJ, followed by BR and WT-GCJ. The P3 involved a cumulative increase in primary metabolites in all GCJ samples except lower organic acid contents in WT-GCJ. The pepper derived flavonoids and alkaloids were selectively increased while P4 in all GCJ-types.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Kyung Jang
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi Ru Shin
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Sung Jung
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunmin Lee
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Sarah Lee
- National Institute of Biological Resources, Environmental Research Complex, Incheon 404-708, Republic of Korea
| | - Digar Singh
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Seok Jang
- Foods Research Institute, CJ CheilJedang Corp., Suwon 16495, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Joo Shin
- Foods Research Institute, CJ CheilJedang Corp., Suwon 16495, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Jin Kim
- Foods Research Institute, CJ CheilJedang Corp., Suwon 16495, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Won Shin
- Foods Research Institute, CJ CheilJedang Corp., Suwon 16495, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung Seok Moon
- Foods Research Institute, CJ CheilJedang Corp., Suwon 16495, Republic of Korea
| | - Choong Hwan Lee
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kartawijaya M, Han HW, Kim Y, Lee SM. Genistein upregulates LDLR levels via JNK-mediated activation of SREBP-2. Food Nutr Res 2016; 60:31120. [PMID: 27211318 PMCID: PMC4876195 DOI: 10.3402/fnr.v60.31120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Genistein has been proved in vitro and in vivo to lower LDLR level. It is also widely consumed and implicated for its anti-atherogenic effects. However, the molecular mechanism by which genistein lowers the LDL level is still unknown. Objective To understand the anti-atherogenic molecular mechanism of action, genistein was investigated for its impact on the expression of LDLR, the receptor for LDL cholesterol, and related signaling pathways in a human hepatoma cell line. Design HepG2 cell was used for the experiments. Genistein with different concentrations was diluted in media and was incubated for 24 h or more as indicated. Protein levels were measured by western blotting, and mRNA expression was detected by RT-qPCR. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay (CHIP) assay was used to determine protein binding levels, and luciferase assay was used to measure promoter activity. Result Genistein increased the mRNA and protein levels of LDLR in a time-dependent manner. Genistein increased the transcriptional activity of the LDLR promoter containing the reporter gene (pLDLR-luc, −805 to +50). But the sterol regulatory element deletion mutant construct failed to be activated by genistein. Genistein increased the nuclear fraction of SREBP-2 and the DNA-binding activity of SREBP-2 to LDLR promoter, as assessed by CHIP. The genistein-phosphorylated JNK inhibitor (SP600126) abolished the genistein-stimulated levels of LDLR and the nuclear SREBP-2. The addition of cholesterol up to 5 µg/mL for 24 h did not affect the effect of genistein on LDLR protein expression. Even the addition of 40 µM genistein increased the cholesterol uptake by more than 10% in the human hepatoma cell line. Conclusion Our data support the idea that genistein may have anti-atherogenic effects by activating JNK signals and SREBP-2 processing, which is followed by the upregulation of LDLR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Medicia Kartawijaya
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hye Won Han
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yunhye Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seung-Min Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea;
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Lee JH, Hwang SR, Lee YH, Kim K, Cho KM, Lee YB. Changes occurring in compositions and antioxidant properties of healthy soybean seeds [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] and soybean seeds diseased by Phomopsis longicolla and Cercospora kikuchii fungal pathogens. Food Chem 2015; 185:205-11. [PMID: 25952859 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.03.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2014] [Revised: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Changes in the compositions (isoflavone, protein, oil, and fatty acid) and antioxidant properties were evaluated in healthy soybeans and soybeans diseased by Phomopsis longicolla and Cercospora kikuchii. The total isoflavone content (1491.3 μg/g) of healthy seeds was observed to be considerably different than that of diseased seeds (P. longicolla: 292.6, C. kikuchii: 727.2 μg/g), with malonlygenistin exhibiting the greatest decrease (726.1 → 57.1, 351.9 μg/g). Significantly, three isoflavones exhibited a slight increase, and their structures were confirmed as daidzein, glycitein, and genistein, based on their molecular ions at m/z 253.1, 283.0, and 269.1 using the negative mode of HPLC-DAD-ESI/MS. The remaining compositions showed slight variations. The effects against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) radicals in healthy seeds were stronger than the diseased soybeans, depending upon the isoflavone level. Our results may be useful in evaluating the relationship between composition and antioxidant activity as a result of changes caused by soybean fungal pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Hwan Lee
- Division of Research Development and Education, National Institute of Chemical Safety (NICS), Ministry of Environment, Daejeon 305-343, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Ryul Hwang
- Division of Research Development and Education, National Institute of Chemical Safety (NICS), Ministry of Environment, Daejeon 305-343, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon-Hee Lee
- Division of Research Development and Education, National Institute of Chemical Safety (NICS), Ministry of Environment, Daejeon 305-343, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyun Kim
- Division of Research Development and Education, National Institute of Chemical Safety (NICS), Ministry of Environment, Daejeon 305-343, Republic of Korea
| | - Kye Man Cho
- Department of Food Science, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology, Jinju 660-758, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yong Bok Lee
- Institute of Agriculture & Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Jiang G, Li L, Fan J, Zhang B, Oso AO, Xiao C, Yin Y. Dietary soy isoflavones differentially regulate expression of the lipid-metabolic genes in different white adipose tissues of the female Bama mini-pigs. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 461:159-64. [PMID: 25866186 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Soy isoflavones have been shown to affect lipid metabolism, however the underlying molecular mechanism(s) have not yet been fully understood. The present study, using female Bama mini-pig as a model, examined the effects of soy isoflavones on lipid metabolism and involved gene expression in different white adipose tissues. Female Bama Xiang mini-pigs of 35 days old were fed a basal diet (control, Con), or basal diet supplemented with increasing amounts of soy isoflavones (250, 500, or 1250 mg/kg diet) for 120 days. The results showed that soy isoflavones did not affect the body weight, but decreased the dorsal subcutaneous adipose tissue (DSA) mass and increased the mass of abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue (ASA) and perirenal adipose tissue (PRA). Besides, soy isoflavones decreased the expression of lipogenic genes and increased the expression of lipolytic genes in DSA, while the opposite effects were observed in ASA and PRA. In addition, the expression of lipoprotein lipase was down regulated in DSA while up regulated in ASA and PRA by soy isoflavones. Moreover, the expression of estrogen receptors (ERs) was up regulated in DSA, and down regulated in ASA and PRA by soy isoflavones. Our results suggest that soy isoflavones affected the lipid metabolism in white adipose tissues of Bama mini-pigs in a site-specific manner, which might be mediated through PPARs and ERs regulated gene expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guoli Jiang
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes of Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Lili Li
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes of Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China.
| | - Juexin Fan
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes of Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - A O Oso
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Federal University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2240, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Chaowu Xiao
- Nutrition Research Division, Food Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A0K9, Canada
| | - Yulong Yin
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes of Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Rababah TM, Awaisheh SS, Al-Tamimi HJ, Brewer S. The hypocholesterolemic and hormone modulation effects of isoflavones alone or co-fermented with probiotic bacteria in hypercholesterolemic rats model. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2015; 66:546-52. [DOI: 10.3109/09637486.2015.1028908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
14
|
Soya protein stimulates bile acid excretion by the liver and intestine through direct and indirect pathways influenced by the presence of dietary cholesterol. Br J Nutr 2014; 111:2059-66. [PMID: 24666631 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114514000361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Several studies using different animal models have demonstrated that the consumption of soya protein (SP) reduces serum cholesterol concentrations by increasing the excretion of bile acids (BA). However, the mechanism by which SP enhances BA excretion is not fully understood. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to determine whether the consumption of SP regulates the expression of key enzymes involved in hepatic BA synthesis and the transporters involved in reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) via fibroblast growth factor 15 (FGF15) and/or small heterodimer protein (SHP) in rats. To achieve this aim, four groups of rats were fed experimental diets containing 20 % casein (C) or SP with or without the addition of 0·2 % cholesterol and the expression of hepatic genes involved in BA synthesis and the ileal and hepatic RCT was measured. Rats fed the SP diet had higher concentrations of ileal FGF15 and hepatic FGF15 receptor (FGFR4) and increased expression of SHP and liver receptor homolog 1 (LRH1) than those fed the C diet; as a result, the excretion of faecal BA was greater. The addition of cholesterol to the diet repressed the protein abundance of FGF15 and FGFR4; however, SP increased the expression of SHP and LRH1 to a lesser extent. Nonetheless, the expression of ABCG5/8 was increased in the intestine of rats fed the SP diet, and the effect was enhanced by the addition of cholesterol to the diet. In conclusion, SP in the presence of cholesterol increases BA synthesis via the repressions of FGF15 and SHP and accelerates BA excretion to prevent cholesterol overload in the enterocytes by increasing RCT.
Collapse
|
15
|
Zheng XX, Chen RS, Shen Y, Yin ZY. Phytosterols elevation in bamboo shoot residue through laboratorial scale solid-state fermentation using isolated Aspergillus niger CTBU. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2014; 172:4078-83. [PMID: 24610040 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-014-0821-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Aspergillus niger CTBU isolated from local decayed bamboo shoot residue was employed to solid-state fermentation (SSF) of bamboo shoot residue to elevate the content of phytosterols. Strain acclimatization was carried out under the fermentation condition using bamboo shoot as substrate for fermentation performance improvement. The optimal fermentation temperature and nitrogen level were investigated using acclimatized strain, and SSF was carried out in a 500-ml Erlenmeyer flask feeding 300-mg bamboo shoot residue chips under the optimal condition (33 °C and feeding 4 % urea), and 1,186 mg (100 g)(-1) of total phytosterol was attained after 5-day fermentation, in comparison, only 523 mg (100 g)(-1) of phytosterol was assayed in fresh shoots residue. HPLC analysis of the main composition of total phytosterols displays that the types of phytosterols and composition ratio of main sterols keep steady. This laboratorial scale SSF unit could be scaled up for raw phytosterols production from discarded bamboo shoot residue and could reduce its cost.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- X X Zheng
- Chongqing Key Lab of Catalysis and Functional Organic Molecules, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing, 400067, People's Republic of China,
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Fermentation of soy milk via Lactobacillus plantarum improves dysregulated lipid metabolism in rats on a high cholesterol diet. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88231. [PMID: 24520358 PMCID: PMC3919746 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to investigate whether in vitro fermentation of soy with L. plantarum could promote its beneficial effects on lipids at the molecular and physiological levels. Rats were fed an AIN76A diet containing 50% sucrose (w/w) (CTRL), a modified AIN76A diet supplemented with 1% (w/w) cholesterol (CHOL), or a CHOL diet where 20% casein was replaced with soy milk (SOY) or fermented soy milk (FSOY). Dietary isoflavone profiles, serum lipids, hepatic and fecal cholesterol, and tissue gene expression were examined. The FSOY diet had more aglycones than did the SOY diet. Both the SOY and FSOY groups had lower hepatic cholesterol and serum triglyceride (TG) than did the CHOL group. Only FSOY reduced hepatic TG and serum free fatty acids and increased serum HDL-CHOL and fecal cholesterol. Compared to CHOL, FSOY lowered levels of the nuclear forms of SREBP-1c and SREBP-2 and expression of their target genes, including FAS, SCD1, LDLR, and HMGCR. On the other hand, FSOY elevated adipose expression levels of genes involved in TG-rich lipoprotein uptake (ApoE, VLDLR, and Lrp1), fatty acid oxidation (PPARα, CPT1α, LCAD, CYP4A1, UCP2, and UCP3), HDL-biogenesis (ABCA1, ApoA1, and LXRα), and adiponectin signaling (AdipoQ, AdipoR1, and AdipoR2), as well as levels of phosphorylated AMPK and ACC. SOY conferred a similar expression profile in both liver and adipose tissues but failed to reach statistical significance in many of the genes tested, unlike FSOY. Our data indicate that fermentation may be a way to enhance the beneficial effects of soy on lipid metabolism, in part via promoting a reduction of SREBP-dependent cholesterol and TG synthesis in the liver, and enhancing adiponectin signaling and PPARα-induced expression of genes involved in TG-rich lipoprotein clearance, fatty acid oxidation, and reverse cholesterol transport in adipose tissues.
Collapse
|
17
|
Soluble phenolics and antioxidant properties of soybean (Glycine max L.) cultivars with varying seed coat colours. J Funct Foods 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2013.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
18
|
Yang H, Li F, Xiong X, Kong X, Zhang B, Yuan X, Fan J, Duan Y, Geng M, Li L, Yin Y. Soy isoflavones modulate adipokines and myokines to regulate lipid metabolism in adipose tissue, skeletal muscle and liver of male Huanjiang mini-pigs. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2013; 365:44-51. [PMID: 22986217 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2012.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Revised: 09/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although a growing body of evidence suggests that soy isoflavones help regulate lipid metabolism, the underlying mechanism has not yet been thoroughly clarified. The present study was undertaken to determine the effects of soy isoflavones on the expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism in different adipose tissue depots, skeletal muscle and liver of male Huanjiang mini-pigs, as well as the expression of adipokines and myokines. A total of 36 male Huanjiang mini-pigs were fed basal diet (control, Con), low-dose soy isoflavones (LSI) and high-dose soy isoflavones (HSI). The results showed that LSI and HSI regulated the expression of genes involved in the anabolism and catabolism of fatty acids in dorsal subcutaneous (DSA), abdominal subcutaneous (ASA) and perirenal (PRA) adipose tissue depots, as well as longissimus dorsi muscle (LDM) and liver. LSI and HSI also regulated the expression of adipokines in DSA, ASA and PRA, and the expression of myokines in LDM in male Huanjiang mini-pigs. In addition, soy isoflavones regulated plasma glucose, leptin and adiponectin contents after treatment for two months. Our results indicate that soy isoflavones, by regulating the expression of adipokines and myokines, may regulate the metabolism of lipids and could have potential therapeutic applications in lipid abnormalities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huansheng Yang
- Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Subtrop Agr, Res Ctr Healthy Breeding Livestock & Poultry, Hunan Engn & Res Ctr Anim & Poultry Sci, Key Lab Agroecol Proc Subtrop Reg, Scientific Oberving and Experimetal Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha, 410125 Hunan, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Lee SM, Kim Y, Choi HJ, Choi J, Yi Y, Yoon S. Soy milk suppresses cholesterol-induced inflammatory gene expression and improves the fatty acid profile in the skin of SD rats. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 430:202-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.10.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 10/21/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
20
|
Awaisheh SS, Khalifeh MS, Al-Ruwaili MA, Khalil OM, Al-Ameri OH, Al-Groom R. Effect of supplementation of probiotics and phytosterols alone or in combination on serum and hepatic lipid profiles and thyroid hormones of hypercholesterolemic rats. J Dairy Sci 2012. [PMID: 23182355 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2012-5442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Probiotic bacteria and phytosterols are natural hypocholesterolemic agents with potential cardiovascular benefits. Accordingly, the present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of supplementation of probiotics and phytosterols alone or in combination on serum and hepatic lipid profiles and thyroid hormones of hypercholesterolemic rats. Mixed probiotics treatment consisted of 8 probiotic strains: 2 strains of each of Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus gasseri, and Lactobacillus reuteri. The rats were fed for 8 wk with the given treatments in addition to a high-fat-high-cholesterol basal diet to induce hypercholesterolemia. Results showed that supplementation significantly reduced serum total cholesterol, low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides compared with the controls. The symbiotic treatment was more effective in lowering LDL-C, whereas mixed probiotics treatment more effectively lowered serum total cholesterol and LDL-C than the phytosterol-containing treatment. The phytosterol-containing treatments induced the increased activity of thyroid glands, as evident by elevated levels of serum total thyroxine, total triiodothyronine, and free triiodothyronine. In conclusion, the lipid profile can effectively be reduced to lower the incidence of cardiovascular disease using combinations of Lactobacillus-based probiotics and phytosterols in functional foods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S S Awaisheh
- Department of Food Science, Al-Balqa Applied University, 19117, Salt, Jordan.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Jones PJH. Dietary agents that target gastrointestinal and hepatic handling of bile acids and cholesterol. J Clin Lipidol 2012; 2:S4-S10. [PMID: 21291720 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2008.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2007] [Accepted: 01/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Several food components have been demonstrated to exhibit cholesterol-lowering properties by interfering with cholesterol absorption and bile-acid trafficking. Such components include stearic acid, plant sterols, soluble fiber, and soy protein. Among saturated fatty acids, stearic acid is unique in its ability to reduce circulatory low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. This action is accompanied by an observed suppression in cholesterol absorption, an effect seen repeatedly in animal and human studies. Proposed mechanisms include micellar exclusion of cholesterol by this high melting point fatty acid, as well as the ability of stearate to alter the biliary ratios of primary to secondary bile acids, leading to a reduction in hydrophobicity index and lower overall solubility of sterols in micelles. Another dietary ingredient that interferes with absorption of sterols is soy protein, in which studies in animals and humans have identified that compared to casein, consumption of soy protein reduces intestinal absorption of cholesterol while enhancing fecal cholesterol excretion. Considerable investigation using free amino acid mixtures mirroring the composition of soy versus animal proteins has determined that co-existing agents other than soy's amino acid pattern are likely responsible for the inhibitory action of soy protein on sterol uptake. Recently, it has been shown that hydrolysates of soy protein appear to be effective in reducing sterol absorption; these are now being targeted as the possible factor responsible for the overall effect of this dietary ingredient. Plant sterols appear to impact absorption of sterols through several mechanisms, including competition with cholesterol for incorporation into micelles, co-crystallization with cholesterol to form insoluble crystals, interaction with digestive enzymes, and inhibition of cholesterol transporter proteins. Clinical trials attest to plant sterols lowering cholesterol absorption by 20% to 40%, an extent beyond which cholesterogenesis can compensate to restore normal circulatory cholesterol levels. As such, 2 g/day of plant sterols effectively lowers low-density lipoprotein cholesterol by 8% to 12%. Dietary soluble fiber represents another means of reducing intestinal cholesterol uptake, in part through enhanced bile-acid clearance through the gut. Pectin, β-glucans, fructans, and gums have been identified as agents that can work through the production of a viscous matrix that hinders movement of cholesterol and bile acids into micelles as well as the subsequent uptake of micelles into the enterocyte. Additional work on design of novel fibers that impede sterol absorption is warranted. In summary, a number of novel dietary factors exist that contribute to heart disease risk reduction via mechanisms that involve cholesterol absorption inhibition and/or biliary pathway perturbation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter J H Jones
- Richardson Centre for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals, University of Manitoba, 196 Innovation Drive, Winnipeg, MB R3T 6C5, Manitoba, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Effect of genistein on cholesterol metabolism-related genes in a colon cancer cell line. GENES AND NUTRITION 2012; 3:35-40. [PMID: 18850198 DOI: 10.1007/s12263-008-0082-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The major soy-derived isoflavones such as genistein has been demonstrated to possess anticarcinogenic activity in animal model systems. The present study was designed to investigate the effects of isoflavone genistein exposure at concentrations ranging from 0.01 to 50 muM on the LDL receptor and HMG-CoA reductase gene expression in the estrogen receptor positive DLD-1 human colon cancer cell line. LDL receptor and HMG-CoA reductase gene expressions were evaluated by reverse transcription followed by real-time PCR. Genistein induced an increase of LDL receptor gene expression and later decrease of HMG-CoA reductase mRNA expression in DLD-1 cells. These findings provide direct evidence on the role of genistein in regulating LDL receptor and HMG-CoA reductase gene expression in colon cancer.
Collapse
|
23
|
Kobayashi M, Hirahata R, Egusa S, Fukuda M. Hypocholesterolemic effects of lactic acid-fermented soymilk on rats fed a high cholesterol diet. Nutrients 2012; 4:1304-16. [PMID: 23112918 PMCID: PMC3475240 DOI: 10.3390/nu4091304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Revised: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of fermented soymilk on rats fed a high cholesterol diet was investigated to clarify the cholesterol-lowering function. Male Sprague-Dawley rats aged 7 weeks were fed a control diet (1% cholesterol, high cholesterol diet), high cholesterol diet containing 11.7% fermented soymilk diet (5% soy protein as final concentration, F-5), or high cholesterol diet containing 23.4% fermented soymilk diet (10% soy protein as final concentration, F-10) for 5 weeks. The liver weight and fat mass were decreased by the ingestion of fermented soymilk. The hepatic triglyceride and cholesterol levels in the F-5 and F-10 groups were significantly lowered compared to those in the control group. The plasma total cholesterol level of the F-10 group was significantly decreased. The expression of SREBP-2, a cholesterol synthesis-related gene, was significantly decreased in liver of the F-5 group, but the expression of CYP7a1, a cholesterol catabolism-related gene, was significantly increased. These results suggest that fermented soymilk can modulate the cholesterol metabolism in rats fed a high cholesterol diet.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maki Kobayashi
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Human Environmental Sciences, Mukogawa Women’s University, 6-46 Ikebiraki-cho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8558, Japan;
| | - Rie Hirahata
- Food Science and Nutrition Major, Graduate School of Human Environmental Sciences, Mukogawa Women’s University, 6-46 Ikebiraki-cho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8558, Japan;
| | - Shintaro Egusa
- Research Institute, Marusan-Ai Co., Ltd., 1 Aza-Arashita, Nikki-cho, Okazaki, Aichi 444-2193, Japan;
| | - Mitsuru Fukuda
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Human Environmental Sciences, Mukogawa Women’s University, 6-46 Ikebiraki-cho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8558, Japan;
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; ; Tel./Fax: +81-798-45-9879
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Impact of probiotic-supplemented diet on the expression level of lactate dehydrogenase in the leukocytes of rabbits. Toxicol Ind Health 2012; 30:225-32. [DOI: 10.1177/0748233712451770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Probiotics are known as living, nonpathogenic microorganisms that colonize the intestine and provide benefit to the host. The present study aims to measure one important energy metabolism-related enzyme activity in blood of rabbits fed on probiotics of recommended concentration. In addition, it also aims for the evaluation of the expression level of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) enzyme using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) technique. Two groups of rabbits are used: control group receiving normal standardized diet and the other probiotic-supplemented group receiving the same diet containing probiotic, namely, Mega acidophilus (200 million cfu/kg body weight/day) for 4 weeks. The obtained results revealed that the rabbits supplemented with probiotics showed a significant decrease in the levels of serum total cholesterol (TC), triacylglycerol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) when compared with control group. Risk factors detected by measuring TC/HDL-c and LDL-c/HDL-c ratios showed statistically significant decrease in probiotic-supplemented rabbits when compared with control group. In addition, blood glucose and total LDH activity were elevated in probiotic-supplemented rabbits when compared with control group. RT-PCR products of LDH-M gene produced two specific amplicons. One amplicon has the expected size of 243 bp from all samples of rabbits as revealed by GelPro software. The level of LDH-M expression was found to be increased in the probiotic-supplemented group. However, unexpected amplicons are produced at 586 bp in all the samples, which may be a dimeric form of the amplified region. It was concluded that this probiotic blend is beneficiary for the metabolic reactions of lipids in the body. Moreover, LDH expression level can be considered as a biomarker for the effect of probiotic and hence monitoring the metabolic changes as reflected from its administration.
Collapse
|
25
|
Effects of soy protein on alcoholic liver disease in rats undergoing ethanol withdrawal. J Nutr Biochem 2012; 23:679-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2011.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2010] [Revised: 03/15/2011] [Accepted: 03/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
26
|
Ash MM, Hang J, Dussault PH, Carr TP. Phytosterol stearate esters elicit similar responses on plasma lipids and cholesterol absorption but different responses on fecal neutral sterol excretion and hepatic free cholesterol in male Syrian hamsters. Nutr Res 2012; 31:537-43. [PMID: 21840470 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2011.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2011] [Revised: 06/28/2011] [Accepted: 06/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The dietary impact of specific phytosterols incorporated into phytosterol fatty acid esters has not been elucidated. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that phytosterol esters containing different sterol moieties (sitosterol, sitostanol, or stigmasterol) but the same fatty acid moiety (stearic acid) produce different effects on cholesterol metabolism. Male Syrian hamsters were fed sitosterol, sitostanol, and stigmasterol stearate esters (25 g/kg diet) in an atherogenic diet containing cholesterol (1.2 g/kg) and coconut oil (80 g/kg). The phytosterol stearates produced no decrease in cholesterol absorption or plasma non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol despite a reduction in liver free cholesterol in hamsters fed both sitosterol and sitostanol stearate diets. In addition, sitosterol stearate significantly increased fecal esterified and total neutral sterol excretion. Stigmasterol stearate did not differ from control in neutral sterol excretion, plasma lipids, or hepatic lipid concentration. Sitosterol stearate demonstrated the highest level of net intestinal hydrolysis, whereas sitostanol and stigmasterol stearate equivalently demonstrated the lowest. The cholesterol-lowering effect in liver-but not plasma-and the limited presence of fecal free sterols indicate that intact (unhydrolyzed) phytosterol stearates may impact cholesterol metabolism by mechanisms unrelated to the role of free phytosterols. The consumption of phytosterol esters at 2.5% of the diet elicited only modest impacts on cholesterol metabolism, although sitosterol stearate had a slightly greater therapeutic impact by lowering liver free cholesterol and increasing esterified and total neutral sterol fecal excretion, possibly due to a greater level of intestinal hydrolysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark M Ash
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68583-0806, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Ronis MJJ, Chen Y, Shankar K, Gomez-Acevedo H, Cleves MA, Badeaux J, Blackburn ML, Badger TM. Formula feeding alters hepatic gene expression signature, iron and cholesterol homeostasis in the neonatal pig. Physiol Genomics 2011; 43:1281-93. [DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00055.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In the U.S. formula feeding remains more popular than breast-feeding. In the current study, neonatal piglets were breast fed and compared with those fed commercially available milk-based formula (milk) or soy-based formula (soy) from postnatal day 2 (PND2) until death at PND21 (the usual age of weaning). Liver weights were greater in formula-fed piglets ( P < 0.05) than in breast-fed piglets ( P < 0.05). Affymetrix array analysis revealed significant differences in hepatic gene expression signatures between piglets fed breast milk or formula, as well as between piglets fed milk or soy. In males, expression of 346 hepatic genes differed between formula-fed and breast-fed piglets, and soy-fed differed from milk-fed piglets in 277 genes. Furthermore, gene expression profiles of males differed from females, even when the same diet was consumed. Serum cholesterol was lower in piglets fed formula relative to breast-fed piglets ( P < 0.05), and this was associated with elevations in mRNA encoding cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7A1). Consistent with the human literature, breast-fed piglets had lower hepatic iron accumulation than formula-fed piglets. Hepcidin, a major regulator of hepatic iron trafficking, was elevated in piglets fed formula relative to breast-fed piglets ( P < 0.05). Female piglets fed soy formula had increased expression of CYP3A enzymes ( P < 0.05), and soy formula feeding decreased expression of several hepatic genes considered estrogen inducible. These data suggest that: 1) gene expression profiles in neonates differ significantly depending on the diet consumed, 2) hepatic iron storage and cholesterol metabolism clearly differ between breast and formula feeding in piglets, 3) there is no evidence that soy is estrogenic in neonatal pig liver.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin J. J. Ronis
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center and
- Departments of 2Pharmacology & Toxicology,
- Pediatrics, and
| | - Ying Chen
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center and
| | | | | | | | | | - Michael L. Blackburn
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center and
- Physiology & Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Thomas M. Badger
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center and
- Pediatrics, and
- Physiology & Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Esteves EA, Bressan J, Costa NMB, Martino HSD, Donkin SS, Story JA. Modified soybean affects cholesterol metabolism in rats similarly to a commercial cultivar. J Med Food 2011; 14:1363-9. [PMID: 21501092 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2010.0160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The consumption of soy protein lowers blood cholesterol in humans and animals. Breeding may alter the physiological effects of soybeans, such as its cholesterol-lowering property. Our hypothesis is that breeding affects the hypocholesterolemic effect of soy by modulating the expression of key hepatic enzymes related to cholesterol and bile acid biosynthesis, as well as altering fecal neutral and acidic steroid excretion. Therefore the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a new Brazilian soybean cultivar (UFV-116), lacking lipoxygenases 2 and 3, compared with a commercial cultivar (OCEPAR-19), on 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (HMGR) and cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7A) mRNA expression and fecal steroid output in rats. Thirty-six male rats were fed UFV-116, OCEPAR-19, or casein as the protein source, with or without addition of dietary cholesterol (0.25%). Blood and liver cholesterol, HMGR and CYP7A mRNA abundance, and fecal excretion of steroids were measured. Blood and liver cholesterol levels were lowered by both soybean cultivars, with and without cholesterol, but UFV-116 was more effective when included in the cholesterol-free diet. Both soy diets promoted lower levels of HMGR mRNA, higher levels of CYP7A mRNA, and higher excretion of fecal secondary bile acids. There was higher fecal neutral steroid output when cholesterol was added to all diets. These data show that both soybean cultivars acted similarly in lowering serum and hepatic cholesterol; therefore, breeding did not affect the hypocholesterolemic effect of the new cultivar.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabethe A Esteves
- Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Watson CS, Jeng YJ, Guptarak J. Endocrine disruption via estrogen receptors that participate in nongenomic signaling pathways. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2011; 127:44-50. [PMID: 21300151 PMCID: PMC3106143 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2011.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2010] [Revised: 01/27/2011] [Accepted: 01/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
When inappropriate (non-physiologic) estrogens affect organisms at critical times of estrogen sensitivity, disruption of normal endocrine functions can result. Non-physiologic estrogen mimetics (environmental, dietary, and pharmaceutical) can signal rapidly and potently via the membrane versions of estrogen receptors, as can physiologic estrogens. Both physiologic and non-physiologic estrogens activate multiple signaling pathways, leading to altered cellular functions (e.g. peptide release, cell proliferation or death, transport). Xenoestrogens' mimicry of physiologic estrogens is imperfect. When superimposed, xenoestrogens can alter endogenous estrogens' signaling and thereby disrupt normal signaling pathways, leading to malfunctions in many tissue types. Though these xenoestrogen actions occur rapidly via nongenomic signaling pathways, they can be sustained with continuing ligand stimulation, combinations of ligands, and signaling that perpetuates downstream, eventually also impinging on genomic regulation by controlling the activation state of transcription factors. Because via these pathways estrogens and xenoestrogens cause nonmonotonic stimulation patterns, they must be carefully tested for activity and toxicity over wide dose ranges. Nongenomic actions of xenoestrogens in combination with each other, and with physiologic estrogens, are still largely unexplored from these mechanistic perspectives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl S. Watson
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston TX 77555-0645, USA
| | - Yow-Juin Jeng
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston TX 77555-0645, USA
| | - Jutatip Guptarak
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston TX 77555-0645, USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
He WS, Jia CS, Yang YB, Ma Y, Zhang XM, Feng B, Jin J. Cholesterol-lowering effects of plant steryl and stanyl laurate by oral administration in mice. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:5093-5099. [PMID: 21413824 DOI: 10.1021/jf104031e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The present study was conducted to investigate the efficacy of synthesized plant steryl and stanyl laurate in lowering the cholesterol level and to further examine the cholesterol-lowering potential of the free plant sterols and stanols dissolved in liquid emulsion on serum and liver lipids in mice by oral administration. Experimental results showed that both plant steryl and stanyl laurate could significantly decrease the serum levels of TC, LDL-C, LDL-C/HDL-C, and liver cholesterol contents and markedly increase fecal cholesterol concentrations but have no effect on serum TAG level, indicating that the produced plant steryl and stanyl laurate retained the cholesterol-lowering potential of natural plant sterols and stanols. However, no statistical difference in cholesterol-lowering efficacy was observed between plant steryl laurate and plant stanyl laurate, and free plant sterols and stanols dissolved in liquid emulsion could also significantly decrease serum cholesterol levels and markedly increase fecal cholesterol excretion. These results suggested that the esterified plant sterols/stanols had comparable effects to the free plant sterols/stanols in lowering serum TC levels but that they did gain a solubility advantage from the free plant sterols/stanols. Therefore, plant steryl/stanyl laurate could be considered as a potential nutraceutical or functional ingredient to reduce or prevent atherosclerosis and its related complications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Sen He
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Ash MM, Wolford KA, Carden TJ, Hwang KT, Carr TP. Unrefined and refined black raspberry seed oils significantly lower triglycerides and moderately affect cholesterol metabolism in male Syrian hamsters. J Med Food 2011; 14:1032-8. [PMID: 21548801 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2010.0181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Unrefined and refined black raspberry seed oils (RSOs) were examined for their lipid-modulating effects in male Syrian hamsters fed high-cholesterol (0.12% g/g), high-fat (9% g/g) diets. Hamsters fed the refined and the unrefined RSO diets had equivalently lower plasma total cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol in comparison with the atherogenic coconut oil diet. The unrefined RSO treatment group did not differ in liver total and esterified cholesterol from the coconut oil-fed control animals, but the refined RSO resulted in significantly elevated liver total and esterified cholesterol concentrations. The unrefined RSO diets significantly lowered plasma triglycerides (46%; P=.0126) in comparison with the coconut oil diet, whereas the refined RSO only tended to lower plasma triglyceride (29%; P=.1630). Liver triglyceride concentrations were lower in the unrefined (46%; P=.0002) and refined (36%; P=.0005) RSO-fed animals than the coconut oil group, with the unrefined RSO diet eliciting a lower concentration than the soybean oil diet. Both RSOs demonstrated a null or moderate effect on cholesterol metabolism despite enrichment in linoleic acid, significantly lowering HDL cholesterol but not non-HDL cholesterol. Dramatically, both RSOs significantly reduced hypertriglyceridemia, most likely due to enrichment in α-linolenic acid. As a terrestrial source of α-linolenic acid, black RSOs, both refined and unrefined, provide a promising alternative to fish oil supplementation in management of hypertriglyceridemia, as demonstrated in hamsters fed high levels of dietary triglyceride and cholesterol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark M Ash
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68583-0806, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Yang X, Dong C, Ren G. Effect of soyasaponins-rich extract from soybean on acute alcohol-induced hepatotoxicity in mice. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:1138-44. [PMID: 21280631 DOI: 10.1021/jf103749r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The protective effects of soyasaponins-rich extract (SRE) from soybean against acute alcohol-induced hepatotoxicity were first investigated in the Institute of Cancer Research mice. Administration of SRE prior to alcohol significantly prevented the increases in serum aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, and lactate dehydrogenase caused by alcohol, as well as hepatic triglyceride, total cholesterol, and malondialdehyde levels. Mice treated with SRE showed a better profile of the antioxidant system with normal superoxide dismutase, glutathione S-transferase, and glutathione peroxidase activities, which were associated with the increase of hepatic glutathione levels relative to the acute alcohol-treated group. Supplement of SRE prevented alcohol-induced hepatic steatosis necrosis, inflammation, and swelling, as indicated by liver histopathological studies. All of these findings demonstrate that SRE has protective effects on acute alcohol-induced liver damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiushi Yang
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Immobilized Cratylia mollis lectin: An affinity matrix to purify a soybean (Glycine max) seed protein with in vitro platelet antiaggregation and anticoagulant activities. Process Biochem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2010.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
34
|
Lin Y, Vermeer MA, Trautwein EA. Triterpenic Acids Present in Hawthorn Lower Plasma Cholesterol by Inhibiting Intestinal ACAT Activity in Hamsters. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2010; 2011:801272. [PMID: 19228775 PMCID: PMC3139965 DOI: 10.1093/ecam/nep007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2008] [Accepted: 01/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Hawthorn (Crataegus pinnatifida) is an edible fruit used in traditional Chinese medicine to lower plasma lipids. This study explored lipid-lowering compounds and underlying mechanisms of action of hawthorn. Hawthorn powder extracts inhibited acylCoA:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) activity in Caco-2 cells. The inhibitory activity was positively associated with triterpenic acid (i.e., oleanolic acid (OA) and ursolic acid (UA)) contents in the extracts. Cholesterol lowering effects of hawthorn and its potential additive effect in combination with plant sterol esters (PSE) were further studied in hamsters. Animals were fed a semi-synthetic diet containing 0.08% (w/w) cholesterol (control) or the same diet supplemented with (i) 0.37% hawthorn dichloromethane extract, (ii) 0.24% PSE, (iii) hawthorn dichloromethane extract (0.37%) plus PSE (0.24%) or (iv) OA/UA mixture (0.01%) for 4 weeks. Compared to the control diet, hawthorn, PSE, hawthorn plus PSE and OA/UA significantly lowered plasma non-HDL (VLDL + LDL) cholesterol concentrations by 8%, 9%, 21% and 6% and decreased hepatic cholesterol ester content by 9%, 23%, 46% and 22%, respectively. The cholesterol lowering effects of these ingredients were conversely associated with their capacities in increasing fecal neutral sterol excretion. In conclusion, OA and UA are responsible for the cholesterol lowering effect of hawthorn by inhibiting intestinal ACAT activity. In addition, hawthorn and particularly its bioactive compounds (OA and UA) enhanced the cholesterol lowering effect of plant sterols.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuguang Lin
- Unilever Food and Health Research Institute, Unilever R&D Vlaardingen, P.O. Box 114, 3130 AC Vlaardingen, The Netherlands
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Harding SV, Rideout TC, Jones PJH. Hepatic nuclear sterol regulatory binding element protein 2 abundance is decreased and that of ABCG5 increased in male hamsters fed plant sterols. J Nutr 2010; 140:1249-54. [PMID: 20505021 DOI: 10.3945/jn.109.120311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of dietary plant sterols on cholesterol homeostasis has been well characterized in the intestine, but how plant sterols affect lipid metabolism in other lipid-rich tissues is not known. Changes in hepatic cholesterol homeostasis in response to high dietary intakes of plant sterols were determined in male golden Syrian hamsters fed hypercholesterolemia-inducing diets with and without 2% plant sterols (wt:wt; Reducol, Forbes Meditech) for 28 d. Plasma and hepatic cholesterol concentrations, cholesterol biosynthesis and absorption, and changes in the expression of sterol response element binding protein 2 (SREBP2) and liver X receptor-beta (LXRbeta) and their target genes were measured. Plant sterol feeding reduced plasma total cholesterol, non-HDL cholesterol, and HDL cholesterol concentrations 43% (P < 0.0001), 60% (P < 0.0001), and 21% (P = 0.001), respectively, compared with controls. Furthermore, there was a 93% reduction (P < 0.0001) in hepatic total cholesterol and >6-fold (P = 0.029) and >2-fold (P < 0.0001) increases in hepatic beta-sitosterol and campesterol concentrations, respectively, in plant sterol-fed hamsters compared with controls. Plant sterol feeding also increased fractional cholesterol synthesis >2-fold (P < 0.03) and decreased cholesterol absorption 83% (P < 0.0001) compared with controls. Plant sterol feeding increased hepatic protein expression of cytosolic (inactive) SREBP2, decreased nuclear (active) SREBP2, and tended to increase LXRbeta (P = 0.06) and ATP binding cassette transporter G5, indicating a differential modulation of the expression of proteins central to cholesterol metabolism. In conclusion, high-dose plant sterol feeding of hamsters changes hepatic protein abundance in favor of cholesterol excretion despite lower hepatic cholesterol concentrations and higher cholesterol fractional synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scott V Harding
- Department of Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada R3T 6C5
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Ooi LG, Liong MT. Cholesterol-lowering effects of probiotics and prebiotics: a review of in vivo and in vitro findings. Int J Mol Sci 2010; 11:2499-522. [PMID: 20640165 PMCID: PMC2904929 DOI: 10.3390/ijms11062499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 370] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2010] [Revised: 05/26/2010] [Accepted: 06/16/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Probiotics are live microorganisms that promote health benefits upon consumption, while prebiotics are nondigestible food ingredients that selectively stimulate the growth of beneficial microorganisms in the gastrointestinal tract. Probiotics and/or prebiotics could be used as alternative supplements to exert health benefits, including cholesterol-lowering effects on humans. Past in vivo studies showed that the administration of probiotics and/or prebiotics are effective in improving lipid profiles, including the reduction of serum/plasma total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and triglycerides or increment of HDL-cholesterol. However, other past studies have also shown that probiotics and prebiotics had insignificant effects on lipid profiles, disputing the hypocholesterolemic claim. Additionally, little information is available on the effective dosage of probiotics and prebiotics needed to exert hypocholesterolemic effects. Probiotics and prebiotics have been suggested to reduce cholesterol via various mechanisms. However, more clinical evidence is needed to strengthen these proposals. Safety issues regarding probiotics and/or prebiotics have also been raised despite their long history of safe use. Although probiotic-mediated infections are rare, several cases of systemic infections caused by probiotics have been reported and the issue of antibiotic resistance has sparked much debate. Prebiotics, classified as food ingredients, are generally considered safe, but overconsumption could cause intestinal discomfort. Conscientious prescription of probiotics and/or prebiotics is crucial, especially when administering to specific high risk groups such as infants, the elderly and the immuno-compromised.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lay-Gaik Ooi
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia; E-Mail:
| | - Min-Tze Liong
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia; E-Mail:
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Mourad AM, de Carvalho Pincinato E, Mazzola PG, Sabha M, Moriel P. Influence of soy lecithin administration on hypercholesterolemia. CHOLESTEROL 2009; 2010:824813. [PMID: 21490917 PMCID: PMC3065734 DOI: 10.1155/2010/824813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2009] [Accepted: 10/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that lecithin-rich diet can modify cholesterol homeostasis and hepatic lipoprotein metabolism. Considering the phytotherapeutic impact of lecithin, this work hypothesizes that lecithin administration in hypercholesterolemic patients may reduce cholesterol concentrations by increasing biliary secretion. Total cholesterol and LDL were evaluated after soy lecithin administration in hypercholesterolemic patients. One soy lecithin capsule (500 mg/RP-Sherer) was administrated daily. One-two months before the treatment beginning, blood samples were collected for total lipids and cholesterol fractions analysis. The results showed a reduction of 40.66% and 42.00% in total cholesterol and of 42.05% and 56.15% in LDL cholesterol after treatment for one and two months, respectively. A significant reduction in total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol concentrations was observed during the first month of treatment, suggesting that the administration of soy lecithin daily may be used as a supplemental treatment in hypercholesterolemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amouni Mohamed Mourad
- Department of Pharmacy, Camilo Castelo Branco University, Rua Carolina Fonseca 584-Itaquera, 08230-030 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Department of Pharmacy, Santo Amaro University, R Isabel Schmidt 339, 04743-030 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Health and Biological Sciences Department, Mackenzie Presbiterian University, Rua da Consolação 896, Campus São Paulo, 01302-907 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Eder de Carvalho Pincinato
- Health and Biological Sciences Department, Mackenzie Presbiterian University, Rua da Consolação 896, Campus São Paulo, 01302-907 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Priscila Gava Mazzola
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (FCM-Unicamp), Rua Tessália Vieira de Camargo 126, Campinas-São Paulo, P.O. Box 6111, 13083-970 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Maricene Sabha
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (FCM-Unicamp), Rua Tessália Vieira de Camargo 126, Campinas-São Paulo, P.O. Box 6111, 13083-970 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Patricia Moriel
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (FCM-Unicamp), Rua Tessália Vieira de Camargo 126, Campinas-São Paulo, P.O. Box 6111, 13083-970 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Rideout TC, Chan YM, Harding SV, Jones PJ. Low and moderate-fat plant sterol fortified soymilk in modulation of plasma lipids and cholesterol kinetics in subjects with normal to high cholesterol concentrations: report on two randomized crossover studies. Lipids Health Dis 2009; 8:45. [PMID: 19843338 PMCID: PMC2775029 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-8-45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2009] [Accepted: 10/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although consumption of various plant sterol (PS)-enriched beverages is effective in lowering plasma cholesterol, the lipid-lowering potential of PS in a soymilk format has not been investigated thoroughly. Therefore, to evaluate the efficacy of PS-enriched soy beverages on plasma lipids and cholesterol kinetics, we conducted two separate 28 d dietary controlled cross-over studies. In study 1, the cholesterol-lowering efficacy of a low-fat (2 g/serving) PS enriched soy beverage was examined in 33 normal cholesterolemic subjects in comparison with 1% dairy milk. In study 2, we investigated the efficacy of a moderate-fat (3.5 g/serving) PS-enriched soy beverage on plasma cholesterol concentrations and cholesterol kinetic responses in 23 hypercholesterolemic subjects compared with 1% dairy milk. Both the low and moderate-fat PS-enriched soymilk varieties provided 1.95 g PS/d. Endpoint plasma variables were analyzed by repeated-measures ANOVA using baseline values as covariates for plasma lipid measurements. Results In comparison with the 1% dairy milk control, the low-fat soy beverage reduced (P < 0.05) total and LDL-cholesterol by 10 and 13%, respectively. Consumption of the moderate-fat PS-enriched soy beverage reduced (P < 0.05) plasma total and LDL-cholesterol by 12 and 15% respectively. Fasting triglycerides were reduced by 9.4% following consumption of the moderate-fat soy beverage in comparison with the 1% dairy milk. Both low and moderate-fat PS-enriched soy varieties reduced (P < 0.05) LDL:HDL and TC:HDL ratios compared with the 1% dairy milk control. Consumption of the moderate-fat PS-enriched soymilk reduced (P < 0.05) cholesterol absorption by 27%, but did not alter cholesterol synthesis in comparison with 1% dairy milk. Conclusion We conclude that, compared to 1% dairy milk, consumption of low and moderate-fat PS-enriched soy beverages represents an effective dietary strategy to reduce circulating lipid concentrations in normal to hypercholesterolemic individuals by reducing intestinal cholesterol absorption. Trial registration (clinicaltrials.gov) NCT00923403 (Study 1), NCT00924391 (Study 2).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Todd C Rideout
- Richardson Centre for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T6C5, Canada.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Dietary soy protein isolate attenuates metabolic syndrome in rats via effects on PPAR, LXR, and SREBP signaling. J Nutr 2009; 139:1431-8. [PMID: 19515742 DOI: 10.3945/jn.109.107029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine the effects of feeding soy or isoflavones on lipid homeostasis in early development, weanling rats were fed AIN-93G diets made with casein, soy protein isolate (SPI+), isoflavone-reduced SPI+ (SPI-), or casein supplemented with genistein or daidzein for 14 d. PPARalpha-regulated genes and proteins involved in fatty acid degradation were upregulated by SPI+ (P < 0.05) accompanied by increased promoter binding and expression of PPARalpha mRNA (P < 0.05). Feeding SPI- or pure isoflavones did not alter PPARalpha-regulated pathways. SPI+ feeding had similar effects on PPARgamma signaling. SPI+, SPI-, and casein plus isoflavones all increased liver X-receptor (LXR)alpha-regulated genes and enzymes involved in cholesterol homeostasis. Feeding SPI+ increased promoter binding of LXRalpha, expression of the transcription factor mRNA, and protein (P < 0.05). In a second experiment, male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed casein diets from postnatal d (PND) 24 to PND64 or were fed high-fat Western diets containing 5 g x kg(-1) cholesterol made with either casein or SPI+. Insulin resistance, steatosis, and hypercholesterolemia in the Western diet-fed rats were partially prevented by SPI+ (P < 0.05). Nuclear sterol receptor element binding protein (SREBP)-1c protein and mRNA and protein expression of enzymes involved in fatty acid synthesis were increased by feeding Western diets containing casein but not SPI+ (P < 0.05). These data suggest that activation of PPAR and LXR signaling and inhibition of SREBP-1c signaling may contribute to insulin sensitization and improved lipid homeostasis in SPI+-fed rats after consumption of diets high in fat and cholesterol.
Collapse
|
40
|
Abstract
Reviewed here are the modes of action of soy components used as ingredients in foods, which can lower plasma levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and cholesterol, which are markers for the risk for atherosclerosis. Soy ingredients act via more than one mode of action including the following: LDL absorption suppression, cholesterol efflux stimulation, LDL resorption stimulation, LDL oxidation prevention, LDL particle size increase, cholesterol synthesis reduction, and bile secretion increase. Individual genetics, lifestyle, and nutrition habits alter LDL management and a better understanding of the various modes of actions of soy ingredients may facilitate the composition of effective ingredient cocktails. The optimization of food components offers further alternatives to LDL management to augment drug therapy for patients who are unable to reach their target LDL cholesterol levels or who are suffering from side effects or drug insensitivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan H van Ee
- Archer Daniels Midland Company, Koog aan de Zaan, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Frota KMG, Mendonça S, Saldiva PHN, Cruz RJ, Arêas JAG. Cholesterol-lowering properties of whole cowpea seed and its protein isolate in hamsters. J Food Sci 2009; 73:H235-40. [PMID: 19021807 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2008.00953.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hypercholesterolemic hamsters were fed for 4 wk on diets rich in saturated fatty acids and cholesterol, differing only in protein source (20 %): casein (control group, HC), whole cowpea seed (HWS), and cowpea protein isolate (HPI). Hamsters fed on HWS and HPI presented significant reductions in plasma total cholesterol and non-HDL cholesterol. HPI and HC presented similar protein digestibility, which were significantly higher than that of HWS. Animals fed on HWS presented significantly higher levels of bile acids and cholesterol in feces than did the animals fed on casein or HPI diets. Histological analyses of the liver showed that HC diet resulted in steatosis widely distributed throughout the hepatic lobule, while HWS and HPI diets promoted reductions in liver steatosis. The effectiveness of HWS for modulating lipid metabolism was greater than that of HPI, as measured by plasma cholesterol reduction and liver steatosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K M G Frota
- Departamento de Nutrição, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Alimentary proteins, amino acids and cholesterolemia. Amino Acids 2009; 38:15-22. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-009-0239-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2009] [Accepted: 01/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
43
|
Weidner C, Krempf M, Bard JM, Cazaubiel M, Bell D. Cholesterol lowering effect of a soy drink enriched with plant sterols in a French population with moderate hypercholesterolemia. Lipids Health Dis 2008; 7:35. [PMID: 18837970 PMCID: PMC2569033 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-7-35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2008] [Accepted: 10/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Plant sterols are an established non-pharmacological means to reduce total and LDL blood cholesterol concentrations and are therefore recommended for cholesterol management by worldwide-renown health care institutions. Their efficacy has been proven in many types of foods with the majority of trials conducted in spreads or dairy products. As an alternative to dairy products, soy based foods are common throughout the world. Yet, there is little evidence supporting the efficacy of plant sterols in soy-based foods. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of a soy drink enriched with plant sterols on blood lipid profiles in moderately hypercholesterolemic subjects. Methods In a randomized, placebo-controlled double-blind mono-centric study, 50 subjects were assigned to 200 ml of soy drink either enriched with 2.6 g plant sterol esters (1.6 g/d free plant sterol equivalents) or without plant sterols (control) for 8 weeks. Subjects were instructed to maintain stable diet pattern and physical activity. Plasma concentrations of lipids were measured at initial visit, after 4 weeks and after 8 weeks. The primary measurement was the change in LDL cholesterol (LDL-C). Secondary measurements were changes in total cholesterol (TC), non-HDL cholesterol (non-HDL-C), HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) and triglycerides. Results Regular consumption of the soy drink enriched with plant sterols for 8 weeks significantly reduced LDL- C by 0.29 mmol/l or 7% compared to baseline (p < 0.05). TC and non-HDL-C concentrations decreased by 0.26 mmol/l and 0.31 mmol/l (each p < 0.05), respectively. Mean reductions in total, LDL and non-HDL cholesterol were significantly greater than in the placebo group (p < 0.05). HDL-C and triglycerides were not affected. Compliance was very high (>96%), and products were well tolerated. Conclusion Daily consumption of a plant sterol-enriched soy drink significantly decreased total, non-HDL and LDL cholesterol and is therefore an interesting and convenient aid in managing mild to moderate hypercholesterolemia.
Collapse
|
44
|
Abstract
Epidemiological investigations suggest that soy consumption may be associated with a lower incidence of certain chronic diseases. Clinical studies also show that ingestion of soy proteins reduces the risk factors for cardiovascular disease. This led to the approval of the food-labeling health claim for soy proteins in the prevention of coronary heart disease by the U.S. FDA in 1999. Similar health petitions for soy proteins have also been approved thereafter in the United Kingdom, Brazil, South Africa, the Philippines, Indonesia, Korea, and Malaysia. However, the purported health benefits are quite variable in different studies. The Nutrition Committee of the American Heart Association has assessed 22 randomized trials conducted since 1999 and found that isolated soy protein with isoflavones (ISF) slightly decreased LDL cholesterol but had no effect on HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, lipoprotein(a), or blood pressure. The other effects of soy consumption were not evident. Although the contributing factors to these discrepancies are not fully understood, the source of soybeans and processing procedures of the protein or ISF are believed to be important because of their effects on the content and intactness of certain bioactive protein subunits. Some studies have documented potential safety concerns on increased consumption of soy products. Impacts of soy products on thyroid and reproductive functions as well as on certain types of carcinogenesis require further study in this context. Overall, existing data are inconsistent or inadequate in supporting most of the suggested health benefits of consuming soy protein or ISF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wu Xiao
- Nutrition Research Division, Food Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, 2203E Banting Research Centre, Ottawa, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Lee SO, Renouf M, Ye Z, Murphy PA, Hendrich S. Isoflavone glycitein diminished plasma cholesterol in female golden Syrian hamsters. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2007; 55:11063-11067. [PMID: 18038972 DOI: 10.1021/jf070972r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The soybean isoflavones, daidzein, genistein, and glycitein, were hypothesized to act as cholesterol-lowering components, separate from soy protein. Pure synthetic daidzein, genistein, or glycitein (0.9 mmol/kg diet) or a casein-based control diet was fed to groups of 10 female Golden Syrian hamsters for 4 weeks. Hamsters fed glycitein had significantly lower plasma total (by 15%) and non-HDL (by 24%) cholesterol compared with those fed casein (P<0.05). Daidzein and genistein's effects on these lipids did not differ from the effects of either casein or glycitein. Plasma HDL cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations were not significantly affected by dietary treatments. The percentage of urinary recovery of the ingested dose of each isoflavone was glycitein>daidzein>genistein (33.2%, 4.6%, 2.2%, respectively), with the apparent absorption of glycitein significantly greater than that of the other isoflavones. These data suggest that glycitein's greater cholesterol-lowering effect was due to its greater bioavailability, as reflected in its urinary recovery compared with that of the other isoflavones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Ok Lee
- Food Science & Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames 50011, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Xiao CW, Wood C, Huang W, L'Abbé MR, Gilani GS, Cooke GM, Curran I. Tissue-specific regulation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase gene expression by dietary soya protein isolate in rats. Br J Nutr 2007; 95:1048-54. [PMID: 16768825 DOI: 10.1079/bjn20061776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We have recently reported that intake of soya protein isolate (SPI) inhibited the DNA-binding activities of hepatic thyroid hormone receptor (TR). The genes for acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), a rate-limiting enzyme in fatty acid synthesis, contain the thyroid hormone response element in their promoters and are regulated by TR. The present study has examined the effect oflong-term feeding of SPI and soya isoflavones (ISF) on the gene expression and protein phosphorylation of different ACC isoforms in different tissues and plasma triacylglycerol (TAG) levels in rats. Sprague-Dawley female rats were fed diets containing 20% casein or alcohol-washed SPI with or without supplemental ISF for 70, 190 and 310d. SPI intake significantly reduced plasma TAG concentrations compared with casein, whereas supplemental ISF had no effect. Hepatic ACCα and ACCβ mRNA abundance and protein content were markedly lowerin the rats fed SPI than in those fed casein. The protein contents of ACCα in the kidneyand ACCβ, the predominant isoform in the heart and kidney, were unchanged by dietary SPI.The ratios of phospho-ACCα/ACCα and phospho-ACCβ/ACCβ were not differentamong dietary groups in all tissues measured. The present study demonstrates that ingestion ofSPI decreases plasma TAG level and down-regulates ACCα and ACCβ gene expression in the liver but not in the heart and kidney. The results indicate that the effect of SPI is tissue-specific and that alteration of ACC gene expression rather than phosphorylation status may play a major role in the regulation of ACC activities by soya proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wu Xiao
- Nutrition Research Division, Food Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, 2203C Banting Research Centre, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1A 0L2.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Toden S, Bird AR, Topping DL, Conlon MA. Differential effects of dietary whey, casein and soya on colonic DNA damage and large bowel SCFA in rats fed diets low and high in resistant starch. Br J Nutr 2007; 97:535-43. [PMID: 17313716 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114507336817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Feeding higher levels of dietary animal protein (as casein or red meat) increases colonic DNA damage and thins the colonic mucus barrier in rats. Feeding resistant starch (RS) reverses these changes and increases large bowel SCFA. The present study examined whether high dietary dairy (casein or whey) or plant (soya) proteins had similar adverse effects and whether dietary RS was protective. Adult male rats were fed diets containing 15 or 25 % casein, whey or soya protein with or without 48 % high amylose starch (as a source of RS) for 4 weeks. DNA damage was measured in isolated colonocytes using the comet assay. Higher dietary casein and soya (but not whey) increased colonocyte DNA damage. DNA damage was highest with soya when fed at 15 or 25 % protein without RS. Dietary RS attenuated protein-induced colonocyte DNA damage in all groups but it remained significantly higher in rats fed 25 % soya compared with those fed 15 % protein. Dietary protein level did not affect colonic mucus thickness overall but the barrier was thinner in rats fed high dietary casein. This effect was reversed by feeding RS. Caecal total SCFA and butyrate pools were higher in rats fed RS compared with digestible starch. Caecal and faecal SCFA were unrelated to genetic damage but correlated with mucus thickness. The present data confirm that higher dietary protein affected colonocyte DNA and colonic mucus thickness adversely but that proteins differ in their effects on these indices of colon health. The data show also that these changes were reversed by RS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shusuke Toden
- Food Futures National Research Flagship, CSIRO Human Nutrition, Adelaide, Australia
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Xiao CW, Mei J, Huang W, Wood C, L'abbé MR, Gilani GS, Cooke GM, Curran IH. Dietary soy protein isolate modifies hepatic retinoic acid receptor-beta proteins and inhibits their DNA binding activity in rats. J Nutr 2007; 137:1-6. [PMID: 17182792 DOI: 10.1093/jn/137.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoic acid receptors (RAR) belong to the same nuclear receptor superfamily as thyroid hormone receptors (TR) that were previously shown to be modulated by dietary soy protein isolate (SPI). This study has examined the effect of dietary SPI and isoflavones (ISF) on hepatic RAR gene expression and DNA binding activity. In Expt. 1, Sprague-Dawley rats were fed diets containing 20% casein or 20% alcohol-washed SPI in the absence or presence of increasing amounts of ISF (5-1250 mg/kg diet) for 70, 190, or 310 d. In Expt. 2, weanling Sprague-Dawley rats were fed diets containing 20% casein with or without supplemental ISF (50 mg/kg diet) or increasing amounts of alcohol-washed SPI (5, 10, and 20%) for 90 d. Intake of soy proteins significantly elevated hepatic RARbeta2 protein content dose-dependently compared with a casein diet, whereas supplemental ISF had no consistent effect. Neither RARbeta protein in the other tissues measured nor the other RAR (RARalpha and RARgamma) in the liver were affected by dietary SPI, indicating a tissue and isoform-specific effect of SPI. RARbeta2 mRNA abundances were not different between dietary groups except that its expression was markedly suppressed in male rats fed SPI for 310 d. DNA binding activity of nuclear RARbeta was significantly attenuated and the isoelectric points of RARbeta2 were shifted by dietary SPI. Overall, these results show for the first time, to our knowledge, that dietary soy proteins affect hepatic RARbeta2 protein content and RARbeta DNA binding activity, which may contribute to the suppression of retinoid-induced hypertriglyceridemia by SPI as reported.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wu Xiao
- Nutrition Research Division, Food Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, 2203C Banting Research Centre, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1A 0L2.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Renouf M, Lee SO, Hendrich S. Isoflavone excretion phenotypes influence plasma cholesterol in golden Syrian hamsters. Nutr Res 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2005.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
50
|
Carr TP, Jesch ED. Food components that reduce cholesterol absorption. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2006; 51:165-204. [PMID: 17011476 DOI: 10.1016/s1043-4526(06)51003-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy P Carr
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68583, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|