1
|
Rebellato AP, de Moraes PP, Silva JGS, Alvim ID, Lima Pallone JA, Steel CJ. Ferrous sulfate microparticles obtained by spray chilling: characterization, stability and in vitro digestion simulation. JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2024; 61:97-105. [PMID: 38192707 PMCID: PMC10771413 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-023-05820-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
The use of microencapsulated ferrous-sulfate is among the various options recommended for food fortification, as the protective wall material surrounding the compound can preserve it from undesirable alterations and also protect the food. Microencapsulated iron can be produced using different wall materials and encapsulation methods. Thus, a microparticle was developed through spray chilling, containing ferrous sulfate (FS), as active compound, and a fat mixture as the coating material. The resulting samples analyzed to determine encapsulation efficiency, particle size distribution, and morphology. Furthermore, the oxidative stability and bioaccessibility of FS microparticles were investigated by simulating in vitro digestion. The findings indicated that the encapsulation technique effectively retained FS, resulting in microparticles physically stable at room temperature with typical morphology. The encapsulation efficiency revealed that lower concentrations of FS led to reduced superficial iron content. However, the oxidative stability demonstrated that the presence of iron in the microparticles accelerated the lipid oxidation process. The in vitro digestion test demonstrated that the microparticles with lower iron content exhibited a higher percentage of bioaccessibility, even when compared to non-encapsulated FS. Additionally, the coating material successfully released FS during the simulation of gastrointestinal digestion, resulting in a bioaccessibility of 7.98%. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13197-023-05820-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Rebellato
- Department of Food Engineering and Technology, School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Monteiro Lobato Street, 80, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-862 Brazil
| | - Priscila Probio de Moraes
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Monteiro Lobato Street, 80, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-862 Brazil
| | - Joyce Grazielle Siqueira Silva
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Monteiro Lobato Street, 80, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-862 Brazil
| | - Izabela Dutra Alvim
- Cereal Chocotec, Institute of Food Technology, Avenue Brazil 2880, Jd. Chapadão, P.O. Box 139, Campinas, SP Brazil
| | - Juliana Azevedo Lima Pallone
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Monteiro Lobato Street, 80, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-862 Brazil
| | - Caroline Joy Steel
- Department of Food Engineering and Technology, School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Monteiro Lobato Street, 80, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-862 Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Arslan FB, Öztürk K, Tavukçuoğlu E, Öztürk SC, Esendağlı G, Çalış S. A novel combination for the treatment of small cell lung cancer: Active targeted irinotecan and stattic co-loaded PLGA nanoparticles. Int J Pharm 2023; 632:122573. [PMID: 36592892 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Polymeric nanoparticles are widely used drug delivery systems for cancer treatment due to their properties such as ease of passing through biological membranes, opportunity to modify drug release, specifically targeting drugs to diseased areas, and potential of reducing side effects. Here, we formulated irinotecan and Stattic co-loaded PLGA nanoparticles targeted to small cell lung cancer. Nanoparticles were successfully conjugated with CD56 antibody with a conjugation efficiency of 84.39 ± 1.01%, and characterization of formulated nanoparticles was conducted with in-vitro and in-vivo studies. Formulated particles had sizes in the range of 130-180 nm with PDI values smaller than 0.3. Encapsulation and active targeting of irinotecan and Stattic resulted in increased cytotoxicity and anti-cancer efficiency in-vitro. Furthermore, it was shown with ex-vivo biodistribution studies that conjugated nanoparticles were successfully targeted to CD56-expressing SCLC cells and distributed mainly to tumor tissue and lungs. Compliant with our hypothesis and literature, the STAT3 pathway was successfully inhibited with Stattic solution and Stattic loaded nanoparticles. Additionally, intravenous injection of conjugated co-loaded nanoparticles resulted in decreased side effects and better anti-tumor activity than individual solutions of drugs in SCLC tumor-bearing mice. These results may indicate a new treatment option for clinically aggressive small cell lung cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Betül Arslan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, 06100 Ankara, Turkiye
| | - Kıvılcım Öztürk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, 06100 Ankara, Turkiye
| | - Ece Tavukçuoğlu
- Department of Basic Oncology, Hacettepe University Cancer Institute, 06100 Ankara, Turkiye
| | - Süleyman Can Öztürk
- Centre for Laboratory Animals Research and Application, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkiye
| | - Güneş Esendağlı
- Department of Basic Oncology, Hacettepe University Cancer Institute, 06100 Ankara, Turkiye
| | - Sema Çalış
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, 06100 Ankara, Turkiye.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bhatnagar RS, Lei XG, Miller DD, Padilla-Zakour OI. Iron from Co-Encapsulation of Defatted Nannochloropsis Oceanica with Inulin Is Highly Bioavailable and Does Not Impact Wheat Flour Shelf Life or Sensorial Attributes. Foods 2023; 12:foods12030675. [PMID: 36766203 PMCID: PMC9914652 DOI: 10.3390/foods12030675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Defatted green microalgae Nannochloropsis oceanica (DGM) is a rich source of bioavailable iron. However, its use in foods results in unacceptable color and taste development. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate strategies to enhance the use of DGM in foods. DGM and inulin were encapsulated (EC) in an oil-in-water emulsion using high-pressure homogenization. To confirm iron bioavailability, C57BL/6 mice were fed an iron-deficient diet (ID) for 2 weeks. The mice were then fed one of the four diets: ID, ID + DGM (DGM), ID + EC (EC50 or EC100) for 4 weeks. To test the stability of DGM as an iron fortificant at two different fortification rates of 17.5 mg Fe/kg (50%) or 35 mg Fe/kg (100%), whole (DGM50/DGM100), encapsulated (EC50/EC100) and color-masked (CM50/CM100) DGM were added to wheat flour (WF) at two different temperatures: 20 °C and 45 °C and were examined for 30 days. Acceptability studies were conducted to determine sensory differences between rotis (Indian flat bread) prepared from WF/EC50/CM50/EC100. The mice consuming EC50/EC100 diets showed comparable iron status to DGM-fed mice, suggesting that encapsulation did not negatively impact iron bioavailability. Addition of EC to wheat flour resulted in the lowest Fe2+ oxidation and color change amongst treatments, when stored for 30 days. There were no differences in the overall liking and product acceptance of rotis amongst treatments at both day 0 and day 21 samples. Our results suggest that EC50 can be effectively used as an iron fortificant in WF to deliver highly bioavailable iron without experiencing any stability or sensory defects, at least until 30 days of storage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rohil S. Bhatnagar
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Tata-Cornell Institute for Agriculture and Nutrition, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Xin-Gen Lei
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Dennis D. Miller
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Olga I. Padilla-Zakour
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-315-787-2259
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Mazgaj R, Lipiński P, Szudzik M, Jończy A, Kopeć Z, Stankiewicz AM, Kamyczek M, Swinkels D, Żelazowska B, Starzyński RR. Comparative Evaluation of Sucrosomial Iron and Iron Oxide Nanoparticles as Oral Supplements in Iron Deficiency Anemia in Piglets. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9930. [PMID: 34576090 PMCID: PMC8466487 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron deficiency is the most common mammalian nutritional disorder. However, among mammalian species iron deficiency anemia (IDA), occurs regularly only in pigs. To cure IDA, piglets are routinely injected with high amounts of iron dextran (FeDex), which can lead to perturbations in iron homeostasis. Here, we evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of non-invasive supplementation with Sucrosomial iron (SI), a highly bioavailable iron supplement preventing IDA in humans and mice and various iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs). Analysis of red blood cell indices and plasma iron parameters shows that not all iron preparations used in the study efficiently counteracted IDA comparable to FeDex-based supplementation. We found no signs of iron toxicity of any tested iron compounds, as evaluated based on the measurement of several toxicological markers that could indicate the occurrence of oxidative stress or inflammation. Neither SI nor IONPs increased hepcidin expression with alterations in ferroportin (FPN) protein level. Finally, the analysis of the piglet gut microbiota indicates the individual pattern of bacterial diversity across taxonomic levels, independent of the type of supplementation. In light of our results, SI but not IONPs used in the experiment emerges as a promising nutritional iron supplement, with a high potential to correct IDA in piglets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rafał Mazgaj
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology PAS, 28-130 Jastrzębiec, Poland; (R.M.); (M.S.); (A.J.); (Z.K.); (A.M.S.); (B.Ż.)
| | - Paweł Lipiński
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology PAS, 28-130 Jastrzębiec, Poland; (R.M.); (M.S.); (A.J.); (Z.K.); (A.M.S.); (B.Ż.)
| | - Mateusz Szudzik
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology PAS, 28-130 Jastrzębiec, Poland; (R.M.); (M.S.); (A.J.); (Z.K.); (A.M.S.); (B.Ż.)
| | - Aneta Jończy
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology PAS, 28-130 Jastrzębiec, Poland; (R.M.); (M.S.); (A.J.); (Z.K.); (A.M.S.); (B.Ż.)
| | - Zuzanna Kopeć
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology PAS, 28-130 Jastrzębiec, Poland; (R.M.); (M.S.); (A.J.); (Z.K.); (A.M.S.); (B.Ż.)
| | - Adrian M. Stankiewicz
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology PAS, 28-130 Jastrzębiec, Poland; (R.M.); (M.S.); (A.J.); (Z.K.); (A.M.S.); (B.Ż.)
| | - Marian Kamyczek
- Pig Hybridization Centre, National Research Institute of Animal Production, 43-246 Pawłowice, Poland;
| | - Dorine Swinkels
- Department of Laboratory Medicine (TLM 830), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands;
- Hepcidin Analysis, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Beata Żelazowska
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology PAS, 28-130 Jastrzębiec, Poland; (R.M.); (M.S.); (A.J.); (Z.K.); (A.M.S.); (B.Ż.)
| | - Rafał R. Starzyński
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology PAS, 28-130 Jastrzębiec, Poland; (R.M.); (M.S.); (A.J.); (Z.K.); (A.M.S.); (B.Ż.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Jyrwa YW, Yaduvanshi PS, Sinha GR, Dwarapudi S, Madhari RS, Boiroju NK, Pullakhandam R, Palika R. Bioavailability of iron from novel hydrogen reduced iron powders: Studies in Caco-2 cells and rat model. J Food Sci 2021; 86:3480-3491. [PMID: 34269416 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.15828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The bioavailability of iron from elemental iron powders, including hydrogen reduced iron powder (HRIP), is influenced by particle size and surface area. In the present study, we investigated the solubility, bioaccessibility, and bioavailability of iron from novel HRIPs (particle size ≤25 and 38 µm generated at low [LT] and high [HT] temperature), with porous morphology and high surface area, in intestinal Caco-2 cells and in rat models. The acceptability of fortified wheat flour was tested in human volunteers. The iron solubility and ferritin induction in Caco-2 cells were significantly higher from wheat flour fortified with HRIPs compared to electrolytic iron powder (EIP, ≤45 µm size) either in the absence or presence of ascorbic acid. Nevertheless, ferritin induction in Caco-2 cells was significantly higher with FeSO4 compared to HRIP or EIP. The relative biological value of HRIPs was significantly higher (≤38HT) or similar compared to EIP in rats. However, serum ferritin was significantly higher in rats fed HRIPs than EIP. Further, wheat flour fortified with HRIP was found to be acceptable for consumption. These findings demonstrate higher iron bioavailability from novel HRIPs compared to the reference EIP (≤45 µm) and merits further studies on toxicity and efficacy. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The use of elemental iron powders for food fortification to alleviate iron deficiency is limited due to its poor bioavailability. The novel hydrogen-reduced elemental iron powders used in this study had higher bioaccessibility and bioavailability compared to reference EIP (≤45 µm) in in vitro and in vivo models, respectively. Further, there were no sensory differences between roti prepared with fortified or unfortified wheat flour. These results suggest that the novel hydrogen reduced elemental iron powders used in the present study are suitable for wheat flour fortification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Srinivas Dwarapudi
- TATA Steel India Ltd Research and Development Division, Jamshedpur, India
| | - Radhika S Madhari
- Jamai-Osmania, ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Telangana, India
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Supplementation with >Your< Iron Syrup Corrects Iron Status in a Mouse Model of Diet-Induced Iron Deficiency. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10050357. [PMID: 33922324 PMCID: PMC8147123 DOI: 10.3390/biology10050357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to compare the effects of >Your< Iron Syrup, a novel oral liquid iron-containing food supplement, with the commonly prescribed iron sulphate (Fe-sulphate) in a mouse model of diet-induced iron deficiency. Standard inbred BALB/cOlaHsd mice were fed low-iron diet for 11 weeks to induce significant decrease in blood haemoglobin and haematocrit and were then supplemented by gavage with either >Your< Iron Syrup or Fe-sulphate for two weeks. In >Your< Iron Syrup group, several markers of iron deficiency, such as serum iron concentration, transferrin saturation and ferritin level were significantly improved in both female and male mice. Fe-sulphate induced similar responses, except that it did not significantly increase iron serum in females and serum ferritin in both sexes. Fe-sulphate significantly increased liver-iron content which >Your< Iron Syrup did not. Transcription of Hamp and selected inflammatory genes in the liver was comparable between the two supplementation groups and with the Control diet group. Some sex-specific effects were noted, which were more pronounced and less variable in males. In conclusion, >Your< Iron Syrup was efficient, comparable and in some parameters superior to Fe-sulphate in improving iron-related parameters without inducing a response of selected liver inflammation markers in a mouse model of diet-induced iron deficiency.
Collapse
|
7
|
Hurrell RF. Iron Fortification Practices and Implications for Iron Addition to Salt. J Nutr 2021; 151:3S-14S. [PMID: 33582781 PMCID: PMC7882371 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxaa175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This introductory article provides an in-depth technical background for iron fortification, and thus introduces a series of articles in this supplement designed to present the current evidence on the fortification of salt with both iodine and iron, that is, double-fortified salt (DFS). This article reviews our current knowledge of the causes and consequences of iron deficiency and anemia and then, with the aim of assisting the comparison between DFS and other common iron-fortified staple foods, discusses the factors influencing the efficacy of iron-fortified foods. This includes the dietary and physiological factors influencing iron absorption; the choice of an iron compound and the fortification technology that will ensure the necessary iron absorption with no sensory changes; encapsulation of iron fortification compounds to prevent unacceptable sensory changes; the addition of iron absorption enhancers; the estimation of the iron fortification level for each vehicle based on iron requirements and consumption patterns; and the iron status biomarkers that are needed to demonstrate improved iron status in populations regularly consuming the iron-fortified food. The supplement is designed to provide a summary of evidence to date that can help advise policy makers considering DFS as an intervention to address the difficult public health issue of iron deficiency anemia, while at the same time using DFS to target iodine deficiency.
Collapse
|
8
|
Saha S, Roy A. Whole grain rice fortification as a solution to micronutrient deficiency: Technologies and need for more viable alternatives. Food Chem 2020; 326:127049. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
|
9
|
Zeng Q, Xie L, Zhang J, Vuong C, Potter B, Aylor S, Sousa J, Black C, Li Q. Improving Relative Bioavailability of Oral Imidazolidinedione by Reducing Particle Size Using Homogenization and Ultra-Sonication. Mil Med 2019; 184:106-113. [DOI: 10.1093/milmed/usy368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Particle size is an important determinant of gastrointestinal absorption of compounds administrated orally. The present study evaluates the effect of a reduction in particle size assessed by homogenization, sonication, and homogenization plus sonication on the bioavailability of imidazolidinedione (IZ), an antimalarial compound with known causal prophylactic activity and radical cure of relapsing malaria. Formulations were administrated intragastrically to mice, and blood samples were collected for LC-MS/MS analysis. The homogenization method manually decreased particle size with minimal variance, resulting in a mean particle diameter of 42.22 μm, whereas the probe sonication method evenly distributed pulses of sound to break apart particles, resulting in a mean diameter of 1.50 μm. Homogenization plus sonication resulted in a mean particle diameter of 1.44 μm, which was similar to that of the sonication method alone. The compound suspensions did not show a significant difference in mean particle size between the different vehicles. The sonically engineered microparticle delivers high sonic energy to the suspension leads to faster breakdown and stabilizing of the micronized particles when compared with homogenizer. The bioavailability of the small particle IZ formulation was 100%, compared to the 55.79% relative bioavailability of IZ with larger particle size. These initial data clearly show that a reduction in particle size of orally administered IZ with probe sonication could significantly increase bioavailability in rodent animals that is affected by a high first-pass effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zeng
- Experimental Therapeutics Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research 503 Robert Grant Ave., Silver Spring, MD
| | - Lisa Xie
- Experimental Therapeutics Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research 503 Robert Grant Ave., Silver Spring, MD
| | - Jing Zhang
- Experimental Therapeutics Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research 503 Robert Grant Ave., Silver Spring, MD
| | - Chau Vuong
- Experimental Therapeutics Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research 503 Robert Grant Ave., Silver Spring, MD
| | - Brittney Potter
- Experimental Therapeutics Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research 503 Robert Grant Ave., Silver Spring, MD
| | - Samantha Aylor
- Experimental Therapeutics Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research 503 Robert Grant Ave., Silver Spring, MD
| | - Jason Sousa
- Experimental Therapeutics Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research 503 Robert Grant Ave., Silver Spring, MD
| | - Chad Black
- Experimental Therapeutics Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research 503 Robert Grant Ave., Silver Spring, MD
| | - Qigui Li
- Experimental Therapeutics Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research 503 Robert Grant Ave., Silver Spring, MD
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Blanco-Rojo R, Vaquero MP. Iron bioavailability from food fortification to precision nutrition. A review. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2018.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
11
|
Arce A, Ustunol Z. Effect of microencapsulated ferrous sulfate particle size on Cheddar cheese composition and quality. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:6814-6822. [PMID: 29729915 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Iron-fortified Cheddar cheese was manufactured with large microencapsulated ferrous sulfate (LMFS; 700-1,000 µm in diameter) or small microencapsulated ferrous sulfate (SMFS; 220-422 µm in diameter). Cheeses were aged 90 d. Compositional, chemical, and sensory characteristics were compared with control cheeses, which had no ferrous sulfate added. Compositional analysis included fat, protein, ash, moisture, as well as divalent cations iron, calcium, magnesium, and zinc. Thiobarbituric acid reactive species assay was conducted to determine lipid oxidation. A consumer panel consisting of 101 participants evaluated the cheeses for flavor, texture, appearance, and overall acceptability using a 9-point hedonic scale. Results showed 66.0% iron recovery for LMFS and 91.0% iron recovery for SMFS. Iron content was significantly increased from 0.030 mg of Fe/g in control cheeses to 0.134 mg of Fe/g of cheese for LMFS and 0.174 mg of Fe/g of cheese for SMFS. Fat, protein, ash, moisture, magnesium, zinc, and calcium contents were not significantly different when comparing iron-fortified cheeses with the control. Iron fortification did not increase lipid oxidation; however, iron fortification negatively affected Cheddar cheese sensory attributes, particularly the LMFS fortified cheese. Microencapsulation of ferrous sulfate failed to mask iron's distinct taste, color, and odor. Overall, SMFS showed better results compared with LMFS for iron retention and sensory evaluation in Cheddar cheese. Results of this study show that size of the microencapsulated particle is important in the retention of the iron in the cheese and its sensory attributes. This study provides new information on the importance of particle size with microencapsulated nutrients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Arce
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
| | - Z Ustunol
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ramírez-Luzuriaga MJ, Larson LM, Mannar V, Martorell R. Impact of Double-Fortified Salt with Iron and Iodine on Hemoglobin, Anemia, and Iron Deficiency Anemia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Adv Nutr 2018; 9:207-218. [PMID: 29767699 PMCID: PMC5952925 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmy008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Double-fortified salt (DFS) containing iron and iodine has been proposed as a feasible and cost-effective alternative for iron fortification in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis from randomized and quasi-randomized controlled trials to 1) assess the effect of DFS on biomarkers of iron status and the risk of anemia and iron deficiency anemia (IDA) and 2) evaluate differential effects of DFS by study type (efficacy or effectiveness), population subgroups, iron formulation (ferrous sulfate, ferrous fumarate, and ferric pyrophosphate), iron concentration, duration of intervention, and study quality. A systematic search with the use of MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane, Web of Science, and other sources identified 221 articles. Twelve efficacy and 2 effectiveness studies met prespecified inclusion criteria. All studies were conducted in LMICs: 10 in India, 2 in Morocco, and 1 each in Côte d'Ivoire and Ghana. In efficacy studies, DFS increased hemoglobin concentrations [standardized mean difference (SMD): 0.28; 95% CI: 0.11, 0.44; P < 0.001] and reduced the risk of anemia (RR: 0.59; 95% CI: 0.46, 0.77; P < 0.001) and IDA (RR 0.37; 95% CI: 0.25, 0.54; P < 0.001). In effectiveness studies, the effect size for hemoglobin was smaller but significant (SMD: 0.03; 95% CI: 0.01, 0.05; P < 0.01). Stratified analyses of efficacy studies by population subgroups indicated positive effects of DFS among women and school-age children. For the latter, DFS increased hemoglobin concentrations (SMD: 0.32; 95% CI: 0.03, 0.60; P < 0.05) and reduced the risk of anemia (SMD: 0.48; 95% CI: 0.34, 0.67; P < 0.001) and IDA (SMD: 0.37; 95% CI: 0.25, 0.54; P < 0.001). Hemoglobin concentrations, anemia prevalence and deworming at baseline, sample size, and study duration were not associated with effect sizes. The results indicate that DFS is efficacious in increasing hemoglobin concentrations and reducing the risk of anemia and IDA in LMIC populations. More effectiveness studies are needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María J Ramírez-Luzuriaga
- Emory University, Nutrition and Health Science Program, Laney Graduate School,Address correspondence to MJR-L (e-mail: )
| | - Leila M Larson
- Emory University, Nutrition and Health Science Program, Laney Graduate School
| | - Venkatesh Mannar
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Reynaldo Martorell
- Emory University, Nutrition and Health Science Program, Laney Graduate School,Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Mansouri S, Chen XD, Woo MW. Design of micron-sized salt particles by ethanol vapour drying. POWDER TECHNOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2016.06.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
14
|
Shafie EH, Keshavarz SA, Kefayati ME, Taheri F, Sarbakhsh P, Vafa MR. The Effects of Nanoparticles Containing Iron on Blood and Inflammatory Markers in Comparison to Ferrous Sulfate in Anemic Rats. Int J Prev Med 2016; 7:117. [PMID: 27857830 PMCID: PMC5093884 DOI: 10.4103/2008-7802.193092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Ferrous sulfate is the most used supplement for treating anemia, but it can result in unfavorable side effects. Nowadays, nanotechnology is used as a way to increase bioavailability and decrease the side effects of drugs and nutrients. This study investigates the effects of nanoparticles containing iron on blood and inflammatory markers in comparison to ferrous sulfate in anemic rats. Methods: To induce the model of hemolytic anemia, 50 mg/kg bw phenylhydrazine was injected intraperitoneally in rats on the 1st day and 25 mg/kg bw for the four following days. Then, rats were randomly divided into five groups. No material was added to the nipple of the Group 1 (control). Group 2 received 0.4 mg/day nanoparticles of iron; Group 3 received 0.4 mg/day ferrous sulfate, and Groups 4 and 5 received double dose of iron nanoparticle and ferrous sulfate, respectively for ten days. Results: Hemoglobin and red blood cell (RBC) in Group 2 were significantly higher than Group 3 (P < 0.05). In addition, hemoglobin and RBC in Group 4 and 5 were significantly higher than Group 3 (P < 0.05). The average level of serum iron in Groups 2 and 4 was remarkably more than the groups received ferrous sulfate with similar doses (P < 0.05). C-reactive protein in Group 3 was more than Group 2 and in Group 5 was more compare to all other groups. Conclusions: Single dose of nanoparticles had more bioavailability compare to ferrous sulfate, but this did not occur for the double dose. Furthermore, both doses of nanoparticles caused lower inflammation than ferrous sulfate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elaheh Honarkar Shafie
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Ali Keshavarz
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Esmaiel Kefayati
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Taheri
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parvin Sarbakhsh
- Department of Statistic and Epidemiology, Faculty of Nutrition and Health, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Vafa
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Tian T, Blanco E, Smoukov SK, Velev OD, Velikov KP. Dissolution behaviour of ferric pyrophosphate and its mixtures with soluble pyrophosphates: Potential strategy for increasing iron bioavailability. Food Chem 2016; 208:97-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.03.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
16
|
Pérez-Conesa D, López G, Ros G. Effect of Probiotic, Prebiotic and Synbiotic Follow-up Infant Formulas on Iron Bioavailability in Rats. FOOD SCI TECHNOL INT 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/1082013207075465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The effect of functional ingredients-supplemented diets on iron bioavailability and the section of the large intestine involved with this effect was investigated in rats. The diets consisted of seven powder follow-up infant formulas containing probiotics ( Bifidobacterium bifidum and Bifidobacterium longum), prebiotics (galactooligosaccharides (4'-GOS) at 1.2, 5 and 10%) or synbiotics (bifidobacteria and 4'-GOS at 1.2, 5 and 10%) that were administered to weanling rats over 30 days. Iron balancing (mineral apparent absorption and retention ratios) was carried out in three periods of 72h each. Results showed that the administration of any of the test diets increased the apparent iron absorption or retention in any of the periods, however only 10% prebiotic and synbiotic diets significantly (P<0.05) increased apparent iron absorption and retention during the three periods of mineral balancing when compared to the control group. A linear regression study demonstrated that the stimulation of iron absorption took place mainly in the colon portion of the gut, since the parameters iron absorption, crypt depth of proximal colon and pH colon content showed a multiple linear relationship (R2=0.56). We concluded that 10% prebiotic and synbiotic diets were the diets most prone to improving iron bioavailability in the colons of rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D. Pérez-Conesa
- Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Murcia, Campus Universitario de Espinardo, 30071 Murcia, Spain
| | | | - G. Ros
- Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Murcia, Campus Universitario de Espinardo, 30071 Murcia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Navas-Carretero S, Pérez-Granados A, Sarriá B, Schoppen S, Vaquero M. Iron Bioavailability from Pate Enriched with Encapsulated Ferric Pyrophosphate or Ferrous Gluconate in Rats. FOOD SCI TECHNOL INT 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/1082013207077931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Fortifying food with iron has been widely studied as a strategy to prevent iron deficiency anaemia. This work comparatively assessed the bioavailability of two forms of iron, ferrous gluconate or ferric pyrophosphate encapsulated in liposomes (lipofer®), when used as fortificants in meat pate. Three groups of growing rats consumed during 28 days either a control diet (AIN-93G), or two diets prepared with enriched pate as the unique source of iron and fat. Body weight and diet intake were measured weekly, and during the last week faeces were collected. On day 28 animals were sacrificed, livers and spleens were removed and stored. Haemoglobin and total iron binding capacity (TIBC) were determined. There were not significant differences among the three groups in body weight and apparent iron absorption, although food intake in the two pate groups was significantly higher compared to the control group. There were not differences in liver and spleen iron content and concentration, neither in haemoglobin and TIBC values. These results indicated that iron bioavailability of pate enriched with ferrous gluconate or ferric pyrophosphate encapsulated in liposomes was similar, and thus both sources of iron are good candidates to be used as fortifiers in meat based products. The present outcome needs to be validated in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S. Navas-Carretero
- Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Instituto del Frío, CSIC. José Antonio Novais, 10, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - A.M. Pérez-Granados
- Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Instituto del Frío, CSIC. José Antonio Novais, 10, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - B. Sarriá
- Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Instituto del Frío, CSIC. José Antonio Novais, 10, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - S. Schoppen
- Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Instituto del Frío, CSIC. José Antonio Novais, 10, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - M.P. Vaquero
- Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Instituto del Frío, CSIC. José Antonio Novais, 10, 28040 Madrid, Spain,
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Mukhija K, Singhal K, Angmo S, Yadav K, Yadav H, Sandhir R, Singhal NK. Potential of Alginate Encapsulated Ferric Saccharate Microemulsions to Ameliorate Iron Deficiency in Mice. Biol Trace Elem Res 2016; 172:179-192. [PMID: 26637994 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-015-0564-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Iron deficiency is one of the most prominent mineral deficiencies around the world, which especially affects large population of women and children. Development of new technologies to combat iron deficiency is on high demand. Therefore, we developed alginate microcapsule with encapsulated iron that had better oral iron bioavailability. Microcapsules containing iron with varying ratios of sodium alginate ferric(III)-saccharide were prepared using emulsification method. In vitro studies with Caco-2 cells suggested that newly synthesized microemulsions had better iron bioavailability as compared to commercially available iron dextran formulations. Ferrozine in vitro assay showed that alginate-encapsulated ferric galactose microemulsion (AFGM) had highest iron bioavailability in comparison to other four ferric saccharate microemulsions, namely AFGlM, AFMM, AFSM, and AFFM synthesized in our laboratory. Mice studies also suggested that AFGM showed higher iron absorption as indicated by increased serum iron, hemoglobin, and other hematopoietic measures with almost no toxicity at tested doses. Development of iron-loaded microemulsions leads to higher bioavailability of iron and can provide alternative strategies to treat iron deficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kimmi Mukhija
- Department of Biochemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh, Punjab, India
| | - Kirti Singhal
- Department of Biochemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh, Punjab, India
| | - Stanzin Angmo
- National Agri Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Kamalendra Yadav
- National Agri Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Hariom Yadav
- National Agri Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali, Punjab, India
- Present Address: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Rajat Sandhir
- Department of Biochemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh, Punjab, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Degerud EM, Manger MS, Strand TA, Dierkes J. Bioavailability of iron, vitamin A, zinc, and folic acid when added to condiments and seasonings. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2015; 1357:29-42. [PMID: 26469774 PMCID: PMC5019242 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Seasonings and condiments can be candidate vehicles for micronutrient fortification if consumed consistently and if dietary practices ensure bioavailability of the nutrient. In this review, we identify factors that may affect the bioavailability of iron, vitamin A, zinc, and folic acid when added to seasonings and condiments and evaluate their effects on micronutrient status. We take into consideration the chemical and physical properties of different forms of the micronutrients, the influence of the physical and chemical properties of foods and meals to which fortified seasonings and condiments are typically added, and interactions between micronutrients and the physiological and nutritional status of the target population. Bioavailable fortificants of iron have been developed for use in dry or fluid vehicles. For example, sodium iron ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (NaFeEDTA) and ferrous sulfate with citric acid are options for iron fortification of fish and soy sauce. Furthermore, NaFeEDTA, microencapsulated ferrous fumarate, and micronized elemental iron are potential fortificants in curry powder and salt. Dry forms of retinyl acetate or palmitate are bioavailable fortificants of vitamin A in dry candidate vehicles, but there are no published studies of these fortificants in fluid vehicles. Studies of zinc and folic acid bioavailability in seasonings and condiments are also lacking.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eirik M Degerud
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Tor A Strand
- Innlandet Hospital Trust, Lillehammer, Norway, and Centre for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Jutta Dierkes
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Benković M, Srečec S, Špoljarić I, Mršić G, Bauman I. Fortification of instant coffee beverages - influence of functional ingredients, packaging material and storage time on physical properties of newly formulated, enriched instant coffee powders. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2015; 95:2607-2618. [PMID: 25377798 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Revised: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Consumer demands for healthy, functional foods are growing rapidly nowadays. Coffee, as one of the most widespread commodities, represents an interesting aspect for enrichment, since it is consumed by millions of people on a daily basis. The aim of this study was to formulate enriched instant coffee powders with the purpose of estimating the influence of storage time, functional ingredients and packaging material on physical and sensory properties of the mixtures. RESULTS Storage time of 6 months significantly (P <0.05) influenced moisture content of the mixtures, which rose linearly with an increase in storage time. Packaging material proved to be an important variable affecting moisture content, particle size, colour and cohesion index. Functional ingredients (vitamins A and C, iron, inulin and oligofructose) influenced particle size, dispersibility, wettability and, in terms of sensory analysis, grades for aftertaste, chemical taste and overall acceptability. CONCLUSION Addition of functional ingredients significantly influenced some particle size distribution parameters and reconstitution properties, causing an increase in wettability and dispersibility times. Furthermore, in sensory terms, it influenced aftertaste and chemical taste grades. Packaging material significantly influenced moisture content, some particle size distribution parameters, colour and cohesion index.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maja Benković
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Siniša Srečec
- Križevci College of Agriculture, M. Demerca 1, 48260 Križevci, Croatia
| | - Igor Špoljarić
- Forensic Science Centre 'Ivan Vučetić', Ilica 335, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Gordan Mršić
- Forensic Science Centre 'Ivan Vučetić', Ilica 335, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ingrid Bauman
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Erfanian A, Mirhosseini H, Rasti B, Hair-Bejo M, Bin Mustafa S, Abd Manap MY. Absorption and Bioavailability of Nano-Size Reduced Calcium Citrate Fortified Milk Powder in Ovariectomized and Ovariectomized-Osteoporosis Rats. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:5795-5804. [PMID: 26022498 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b01468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of fortification and nano-size reduction on calcium absorption and bioavailability of milk powder formula in sham, ovariectomized, and ovariectomized-osteoporosis rats as a menopause and menopause-osteoporosis model. Skim milk powder and skim milk powder fortified with calcium citrate and the suitable doses of inulin, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and vitamins D3, K1, and B6 were formulated based on the North American and Western European recommended dietary allowances. Optimization on cycle and pressure of high-pressure homogenizer was done to produce nano-fortified milk powder. In vivo study demonstrated that fortification and calcium citrate nano-fortified milk powder increased absorption and bioavailability of calcium, as well as bone stiffness and bone strength in sham, ovariectomized, and ovariectomized-osteoporosis rats. This study successfully developed an effective fortified milk powder for food application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Babak Rasti
- §Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS), 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Srinivasu BY, Mitra G, Muralidharan M, Srivastava D, Pinto J, Thankachan P, Suresh S, Shet A, Rao S, Ravikumar G, Thomas TS, Kurpad AV, Mandal AK. Beneficiary effect of nanosizing ferric pyrophosphate as food fortificant in iron deficiency anemia: evaluation of bioavailability, toxicity and plasma biomarker. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra07724a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
NP-Fe4(P2O7)3significantly improved hemoglobin level in iron-deficient rats and Fetuin-B showed differential biological response across NP doses through plasma proteomics.
Collapse
|
23
|
Colloidal stability and chemical reactivity of complex colloids containing Fe3+. Food Chem 2014; 155:161-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Revised: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
24
|
Steiger G, Müller-Fischer N, Cori H, Conde-Petit B. Fortification of rice: technologies and nutrients. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2014; 1324:29-39. [PMID: 24913257 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
This article provides a comprehensive review of the currently available technologies for vitamin and mineral rice fortification. It covers currently used technologies, such as coating, dusting, and the various extrusion technologies, with the main focus being on cold, warm, and hot extrusion technologies, including process flow, required facilities, and sizes of operation. The advantages and disadvantages of the various processing methods are covered, including a discussion on micronutrients with respect to their technical feasibility during processing, storage, washing, and various cooking methods and their physiological importance. The microstructure of fortified rice kernels and their properties, such as visual appearance, sensory perception, and the impact of different micronutrient formulations, are discussed. Finally, the article covers recommendations for quality control and provides a summary of clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Georg Steiger
- DSM Nutritional Products AG, Kaiseraugst, Switzerland
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Rossi L, Velikov KP, Philipse AP. Colloidal iron(III) pyrophosphate particles. Food Chem 2014; 151:243-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.11.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Revised: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
26
|
Powell JJ, Bruggraber SFA, Faria N, Poots LK, Hondow N, Pennycook TJ, Latunde-Dada GO, Simpson RJ, Brown AP, Pereira DIA. A nano-disperse ferritin-core mimetic that efficiently corrects anemia without luminal iron redox activity. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2014; 10:1529-38. [PMID: 24394211 PMCID: PMC4315135 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2013.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The 2-5 nm Fe(III) oxo-hydroxide core of ferritin is less ordered and readily bioavailable compared to its pure synthetic analogue, ferrihydrite. We report the facile synthesis of tartrate-modified, nano-disperse ferrihydrite of small primary particle size, but with enlarged or strained lattice structure (~ 2.7 Å for the main Bragg peak versus 2.6 Å for synthetic ferrihydrite). Analysis indicated that co-precipitation conditions can be achieved for tartrate inclusion into the developing ferrihydrite particles, retarding both growth and crystallization and favoring stabilization of the cross-linked polymeric structure. In murine models, gastrointestinal uptake was independent of luminal Fe(III) reduction to Fe(II) and, yet, absorption was equivalent to that of ferrous sulphate, efficiently correcting the induced anemia. This process may model dietary Fe(III) absorption and potentially provide a side effect-free form of cheap supplemental iron. From the Clinical Editor Small size tartrate-modified, nano-disperse ferrihydrite was used for efficient gastrointestinal delivery of soluble Fe(III) without the risk for free radical generation in murine models. This method may provide a potentially side effect-free form iron supplementation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan J Powell
- MRC Human Nutrition Research, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, Cambridge, UK.
| | | | - Nuno Faria
- MRC Human Nutrition Research, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, Cambridge, UK
| | - Lynsey K Poots
- MRC Human Nutrition Research, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nicole Hondow
- Institute for Materials Research, School of Process, Environmental and Materials Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Timothy J Pennycook
- SuperSTEM, Daresbury Laboratories, Warrington, UK; Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Gladys O Latunde-Dada
- Diabetes & Nutritional Sciences Division, School of Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Robert J Simpson
- Diabetes & Nutritional Sciences Division, School of Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Andy P Brown
- Institute for Materials Research, School of Process, Environmental and Materials Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Dora I A Pereira
- MRC Human Nutrition Research, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, Cambridge, UK
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Johns PW, Parker ME, Patel GC, Lasekan JB, Frey M, Matthias D, Chanin ZB, Forsman CF, Schmitz DJ. In Vitro Assay of Iron in Fortified Rice Analogues. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-013-9769-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
|
28
|
Zariwala MG, Farnaud S, Merchant Z, Somavarapu S, Renshaw D. Ascorbyl palmitate/DSPE-PEG nanocarriers for oral iron delivery: preparation, characterisation and in vitro evaluation. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2013; 115:86-92. [PMID: 24333557 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2013.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Revised: 11/03/2013] [Accepted: 11/17/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to encapsulate iron in nanocarriers formulated with ascorbyl palmitate and 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine polyethylene glycol (DSPE-PEG) for oral delivery. Blank and iron (Fe) loaded nanocarriers were prepared by a modified thin film method using ascorbyl palmitate and DSPE-PEG. Surface charge of the nanocarriers was modified by the inclusion of chitosan (CHI) during the formulation process. Blank and iron loaded ascorbyl palmitate/DSPE nanocarriers were visualised by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and physiochemical characterisations of the nanocarriers carried out to determine the mean particle size and zeta potential. Inclusion of chitosan imparted a net positive charge on the nanocarrier surface and also led to an increase in mean particle size. Iron entrapment in ascorbyl palmitate-Fe and ascorbyl palmitate-CHI-Fe nanocarriers was 67% and 76% respectively, suggesting a beneficial effect of chitosan on nanocarrier Fe entrapment. Iron absorption was estimated by measuring Caco-2 cell ferritin formation using ferrous sulphate as a reference standard. Iron absorption from ascorbyl palmitate-Fe (592.17±21.12 ng/mg cell protein) and ascorbyl palmitate-CHI-Fe (800.12±47.6 ng/mg, cell protein) nanocarriers was 1.35-fold and 1.5-fold higher than that from free ferrous sulphate, respectively (505.74±23.73 ng/mg cell protein) (n=6, p<0.05). This study demonstrates for the first time preparation and characterisation of iron loaded ascorbyl palmitate/DSPE PEG nanocarriers, and that engineering of the nanocarriers with chitosan leads to a significant augmentation of iron absorption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Gulrez Zariwala
- Faculty of Science & Technology, University of Westminster, 115 New Cavendish Street, London W1W 6UW, United Kingdom.
| | - Sebastien Farnaud
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Bedfordshire, Luton, Bedfordshire LU1 3JU, United Kingdom
| | - Zahra Merchant
- Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom
| | - Satyanarayana Somavarapu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom
| | - Derek Renshaw
- Faculty of Science & Technology, University of Westminster, 115 New Cavendish Street, London W1W 6UW, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Formulation and particle size reduction improve bioavailability of poorly water-soluble compounds with antimalarial activity. Malar Res Treat 2013; 2013:769234. [PMID: 23766925 PMCID: PMC3666196 DOI: 10.1155/2013/769234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Revised: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Decoquinate (DQ) is highly effective at killing malaria parasites in vitro; however, it is extremely insoluble in water. In this study, solid dispersion method was used for DQ formulation which created a suitable physical form of DQ in aqueous phase for particle manipulation. Among many polymers and surfactants tested, polyvinylpyrrolidone 10, a polymer, and L-α-phosphatidylcholine or polysorbate, two surfactants, were chosen as DQ formulation components. The formulation particles were reduced to a mean size between 200 to 400 nm, which was stable in aqueous medium for at least three weeks. Pharmacokinetic (PK) studies showed that compared to DQ microparticle suspension, a nanoparticle formulation orally dosed to mice showed a 14.47-fold increase in area under the curve (AUC) of DQ plasma concentration and a 4.53-fold increase in AUC of DQ liver distribution. WR 299666, a poorly water-soluble compound with antimalarial activity, was also tested and successfully made into nanoparticle formulation without undergoing solid dispersion procedure. We concluded that nanoparticles generated by using appropriate formulation components and sufficient particle size reduction significantly increased the bioavailability of DQ and could potentially turn this antimalarial agent to a therapeutic drug.
Collapse
|
30
|
van Leeuwen YM, Velikov KP, Kegel WK. Repeptization by dissolution in a colloidal system of iron(III) pyrophosphate. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:16531-16535. [PMID: 23151223 DOI: 10.1021/la303668a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Repeptization (redispersion) from an aggregated state is usually only possible in charge-stabilized colloidal systems if the system is either coagulated in the secondary minimum of the interaction potential or if the system cannot settle completely into the primary minimum. In this work, we analyze the zeta potential, conductivity, and long-term stability of colloidal systems of iron(III) pyrophosphate and surprisingly find that the system seems to defy conventional wisdom as it can be repeptized from its coagulated state regardless of aging time and background ions. Moreover, after having been stored for up to a month in 2 M NaCl, dialysis of iron pyrophosphate will yield a colloidal dispersion that is actually stable for a longer period of time than a fresh system with background electrolyte removed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Mikal van Leeuwen
- Van 't Hoff Laboratory for Physical and Colloidal Chemistry, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Ferrous ammonium phosphate (FeNH4PO4) as a new food fortificant: iron bioavailability compared to ferrous sulfate and ferric pyrophosphate from an instant milk drink. Eur J Nutr 2012; 52:1361-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00394-012-0445-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2012] [Accepted: 08/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
|
32
|
van Leeuwen YM, Velikov KP, Kegel WK. Stabilization through precipitation in a system of colloidal iron(III) pyrophosphate salts. J Colloid Interface Sci 2012; 381:43-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2012.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Revised: 05/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
33
|
Pinkaew S, Wegmuller R, Hurrell R. Vitamin A stability in triple fortified extruded, artificial rice grains containing iron, zinc and vitamin A. Int J Food Sci Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2012.03091.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
34
|
|
35
|
Zimmermann MB, Hilty FM. Nanocompounds of iron and zinc: their potential in nutrition. NANOSCALE 2011; 3:2390-2398. [PMID: 21483965 DOI: 10.1039/c0nr00858c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies suggest nanostructured oxides and phosphates of Fe and atomically mixed Fe/Zn may be useful for nutritional applications. These compounds may have several advantages over existing fortificants, such as ferrous sulfate (FeSO(4)), NaFeEDTA and electrolytic iron. Because of their very low solubility and formation of soft agglomerates of micron size at neutral pH as well as their light native color, they tend to be less reactive in difficult-to-fortify foods and thus have superior sensory performance. At gastric pH the soft agglomerates break up and the Fe compounds rapidly and completely dissolve due to their very high surface area. This results in in vitro solubility and in vivo bioavailability comparable to FeSO(4). Doping with Mg and/or Ca may increase solubility and improve sensory characteristics by lightening color. Feeding the nanostructured compounds at 150-400 µg Fe day(-1) for 15 days to weanling rats in two studies did not induce measurable histological or biochemical adverse effects. No significant Fe was detected in the submucosa of the gastrointestinal tract or lymphatic tissues, suggesting that the nanosized Fe is absorbed through usual non-heme Fe absorption pathways. Thus, these novel compounds show promise as food fortificants or supplements.
Collapse
|
36
|
Li YO, Diosady LL, Wesley AS. Iron in vitro bioavailability and iodine storage stability in double-fortified salt. Food Nutr Bull 2010; 30:327-35. [PMID: 20496622 DOI: 10.1177/156482650903000403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ferrous fumarate is useful in iron fortification because of its high bioavailability, mild taste, and relatively low cost. A ferrous fumarate premix for incorporation into salt has been developed by agglomerating ferrous fumarate with appropriate binder materials into salt-size particles followed by microencapsulation. OBJECTIVE The bioavailability of iron is critical for the usefulness of double-fortified salt. This study examined the in vitro bioavailability of various iron forms in double-fortified salt and microencapsulated ferrous fumarate premixes prepared by various techniques in an effort to identify key processing factors affecting iron bioavailability. METHODS Iron in vitro bioavailability was approximated through the rate of dissolution of iron in 0.1 N HCl, which closely approximates the acid in gastric juice. Iron in vivo bioavailability was tested using the hemoglobin repletion assay in rats. RESULTS The materials and techniques used in microencapsulating ferrous fumarate had little effect on iron in vitro bioavailability: more than 90% of iron in the premixes was released during 2 hours of digestion in the simulated gastric fluid. By incorporating titanium dioxide in the coating materials, the dark reddish-brown color of ferrous fumarate was effectively masked, resulting in acceptable sensory qualities, while maintaining the stability of iodine in the salt. Iron in vivo tests in rats have confirmed that the ferrous fumarate microencapsulated in a lipid is highly bioavailable, with a bioavailability of 95% relative to ferrous sulfate. CONCLUSIONS These findings were corroborated by field tests in southern India which demonstrated that double-fortified salt containing microencapsulated ferrous fumarate was effective in reducing the prevalence of iron-deficiency anemia and iodine-deficiency disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yao Olive Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College St., Toronto, ON M5S 3E5, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Salgueiro MJ, Arnoldi S, Kaliski MA, Torti H, Messeri E, Weill R, Zubillaga M, Boccio J. Stabilized-solubilized ferric pyrophosphate as a new iron source for food fortification. Bioavailability studies by means of the prophylactic-preventive method in rats. Biol Trace Elem Res 2009; 127:143-7. [PMID: 18802669 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-008-8229-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2008] [Accepted: 08/26/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the present work was to evaluate the iron bioavailability of a new ferric pyrophosphate salt stabilized and solubilized with glycine. The prophylactic-preventive test in rats, using ferrous sulfate as the reference standard, was applied as the evaluating methodology both using water and yogurt as vehicles. Fifty female Sprague-Dawley rats weaned were randomized into five different groups (group 1: FeSO(4); group 2: pyr; group 3: FeSO(4) + yogurt; group 4: pyr + yogurt and group 5: control). The iron bioavailability (BioFe) of each compound was calculated using the formula proposed by Dutra-de-Oliveira et al. where BioFe % = (HbFef - HbFei) x 100/ToFeIn. Finally, the iron bioavailability results of each iron source were also given as relative biological value (RBV) using ferrous sulfate as the reference standard. The results showed that both BioFe % and RBV % of the new iron source tested is similar to that of the reference standard independently of the vehicle employed for the fortification procedure (FeSO(4) 49.46 +/- 12.0% and 100%; Pyr 52.66 +/- 15.02% and 106%; FeSO(4) + yogurth 54.39 +/- 13.92% and 110%; Pyr + yogurt 61.97 +/- 13.54% and 125%; Control 25.30 +/- 6.60, p < 0.05). Therefore, the stabilized and soluble ferric pyrophosphate may be considered as an optimal iron source for food fortification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M J Salgueiro
- Radioisotope Laboratory, Physics Department, School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, Junín 956, Piso Bajo, 1113, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Navas-Carretero S, Pérez-Granados AM, Sarriá B, Vaquero MP. Iron absorption from meat pate fortified with ferric pyrophosphate in iron-deficient women. Nutrition 2009; 25:20-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2008.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2007] [Revised: 04/08/2008] [Accepted: 07/05/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
39
|
Ishihara K, Yamanami K, Takano M, Suzumura A, Mita Y, Oka T, R Juneja L, Yasumoto K. Zinc bioavailability is improved by the micronised dispersion of zinc oxide with the addition of L-histidine in zinc-deficient rats. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2008; 54:54-60. [PMID: 18388408 DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.54.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Zinc fortification of milk or soft drinks is usually used to combat zinc deficiencies in developing countries. Water-soluble zinc compounds, such as zinc sulfate or zinc citrate, are better absorbed but have an unacceptable taste. A micronised, dispersible zinc oxide (MDZnO), which does not have such a problem concerning taste, had higher solubility compared to ZnO (zinc oxide) in an artificial gastric solution. MDZnO was tested for its bioavailability using zinc-deficient Wistar rats. Prior to the experiment, rats were fed zinc-deficient diet for 3 wk and were orally administered control (distilled water) or zinc solutions (ZnO, ZnO+L-histidine (His), MDZnO, MDZnO+His, 1 mg zinc/kg or 3.2 mg His/kg body weight). Compared to ZnO, MDZnO showed a lag in peak time and a lengthy period of continued high plasma zinc concentration after the single oral administration of zinc compounds. Addition of His to MDZnO elevated serum zinc concentration. Serum zinc concentration (area under the curve) in rats administered MDZnO with His was significantly higher than in rats administered distilled water (p<0.05). Liver zinc level was significantly higher in rats administered MDZnO with His compared with control rats (p<0.05), although the level was not affected by the administration with ZnO alone, ZnO+His, or MDZnO alone. In conclusion, the solubility of ZnO was elevated by the micronised dispersion tecnique and an in vivo study using zinc-deficient rats confirmed that its bioavailability was significantly improved compared to ZnO and the coadministration of His additively enhanced the bioavailability of MDZnO.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kengo Ishihara
- Department of Human Nutrition, School of Life Studies, Sugiyama Jogakuen University, Nagoya, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Andersson M, Thankachan P, Muthayya S, Goud RB, Kurpad AV, Hurrell RF, Zimmermann MB. Dual fortification of salt with iodine and iron: a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial of micronized ferric pyrophosphate and encapsulated ferrous fumarate in southern India. Am J Clin Nutr 2008; 88:1378-87. [PMID: 18996875 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.2008.26149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dual fortification of salt with iodine and iron could be a sustainable approach to combating iodine and iron deficiencies. OBJECTIVE We compared the efficacy of dual-fortified salt (DFS) made by using 2 proposed contrasting formulas-one fortifying with iron as micronized ground ferric pyrophosphate (MGFePP) and the other with iron as encapsulated ferrous fumarate (EFF)-with the efficacy of iodized salt (IS) in schoolchildren in rural southern India. DESIGN After stability and acceptability testing, a double-blind, household-based intervention was conducted in 5-15-y-old children (n = 458) randomly assigned into 3 groups to receive IS or DFS with iron as MGFePP or EFF, both at 2 mg/g salt. We measured hemoglobin, iron status, and urinary iodine at baseline, 5 mo, and 10 mo. RESULTS Median serum ferritin and calculated median body iron improved significantly in the 2 groups receiving iron. After 10 mo, the prevalence of anemia decreased from 16.8% to 7.7% in the MGFePP group (P < 0.05) and from 15.1% to 5.0% in the EFF group (P < 0.01). The median urinary iodine concentration increased significantly in the IS and EFF groups (P < 0.001) but not in the MGFePP group. Losses of iodine in salt with 1.8% moisture were high for MGFePP, whereas the EFF segregated in salt with 0.5% moisture and caused color changes in some local foods. CONCLUSIONS Both DFSs were efficacious in reducing the prevalence of anemia and iron deficiency in school-age children. Local salt characteristics should be taken into consideration when choosing an iron fortificant for DFS to achieve optimal iodine stability and color.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Andersson
- Human Nutrition Laboratory, Institute of Food Science and Nutrition, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Does ascorbic acid supplementation affect iron bioavailability in rats fed micronized dispersible ferric pyrophosphate fortified fruit juice? Eur J Nutr 2008; 47:470-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00394-008-0750-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2008] [Accepted: 10/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
42
|
Hotz C, Porcayo M, Onofre G, García-Guerra A, Elliott T, Jankowski S, Greiner T. Efficacy of iron-fortified Ultra Rice in improving the iron status of women in Mexico. Food Nutr Bull 2008; 29:140-9. [PMID: 18693478 DOI: 10.1177/156482650802900208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Universal fortification of staple foods with iron has been widely promoted as a cost-effective strategy to reduce iron deficiency in developing-country populations. Nonetheless, relatively few efficacy trials have been reported to date to demonstrate impact on iron status. The Ultra Rice technology provides a means of delivering fortificant iron via rice. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to test the efficacy of rice fortified with microencapsulated, micronized iron pyrophosphate to improve the iron status of women in Mexico in a randomized, controlled intervention trial. METHODS Nonpregnant, nonlactating women 18 to 49 years of age were recruited from six factories. The women received a daily portion of cooked rice 5 days per week for a period of 6 months, before and after which iron status indicators were determined in venous blood samples. RESULTS The average intake of iron from the fortificant was 13 mg/day. Mean plasma ferritin concentration and estimated body iron stores were significantly higher, and transferrin receptors were lower, in the iron-fortified rice group following the intervention. Mean hemoglobin concentration also increased in the treatment group, but the increase was significant only when the analysis was restricted to those with baseline hemoglobin < 12.8 g/dL. The absolute reduction in anemia and iron deficiency was 10.3 and 15.1 percentage points, respectively. Total iron intake from fortificant was a significant covariate of change in body iron stores. The overall prevalence of anemia was reduced by 80%. CONCLUSIONS Fortification of rice with iron using this technology is an efficacious strategy for preventing iron deficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christine Hotz
- Centro de Investigación en Nutrición y Salud, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Homogenization, lyophilization or acid-extraction of meat products improves iron uptake from cereal–meat product combinations in an in vitro digestion/Caco-2 cell model. Br J Nutr 2008; 101:816-21. [DOI: 10.1017/s000711450805558x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The effect of processing (homogenization, lyophilization, acid-extraction) meat products on iron uptake from meat combined with uncooked iron-fortified cereal was evaluated using an in vitro digestion/Caco-2 cell model. Beef was cooked, blended to create smaller meat particles, and combined with electrolytic iron-fortified infant rice cereal. Chicken liver was cooked and blended, lyophilized, or acid-extracted, and combined with FeSO4-fortified wheat flour. In the beef–cereal combination, Caco-2 cell iron uptake, assessed by measuring the ferritin formed by cells, was greater when the beef was blended for the greatest amount of time (360 s) compared with 30 s (P < 0·05). Smaller liver particles (blended for 360 s or lyophilized) significantly enhanced iron uptake compared to liver blended for 60 s (P < 0·001) in the liver–flour combination. Compared to liver blended for 60 s, acid-extraction of liver significantly enhanced iron uptake (P = 0·03) in the liver–flour combination. Homogenization of beef and homogenization, lyophilization, or acid-extraction of chicken liver increases the enhancing effect of meat products on iron absorption in iron-fortified cereals.
Collapse
|
44
|
Li Y, Diosady LL, Jankowski S. Effect of iron compounds on the storage stability of multiple-fortified Ultra Rice®. Int J Food Sci Technol 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2006.01457.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
45
|
Kotyla T, Kuo F, Moolchandani V, Wilson T, Nicolosi R. Increased bioavailability of a transdermal application of a nano-sized emulsion preparation. Int J Pharm 2008; 347:144-8. [PMID: 17706902 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2007.06.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2006] [Revised: 06/01/2007] [Accepted: 06/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the transdermal application of a nano-sized emulsion versus a micron-sized emulsion preparation of delta tocopherol as it relates to particle size and bioavailability. Two separate experiments were performed using seven F1B Syrian Golden hamsters, 1 week apart. Each emulsion preparation consisted of canola oil, polysorbate 80, deionized water and delta tocopherol; the only difference between the two preparations was processing the nano-sized emulsion with the Microfluidizer Processor. Both were formulated into a cream and applied to the shaven dorsal area. The particle size of the micron-sized emulsion preparation was 2788 nm compared to 65 nm for the nano-sized emulsion formulation. Two hours post-application, hamsters that were applied the nano-sized emulsion had a 36-fold significant increase of plasma delta tocopherol, where as hamsters that were applied the micron-sized emulsion only had a 9-fold significant increase, compared to baseline, respectively. At 3h post-application, plasma delta tocopherol had significantly increased 68-fold for hamsters applied the nano-sized emulsion, whereas only an 11-fold significant increase was observed in hamsters applied the micron-sized emulsion, compared to baseline, respectively. Significant differences were also observed between the nano-sized and micron-sized emulsion at 2 and 3h post-application. This study suggests that nano-sized emulsions significantly increase the bioavailability of transdermally applied delta tocopherol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Kotyla
- Department of Clinical Laboratory and Nutritional Sciences, Center for Health and Disease Research, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Navas-Carretero S, Sarriá B, Pérez-Granados AM, Schoppen S, Izquierdo-Pulido M, Vaquero MP. A comparative study of iron bioavailability from cocoa supplemented with ferric pyrophosphate or ferrous fumarate in rats. ANNALS OF NUTRITION AND METABOLISM 2007; 51:204-7. [PMID: 17587790 DOI: 10.1159/000104138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2006] [Accepted: 01/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Food iron fortification can be a good strategy to prevent iron deficiency. Iron bioavailability from cocoa powder enriched with ferric pyrophosphate encapsulated in liposomes or ferrous fumarate was assessed in rats. METHODS Three groups of rats consumed during 28 days either a control diet or two diets prepared with ferric pyrophosphate- or ferrous fumarate-enriched cocoa powder as the unique source of iron. Body weight and food intake were monitored and last-week feces were collected. On day 28, animals were sacrificed and livers and spleens were removed. Hemoglobin and total iron binding capacity (TIBC) were determined. RESULTS There were no significant differences in body weight and food intake. Apparent iron absorption and % absorption/intake were significantly lower in rats consuming enriched cocoa compared to the control group, without significant differences due to the iron form. Enriched cocoa groups showed significantly lower spleen iron content and concentration than the control. Liver iron was lower in the ferric pyrophosphate group compared to the other two groups. Hemoglobin and TIBC values showed a deficient iron status in ferric pyrophosphate rats. CONCLUSION Cocoa powder is a good vehicle for iron fortification when enriched with ferrous fumarate compared to ferric pyrophosphate encapsulated in liposomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Navas-Carretero
- Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Instituto del Frío (CSIC), José Antonio Novais, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Rohner F, Ernst FO, Arnold M, Hilbe M, Biebinger R, Ehrensperger F, Pratsinis SE, Langhans W, Hurrell RF, Zimmermann MB. Synthesis, characterization, and bioavailability in rats of ferric phosphate nanoparticles. J Nutr 2007; 137:614-9. [PMID: 17311949 DOI: 10.1093/jn/137.3.614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Particle size is a determinant of iron (Fe) absorption from poorly soluble Fe compounds. Decreasing the particle size of metallic Fe and ferric pyrophosphate added to foods increases Fe absorption. The aim of this study was to develop and characterize nanoparticles of FePO(4) and determine their bioavailability and potential toxicity in rats. Amorphous FePO(4) nanopowders with spherical structure were synthesized by flame spray pyrolysis (FSP). The nanopowders were characterized and compared with commercially available FePO(4) and FeSO(4), including measurements of specific surface area (SSA), structure by transmission electron microscopy, in vitro solubility at pH 1 and 2, and relative bioavailability value (RBV) to FeSO(4) in rats using the hemoglobin repletion method. In the latter, the potential toxicity after Fe repletion was assessed by histological examination and measurement of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). The commercial FePO(4) and the 2 FePO(4) produced by FSP (mean particle sizes, 30.5 and 10.7 nm) had the following characteristics: SSA: 32.6, 68.6, 194.7 m(2)/g; in vitro solubility after 30 min at pH 1: 73, 79, and 85% of FeSO(4); and RBV: 61, 70, and 96%, respectively. In the histological examinations and TBARS analysis, there were no indications of toxicity. In conclusion, nanoparticles of FePO(4) have a solubility and RBV not significantly different from FeSO(4). Reducing poorly soluble Fe compounds to nanoscale may increase their value for human nutrition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Rohner
- Institute of Food Science and Nutrition, ETH Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Moretti D, Zimmermann MB, Muthayya S, Thankachan P, Lee TC, Kurpad AV, Hurrell RF. Extruded rice fortified with micronized ground ferric pyrophosphate reduces iron deficiency in Indian schoolchildren: a double-blind randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2006; 84:822-9. [PMID: 17023709 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/84.4.822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Iron fortification of rice could be an effective strategy for reducing iron deficiency anemia in South Asia. OBJECTIVE We aimed to determine whether extruded rice grains fortified with micronized ground ferric pyrophosphate (MGFP) would increase body iron stores in children. DESIGN In a double-blind, 7-mo, school-based feeding trial in Bangalore, India, iron-depleted, 6-13-y-old children (n = 184) were randomly assigned to receive either a rice-based lunch meal fortified with 20 mg Fe as MGFP or an identical but unfortified control meal. The meals were consumed under direct supervision, and daily leftovers were weighed. All children were dewormed at baseline and at 3.5 mo. Iron status and hemoglobin were measured at baseline, 3.5 mo, and 7 mo. RESULTS At baseline, the prevalences of iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia in the total sample were 78% and 29%, respectively. After 7 mo of feeding, there was a significant increase in body iron stores in both study groups (P < 0.001), with a greater increase in the iron group than in the control group (P < 0.05). There was a significant time x treatment interaction for iron deficiency, which fell from 78% to 25% in the dewormed iron group and from 79% to 49% in the dewormed control group. Iron deficiency anemia decreased from 30% to 15% (NS) in the iron group but remained virtually unchanged in the control group (28% and 27%). In sensory tests, the MGFP-fortified rice (fortified at 3 and 5 mg Fe/100 g) was indistinguishable from natural rice, in both cooked and uncooked form. CONCLUSIONS Extruded rice fortified with MGFP has excellent sensory characteristics. Fed in a school lunch meal, it increases iron stores and reduces the prevalence of iron deficiency in Indian children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diego Moretti
- Human Nutrition Laboratory, Institute of Food Science and Nutrition, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Abstract
Despite significant progress, deficiencies of iron and iodine remain major public health problems affecting > or =30% of the global population. These deficiencies often coexist in children. Recent studies have demonstrated that a high prevalence of iron deficiency among children in areas of endemic goiter may reduce the effectiveness of iodized salt programs. These findings argue strongly for improving iron status in areas of overlapping deficiency, not only to combat anemia but also to increase the efficacy of iodine prophylaxis. The dual fortification of salt with iodine and iron may prove to be an effective and sustainable method to accomplish these important goals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Zimmermann
- Laboratory for Human Nutrition, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zürich CH-8092 Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Wegmüller R, Camara F, Zimmermann MB, Adou P, Hurrell RF. Salt dual-fortified with iodine and micronized ground ferric pyrophosphate affects iron status but not hemoglobin in children in Cote d'Ivoire. J Nutr 2006; 136:1814-20. [PMID: 16772442 DOI: 10.1093/jn/136.7.1814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Deficiencies of iron and iodine are common in West Africa, and salt is one of very few food vehicles available for fortification. Salt dual-fortified with iodine and micronized ground ferric pyrophosphate (FePP) was tested for its efficacy in rural, tropical Côte d'Ivoire. First, salt and iron intakes, and iron bioavailability were estimated using 3-d weighed food records in 24 households. Local iodized salt was then fortified with 3 mg Fe/g salt as ground FePP (mean particle size = 2.5 mum), and stability, sensory and acceptability trials were done. The dual fortified salt (DFS) was distributed to households and its efficacy compared with that of iodized salt (IS) in a 6-mo, double-blind trial in 5- to 15-y-old iron-deficient children (n = 123). All children were dewormed at baseline. After 6 mo, serum ferritin (SF) and transferrin receptor (TfR) concentrations as well as body iron stores improved significantly in the DFS group but not in the IS GROUP (P < 0.05). Body iron increased from 4.6 +/- 2.7 to 5.9 +/- 2.7 mg/kg (mean +/- SD) in the DFS group; concentrations before and after treatment in the IS group were 5.5 +/- 2.9 and 5.6 +/- 3.1 mg/kg, respectively. The hemoglobin concentration and the prevalence of anemia did not change in either group. The prevalences of malaria, soil-transmitted helminths, and riboflavin deficiency were 55, 14, and 66%, respectively. In tropical West Africa, low-grade salt fortified with micronized ground FePP increased body iron stores but not hemoglobin in children. Iron utilization may have been impaired by the high prevalence of malaria and concurrent nutrient deficiencies.
Collapse
|