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Mohammadi F, Dikpati A, Bertrand N, Rudkowska I. Encapsulation of conjugated linoleic acid and ruminant trans fatty acids to study the prevention of metabolic syndrome-a review. Nutr Rev 2024; 82:262-276. [PMID: 37221703 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuad047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies have reported the potential benefits of consuming conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and ruminant trans fatty acids (R-TFAs) in reducing the risk factors of metabolic syndrome (MetS). In addition, encapsulation of CLA and R-TFAs may improve their oral delivery and further decrease the risk factors of MetS. The objectives of this review were (1) to discuss the advantages of encapsulation; (2) to compare the materials and techniques used for encapsulating CLA and R-TFAs; and (3) to review the effects of encapsulated vs non-encapsulated CLA and R-TFAs on MetS risk factors. Examination of papers citing micro- and nano-encapsulation methods used in food sciences, as well as the effects of encapsulated vs non-encapsulated CLA and R-TFAs, was conducted using the PubMed database. A total of 84 papers were examined; of these, 18 studies were selected that contained information on the effects of encapsulated CLA and R-TFAs. The 18 studies that described encapsulation of CLA or R-TFAs indicated that micro- or nano-encapsulation processes stabilized CLA and prevented oxidation. CLA was mainly encapsulated using carbohydrates or proteins. So far, oil-in-water emulsification followed by spray-drying were the frequently used techniques for encapsulation of CLA. Further, 4 studies investigated the effects of encapsulated CLA on MetS risk factors compared with non-encapsulated CLA. A limited number of studies investigated the encapsulation of R-TFAs. The effects of encapsulated CLA or R-TFAs on the risk factors for MetS remain understudied; thus, additional studies comparing the effects of encapsulated and non-encapsulated CLA or R-TFAs are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzad Mohammadi
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada
- Endocrinology and Nephrology Unit, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Amrita Dikpati
- Endocrinology and Nephrology Unit, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Québec City, Québec, Canada
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Pavillon Ferdinand-Vandry, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Nicolas Bertrand
- Endocrinology and Nephrology Unit, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Québec City, Québec, Canada
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Pavillon Ferdinand-Vandry, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Iwona Rudkowska
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada
- Endocrinology and Nephrology Unit, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Québec City, Québec, Canada
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Meng M, Li X, Huo R, Chang G, Shen X. Effects of dietary disodium fumarate supplementation on muscle quality, chemical composition, oxidative stress and lipid metabolism of Hu sheep induced by high concentrate diet. Meat Sci 2023; 201:109176. [PMID: 37023594 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2023.109176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Long-term feeding of high-concentrate (HC) diet causes the decrease of rumen pH, and induces subacute rumen acidosis (SARA), which results in metabolic disorders in sheep. This not only reduces animal performance, but also increases the risk of oxidative stress and inflammatory reaction. Disodium fumarate can improve the rumen buffering capacity and increase rumen pH. This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of high concentrate diet on muscle quality, chemical composition, oxidative damage and lipid metabolism of Hu sheep, and the regulating effect of disodium fumarate. The results showed that HC diet induced SARA by reducing rumen pH value, thus causing oxidative stress and lipid metabolism disorder in longissimus lumborum (LL) muscle of Hu sheep, which also reduced meat quality by increasing shear force, drip loss, cooking loss, chewiness and hardness, and reducing the contents of crude fat and crude protein in LL muscle. However, disodium fumarate can improve meat quality of SARA Hu sheep by regulating rumen pH, inhibiting muscle oxidative stress and promoting lipid metabolism.
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Pomegranate Seed Oil as a Source of Conjugated Linolenic Acid (CLnA) Has No Effect on Atherosclerosis Development but Improves Lipid Profile and Affects the Expression of Lipid Metabolism Genes in apoE/LDLR -/- Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021737. [PMID: 36675252 PMCID: PMC9863817 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-atherosclerotic effect of pomegranate seed oil as a source of conjugated linolenic acid (CLnA) (cis-9,trans-11,cis-13; punicic acid) compared to linolenic acid (LnA) and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) (cis-9,trans-11) in apoE/LDLR-/- mice. In the LONG experiment, 10-week old mice were fed for the 18 weeks. In the SHORT experiment, 18-week old mice were fed for the 10 weeks. Diets were supplied with seed oils equivalent to an amount of 0.5% of studied fatty acids. In the SHORT experiment, plasma TCh and LDL+VLDL cholesterol levels were significantly decreased in animals fed CLnA and CLA compared to the Control. The expression of PPARα in liver was four-fold increased in CLnA group in the SHORT experiment, and as a consequence the expression of its target gene ACO was three-fold increased, whereas the liver's expression of SREBP-1 and FAS were decreased in CLnA mice only in the LONG experiment. Punicic acid and CLA isomers were determined in the adipose tissue and liver in animals receiving pomegranate seed oil. In both experiments, there were no effects on the area of atherosclerotic plaque in aortic roots. However, in the SHORT experiment, the area of atherosclerosis in the entire aorta in the CLA group compared to CLnA and LnA was significantly decreased. In conclusion, CLnA improved the lipid profile and affected the lipid metabolism gene expression, but did not have the impact on the development of atherosclerotic plaque in apoE/LDLR-/- mice.
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Faramarzi E, Mohammadzadeh M, Sanaie S, Andersen V, Mahdavi R. Effects of conjugated linoleic acid supplementation on serum leptin levels, oxidative stress factors and tumor marker in rectal cancer patients undergoing preoperative chemoradiotherapy. MEDITERRANEAN JOURNAL OF NUTRITION AND METABOLISM 2021. [DOI: 10.3233/mnm-200507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Inflammation is considered as one of the major factors in chemoradiotherapy toxicity. It has been reported that conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) has anti-inflammatory properties. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess the effect of CLA supplementation on serum levels of leptin, interleukin 8 (IL-8), malondialdehyde (MDA), total antioxidant status (TAS), and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in rectal cancer patients treated with chemoradiotherapy. METHODS: In this study, 34 rectal cancer patients were allocated to either the CLA group, who received four 1000 mg capsules (each capsule containing 760 mg CLA; 4 capsules providing 3 g CLA) 3 times/day, or the placebo group, who received 4 placebo capsules 3 times/day, for 6 weeks. RESULTS: The mean serum leptin level insignificantly increased in both groups; however, this elevation was remarkable in the CLA group. CLA supplementation reduced IL-8 by –0.62 pg/mL while placebo supplementation decreased it by –0.44 pg/mL. CEA levels were decreased by CLA supplementation, while its reduction in the placebo group was negligible compared to the CLA group. The elevation of MDA levels after CLA supplementation was about half of the placebo group in the CLA group. CONCLUSION: Since this study was the first to assess the effect of CLA supplementation on a small number of cancer patients, it is suggested further studies are conducted on larger sample size with various doses of CLA to obtain more clear results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elnaz Faramarzi
- Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mohammadzadeh
- Department of Radiotherapy, Emam Reza Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sarvin Sanaie
- Tuberculosis and Lung Disease Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Vibeke Andersen
- Organ Center, Hospital of Southern Jutland, Aabenraa, Denmark
| | - Reza Mahdavi
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Liu XX, Zhang HY, Song X, Yang Y, Xiong ZQ, Xia YJ, Ai LZ. Reasons for the differences in biotransformation of conjugated linoleic acid by Lactobacillus plantarum. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:11466-11473. [PMID: 34454770 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) has attracted a great deal of attention for its functions in weight loss, regulation of metabolism, and antioxidant capabilities. Many microorganisms, including rumen bacteria, propionic acid bacilli, and Lactobacillus, have CLA biotransformation ability. The CLA production capability of different species is different, as are those different strains of the same species. However, the reasons for this discrepancy remain unclear. In this study, 14 strains of Lactobacillus plantarum were found, through gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis, to be capable of converting linoleic acid to CLA. The transcriptional levels of CLA-related genes in the high- (AR195, WCFS1, and AR488) and low-yield strains (AR176, AR269, and AR611) were analyzed using real-time quantitative PCR. The transcriptional levels of cla-hy, cla-dh, and cla-dc in AR195 were the lowest in the exponential phase, but it had the highest CLA yield. Correlation analysis showed no correlation between CLA yield and the transcription level of these genes in the exponential phase. The results showed that a high transcriptional level in the exponential phase of cla-hy, cla-dh, and cla-dc did not necessarily lead to high CLA production. Investigation of the transcription level in different growth phases showed that the CLA biotransformation abilities of Lactobacillus plantarum strains significantly depended on the transcriptional maintenance of cla-hy, cla-dh, and cla-dc. We observed a correlation between CLA production and increased levels of cla-hy transcription, but a prerequisite is needed: the transcription of cla-dh and cla-dc should be upregulated and maintained a high transcriptional level during the platform period. This study provides a new strategy for screening high CLA-producing strains. It also lays a theoretical foundation for regulating CLA biotransformation and increasing the yield of CLA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Xin Liu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Food Microbiology, School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Hong-Yun Zhang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Food Microbiology, School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Xin Song
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Food Microbiology, School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Ying Yang
- Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Xiong
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Food Microbiology, School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Yong-Jun Xia
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Food Microbiology, School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Lian-Zhong Ai
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Food Microbiology, School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China.
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In-Feed Supplementation of Resin Acid-Enriched Composition Modulates Gut Microbiota, Improves Growth Performance, and Reduces Post-Weaning Diarrhea and Gut Inflammation in Piglets. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11092511. [PMID: 34573477 PMCID: PMC8472311 DOI: 10.3390/ani11092511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The weaning process represents a delicate phase for piglets, and is often characterized by lower feed intake, lower weight gain, diarrhea, and ultimately increased mortality. We aimed to determine the effects of RAC supplementation in diets on improving piglet growth and vitality, reducing post-weaning diarrhea, and enhancing gut health. In a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial experiment, we selected forty sows and their piglets. Piglets were followed until seven weeks of age. There were no significant differences found between RAC treated and control piglets until weaning (p = 0.26). However, three weeks after weaning, RAC treated piglets had higher body weight and average daily growth (ADG) than the control piglets (p = 0.003). In addition, the piglets that received RAC after weaning, irrespective of mother or prior creep feed treatment, had lower post-weaning diarrhea (PWD) and fecal myeloperoxidase (MPO) level than control piglets. Gut microbiota analysis in post-weaning piglets revealed that RAC supplementation significantly increased Lachnospiraceae_unclassified, Blautia, Butyricicoccus, Gemmiger and Holdemanella, and decreased Bacteroidales_unclassified. Overall, RAC supplementation to piglets modulated post-weaning gut microbiota, improved growth performance after weaning, reduced post-weaning diarrhea and reduced fecal myeloperoxidase levels. We therefore consider RAC to be a potential natural feed supplement to prevent enteric infections and improve growth performance in weaning piglets.
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Wang C, Zhang B, Zhang H, Yang W, Meng Q, Shi B, Shan A. Effect of dietary pyrroloquinoline quinone disodium in sows on intestinal health of the offspring. Food Funct 2021; 11:7804-7816. [PMID: 32808626 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo01403f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary pyrroloquinoline quinone disodium (PQQ·Na2) supplementation in sows during gestation and lactation on intestinal health in offspring. A total of 40 cross-bred (landrace × large white crossed with Duroc boar) multiparity gestation sows with an average parity of 4.3 were used in this study. Forty sows were allotted to 2 dietary treatments after breeding. One group was the control sows, which were fed a corn-soybean meal control diet (Con treatment, n = 20), and the other group was the treatment sows fed a control diet with 20 mg kg-1 PQQ·Na2 after breeding and through gestation and lactation (PQQ treatment, n = 20). The activities of SOD and GSH-Px were significantly (P < 0.05) increased by PQQ·Na2 supplementation, and MDA activity was decreased (P < 0.05) in the plasma of piglets. CAT, SOD and GSH-Px activities were significantly (P < 0.05) increased, and MDA activity was decreased (P < 0.05) in the small intestine of piglets. The mRNA expression levels of SOD1, CAT and MGST1 in the jejunum were increased in newborn piglets (P < 0.05), and the mRNA expression levels of HO1, SOD1, CAT, SOD2, GPX4, GPX1 and GCLC in the jejunum were increased in weaned piglets (P < 0.05). The mRNA expression of ZO-1 was increased (P < 0.05) in the jejunum of newborn piglets, and the mRNA expression of Occludin and ZO-1 was increased (P < 0.05) in the jejunum of weaned piglets. The villous height of the duodenum and jejunum of weaned piglets was increased (P < 0.05) by dietary PQQ·Na2. In weaned piglets, Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes were the most prevalent phyla in both the Con and PQQ·Na2 treatment groups, and the most prevalent genera were Alloprevotella and Bacteroides. At the phylum level, the abundance of Firmicutes was significantly increased (P < 0.05), and the abundance of Proteobacteria was significantly decreased (P < 0.05). At the genus level, the abundance of Alloprevotella was significantly increased (P < 0.05), and the abundance of Actinobacillus and Escherichia was decreased (P < 0.05). In conclusion, dietary supplementation with PQQ·Na2 in sows during gestation and lactation had positive effects on intestinal health in offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxi Wang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, People's Republic of China.
| | - Boru Zhang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hongyun Zhang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wei Yang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qingwei Meng
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, People's Republic of China.
| | - Baoming Shi
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, People's Republic of China.
| | - Anshan Shan
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, People's Republic of China.
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Sun X, Cui Y, Su Y, Gao Z, Diao X, Li J, Zhu X, Li D, Li Z, Wang C, Shi Y. Dietary Fiber Ameliorates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Intestinal Barrier Function Damage in Piglets by Modulation of Intestinal Microbiome. mSystems 2021; 6:e01374-20. [PMID: 33824201 PMCID: PMC8547013 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.01374-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Weaning of piglets is accompanied by intestinal inflammation, impaired intestinal barrier function, and intestinal microflora disorder. Regulating intestinal microflora structure can directly or indirectly affect intestinal health and host growth and development. However, whether dietary fiber (DF) affects the inflammatory response and barrier function by affecting the intestinal microflora and its metabolites is unclear. In this study, we investigated the role of intestinal microflora in relieving immune stress and maintaining homeostasis using piglets with lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced intestinal injury as a model. DF improved intestinal morphology and barrier function, inhibited the expression of inflammatory signal pathways (Toll-like receptor 2 [TLR2], TLR4, and NF-κB) and proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin 1β [IL-1β], IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNF-α]), and upregulated the expression of barrier-related genes (encoding claudin-1, occludin, and ZO-1). The contents of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α) and the activity of diamine oxidase in plasma were decreased. Meanwhile, DF had a strong effect on the composition and function of intestinal microflora at different taxonomic levels, the relative abundances of cellulolytic bacteria and anti-inflammatory bacteria were increased, and the concentrations of propionate, butyrate, and total short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in intestinal contents were increased. In addition, the correlation analysis also revealed the potential relationship between metabolites and certain intestinal microflora, as well as the relationship between metabolites and intestinal morphology, intestinal gene expression, and plasma cytokine levels. These results indicate that DF improves intestinal barrier function, in part, by altering intestinal microbiota composition and increasing the synthesis of SCFAs, which subsequently alleviate local and systemic inflammation.IMPORTANCE Adding DF to the diet of LPS-challenged piglets alleviated intestinal and systemic inflammation, improved intestinal barrier function, and ultimately alleviated the growth retardation of piglets. In addition, the addition of DF significantly increased the relative abundance of SCFA-producing bacteria and the production of SCFAs. We believe that the improvement of growth performance of piglets with LPS-induced injury can be attributed to the beneficial effects of DF on intestinal microflora and SCFAs, which reduced the inflammatory response in piglets, improving intestinal barrier function and enhancing body health. These research results provide a theoretical basis and guidance for the use of specific fiber sources in the diet to improve intestinal health and growth performance of piglets and thus alleviate weaning stress. Our data also provide insights for studying the role of DF in regulating gastrointestinal function in human infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yalei Cui
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Innovation and Utilization of Grassland Resources, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Forage Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yingying Su
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zimin Gao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xinying Diao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ju Li
- Henan Yinfa Animal Husbandry Co., Xinzheng, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Innovation and Utilization of Grassland Resources, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Forage Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Defeng Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Innovation and Utilization of Grassland Resources, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Forage Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhentian Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Innovation and Utilization of Grassland Resources, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Forage Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chengzhang Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Innovation and Utilization of Grassland Resources, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Forage Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yinghua Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Innovation and Utilization of Grassland Resources, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Forage Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhengzhou, China
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Eiser AR. Could Dietary Factors Reduce COVID-19 Mortality Rates? Moderating the Inflammatory State. J Altern Complement Med 2020; 27:176-178. [PMID: 33301368 DOI: 10.1089/acm.2020.0441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Arnold R Eiser
- Leonard Davis Institute, Center for Public Health Initiatives, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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10
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Wu Y, Zhao J, Xu C, Ma N, He T, Zhao J, Ma X, Thacker PA. Progress towards pig nutrition in the last 27 years. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2020; 100:5102-5110. [PMID: 29691867 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Over the last 27 years (1990-2017), based on the revolutionary progresses of basic nutrition research, novel methods and techniques have been developed which bring a profound technological revolution to pig production from free-range system to intensive farming all over the world. Basic theoretical innovations and feed production studies have provided vital advancements in pig nutrition by developing formula feed, utilizing balanced diets, determining feed energy value, dividing pig physiological stages, enhancing gut health, and improving feed processing technique. Formula feed is the primary contributor of the rise of the mechanized farming industry, and meets comprehensive nutritional needs of the pig. The focuses of the development of a balanced diet by optimizing nutrient levels are the amino acids balance, the balance between amino acids and energy, the balance between calcium and phosphorus. Multiple-site-production and targeted feeding program have been applied extensively. Early weaning of piglets improves production efficiency, but piglets that have not yet fully developed their intestine are prone to diarrhea. Therefore, intestinal health has received special attention in recent years. Feed processing technologies, such as granulation, puffing, fermentation and enzymatic hydrolysis, can improve the utilization of feed nutrients and reduce production cost. However, increasing a sow's potential for production, seeking alternatives to antibiotics, reducing drug treatment in piglets, developing functional additives and improving meat quality remain future challenges. Herein, we outline the important progresses of pig nutrition in the past 27 years, which will shed light on the basic nutrition rules of pig production, and help to push forward its future development. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianfei Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Chenchen Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ting He
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jinshan Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xi Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Department of Internal Medicine and Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Phil A Thacker
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
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Yang C, Lan W, Ye S, Zhu B, Fu Z. Transcriptomic Analyses Reveal the Protective Immune Regulation of Conjugated Linoleic Acids in Sheep Ruminal Epithelial Cells. Front Physiol 2020; 11:588082. [PMID: 33192603 PMCID: PMC7658390 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.588082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The ruminal epithelium is continuously challenged by antigens released by the lysis of dead microbial cells within the rumen. However, the innate immune system of the ruminal epithelium can almost always actively respond to these challenges. The cross talk between the ruminal microbiota and innate immune cells in the ruminal epithelium has been suggested to play an important role in sustaining the balance of immune tolerance and inflammatory response in the rumen. We hypothesized that conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), a functional microbial metabolite in the rumen, may contribute to the immune regulation in rumen epithelial cells (RECs); therefore, we first established an immortal REC line and then investigated the regulatory effects of CLA on the immune responses in these RECs. The results showed that long-term REC cultures were successfully established via SV40T-induced immortalization. Transcriptome analysis showed that a 100 μM CLA mixture consisting of 50:50 cis-9, trans-11:trans-10, cis-12 CLA significantly downregulated the expression of the inflammatory response-related genes TNF-α, IL-6, CX3CL1, IRF1, ICAM1 and EDN1, and upregulated the expression of the cell proliferation-related genes FGF7, FGF21, EREG, AREG and HBEGF and the lipid metabolism-related genes PLIN2, CPT1A, ANGPTL4, ABHD5 and SREBF1 in the RECs upon LPS stimulation. Correspondingly, the GO terms regulation of cell adhesion, response to stimulus and cytokine production and KEGG pathways TNF and HIF-1 signaling, ECM-receptor interaction and cell adhesion molecules were identified for the significantly downregulated genes, while the GO terms epithelial cell proliferation and regulation of epithelial cell migration and the KEGG pathways PPAR, ErbB and adipocytokine signaling were identified for the RECs with significantly upregulated CLA-pretreated genes upon LPS stimulation. These findings revealed that CLA conferred protective immunity onto the RECs by inhibiting proinflammatory processes, promoting cell proliferation and regulating lipid metabolism related to the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlei Yang
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Lan
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shijie Ye
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Binna Zhu
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhengwei Fu
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
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Dietary Supplementation of Inorganic, Organic, and Fatty Acids in Pig: A Review. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10101740. [PMID: 32992813 PMCID: PMC7600838 DOI: 10.3390/ani10101740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The role of acids in pig feed strategies has changed from feed acidifier and preservative to growth promoter and antibiotics substitute. Since the 2006 European banning of growth promoters in the livestock sector, several feed additives have been tested with the goal of identifying molecules with the greatest beneficial antimicrobial, growth-enhancing, or disease-preventing abilities. These properties have been identified among various acids, ranging from inexpensive inorganic acids to organic and fatty acids, and these have been widely used in pig production. Acids are mainly used during the weaning period, which is considered one of the most critical phases in pig farming, as well as during gestation, lactation, and fattening. Such supplementation generally yields improved growth performance and increased feed efficiency; these effects are the consequences of different modes of action acting on the microbiome composition, gut mucosa morphology, enzyme activity, and animal energy metabolism. Abstract Reduction of antibiotic use has been a hot topic of research over the past decades. The European ban on growth-promoter use has increased the use of feed additivities that can enhance animal growth performance and health status, particularly during critical and stressful phases of life. Pig farming is characterized by several stressful periods, such as the weaning phase, and studies have suggested that the proper use of feed additives during stress could prevent disease and enhance performance through modulation of the gastrointestinal tract mucosa and microbiome. The types of feed additive include acids, minerals, prebiotics, probiotics, yeast, nucleotides, and phytoproducts. This review focuses on commonly used acids, classified as inorganic, organic, and fatty acids, and their beneficial and potential effects, which are widely reported in the bibliography. Acids have long been used as feed acidifiers and preservatives, and were more recently introduced into feed formulated for young pigs with the goal of stabilizing the stomach pH to offset their reduced digestive capacity. In addition, some organic acids represent intermediary products of the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA), and thus could be considered an energy source. Moreover, antimicrobial properties have been exploited to modulate microbiota populations and reduce pathogenic bacteria. Given these potential benefits, organic acids are no longer seen as simple acidifiers, but rather as growth promoters and potential antibiotic substitutes owing to their beneficial action on the gastrointestinal tract (GIT).
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Han YS, Rivera-Grana E, Rosenbaum JT, Schleisman M, Davin S, Martin TM, Furst AB, Asquith M. Expression of Cytokines in Porcine Iris, Retina and Choroidal Tissues Stimulated by Microbe-associated Molecular Patterns. Curr Eye Res 2020; 46:255-262. [PMID: 32589043 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2020.1789176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The innate immune system is strongly implicated in the pathogenesis of uveitis. This study was designed to clarify the responses of the innate immune system in uveal tissues. MATERIALS AND METHODS We utilized quantitative, real-time RT-PCR to measure mRNA of innate immune system receptors from porcine iris, choroid, and retina tissues. We used RT-PCR for cytokines to evaluate the responses of these tissues to specific ligands or extracts of whole bacteria that activate the innate immune system. We used ELISA for IL-6 on selected choroidal supernatants to confirm that the mRNA measurement correlated with protein levels. RESULTS In each of the studied tissues, we detected the expression of important receptors belonging to the innate immune system including dectin-1, TLR4, TLR8, and NOD2. Relative mRNA expression was generally lower in the retina compared to iris or choroid. All three tissues demonstrated upregulation of cytokine mRNA in response to a range of ligands that activate the innate immune system. The measurement of IL-6 protein was consistent with results based on mRNA. Notably, the expression of mRNA for IL-23 was more pronounced than IL-12 in all three tissues after stimulation with various innate immune system ligands. CONCLUSIONS These data provide evidence of a potent innate immune response intrinsic to uveal tissues. Specific innate immune system ligands as well as bacterial extracts enhanced the production of several inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, the observation of higher upregulation of IL-23 mRNA, compared to IL-12 in response to innate immune stimuli, suggested that a local TH17 response might be more robust than a local TH1 response in uveal tissues. Our results expand the understanding as to how the innate immune system may contribute to uveitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Seop Han
- Department of Ophthalmology, Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University , Portland, OR, USA.,Institute of Health Science, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine , Jinju, Korea (The Republic of).,Department of Ophthalmology, Gyeongsang National University Changwon Hospital , Changwon, Korea (The Republic of)
| | - Erick Rivera-Grana
- Department of Ophthalmology, Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University , Portland, OR, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine , San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - James T Rosenbaum
- Department of Ophthalmology, Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University , Portland, OR, USA.,Legacy Devers Eye Institute , Portland, OR, USA.,Division of Arthritis and Rheumatic Diseases, Oregon Health & Science University , Portland, OR, USA
| | - Matthew Schleisman
- Department of Ophthalmology, Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University , Portland, OR, USA
| | - Sean Davin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University , Portland, OR, USA
| | - Tammy M Martin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University , Portland, OR, USA
| | - Alec B Furst
- Department of Ophthalmology, Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University , Portland, OR, USA
| | - Mark Asquith
- Department of Ophthalmology, Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University , Portland, OR, USA.,Division of Arthritis and Rheumatic Diseases, Oregon Health & Science University , Portland, OR, USA
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14
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Reyes AWB, Vu SH, Huy TXN, Min W, Lee HJ, Chang HH, Lee JH, Kim S. Modulatory Effect of Linoleic Acid During Brucella abortus 544 Infection in Murine Macrophage RAW264.7 Cells and Murine Model BALB/c Mice. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 30:642-648. [PMID: 32482929 PMCID: PMC9728246 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.1911.11037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the effects of linoleic acid (LA) treatment on Brucella abortus infection in professional phagocyte RAW264.7 cells, particularly during the pathogens invasion and intracellular growth in these cells, as well as in murine model BALB/c mice focusing on bacterial splenic proliferation and immunoregulatory activities. LA inhibited the growth of Brucella in a doseand time-dependent manner. The ability of the pathogen to enter the phagocytes was inhibited as was its survival within these cells. This was accompanied by increased nitrite accumulation in these cells at 24 h post-infection. The concentration of LA used in the present study did not affect the total body weight or liver function of the mice. During Brucella infection, the total splenic weight of these animals was not changed; rather, resistance to bacterial proliferation was enhanced in the spleen. Furthermore, mice treated with LA displayed elevated levels of IL-12 and IFN-γ but reduced levels of IL-10 during infection. The findings in this study showed the regulatory role of LA against B. abortus infection suggesting its potential use in designing intervention strategy for brucellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Son Hai Vu
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Tran Xuan Ngoc Huy
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Wongi Min
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Hu Jang Lee
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Hee Chang
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - John Hwa Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk Kim
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
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15
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Kwak WG, Song MH, Lee DH, Yun W, Lee JH, Lee CH, Oh HJ, Liu S, An JS, Kim HB, Cho JH. The effects of microencapsulated compounds supplementation on growth performance, immune cells, and rectal temperature in weaned pigs by lipopolysaccharides. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1139/cjas-2018-0166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Woo Gi Kwak
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 286-44, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Ho Song
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Choongnam 341-34, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hoon Lee
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 286-44, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Yun
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 286-44, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hwan Lee
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 286-44, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Hee Lee
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 286-44, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Jin Oh
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 286-44, Republic of Korea
| | - Shudong Liu
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 286-44, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Seon An
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 286-44, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeun Bum Kim
- Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, Choongnam 311-16, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Ho Cho
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 286-44, Republic of Korea
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16
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Ma N, Chang G, Huang J, Wang Y, Gao Q, Cheng X, Liu J, Shen X. cis-9, trans-11-Conjugated Linoleic Acid Exerts an Anti-inflammatory Effect in Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells after Escherichia coli Stimulation through NF-κB Signaling Pathway. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:193-200. [PMID: 30562023 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b05500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The anti-inflammatory effects of cis-9, trans-11-conjugated linoleic acid ( cis-9, trans-11-CLA) in diverse cells have been demonstrated in recent studies. The present study was conducted to observe the anti-inflammatory effects and involved mechanisms of CLA in bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMECs) exposed to Escherichia coli. According to the gene expression of IL-6, to optimize the treatment period and dose of CLA, 50 and 100 μM CLA were chosen to pretreat the cells for a period of 48 h. BMECs were exposed to 1 × 107 /mL E. coli for 6 h (ECO group), and cells were pretreated with 50 and 100 μM CLA for 48 h followed by E. coli challenge (C50 and C100 groups). After E. coli challenge, compared with that in the CON group (control group), the gene expressions of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and IL-6), chemokines (IL-8 and CCL-20), and antimicrobial peptide BNBD5 were increased, while the gene expression of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 was decreased significantly; CLA reversed this inflammation effect. Pretreatment with CLA also repressed the secretion of IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α from BMECs in the culture medium following E. coli challenge. Therefore, cis-9, trans-11-CLA exerted anti-inflammatory effects in BMECs. The cells that were pretreated with CLA expressed remarkably lower levels of phospho-p65, phospho-IκB, and TLR4 and a higher level of PPARγ after E. coli challenge at the gene and protein levels. Compared to that in the ECO group, the nuclear translocation of phospho-p65 was suppressed when CLA was added. Combined with the above results, 50 μM CLA showed a better anti-inflammatory effect. In conclusion, CLA can reduce inflammation caused by E. coli in bovine mammary epithelial cells, and this effect is mediated through the TLR4-NF-κB pathway and PPARγ participation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine , Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing 210095 , P.R. China
| | - Guangjun Chang
- College of Veterinary Medicine , Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing 210095 , P.R. China
| | - Jie Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine , Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing 210095 , P.R. China
| | - Yan Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine , Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing 210095 , P.R. China
| | - Qianyun Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine , Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing 210095 , P.R. China
| | - Xiaoye Cheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine , Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing 210095 , P.R. China
| | - Jing Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine , Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing 210095 , P.R. China
| | - Xiangzhen Shen
- College of Veterinary Medicine , Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing 210095 , P.R. China
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17
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Talbot H, Saada S, Naves T, Gallet PF, Fauchais AL, Jauberteau MO. Regulatory Roles of Sortilin and SorLA in Immune-Related Processes. Front Pharmacol 2019; 9:1507. [PMID: 30666202 PMCID: PMC6330335 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Sortilin, also known as Neurotensin Receptor-3, and the sorting-related receptor with type-A repeats (SorLA) are both members of the Vps10p domain receptor family. Initially identified in CNS cells, they are expressed in various other cell types where they exert multiple functions. Although mostly studied for its involvement in Alzheimer’s disease, SorLA has recently been shown to be implicated in immune response by regulating IL-6-mediated signaling, as well as driving monocyte migration. Sortilin has been shown to act as a receptor, as a co-receptor and as an intra- and extracellular trafficking regulator. In the last two decades, deregulation of sortilin has been demonstrated to be involved in many human pathophysiologies, including neurodegenerative disorders (Alzheimer and Parkinson diseases), type 2 diabetes and obesity, cancer, and cardiovascular pathologies such as atherosclerosis. Several studies highlighted different functions of sortilin in the immune system, notably in microglia, pro-inflammatory cytokine regulation, phagosome fusion and pathogen clearance. In this review, we will analyze the multiple roles of sortilin and SorLA in the human immune system and how their deregulation may be involved in disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Talbot
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Sofiane Saada
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Thomas Naves
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Limoges, Limoges, France
| | | | - Anne-Laure Fauchais
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Limoges, Limoges, France.,Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Limoges Dupuytren Hospital, Limoges, France
| | - Marie-Odile Jauberteau
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Limoges, Limoges, France.,Department of Immunology, University Hospital Limoges Dupuytren Hospital, Limoges, France
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18
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Bradbery AN, Coverdale JA, Vernon KL, Leatherwood JL, Arnold CE, Dabareiner RA, Kahn MK, Millican AA, Welsh TH. Evaluation of conjugated linoleic acid supplementation on markers of joint inflammation and cartilage metabolism in young horses challenged with lipopolysaccharide. J Anim Sci 2018; 96:579-590. [PMID: 29385470 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skx076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Seventeen yearling Quarter Horses were used in a randomized complete block design for a 56-d trial to determine ability of dietary CLA to mitigate joint inflammation and alter cartilage turnover following an inflammatory insult. Horses were blocked by age, sex, and BW, and randomly assigned to dietary treatments consisting of commercial concentrate offered at 1% BW (as-fed) supplemented with either 1% soybean oil (CON; n = 6), 0.5% soybean oil and 0.5% CLA (LOW; n = 5; 55% purity; Lutalin, BASF Corp., Florham Park, NJ), or 1% CLA (HIGH; n = 6) top-dressed daily. Horses were fed individually every 12 h and offered 1% BW (as-fed) coastal bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) hay daily. This study was performed in 2 phases: phase I (d 0 to d 41) determined incorporation of CLA into plasma and synovial fluid; phase II (d 42 to d 56) evaluated potential of CLA to mitigate intra-articular inflammation and alter cartilage metabolism. Blood and synovial fluid were collected at 7- and 14-d intervals, respectively, to determine fatty acid concentrations. On d 42, carpal joints within each horse were randomly assigned to receive intra-articular injections of 0.5 ng lipopolysaccharide (LPS) derived from Escherichia coli 055:B5 or sterile lactated Ringer's solution. Synovial fluid samples were obtained at preinjection h 0 and 6, 12, 24, 168, and 336 h postinjection, and analyzed for prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), carboxypeptide of type II collagen (CPII), and collagenase cleavage neopeptide (C2C). Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED procedure of SAS. Horses receiving the CON diet had undetectable levels of CLA for the duration of the study. A quadratic dose response was observed in concentrations of CLA in plasma and synovial fluid (P < 0.01). A negative quadratic dose response was observed for plasma arachidonic acid (20:4) with a reduction in concentration to d 14 in HIGH horses (P = 0.04). Synovial fluid 20:4 tended to decrease in horses receiving the HIGH diet (P = 0.06). Post LPS injection, synovial PGE2 was not affected by dietary treatment (P = 0.15). Synovial C2C was lower in HIGH horses (P = 0.05), and synovial CPII tended to be greater in LOW horses than HIGH and CON horses (P = 0.10). In conclusion, dietary CLA incorporated into plasma and synovial fluid prior to LPS challenge. Dietary CLA did not influence inflammation; however, there was a reduction in cartilage degradation and an increase in cartilage regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda N Bradbery
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Josie A Coverdale
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Kristine L Vernon
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC
| | | | - Carolyn E Arnold
- Large Animal Teaching Hospital, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Robin A Dabareiner
- Large Animal Teaching Hospital, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Meredith K Kahn
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Allison A Millican
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC
| | - Thomas H Welsh
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
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19
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Zhou H, Chen D, Mao X, He J, Yu J, Zheng P, Luo J, Gao J, Htoo J, Yu B. Effects of dietary lysine levels on jejunal expression of amino
acids transporters and hindgut microflora in weaned pigs. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL AND FEED SCIENCES 2018. [DOI: 10.22358/jafs/93736/2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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20
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Kim HM, Ahn C, Kang BT, Kang JH, Jeung EB, Yang MP. Fucoidan suppresses excessive phagocytic capacity of porcine peripheral blood polymorphonuclear cells by modulating production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha by lipopolysaccharide-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Res Vet Sci 2018; 118:413-418. [PMID: 29698903 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2018.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We examined the effect of fucoidan, an immune modulator, on the phagocytic capacity of porcine peripheral blood polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs) exposed to culture supernatant from lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). For this purpose, we evaluated the phagocytic capacity of porcine PMNs by flow cytometry and measured levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) protein and mRNA in porcine PBMCs by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and real time-polymerase chain reaction (PCR), respectively. Fucoidan or LPS alone did not affect the phagocytic capacity of PMNs, but phagocytosis by these cells was increased by exposure to culture supernatant from PBMCs treated with fucoidan or LPS. In particular, the culture supernatant from PBMCs treated with LPS revealed excessive phagocytosis of PMNs. This excessive phagocytic capacity was diminished by co-treatment LPS with fucoidan. Production of TNF-α mRNA and protein increased upon treatment of PBMCs with either fucoidan or LPS, but this effect was also diminished by co-treatment LPS with fucoidan. The ability of culture supernatant from PBMCs treated with LPS and/or fucoidan to increase the phagocytic capacity of PMNs was inhibited by anti-recombinant porcine TNF-α polyclonal antibody. These results suggested that fucoidan suppresses the phagocytic capacity of PMNs by modulating TNF-α production by LPS-stimulated PBMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeong-Mok Kim
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Medical Center and College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Changhwan Ahn
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Medical Center and College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong-Teck Kang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Medical Center and College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Houn Kang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Medical Center and College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Eui-Bae Jeung
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Medical Center and College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Mhan-Pyo Yang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Medical Center and College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, Republic of Korea.
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Anti-inflammatory effects of conjugated linoleic acid isomers and essential fatty acids in bovine mammary epithelial cells. Animal 2018; 12:2108-2114. [PMID: 29310736 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731117003676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty acids are important modulators of inflammatory responses, in particular, n-3 and n-6 essential fatty acids and CLA have received particular attention for their ability to modulate inflammation. The objectives of this study were to compare the effects of CLA and essential fatty acids on the expression of pro and anti- inflammatory cytokines and their protective efficacy against inflammatory status in mammary gland by an in vitro model based on bovine mammary epithelial cells (BME-UV1). Bovine mammary epithelial cells were treated with complete medium containing either 50 µM of cis-9, trans-11 CLA (c9,t11 CLA) or trans-10, cis-12 CLA (t10,c12 CLA) or (α)-linolenic acid (aLnA) or (γ)-linolenic acid (gLnA) or linoleic acid (LA). After 48 h by fatty acids administration the cells were treated for 3 h with 20 µM of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to induce inflammatory stimulus. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production after treatments was assessed to verify and to compare the potential protection of different fatty acids against LPS-induced oxidative stress. The messenger RNA abundance of bovine pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukine-10 (IL-10)) and peroxisome proliferator receptor-α/γ (PPARγ/α) were determined in BME-UV1 by real-time PCR. The results showed that cells treated with fatty acids and LPS increased ROS production compared with control cells. Among treatments, cells treated with c9,t11 CLA and t10,c12 CLA isomers revealed significant lower levels of ROS production compared with other fatty acids. All fatty acids reduced the gene expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Among fatty acids, t10,c12 CLA, LA and gLnA showed an homogeneous reduction of the three pro-inflammatory cytokines and this may correspond to more balanced and efficient physiological activity and may trigger a better protective effect. The PPARγ gene expression was significantly greater in cells treated with t10,c12 CLA, aLnA and LA, whereas the PPARα gene expression levels were significantly lower in cells treated with all different fatty acids, compared with the control. These results suggest that fatty acids inhibited the transcription of pro-inflammatory cytokines by the upregulation of PPARγ expression.
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23
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Saba F, Sirigu A, Pillai R, Caria P, Cordeddu L, Carta G, Murru E, Sogos V, Banni S. Downregulation of inflammatory markers by conjugated linoleic acid isomers in human cultured astrocytes. Nutr Neurosci 2017; 22:207-214. [PMID: 28847225 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2017.1367130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers have been shown to possess anti-inflammatory activity in the central nervous system. In this study, we aimed to evaluate whether modulation of the fatty acid profile by the CLA isomers c9,t11 or t10,c12CLA was associated with changes in the expression of pro-inflammatory molecules in human astrocytes. METHODS Cultured astrocytes were treated for 6 days with 100 µM fatty acids (c9,t11CLA or t10,c12CLA or oleic acid). Following the treatment, the fatty acid profile of the cell and pro-inflammatory molecule expression were assessed. RESULTS Only the t10,c12CLA isomer induced a significant decrease in arachidonic acid and increased the ratio of docosahexaenoic acid/eicosapentaenoic acid, which constitutes indirect evidence of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha activation. Inhibition of tumour necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, and RANTES expression was observed in astrocytes treated with c9,t11CLA and t10,c12CLA. DISCUSSION Current data demonstrate that CLA isomers, particularly t10,c12, may affect neuroinflammation by reducing the pro-inflammatory molecules in cultured astrocytes, suggesting a potential nutritional role of CLA isomers in modulating the astrocyte inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Saba
- a Department of Biomedical Sciences , University of Cagliari , Cagliari , Italy
| | - Annarita Sirigu
- a Department of Biomedical Sciences , University of Cagliari , Cagliari , Italy
| | - Rita Pillai
- a Department of Biomedical Sciences , University of Cagliari , Cagliari , Italy
| | - Paola Caria
- a Department of Biomedical Sciences , University of Cagliari , Cagliari , Italy
| | - Lina Cordeddu
- a Department of Biomedical Sciences , University of Cagliari , Cagliari , Italy
| | - Gianfranca Carta
- a Department of Biomedical Sciences , University of Cagliari , Cagliari , Italy
| | - Elisabetta Murru
- a Department of Biomedical Sciences , University of Cagliari , Cagliari , Italy
| | - Valeria Sogos
- a Department of Biomedical Sciences , University of Cagliari , Cagliari , Italy
| | - Sebastiano Banni
- a Department of Biomedical Sciences , University of Cagliari , Cagliari , Italy
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Eger M, Horn J, Hussen J, Schuberth HJ, Scharf M, Meyer U, Dänicke S, Bostedt H, Breves G. Effects of dietary CLA supplementation, parity and different concentrate levels before calving on immunoglobulin G1, G2 and M concentrations in dairy cows. Res Vet Sci 2017; 114:287-293. [PMID: 28601035 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Peripartal dairy cows exhibit a higher susceptibility for infectious diseases, which might be linked to the negative energy balance occurring at the onset of lactation. A dietary supplementation of conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) may reduce milk fat yield and subsequently lower the energy deficit. The utilization of immunoglobulins (Ig) for colostrogenesis might impair humoral immunity in peripartal dairy cows; therefore this study investigated the effects of a CLA supplement, parity and different dietary energy levels on plasma and colostrum IgG1, IgG2 and IgM levels in dairy cows and their calves. Blood samples were collected from 64 cows from 21days before until 56days after parturition and colostrum samples for the first 3days of lactation. Plasma immunoglobulin concentrations of 19 calves were determined before colostrum uptake. Neither plasma IgG1, nor IgG2 levels were affected by CLA or dietary energy level. However, immunoglobulin levels were affected by parity. Heifers possessed the lowest IgG1 concentrations. IgG2 concentrations were highest in cows with 2 lactations prior to parturition and in heifers after parturition. Plasma IgM levels were characterized by a sharp decrease 3days prior to parturition and were scarcely affected by the feeding regimen or parity. Generally, immunoglobulin levels appear to be mostly independent from the peripartal energy balance of the cows and are not influenced by dietary CLA. However, pronounced differences among parities for IgG1 and IgG2 were revealed which should be further evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Eger
- Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15, D-30173 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Jana Horn
- Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15, D-30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Jamal Hussen
- Immunology Unit, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15, D-30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Schuberth
- Immunology Unit, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15, D-30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Maria Scharf
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Bundesallee 50, D-38116 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ulrich Meyer
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Bundesallee 50, D-38116 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Sven Dänicke
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Bundesallee 50, D-38116 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Hartwig Bostedt
- Department for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Andrology of Large and Small Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Frankfurter Straße 106, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Gerhard Breves
- Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15, D-30173 Hannover, Germany
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25
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Faramarzi E, Mahdavi R, Mohammad-Zadeh M, Nasirimotlagh B, Sanaie S. Effect of conjugated linoleic acid supplementation on quality of life in rectal cancer patients undergoing preoperative Chemoradiotherapy. Pak J Med Sci 2017; 33:383-388. [PMID: 28523042 PMCID: PMC5432709 DOI: 10.12669/pjms.332.11925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives: This study set out with the aim of evaluating the effect of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) supplementation on quality of life in rectal cancer patients undergoing to preoperative chemoradiotherapy. Methods: In this study, 33 volunteer patients with rectal cancer treated with preoperative chemoradiotherapy were allocated in the CLA (n=16) and the placebo groups (n=17). The CLA group and placebo groups received 3 gr CLA/d and 4 placebo capsules for 6 weeks respectively. Before and after intervention, quality of life of patients was assessed by EORTC QLQ-C30. Results: At the end of study, the mean scores of physical function, role function, and cognitive function enhanced significantly in the CLA group while reduced remarkably in the placebo group. Symptom scales improved in the CLA group at the end of study. Comparison of changes in fatigue, pain and diarrhea scores were statistically significant between two study groups (P<0.05). When we compared the global health status scores between two groups, significant changes were observed (P<0.001). Conclusion: It appears that CLA may be helpful in rectal cancer patients by improving global quality of life. Although, other clinical trials with large sample size are needed to achieve more precise results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elnaz Faramarzi
- Elnaz Faramarzi, PhD. Assistant Professor of Nutrition, Liver and Gastrointestinal Disease Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Reza Mahdavi
- Reza Mahdavi, PhD. Professor of Nutrition, Nutritional Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mohammad-Zadeh
- Mohammad Mohammad-zadeh, Associate Professor of Radiotherapy, Dept. of Radiotherapy, Shahid Madani Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Behnam Nasirimotlagh
- Behnam Nasirimotlagh, Dept. of Radiotherapy, Shahid Madani Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sarvin Sanaie
- Sarvin Sanaie, MD, PhD. Assistant Professor of Nutrition, Tuberculosis and Lung disease Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Badinga L, Greene ES. Physiological Properties of Conjugated Linoleic Acid and Implications for Human Health. Nutr Clin Pract 2017; 21:367-73. [PMID: 16870804 DOI: 10.1177/0115426506021004367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) refers to a mixture of positional and geometric dienoic isomers of linoleic acid found naturally in animal products of ruminant sources. Recent interest in CLA research stems from the well-documented anticarcinogenic, antiatherogenic, antidiabetic, and antiobesity properties of CLA in rodents. However, there has been very little published human research on CLA. This review discusses the physiologic properties of CLA and their potential implications for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lokenga Badinga
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, PO Box 110910, Gainesville, 32910-0910, USA.
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27
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Bissonnette N, Jiang X, Matte J, Guay F, Talbot G, Bontempo V, Gong J, Wang Q, Lessard M. Effect of a post-weaning diet supplemented with functional feed additives on ileal transcriptome activity and serum cytokines in piglets challenged with lipopolysaccharide. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2016; 182:136-149. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2016.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Huebner SM, Olson JM, Campbell JP, Bishop JW, Crump PM, Cook ME. Low Dietary c9t11-Conjugated Linoleic Acid Intake from Dairy Fat or Supplements Reduces Inflammation in Collagen-Induced Arthritis. Lipids 2016; 51:807-19. [PMID: 27270404 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-016-4163-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Dietary cis-9,trans-11 (c9t11) conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) fed at 0.5 % w/w was previously shown to attenuate inflammation in the murine collagen-induced (CA) arthritis model, and growing evidence implicates c9t11-CLA as a major anti-inflammatory component of dairy fat. To understand c9t11-CLA's contribution to dairy fat's anti-inflammatory action, the minimum amount of dietary c9t11-CLA needed to reduce inflammation must be determined. This study had two objectives: (1) determine the minimum dietary anti-inflammatory c9t11-CLA intake level in the CA model, and (2) compare this to anti-inflammatory effects of dairy fat (non-enriched, naturally c9t11-CLA-enriched, or c9t11-CLA-supplemented). Mice received the following dietary fat treatments (w/w) post arthritis onset: corn oil (6 % CO), 0.125, 0.25, 0.375, and 0.5 % c9t11-CLA, control butter (6 % CB), c9t11-enriched butter (6 % EB), or c9t11-CLA-supplemented butter (6 % SB, containing 0.2 % c9t11-CLA). Paw arthritic severity and pad swelling were scored and measured, respectively, over an 84-day study period. All c9t11-CLA and butter diets decreased the arthritic score (25-51 %, P < 0.01) and paw swelling (8-11 %, P < 0.01). Throughout the study, plasma tumor necrosis factor (TNFα) was elevated in CO-fed arthritic mice compared to non-arthritic (NA) mice but was reduced in 0.5 % c9t11-CLA- and EB-fed mice. Interleukin-1β and IL-6 were increased in arthritic CO-fed mice compared to NA mice but were reduced in 0.5 % c9t11-CLA- and EB-fed mice through day 42. In conclusion, 0.125 % c9t11-CLA reduced clinical arthritis as effectively as higher doses, and decreased arthritis in CB-fed mice suggested that the minimal anti-inflammatory levels of c9t11-CLA might be below 0.125 %.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane M Huebner
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Jake M Olson
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - James P Campbell
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Jeffrey W Bishop
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Peter M Crump
- Department of Computing and Biometry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Mark E Cook
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
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29
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Dey P, Ray S, Chaudhuri TK. Immunomodulatory activities and phytochemical characterisation of the methanolic extract of Dioscorea alata aerial tuber. J Funct Foods 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2016.02.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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30
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Lee JS, Lim JN, Wang T, Lee SB, Hwang JH, Jung US, Kim MJ, Choi SH, Ishizuka S, Lee HG. Physiological concentrations of trans-11 18:1 vaccenic acid suppress pro-inflammatory markers under acute inflammation in isolated ICR mice splenocytes. Food Sci Biotechnol 2016; 25:275-281. [PMID: 30263268 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-016-0040-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Direct influences of dietary trans-11 18:1 vaccenic acid (TVA) at physiological concentrations of 50-200 μM were evaluated for cell growth, cytotoxic activity, and cytokine production in leukocytes isolated from the mouse spleen. TVA supplementation for 24 h induced growth of splenocytes at concentrations of 50-200 μM, except for 100 μM. The cytokines TNFα, IFNγ, and IL-10 of splenocytes were stimulated by 100 μM TVA. Induced production of TNFα in splenocytes challenged with lipopolisaccharides was suppressed by 100 μM TVA. Physiological levels of TVA had direct effects on growth and cytokine production in splenocytes. Further in vivo studies are needed to improve understanding of the precise influence of trans fatty acids on production of pro-inflammatory markers under acute inflammation conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Sung Lee
- 1Department of Animal Science and Technology, College of Animal Bioscience & Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029 Korea
| | - Ji-Na Lim
- 1Department of Animal Science and Technology, College of Animal Bioscience & Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029 Korea
| | - Tao Wang
- 2College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118 China
| | - Sang-Bum Lee
- 1Department of Animal Science and Technology, College of Animal Bioscience & Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029 Korea
| | - Jin-Hee Hwang
- 1Department of Animal Science and Technology, College of Animal Bioscience & Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029 Korea
| | - U-Suk Jung
- 1Department of Animal Science and Technology, College of Animal Bioscience & Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029 Korea
| | - Min-Jeong Kim
- 1Department of Animal Science and Technology, College of Animal Bioscience & Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029 Korea
| | - Seong-Ho Choi
- 3Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28644 Korea
| | - Satoshi Ishizuka
- 4Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0808 Japan
| | - Hong-Gu Lee
- 1Department of Animal Science and Technology, College of Animal Bioscience & Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029 Korea
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31
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Kanwar JR, Kanwar RK, Stathopoulos S, Haggarty NW, MacGibbon AKH, Palmano KP, Roy K, Rowan A, Krissansen GW. Comparative activities of milk components in reversing chronic colitis. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:2488-2501. [PMID: 26805965 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-10122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a poorly understood chronic immune disorder for which there is no medical cure. Milk and colostrum are rich sources of bioactives with immunomodulatory properties. Here we compared the therapeutic effects of oral delivery of bovine milk-derived iron-saturated lactoferrin (Fe-bLF), angiogenin, osteopontin (OPN), colostrum whey protein, Modulen IBD (Nestle Healthsciences, Rhodes, Australia), and cis-9,trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA)-enriched milk fat in a mouse model of dextran sulfate-induced colitis. The CLA-enriched milk fat significantly increased mouse body weights after 24d of treatment, reduced epithelium damage, and downregulated the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and nitrous oxide. Modulen IBD most effectively decreased the clinical score at d 12, and Modulen IBD and OPN most effectively lowered the inflammatory score. Myeloperoxidase activity that denotes neutrophil infiltration was significantly lower in mice fed Modulen IBD, OPN, angiogenin, and Fe-bLF. A significant decrease in the numbers of T cells, natural killer cells, dendritic cells, and a significant decrease in cytokine expression were observed in mice fed the treatment diets compared with dextran sulfate administered mice. The Fe-bLF, CLA-enriched milk fat, and Modulen IBD inhibited intestinal angiogenesis. In summary, each of the milk components attenuated IBD in mice, but with differing effectiveness against specific disease parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Kanwar
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; Nanomedicine-Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biomedical Research (NLIMBR), Centre for Molecular and Medical Research (C-MMR), School of Medicine (SoM), Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3217, Australia.
| | - R K Kanwar
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; Nanomedicine-Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biomedical Research (NLIMBR), Centre for Molecular and Medical Research (C-MMR), School of Medicine (SoM), Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3217, Australia
| | | | - N W Haggarty
- Fonterra Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | | | - K P Palmano
- Fonterra Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - K Roy
- Nanomedicine-Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biomedical Research (NLIMBR), Centre for Molecular and Medical Research (C-MMR), School of Medicine (SoM), Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3217, Australia
| | - A Rowan
- Fonterra Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - G W Krissansen
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
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32
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Influence of a blend of essential oils and an enzyme combination on growth performance, microbial counts, ileum microscopic anatomy and the expression of inflammatory mediators in weaned piglets following an Escherichia coli infection. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2015.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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33
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Long F, Yang X, Liu D, Guo Y, Wang Z. Involvement of the PKC–NF–κB signaling pathway in the regulation of T lymphocytes proliferation of chickens by conjugated linoleic acids. FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/09540105.2015.1079590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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34
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Trans-10,cis-12-conjugated linoleic acid worsens renal pathology and alters cyclooxygenase derived oxylipins in obesity-associated nephropathy. J Nutr Biochem 2015; 26:130-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2014.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Revised: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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35
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Pinelli-Saavedra A, Peralta-Quintana JR, Sosa-Castañeda J, Moya-Camarena SY, Burgara-Estrella A, Hernández J. Dietary conjugated linoleic acid and its effect on immune response in pigs infected with the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. Res Vet Sci 2014; 98:30-8. [PMID: 25544696 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2014.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of dietary conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on immune response in pigs infected with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). A total of 18 pigs 4 weeks of age were allocated to 3 treatments, 6 per treatment: 0% CLA, 1% CLA, and 2% CLA. Serum IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α; lymphocyte proliferation; and IL-2, IFN-γ, IL-10, IL-4 and IL-12 in PBMCs were evaluated. NF-κB, COX2, iNOS and PPAR-γ mRNA were also evaluated. No differences were observed among treatment groups in most of the in vivo cytokine profiles; only TNF-α production was increased in infected pigs in the CLA-supplemented groups. The cytokine profile in vitro was not affected by CLA supplementation. CLA decreased the proliferation of PBMCs stimulated with PRRSVs. Inflammation mediators and PPAR-γ were not affected by CLA in infected pigs. CLA did not improve the immune response of PRRSV infected pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Pinelli-Saavedra
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. (CIAD) Apdo. Postal 1735, Carretera a la Victoria Km 0.6, Hermosillo, Sonora 83304, Mexico.
| | - J R Peralta-Quintana
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. (CIAD) Apdo. Postal 1735, Carretera a la Victoria Km 0.6, Hermosillo, Sonora 83304, Mexico
| | - J Sosa-Castañeda
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. (CIAD) Apdo. Postal 1735, Carretera a la Victoria Km 0.6, Hermosillo, Sonora 83304, Mexico
| | - S Y Moya-Camarena
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. (CIAD) Apdo. Postal 1735, Carretera a la Victoria Km 0.6, Hermosillo, Sonora 83304, Mexico
| | - A Burgara-Estrella
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. (CIAD) Apdo. Postal 1735, Carretera a la Victoria Km 0.6, Hermosillo, Sonora 83304, Mexico
| | - J Hernández
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. (CIAD) Apdo. Postal 1735, Carretera a la Victoria Km 0.6, Hermosillo, Sonora 83304, Mexico
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36
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Impact of fiber types on gut microbiota, gut environment and gut function in fattening pigs. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2014.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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37
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Han J, Bian L, Liu X, Zhang F, Zhang Y, Yu N. Effects of Acanthopanax senticosus Polysaccharide Supplementation on Growth Performance, Immunity, Blood Parameters and Expression of Pro-inflammatory Cytokines Genes in Challenged Weaned Piglets. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2014; 27:1035-43. [PMID: 25050047 PMCID: PMC4093559 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.2013.13659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Revised: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the effect of dietary Acanthopanax senticosus polysaccharide (ASPS) on growth performance, immunity, blood parameters and mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in immunologically challenged piglets, an experiment employing 2×2 factorial arrangement concerning dietary ASPS treatment (0 or 800 mg/kg) and immunological challenge (lipopolysaccharide [LPS] or saline injection) was conducted with 64 crossbred piglets (weaned at 28 d of age, average initial body weight of 7.25±0.21 kg) assigned to two dietary ASPS treatments with 8 replicates of 4 pigs each. Half of the piglets of per dietary treatment were injected with LPS or saline on d 14. Blood samples were obtained at 3 h after immunological injection on d 14 and piglets were slaughtered to obtain spleen samples on d 21. Dietary ASPS did not affect average daily gain (ADG) (p = 0.634), average daily feed intake (ADFI) (p = 0.655), and gain:feed (p = 0.814) prior to LPS challenge. After LPS challenge, for LPS-challenged pigs those fed ASPS had higher ADG and ADFI than the non-supplemented group (p<0.05), and an interaction between LPS×ASPS was observed on the two indices (p<0.05). Dietary ASPS improved lymphocyte proliferation among saline-injected and LPS-injected pigs (p<0.05). Interaction between LPS×ASPS was also revealed on lymphocyte proliferation (p<0.05). Circulatory concentration of IgG was influenced neither by ASPS (p = 0.803) or LPS (p = 0.692), nor their interaction (p = 0.289). Plasma concentration and spleen mRNA expression of interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α were induced to increase (p<0.05) by LPS challenge, in contrast, these indices were decreased by dietary ASPS (p<0.05), and interactions were found on these cytokines (p<0.05). For LPS-challenged pigs, dietary ASPS also reduced the circulating concentration and spleen mRNA expression of IL-1β, IL-6 as well as TNF-α (p<0.05). The interaction between LPS×ASPS was also observed on the circulating concentration of insulin-like growth factor- I, α-acid glycoprotein (α-AGP), nonesterified fatty acid, and glucose (p<0.05). The results of this study demonstrate that dietary ASPS can modulate the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines during immunological challenge, which might enable piglets to achieve better growth performance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lianquan Bian
- Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenyang, 110-866,
China
| | | | | | | | - Ning Yu
- Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenyang, 110-866,
China
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Yenuganti VR, Ravinder R, Singh D. Conjugated Linoleic Acids Attenuate LPS-Induced Pro-Inflammatory Gene Expression by Inhibiting the NF-κB Translocation Through PPARγ in Buffalo Granulosa Cells. Am J Reprod Immunol 2014; 72:296-304. [DOI: 10.1111/aji.12261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2013] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Vengala Rao Yenuganti
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory; Animal Biochemistry Division; National Dairy Research Institute; Karnal India
| | - Ravinder Ravinder
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory; Animal Biochemistry Division; National Dairy Research Institute; Karnal India
| | - Dheer Singh
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory; Animal Biochemistry Division; National Dairy Research Institute; Karnal India
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39
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Huebner SM, Olson JM, Campbell JP, Bishop JW, Crump PM, Cook ME. Dietary trans-10,cis-12 CLA reduces murine collagen-induced arthritis in a dose-dependent manner. J Nutr 2014; 144:177-84. [PMID: 24285692 DOI: 10.3945/jn.113.182550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary trans-10,cis-12 (t10c12) conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) has been shown to reduce inflammation in a murine collagen-induced arthritis (CA) model. To understand the anti-inflammatory potential of t10c12-CLA in the diet, the minimum dose of pure dietary t10c12-CLA capable of reducing CA was investigated. Because plasma inflammatory cytokines often do not reflect the progression of late-stage arthritis, inflamed tissue cytokine concentrations were also investigated in relation to increasing dietary t10c12-CLA amounts. Mice were randomly assigned to the following dietary treatments upon the establishment of arthritis: corn oil (CO) or 0.125%, 0.25%, 0.375%, or 0.5% t10c12-CLA (wt:wt) for 84 d. Sham mice (no arthritis) were fed CO and served as controls. Arthritic paw score, based on subjective assessment of arthritic severity, and paw thickness decreased linearly overall [16-65% (P < 0.001) and 0.5-12% (P < 0.001), respectively] as dietary t10c12-CLA increased (P < 0.001, R(2) < 0.81). Increasing dietary t10c12-CLA was associated with a decrease in plasma interleukin (IL)-1β at days 21 and 42 compared with CO-fed arthritic mice, such that mice fed ≥0.25% t10c12-CLA had IL-1β concentrations that were similar to sham mice. Plasma cytokines returned to sham mice concentrations by day 63 regardless of treatment; however, an arthritis-induced elevation in paw IL-1β decreased linearly as dietary t10c12-CLA concentrations increased at day 84 (P = 0.007, R(2) = 0.92). Similarly, increasing dietary t10c12-CLA linearly decreased paw tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α (P = 0.05, R(2) = 0.70). In conclusion, ≥0.125% t10c12-CLA dose-dependently reduced inflammation in a murine CA model.
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Thacker PA. Alternatives to antibiotics as growth promoters for use in swine production: a review. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2013; 4:35. [PMID: 24034214 PMCID: PMC3850713 DOI: 10.1186/2049-1891-4-35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past two decades, an intensive amount of research has been focused on the development of alternatives to antibiotics to maintain swine health and performance. The most widely researched alternatives include probiotics, prebiotics, acidifiers, plant extracts and neutraceuticals such as copper and zinc. Since these additives have been more than adequately covered in previous reviews, the focus of this review will be on less traditional alternatives. The potential of antimicrobial peptides, clay minerals, egg yolk antibodies, essential oils, eucalyptus oil-medium chain fatty acids, rare earth elements and recombinant enzymes are discussed. Based on a thorough review of the literature, it is evident that a long and growing list of compounds exist which have been tested for their ability to replace antibiotics as feed additives in diets fed to swine. Unfortunately, the vast majority of these compounds produce inconsistent results and rarely equal antibiotics in their effectiveness. Therefore, it would appear that research is still needed in this area and that the perfect alternative to antibiotics does not yet exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip A Thacker
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5A8, Canada.
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Renner L, Kersten S, Duevel A, Schuberth HJ, Dänicke S. Effects of cis-9,trans-11 and trans-10,cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid, linoleic acid, phytanic acid and the combination of various fatty acids on proliferation and cytokine expression of bovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Nutrients 2013; 5:2667-83. [PMID: 23857174 PMCID: PMC3738994 DOI: 10.3390/nu5072667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Revised: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty acids may have an impact on immune functions, which is important in times of increased mobilization of body fat, e.g., around parturition. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of the CLA isomers cis-9,trans-11 and trans-10,cis-12, phytanic acid (PA), linoleic acid (LA) and a fatty acid (FA) mixture (containing 29.8% palmitic acid, 6.7% palmitoleic acid, 17.4% stearic acid and 46.1% oleic acid) on the proliferation of bovine blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in vitro using alamar blue (AB) and 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine (BrdU) assay. Quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction analyses were performed to evaluate the expression of interleukin (IL)-4, IL-10, interferon (IFN)-γ, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-γ in response to cis-9,trans-11 and LA. The IC50 values did not differ between the investigated FA, but there were differences within the proliferation in the response of these FA in a concentration range between 20 and 148 µM (e.g., increased proliferation after treatment with lower concentrations of LA). No differences occurred when different FA combinations were tested. ConA stimulation increased the expression of TNF-α and IFN-γ, whereas IL-10 decreased. In general, neither the baseline expression nor the ConA-stimulated mRNA expression of cytokines and PPAR-γ were affected by the FA. In conclusion, all FA inhibit the proliferation of PBMC dose dependently without significantly altering the induced cytokine spectrum of activated bovine PBMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Renner
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Bundesallee 50, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany; E-Mails: (L.R.); (S.D.)
| | - Susanne Kersten
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Bundesallee 50, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany; E-Mails: (L.R.); (S.D.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +49-531-596-3152; Fax: +49-531-596-3199
| | - Anna Duevel
- Immunology Unit, University of Veterinary Medicine, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany; E-Mails: (A.D.); (H.-J.S.)
| | - Hans-Joachim Schuberth
- Immunology Unit, University of Veterinary Medicine, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany; E-Mails: (A.D.); (H.-J.S.)
| | - Sven Dänicke
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Bundesallee 50, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany; E-Mails: (L.R.); (S.D.)
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Mohammadzadeh M, Faramarzi E, Mahdavi R, Nasirimotlagh B, Asghari Jafarabadi M. Effect of conjugated linoleic acid supplementation on inflammatory factors and matrix metalloproteinase enzymes in rectal cancer patients undergoing chemoradiotherapy. Integr Cancer Ther 2013; 12:496-502. [PMID: 23632235 DOI: 10.1177/1534735413485417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aims of this study were to determine the effect of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) supplementation on inflammatory factors and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) enzymes in rectal cancer patients undergoing chemoradiothetrapy. METHOD AND MATERIAL In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study, 34 volunteer patients with rectal cancer undergoing chemoradiotherapy assigned into the CLA group (n = 16), receiving 3 g CLA/d, and placebo group (n = 18) receiving placebo capsules (sunflower oil) for 6 weeks. The supplementation began 1 week before starting RT (loading period) and continued every day during treatment. Before and after intervention, serum tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin 1β (IL-1β), IL-6, MMP-2, MMP-9, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits and immunoturbidimetric method, respectively. Independent t tests and paired t tests were used to compare parameters between and within groups, respectively. RESULTS In the CLA group, the mean serum TNF-α, IL-1β, hsCRP, MMP-9, and MMP-2 levels reduced insignificantly. However, significant changes in TNF-α (P = 0.04), hsCRP (P = 0.03), and MMP-9 (P = 0.04) concentrations were observed in the CLA group when compared with the placebo group. The mean serum IL-6 level remained unchanged in the CLA group but increased remarkably in the placebo group. CONCLUSION According to our results, CLA supplementation improved inflammatory factors, MMP-2, and MMP-9 as biomarkers of angiogenesis and tumor invasion. It seems that CLA may provide new complementary treatment by reducing tumor invasion and resistance to cancer treatment in patients with rectal cancer.
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Yao W, Li J, Wang JJ, Zhou W, Wang Q, Zhu R, Wang F, Thacker P. Effects of dietary ratio of n-6 to n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on immunoglobulins, cytokines, fatty acid composition, and performance of lactating sows and suckling piglets. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2012; 3:43. [PMID: 23270637 PMCID: PMC3598561 DOI: 10.1186/2049-1891-3-43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary ratios of n-6:n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) on the performance of lactating sows and their piglets. Thirty pregnant Landrace sows were assigned to one of three treatments from d 108 of gestation until weaning (26–29 d) and were fed diets containing different ratios of n-6:n-3 PUFA including 3:1, 9:1 and 13:1. The effects on sow and litter production traits were examined together with an assessment of sow body condition. No differences were detected among the treatments for the daily feed intake of sows or changes in sow weight and back-fat levels during lactation (P > 0.05). Litter size at d 14 and d 21 were tended to increase in 3:1 treatment compared with 9:1 and 13:1 treatments (P < 0.10). Litter weight gain (1.77 kg/d) from d 0 to d 14 was tended to increase in 9:1 groups compared with the other two treatments (P < 0.10). A significant difference was observed for the content of α -linolenic acid, total n-3 PUFA, and the ratio of n-6:n-3 PUFA in the colostrum, milk, and piglets plasma (P < 0.01). The effects of different ratios of n-6:n-3 PUFA in sow diets on colostrum, milk, and piglet plasma immunoglobulin concentrations are studied. No difference was observed among treatments in the concentrations of IgM, and IgA in colostrum (P > 0.05). A great significant difference for IgG concentration was observed among 3 group in colostrum. A great significant difference for IgA, and IgM (P < 0.01) concentrations in piglet plasma at d14 and a significant difference for IgG(P < 0.05) was observed at d14. Furthermore, at d 21 of lactation, piglet plasma IgG and IgA concentration were greater in 3:1 compared with 13:1 group (P < 0.01). In summary, the current study demonstrated that altering the ratio of n-6:n-3 PUFA in lactating sow diet had an effect on the immune component including immunoglobulin and cytokines, and it tended to increase the litter average daily gain and improve the immune status of piglets when dietary ratio of n-6:n-3 PUFA was 9:1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yao
- Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Yuanming Yuan western Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China.
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Response of piglets weaned from sows fed diets supplemented with conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) to an Escherichia coli K88+ oral challenge. Animal 2012; 2:1303-11. [PMID: 22443819 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731108002309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Seventy-eight Cotswold piglets weaned from sows receiving 0% or 2% conjugated linoleic acid (CLA)-supplemented rations from day 85 of gestation through lactation were allocated to nursery diets (ND) according to their dam's lactation ration (LR) as follows (1) 0%-0% (0% CLA LR: 0% CLA ND, n = 17); (2) 0%-2% (0% CLA LR: 2% CLA ND, n = 17); (3) 2%-0% (2% CLA LR: 0% CLA ND, n = 23); and (4) 2%-2% (2% CLA LR: 2% CLA ND, n = 21). At 28 ± 2 days of age all piglets received an oral Escherichia coli K88+ (enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, ETEC) challenge and were subsequently monitored for scour development and overall health until 36 ± 2 days of age, after which blood and tissue samples were collected. Piglet BW was not affected by dietary CLA supplementation to LR (P > 0.05). However, by day 36 piglets receiving 2% CLA-supplemented ND were significantly lighter (P < 0.05) than piglets receiving control diets. Average daily gain and feed efficiency were not affected by CLA supplementation. Average daily feed intake (ADFI) was greater for piglets weaned from 2% CLA-supplemented sows from day 17 to 28 (P < 0.05), otherwise ADFI was unaffected by dietary CLA supplementation (P > 0.05). The development of scours was less severe in piglets weaned from 2% CLA-supplemented sows at 8, 24, 48 and 56 h after ETEC challenge (P < 0.05). Intestinal coliform and lactic acid bacteria populations post challenge were not affected by CLA supplementation. However, cecal ammonia-N was numerically greatest in 0%-0% piglets compared to the other treatment groups, and the total volatile fatty acid production was numerically lower in 0%-0% and 0%-2% piglets compared to 2%-0% and 2%-2% piglets. In addition, piglets weaned from 2% CLA-supplemented sows had increased serum immunoglobulin A (P < 0.001) and G (P < 0.05) levels and reduced (P < 0.05) intestinal mucosal inflammation compared to piglets weaned from control sows. Although there were no obvious additional health effects observed when CLA was provided in ND, supplementing sow rations with 2% CLA from mid-gestation through weaning appears to have immune-stimulating carry-over effects post weaning. Thus, supplementing sow rations with CLA may be a practical strategy for enhancing passive immune transfer and improving the immune status and overall gut health of nursery piglets.
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Abstract
Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) has drawn significant attention in the last two decades for its variety of biologically beneficial effects. CLA reduces body fat, cardiovascular diseases and cancer, and modulates immune and inflammatory responses as well as improves bone mass. It has been suggested that the overall effects of CLA are the results of interactions between two major isomers, cis-9,trans-11 and trans-10,cis-12. This review will primarily focus on current CLA publications involving humans, which are also summarized in the tables. Along with a number of beneficial effects of CLA, there are safety considerations for CLA supplementation in humans, which include effects on liver functions, milk fat depression, glucose metabolism, and oxidative stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison Dilzer
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst , MA 01003, USA
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Guo X, Jia H, Yuan W, Zhang Q, Hou S, Sun Y, Zhu G, Zhu H, Sánchez-Vizcaíno JM. Construction of swine-specific CpG motif enriched plasmid and the study of its immunostimulatory effects both in vitro and in vivo. J Vet Med Sci 2012; 74:1647-50. [PMID: 22814086 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.11-0543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A swine-specific CpG motif enriched plasmid (pUC18-CpG) was constructed in this study. Its immunostimulant property was tested in vitro via lymphocyte transformation assay using swine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). The recombinant plasmid showed higher Stimulation Index (SI) compared to the positive control (LPS). In a following animal experiment, pUC18-CpG was co-administered with a commercial swine FMD killed vaccine. Animals in the pUC18-CpG adjuvanted groups showed much higher antibody titers during the vaccination period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Guo
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
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Hao Y, Piao X, Piao X. Saikosaponin-d inhibits β-conglycinin induced activation of rat basophilic leukemia-2H3 cells. Int Immunopharmacol 2012; 13:257-63. [PMID: 22580215 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2012.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2011] [Revised: 04/24/2012] [Accepted: 04/27/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
β-Conglycinin is one of the major storage proteins in soybean and has been identified as a potential diagnostic marker for severe allergic reactions to soybean. Unfortunately, there is a lack of information on the signal transduction pathways of β-conglycinin induced mast cell activation and how to alleviate these allergic reactions. Bupleurum falcatum, a traditional oriental medicine, has been widely utilized in the treatment of influenza, fever, malaria and menstrual disorders. Furthermore, it has been reported that saikosaponins, the important principle of B. falcatum, possesses anti-allergic activities. Therefore, the present study investigated whether or not saikosaponin-d, an extract of B. falcatum, was effective in the treatment of allergic reactions cased by β-conglycinin, using a rat basophilic leukemia-2H3 cell line. There were multiple signaling pathways contributing to the development of β-conglycinin-mediated rat basophilic leukemia-2H3 cell activation. The intracellular calcium mobilization and tyrosine phosphorylation were early events, which in turn elicited reactive oxygen species production, gene activation of Cdc42 and c-Fos, and ultimately led to β-hexosaminidase release. Saikosaponin-d inhibited rat basophilic leukemia-2H3 cell degranulation by suppressing these critical incidents in the signal transduction pathway. These results suggest that saikosaponin-d exhibited anti-allergic activity and could become an effective herbal therapy for alleviating soybean allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, China
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Renner L, von Soosten D, Sipka A, Döll S, Beineke A, Schuberth HJ, Dänicke S. Effect of conjugated linoleic acid on proliferation and cytokine expression of bovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells and splenocytes ex vivo. Arch Anim Nutr 2012; 66:73-85. [PMID: 22641921 DOI: 10.1080/1745039x.2012.672218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Twenty-five primiparous Holstein cows were divided into five experimental groups (five animals per group) by different feeding (control fat preparation [CON] or conjugated linoleic acid [CLA] supplement) and slaughtering times. The daily consumption of CLA was 6.0 g of the trans-10, cis-12 CLA-isomer and 5.7 g cis-9, trans-11 CLA isomer. An initial group (IG) was slaughtered one day post partum (pp) and the remaining 20 animals after 42 and 105 days pp, respectively. Blood for peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) separation was taken seven days ante partum and immediately before slaughter. The spleen was removed during dissection for isolation of splenocytes and samples for histopathological examination. Cell viability and Concanavalin A-stimulated proliferation was analysed by MTT and Alamar Blue assay. Basal expression of cytokines (interleukin [IL]-4, IL-10, IL-12, tumour necrosis factor alpha [TNF-alpha] and interferon gamma [IFN-gamma]) was measured by quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) in unstimulated PMBC and splenocytes. With PBMC, stimulation indices increased from 1 day pp to 105 days pp with no differences between CLA and CON groups. With splenocytes, the stimulation index of the CLA group was lower compared to CON group 105 days pp. Baseline expression of cytokines was not effected by CLA feeding comparing similar time points. Also, no differences occurred in the expression of IL-4 in PBMC and IL-10 as well as TNF-alpha in both cell populations, when comparing the feeding groups separately with IG. IL-4 was more frequently expressed in CLA group 42 days pp in splenocytes. IFN-gamma expression was increased 105 days pp in CLA group in splenocytes and PBMC. IL-12 was higher expressed 105 days (PBMC) or 42 days pp (splenocytes) when compared to IG. There was no effect of CLA feeding or slaughter time on histopathology of the spleen. In conclusion, the present results demonstrate an inhibiting effect of CLA on the mitogen-induced activation of splenocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Renner
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Braunschweig, Germany
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Liu Y, Pan D, Xu J, Fu W, Niu X, Ding X, Liu J, Zhang Q. Tissue expression, polymorphism identification of IL10 gene and their relationship with serum IL10 level in pigs. Livest Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2011.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Abstract
The primary purpose of the present review was to determine if the scientific evidence available for potential human health benefits of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is sufficient to support health claims on foods based on milk naturally enriched with cis-9, trans-11-CLA (c9, t11-CLA). A search of the scientific literature was conducted and showed that almost all the promising research results that have emerged in relation to cancer, heart health, obesity, diabetes and bone health have been in animal models or in vitro. Most human intervention studies have utilised synthetic CLA supplements, usually a 50:50 blend of c9, t11-CLA and trans-10, cis-12-CLA (t10, c12-CLA). Of these studies, the only evidence that is broadly consistent is an effect on body fat and weight reduction. A previous review of the relevant studies found that 3.2 g CLA/d resulted in a modest body fat loss in human subjects of about 0.09 kg/week, but this effect was attributed to the t10, c12-CLA isomer. There is no evidence of a consistent benefit of c9, t11-CLA on any health conditions; and in fact both synthetic isomers, particularly t10, c12-CLA, have been suspected of having pro-diabetic effects in individuals who are already at risk of developing diabetes. Four published intervention studies using naturally enriched CLA products were identified; however, the results were inconclusive. This may be partly due to the differences in the concentration of CLA administered in animal and human studies. In conclusion, further substantiation of the scientific evidence relating to CLA and human health benefits are required before health claims can be confirmed.
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