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Su Y, Yi J, Zhang Y, Leng D, Huang X, Shi X, Zhang Y. EML4-ALK fusion protein in Lung cancer cells enhances venous thrombogenicity through the pERK1/2-AP-1-tissue factor axis. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2024; 57:67-81. [PMID: 37940761 PMCID: PMC10830642 DOI: 10.1007/s11239-023-02916-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accumulating evidence links the echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 4 (EML4)-anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) rearrangement to venous thromboembolism (VTE) in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. However, the corresponding mechanisms remain unclear. METHOD High-throughput sequencing analysis of H3122 human ALK-positive NSCLC cells treated with ALK inhibitor/ dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was performed to identify coagulation-associated differential genes between EML4-ALK fusion protein inhibited cells and control cells. Sequentially, we confirmed its expression in NSCLC patients' tissues and in the plasma of a subcutaneous xenograft mouse model. An inferior vena cava (IVC) ligation model was used to assess clot formation potential. Additionally, pathways involved in tissue factor (TF) regulation were explored in ALK-positive cell lines H3122 and H2228. Statistical significance was determined by Student t-test and one-way ANOVA using SPSS. RESULTS Sequencing analysis identified a significant downregulation of TF after inhibiting EML4-ALK fusion protein activity in H3122 cells. In clinical NSCLC cases, TF expression was increased especially in ALK-positive NSCLC tissues. Meanwhile, H3122 and H2228 with high TF expression exhibited shorter plasma clotting time and higher TF activity versus ALK-negative H1299 and A549 in cell culture supernatant. Mice bearing H2228 tumor showed a higher concentration of tumor-derived TF and TF activity in plasma and the highest adjusted IVC clot weights. Limiting EML4-ALK protein phosphorylation downregulated extracellular regulated protein kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2)-activating the protein-1(AP-1) signaling pathway and thus attenuated TF expression. CONCLUSION EML4-ALK fusion protein may enhance venous thrombogenicity by regulating coagulation factor TF expression. There was potential involvement of the pERK1/2-AP-1 pathway in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Su
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, China
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Jiawen Yi
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Dong Leng
- Clinical Laboratory, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Xiaoxi Huang
- Basic Medical Research Center, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Xinyu Shi
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, China.
| | - Yuhui Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, China.
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Lin J, Liu Y, Liu P, Qi W, Liu J, He X, Liu Q, Liu Z, Yin J, Lin J, Bao H, Lin J. SNHG17 alters anaerobic glycolysis by resetting phosphorylation modification of PGK1 to foster pro-tumor macrophage formation in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2023; 42:339. [PMID: 38098044 PMCID: PMC10722693 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-023-02890-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Within the tumor immune microenvironment (TME), tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are crucial in modulating polarization states to influence cancer development through metabolic reprogramming. While long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been shown to play a pivotal role in the progression of various cancers, the underlying mechanisms by which lncRNAs alter M2 polarization through macrophage metabolism remodeling remain unelucidated. METHODS RNA sequencing was used to screen for differentially expressed lncRNAs in TAMs and normal tissue-resident macrophages (NTRMs) isolated from pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) tissues, whilst RT-qPCR and FISH were employed to detect the expression level of SNHG17. Moreover, a series of in vivo and in vitro experiments were conducted to assess the functions of SNHG17 from TAMs in the polarization and glycolysis of M2-like macrophages and in the proliferation and metastasis of pancreatic cancer cells (PCs). Furthermore, Western blotting, RNA pull-down, mass spectrometry, RIP, and dual-luciferase assays were utilized to explore the underlying mechanism through which SNHG17 induces pro-tumor macrophage formation. RESULTS SNHG17 was substantially enriched in TAMs and was positively correlated with a worse prognosis in PDAC. Meanwhile, functional assays determined that SNHG17 promoted the malignant progression of PCs by enhancing M2 macrophage polarization and anaerobic glycolysis. Mechanistically, SNHG17 could sponge miR-628-5p to release PGK1 mRNA and concurrently interact with the PGK1 protein, activating the pro-tumorigenic function of PGK1 by enhancing phosphorylation at the T168A site of PGK1 through ERK1/2 recruitment. Lastly, SNHG17 knockdown could reverse the polarization status of macrophages in PDAC. CONCLUSIONS The present study illustrated the essential role of SNHG17 and its molecular mechanism in TAMs derived from PDAC, indicating that SNHG17 might be a viable target for PDAC immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayu Lin
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yihao Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Pengyi Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenxin Qi
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xingfeng He
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zehua Liu
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jingxin Yin
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiewei Lin
- Research Institute of Pancreatic Disease, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Haili Bao
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jianhong Lin
- Department of Pharmacy, The Third Hospital of Xiamen, Xiamen, 361100, China.
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Vlodavsky I, Kayal Y, Hilwi M, Soboh S, Sanderson RD, Ilan N. Heparanase-A single protein with multiple enzymatic and nonenzymatic functions. PROTEOGLYCAN RESEARCH 2023; 1:e6. [PMID: 37547889 PMCID: PMC10398610 DOI: 10.1002/pgr2.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Heparanase (Hpa1) is expressed by tumor cells and cells of the tumor microenvironment and functions extracellularly to remodel the extracellular matrix (ECM) and regulate the bioavailability of ECM-bound factors, augmenting, among other effects, gene transcription, autophagy, exosome formation, and heparan sulfate (HS) turnover. Much of the impact of heparanase on tumor progression is related to its function in mediating tumor-host crosstalk, priming the tumor microenvironment to better support tumor growth, metastasis, and chemoresistance. The enzyme appears to fulfill some normal functions associated, for example, with vesicular traffic, lysosomal-based secretion, autophagy, HS turnover, and gene transcription. It activates cells of the innate immune system, promotes the formation of exosomes and autophagosomes, and stimulates signal transduction pathways via enzymatic and nonenzymatic activities. These effects dynamically impact multiple regulatory pathways that together drive tumor growth, dissemination, and drug resistance as well as inflammatory responses. The emerging premise is that heparanase expressed by tumor cells, immune cells, endothelial cells, and other cells of the tumor microenvironment is a key regulator of the aggressive phenotype of cancer, an important contributor to the poor outcome of cancer patients and a valid target for therapy. So far, however, antiheparanase-based therapy has not been implemented in the clinic. Unlike heparanase, heparanase-2 (Hpa2), a close homolog of heparanase (Hpa1), does not undergo proteolytic processing and hence lacks intrinsic HS-degrading activity, the hallmark of heparanase. Hpa2 retains the capacity to bind heparin/HS and exhibits an even higher affinity towards HS than heparanase, thus competing for HS binding and inhibiting heparanase enzymatic activity. It appears that Hpa2 functions as a natural inhibitor of Hpa1 regulates the expression of selected genes that maintain tissue hemostasis and normal function, and plays a protective role against cancer and inflammation, together emphasizing the significance of maintaining a proper balance between Hpa1 and Hpa2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israel Vlodavsky
- Technion Integrated Cancer Center, TechnionRappaport Faculty of MedicineHaifaIsrael
| | - Yasmin Kayal
- Technion Integrated Cancer Center, TechnionRappaport Faculty of MedicineHaifaIsrael
| | - Maram Hilwi
- Technion Integrated Cancer Center, TechnionRappaport Faculty of MedicineHaifaIsrael
| | - Soaad Soboh
- Technion Integrated Cancer Center, TechnionRappaport Faculty of MedicineHaifaIsrael
| | - Ralph D. Sanderson
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamAlabamaUSA
| | - Neta Ilan
- Technion Integrated Cancer Center, TechnionRappaport Faculty of MedicineHaifaIsrael
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Lebsir N, Zoulim F, Grigorov B. Heparanase-1: From Cancer Biology to a Future Antiviral Target. Viruses 2023; 15:237. [PMID: 36680276 PMCID: PMC9860851 DOI: 10.3390/v15010237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) are a major constituent of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and are found to be implicated in viral infections, where they play a role in both cell entry and release for many viruses. The enzyme heparanase-1 is the only known endo-beta-D-glucuronidase capable of degrading heparan sulphate (HS) chains of HSPGs and is thus important for regulating ECM homeostasis. Heparanase-1 expression is tightly regulated as the uncontrolled cleavage of HS may result in abnormal cell activation and significant tissue damage. The overexpression of heparanase-1 correlates with pathological scenarios and is observed in different human malignancies, such as lymphoma, breast, colon, lung, and hepatocellular carcinomas. Interestingly, heparanase-1 has also been documented to be involved in numerous viral infections, e.g., HSV-1, HPV, DENV. Moreover, very recent reports have demonstrated a role of heparanase-1 in HCV and SARS-CoV-2 infections. Due to the undenied pro-carcinogenic role of heparanase-1, multiple inhibitors have been developed, some reaching phase II and III in clinical studies. However, the use of heparanase inhibitors as antivirals has not yet been proposed. If it can be assumed that heparanase-1 is implicated in numerous viral life cycles, its inhibition by specific heparanase-acting compounds should result in a blockage of viral infection. This review addresses the perspectives of using heparanase inhibitors, not only for cancer treatment, but also as antivirals. Eventually, the development of a novel class antivirals targeting a cellular protein could help to alleviate the resistance problems seen with some current antiretroviral therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadjet Lebsir
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, 69434 Lyon, France
- Confluence: Sciences et Humanités (EA 1598), UCLy, 10 Place des Archives, 69002 Lyon, France
| | - Fabien Zoulim
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, 69434 Lyon, France
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69002 Lyon, France
| | - Boyan Grigorov
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, 69434 Lyon, France
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Su X, Wang B, Zhou Z, Li Z, Tong S, Chen S, Zhang N, Liu S, Zhang M. A positive feedback loop of heparanase/syndecan1/nerve growth factor regulates cancer pain progression. Korean J Pain 2023; 36:60-71. [PMID: 36536517 PMCID: PMC9812689 DOI: 10.3344/kjp.22277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The purpose of this research was to assess the role of heparanase (HPSE)/syndecan1 (SDC1)/nerve growth factor (NGF) on cancer pain from melanoma. Methods The influence of HPSE on the biological function of melanoma cells and cancer pain in a mouse model was evaluated. Immunohistochemical staining was used to analyze HPSE and SDC1. HPSE, NGF, and SDC1 were detected using western blot. Inflammatory factors were detected using ELISA assay. Results HPSE promoted melanoma cell viability, proliferation, migration, invasion, and tumor growth, as well as cancer pain, while SST0001 treatment reversed the promoting effect of HPSE. HPSE up-regulated NGF, and NGF feedback promoted HPSE. High expression of NGF reversed the inhibitory effect of HPSE down-regulation on melanoma cell phenotype deterioration, including cell viability, proliferation, migration, and invasion. SST0001 down-regulated SDC1 expression. SDC1 reversed the inhibitory effect of SST0001 on cancer pain. Conclusions The results showed that HPSE promoted melanoma development and cancer pain by interacting with NGF/SDC1. It provides new insights to better understand the role of HPSE in melanoma and also provides a new direction for cancer pain treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohu Su
- Department of Anesthesiology, Suqian First People’s Hospital, Suqian City, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Bingwu Wang
- Cancer Institute, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou City, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhaoyun Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tai’an Central Hospital, Tai’an City, Shandong Province, China
| | - Zixian Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Graduate School of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou City, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Song Tong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Graduate School of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou City, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Simin Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Graduate School of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou City, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Graduate School of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou City, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Su Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou City, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Maoyin Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou City, Jiangsu Province, China,Correspondence: Maoyin Zhang Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, No. 99, Huaihai West Road, Quanshan District, Xuzhou City, Jiangsu Province 221002, China, Tel: +86-18168777315, Fax: +86-0516-85805911, E-mail:
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6
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Hua SH, Viera M, Yip GW, Bay BH. Theranostic Applications of Glycosaminoglycans in Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 15:cancers15010266. [PMID: 36612261 PMCID: PMC9818616 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15010266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) makes up the majority of kidney cancers, with a poor prognosis for metastatic RCC (mRCC). Challenges faced in the management of mRCC, include a lack of reliable prognostic markers and biomarkers for precise monitoring of disease treatment, together with the potential risk of toxicity associated with more recent therapeutic options. Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are a class of carbohydrates that can be categorized into four main subclasses, viz., chondroitin sulfate, hyaluronic acid, heparan sulfate and keratan sulfate. GAGs are known to be closely associated with cancer progression and modulation of metastasis by modification of the tumor microenvironment. Alterations of expression, composition and spatiotemporal distribution of GAGs in the extracellular matrix (ECM), dysregulate ECM functions and drive cancer invasion. In this review, we focus on the clinical utility of GAGs as biomarkers for mRCC (which is important for risk stratification and strategizing effective treatment protocols), as well as potential therapeutic targets that could benefit patients afflicted with advanced RCC. Besides GAG-targeted therapies that holds promise in mRCC, other potential strategies include utilizing GAGs as drug carriers and their mimetics to counter cancer progression, and enhance immunotherapy through binding and transducing signals for immune mediators.
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Macrophages Upregulate Estrogen Receptor Expression in the Model of Obesity-Associated Breast Carcinoma. Cells 2022; 11:cells11182844. [PMID: 36139419 PMCID: PMC9496942 DOI: 10.3390/cells11182844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) and obesity are two heterogeneous conditions with a tremendous impact on health. BC is the most commonly diagnosed neoplasm and the leading cause of cancer-related mortality among women, and the prevalence of obesity in women worldwide reaches pandemic proportions. Obesity is a significant risk factor for both incidence and worse prognosis in estrogen receptor positive (ER+) BC. Yet, the mechanisms underlying the association between excess adiposity and increased risk/therapy resistance/poorer outcome of ER+, but not ER−negative (ER−), BC are not fully understood. Tumor-promoting action of obesity, predominantly in ER + BC patients, is often attributed to the augmented production of estrogen in ‘obese’ adipose tissue. However, in addition to the estrogen production, expression levels of ER represent a key determinant in hormone-driven breast tumorigenesis and therapy response. Here, utilizing in vitro and in vivo models of BC, we show that macrophages, whose adverse activation by obesogenic substances is fueled by heparanase (extracellular matrix-degrading enzyme), are capable of upregulating ER expression in tumor cells, in the setting of obesity-associated BC. These findings underscore a previously unknown mechanism through which interplay between cellular/extracellular elements of obesity-associated BC microenvironment influences estrogen sensitivity—a critical component in hormone-related cancer progression and resistance to therapy.
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8
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Campello E, Bosh F, Simion C, Spiezia L, Simioni P. Mechanisms of thrombosis in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol 2022; 35:101346. [DOI: 10.1016/j.beha.2022.101346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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9
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Yang WJ, Shi L, Wang XM, Yang GW. Heparanase is a novel biomarker for immune infiltration and prognosis in breast cancer. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:20836-20852. [PMID: 34461608 PMCID: PMC8436937 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Heparanase (HPSE), an endoglycosidase that cleaves heparan sulfate, regulates a variety of biological processes that promote tumor progression. In this study, we analyzed the correlation between HPSE expression and prognosis in cancer patients, using multiple databases (Oncomine, TIMER, PrognoScan, GEPIA, Kaplan-Meier plotter, miner v4.1, DAVID). HPSE expression was significantly increased in bladder, breast, lung, and stomach cancer compared to matched normal tissues. The increased HPSE expression correlated with poor prognosis and increased immune infiltration levels of B cells, CD8+ and CD4+ T cells, macrophages, neutrophils and dendritic cells in bladder and breast cancer. In breast cancer, the high HPSE expression was associated with basal-like subtypes, younger age (0-40), advanced Scarff-Bloom-Richardson grade, Nottingham Prognostic Index and p53 mutation status. In addition, using a mouse model of breast cancer, our data showed that HPSE upregulated IL-10 expression and promoted macrophage M2 polarization and T cell exhaustion. Together, our data provide a novel immunological perspective on the mechanisms underlying breast cancer progression, and indicate that HPSE may serve as a biomarker for immune infiltration and prognosis in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jing Yang
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100010, China
| | - Lin Shi
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100010, China
| | - Xiao-Min Wang
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100010, China
| | - Guo-Wang Yang
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100010, China
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10
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Kayal Y, Singh P, Naroditsky I, Ilan N, Vlodavsky I. Heparanase 2 (Hpa2) attenuates the growth of pancreatic carcinoma. Matrix Biol 2021; 98:21-31. [PMID: 33839221 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2021.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
While the pro-tumorigenic properties of the ECM-degrading heparanase enzyme are well documented, the role of its close homolog, heparanase 2 (Hpa2), in cancer is largely unknown. We examined the role of Hpa2 in pancreatic cancer, a malignancy characterized by a dense fibrotic ECM associated with poor response to treatment and bad prognosis. We show that pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) patients that exhibit high levels of Hpa2 survive longer than patients with low levels of Hpa2. Strikingly, overexpression of Hpa2 in pancreatic carcinoma cells resulted in a most prominent decrease in the growth of tumors implanted orthotopically and intraperitoneally, whereas Hpa2 silencing resulted in bigger tumors. We further found that Hpa2 enhances endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response and renders cells more sensitive to external stress, associating with increased apoptosis. Interestingly, we observed that ER stress induces the expression of Hpa2, thus establishing a feedback loop by which Hpa2 enhances ER stress that, in turn, induces Hpa2 expression. This leads to increased apoptosis and attenuated tumor growth. Altogether, Hpa2 emerges as a powerful tumor suppressor in pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmin Kayal
- Technion Integrated Cancer Center, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Preeti Singh
- Technion Integrated Cancer Center, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Inna Naroditsky
- Department of Pathology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Neta Ilan
- Technion Integrated Cancer Center, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Israel Vlodavsky
- Technion Integrated Cancer Center, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel.
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11
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Hermano E, Carlotti F, Abecassis A, Meirovitz A, Rubinstein AM, Li JP, Vlodavsky I, Rabelink TJ, Elkin M. Dichotomic role of heparanase in a murine model of metabolic syndrome. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:2771-2780. [PMID: 33051777 PMCID: PMC11072560 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03660-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Heparanase is the predominant enzyme that cleaves heparan sulfate, the main polysaccharide in the extracellular matrix. While the role of heparanase in sustaining the pathology of autoimmune diabetes is well documented, its association with metabolic syndrome/type 2 diabetes attracted less attention. Our research was undertaken to elucidate the significance of heparanase in impaired glucose metabolism in metabolic syndrome and early type 2 diabetes. Here, we report that heparanase exerts opposite effects in insulin-producing (i.e., islets) vs. insulin-target (i.e., skeletal muscle) compartments, sustaining or hampering proper regulation of glucose homeostasis depending on the site of action. We observed that the enzyme promotes macrophage infiltration into islets in a murine model of metabolic syndrome, and fosters β-cell-damaging properties of macrophages activated in vitro by components of diabetogenic/obese milieu (i.e., fatty acids). On the other hand, in skeletal muscle (prototypic insulin-target tissue), heparanase is essential to ensure insulin sensitivity. Thus, despite a deleterious effect of heparanase on macrophage infiltration in islets, the enzyme appears to have beneficial role in glucose homeostasis in metabolic syndrome. The dichotomic action of the enzyme in the maintenance of glycemic control should be taken into account when considering heparanase-targeting strategies for the treatment of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Hermano
- Department of Oncology, Sharett Institute, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, 91120, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Françoise Carlotti
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Alexia Abecassis
- Department of Oncology, Sharett Institute, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, 91120, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Amichay Meirovitz
- Department of Oncology, Sharett Institute, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, 91120, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ariel M Rubinstein
- Department of Oncology, Sharett Institute, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, 91120, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Jin-Ping Li
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Israel Vlodavsky
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ton J Rabelink
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Michael Elkin
- Department of Oncology, Sharett Institute, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, 91120, Jerusalem, Israel.
- Hebrew University Medical School, 91120, Jerusalem, Israel.
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Li MX, Wang HY, Yuan CH, Ma ZL, Jiang B, Li L, Zhang L, Xiu DR. KLHDC7B-DT aggravates pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma development via inducing cross-talk between cancer cells and macrophages. Clin Sci (Lond) 2021; 135:629-649. [PMID: 33538300 DOI: 10.1042/cs20201259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Tumor microenvironment (TME) exerts key roles in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) development. However, the factors regulating the cross-talk between PDAC cells and TME are largely unknown. In the present study, we identified a long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) KLHDC7B divergent transcript (KLHDC7B-DT), which was up-regulated in PDAC and correlated with poor survival of PDAC patients. Functional assays demonstrated that KLHDC7B-DT enhanced PDAC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. Mechanistically, KLHDC7B-DT was found to directly bind IL-6 promoter, induce open chromatin structure at IL-6 promoter region, activate IL-6 transcription, and up-regulate IL-6 expression and secretion. The expression of KLHDC7B-DT was positively correlated with IL-6 in PDAC tissues. Via inducing IL-6 secretion, KLHDC7B-DT activated STAT3 signaling in PDAC cells in an autocrine manner. Furthermore, KLHDC7B-DT also activated STAT3 signaling in macrophages in a paracrine manner, which induced macrophage M2 polarization. KLHDC7B-DT overexpressed PDAC cells-primed macrophages promoted PDAC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. Blocking IL-6/STAT3 signaling reversed the effects of KLHDC7B-DT on macrophage M2 polarization and PDAC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. In conclusion, KLHDC7B-DT enhanced malignant behaviors of PDAC cells via IL-6-induced macrophage M2 polarization and IL-6-activated STAT3 signaling in PDAC cells. The cross-talk between PDAC cells and macrophages induced by KLHDC7B-DT represents potential therapeutic target for PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mu-Xing Li
- Department of General Surgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hang-Yan Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Chun-Hui Yuan
- Department of General Surgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhao-Lai Ma
- Department of General Surgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Jiang
- Department of General Surgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Li
- Department of General Surgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Dian-Rong Xiu
- Department of General Surgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
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Zhang GL, Gutter-Kapon L, Ilan N, Batool T, Singh K, Digre A, Luo Z, Sandler S, Shaked Y, Sanderson RD, Wang XM, Li JP, Vlodavsky I. Significance of host heparanase in promoting tumor growth and metastasis. Matrix Biol 2020; 93:25-42. [PMID: 32534153 PMCID: PMC7704762 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2020.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Heparanase, the sole heparan sulfate degrading endoglycosidase, regulates multiple biological activities that enhance tumor growth, angiogenesis and metastasis. Much of the impact of heparanase on tumor progression is related to its function in mediating tumor-host crosstalk, priming the tumor microenvironment to better support tumor growth and metastasis. We have utilized mice over-expressing (Hpa-tg) heparanase to reveal the role of host heparanase in tumor initiation, growth and metastasis. While in wild type mice tumor development in response to DMBA carcinogenesis was restricted to the mammary gland, Hpa-tg mice developed tumors also in their lungs and liver, associating with reduced survival of the tumor-bearing mice. Consistently, xenograft tumors (lymphoma, melanoma, lung carcinoma, pancreatic carcinoma) transplanted in Hpa-tg mice exhibited accelerated tumor growth and shorter survival of the tumor-bearing mice compared with wild type mice. Hpa-tg mice were also more prone to the development of metastases following intravenous or subcutaneous injection of tumor cells. In some models, the growth advantage was associated with infiltration of heparanase-high host cells into the tumors. However, in other models, heparanase-high host cells were not detected in the primary tumor, implying that the growth advantage in Hpa-tg mice is due to systemic factors. Indeed, we found that plasma from Hpa-tg mice enhanced tumor cell migration and invasion attributed to increased levels of pro-tumorigenic factors (i.e., RANKL, SPARC, MIP-2) in the plasma of Hpa-Tg vs. wild type mice. Furthermore, tumor aggressiveness and short survival time were demonstrated in wild type mice transplanted with bone marrow derived from Hpa-tg but not wild type mice. These results were attributed, among other factors, to upregulation of pro-tumorigenic (i.e., IL35+) and downregulation of anti-tumorigenic (i.e., IFN-γ+) T-cell subpopulations in the spleen, lymph nodes and blood of Hpa-tg vs. wild type mice and their increased infiltration into the primary tumor. Collectively, our results emphasize the significance of host heparanase in mediating the pro-tumorigenic and pro-metastatic interactions between the tumor cells and the host tumor microenvironment, immune cells and systemic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gan-Lin Zhang
- Oncology Department, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, SciLifeLab Uppsala, The Biomedical Center, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lilach Gutter-Kapon
- Technion Integrated Cancer Center, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, P. O. Box 9649, Technion, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Neta Ilan
- Technion Integrated Cancer Center, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, P. O. Box 9649, Technion, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Tahira Batool
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, SciLifeLab Uppsala, The Biomedical Center, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kailash Singh
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Andreas Digre
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, SciLifeLab Uppsala, The Biomedical Center, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Zhengkang Luo
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Stellan Sandler
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Yuval Shaked
- Technion Integrated Cancer Center, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, P. O. Box 9649, Technion, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Ralph D Sanderson
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Xiao-Min Wang
- Oncology Department, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| | - Jin-Ping Li
- Oncology Department, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, SciLifeLab Uppsala, The Biomedical Center, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Israel Vlodavsky
- Technion Integrated Cancer Center, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, P. O. Box 9649, Technion, Haifa 31096, Israel.
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Gnanasekaran J, Binder Gallimidi A, Saba E, Pandi K, Eli Berchoer L, Hermano E, Angabo S, Makkawi H, Khashan A, Daoud A, Elkin M, Nussbaum G. Intracellular Porphyromonas gingivalis Promotes the Tumorigenic Behavior of Pancreatic Carcinoma Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12082331. [PMID: 32824786 PMCID: PMC7465784 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12082331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis is a member of the dysbiotic oral microbiome associated with oral inflammation and periodontal disease. Intriguingly, epidemiological studies link P. gingivalis to an increased risk of pancreatic cancer. Given that oral bacteria are detected in human pancreatic cancer, and both mouse and human pancreata harbor microbiota, we explored the involvement of P. gingivalis in pancreatic tumorigenesis using cell lines and a xenograft model. Live P. gingivalis induced proliferation of pancreatic cancer cells; however, surprisingly, this effect was independent of Toll-like receptor 2, the innate immune receptor that is engaged in response to P. gingivalis on other cancer and immune cells, and is required for P. gingivalis to induce alveolar bone resorption. Instead, we found that P. gingivalis survives inside pancreatic cancer cells, a trait that can be enhanced in vitro and is increased by hypoxia, a central characteristic of pancreatic cancer. Increased tumor cell proliferation was related to the degree of intracellular persistence, and infection of tumor cells with P. gingivalis led to enhanced growth in vivo. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to demonstrate the direct effect of exposure to P. gingivalis on the tumorigenic behavior of pancreatic cancer cell lines. Our findings shed light on potential mechanisms underlying the pancreatic cancer–periodontitis link.
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Affiliation(s)
- JebaMercy Gnanasekaran
- The Institute of Dental Sciences, Hebrew University, Hadassah Faculty of Dental Medicine, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel; (J.G.); (A.B.G.); (E.S.); (K.P.); (L.E.B.); (S.A.); (H.M.); (A.K.); (A.D.)
| | - Adi Binder Gallimidi
- The Institute of Dental Sciences, Hebrew University, Hadassah Faculty of Dental Medicine, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel; (J.G.); (A.B.G.); (E.S.); (K.P.); (L.E.B.); (S.A.); (H.M.); (A.K.); (A.D.)
- Sharett Oncology Institute, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel;
| | - Elias Saba
- The Institute of Dental Sciences, Hebrew University, Hadassah Faculty of Dental Medicine, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel; (J.G.); (A.B.G.); (E.S.); (K.P.); (L.E.B.); (S.A.); (H.M.); (A.K.); (A.D.)
| | - Karthikeyan Pandi
- The Institute of Dental Sciences, Hebrew University, Hadassah Faculty of Dental Medicine, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel; (J.G.); (A.B.G.); (E.S.); (K.P.); (L.E.B.); (S.A.); (H.M.); (A.K.); (A.D.)
| | - Luba Eli Berchoer
- The Institute of Dental Sciences, Hebrew University, Hadassah Faculty of Dental Medicine, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel; (J.G.); (A.B.G.); (E.S.); (K.P.); (L.E.B.); (S.A.); (H.M.); (A.K.); (A.D.)
| | - Esther Hermano
- Sharett Oncology Institute, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel;
| | - Sarah Angabo
- The Institute of Dental Sciences, Hebrew University, Hadassah Faculty of Dental Medicine, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel; (J.G.); (A.B.G.); (E.S.); (K.P.); (L.E.B.); (S.A.); (H.M.); (A.K.); (A.D.)
| | - Hasna′a Makkawi
- The Institute of Dental Sciences, Hebrew University, Hadassah Faculty of Dental Medicine, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel; (J.G.); (A.B.G.); (E.S.); (K.P.); (L.E.B.); (S.A.); (H.M.); (A.K.); (A.D.)
| | - Arin Khashan
- The Institute of Dental Sciences, Hebrew University, Hadassah Faculty of Dental Medicine, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel; (J.G.); (A.B.G.); (E.S.); (K.P.); (L.E.B.); (S.A.); (H.M.); (A.K.); (A.D.)
| | - Alaa Daoud
- The Institute of Dental Sciences, Hebrew University, Hadassah Faculty of Dental Medicine, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel; (J.G.); (A.B.G.); (E.S.); (K.P.); (L.E.B.); (S.A.); (H.M.); (A.K.); (A.D.)
| | - Michael Elkin
- Sharett Oncology Institute, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel;
- Correspondence: (M.E.); (G.N.); Tel.: +972-2-6776782 (M.E.); +972-2-6758581 (G.N.)
| | - Gabriel Nussbaum
- The Institute of Dental Sciences, Hebrew University, Hadassah Faculty of Dental Medicine, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel; (J.G.); (A.B.G.); (E.S.); (K.P.); (L.E.B.); (S.A.); (H.M.); (A.K.); (A.D.)
- Correspondence: (M.E.); (G.N.); Tel.: +972-2-6776782 (M.E.); +972-2-6758581 (G.N.)
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15
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Khamaysi I, Hamo-Giladi DB, Abassi Z. Heparanase in Acute Pancreatitis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1221:703-719. [PMID: 32274733 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-34521-1_29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Acute pancreatitis (AP) is one of the most common diseases in gastroenterology, affecting 2% of all hospitalized patients. Nevertheless, neither the etiology nor the pathophysiology of the disease is fully characterized, and no specific or effective treatment has been developed. Heparanase (Hpa) is an endoglycosidase that cleaves heparan sulfate (HS) side chains of heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) into shorter oligosaccharides, activity that is highly implicated in cell invasion associated with cancer metastasis and inflammation. Given that AP is a typical inflammatory disease, we investigated whether Hpa plays a role in AP. Our results provide keen evidence that Hpa expression and activity are significantly increased following cerulein-induced AP in wild type mice. In parallel to the classic manifestations of AP, namely elevation of amylase and lipase levels, pancreas edema and inflammation as well as induction of cytokines and signaling molecules, have been detected in this experimental model of the disease. Noteworthy, these features were far more profound in transgenic mice overexpressing heparanase (Hpa-Tg), suggesting that these mice can be utilized as a model system to reveal the molecular mechanism by which Hpa functions in AP. Further support for the involvement of Hpa in the pathogenesis of AP emerged from our observation that treatment of experimental AP with PG545 or SST0001(= Ronepastat), two potent Hpa inhibitors, markedly attenuated the biochemical, histological and immunological manifestations of the disease. Hpa, therefore, emerges as a potential new target in AP, and Hpa inhibitors are hoped to prove beneficial in AP along with their promising efficacy as anti-cancer compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iyad Khamaysi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Advanced Endoscopy Procedures Unit, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel.
| | | | - Zaid Abassi
- Laboratory Medicine, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
- Department of Physiology, The Ruth & Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
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16
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Heparanase: Cloning, Function and Regulation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1221:189-229. [PMID: 32274711 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-34521-1_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In 2019, we mark the 20th anniversary of the cloning of the human heparanase gene. Heparanase remains the only known enzyme to cleave heparan sulfate, which is an abundant component of the extracellular matrix. Thus, elucidating the mechanisms underlying heparanase expression and activity is critical to understanding its role in healthy and pathological settings. This chapter provides a historical account of the race to clone the human heparanase gene, describes the intracellular and extracellular function of the enzyme, and explores the various mechanisms regulating heparanase expression and activity at the gene, transcript, and protein level.
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17
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El-Nadi M, Hassan H, Saleh ME, Nassar E, Ismail YM, Amer M, Greve B, Götte M, El-Shinawi M, Ibrahim SA. Induction of heparanase via IL-10 correlates with a high infiltration of CD163+ M2-type tumor-associated macrophages in inflammatory breast carcinomas. Matrix Biol Plus 2020; 6-7:100030. [PMID: 33543027 PMCID: PMC7852308 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbplus.2020.100030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) is the most aggressive and lethal form of breast cancer, characterized by a high infiltration of tumor-associated macrophages and poor prognosis. To identify new biomarkers and to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying IBC pathogenesis, we investigated the expression pattern of heparanase (HPSE) and its activator cathepsin L (CTSL). First, we quantitated the HPSE and CTSL mRNA levels in a cohort of breast cancer patients after curative surgery (20 IBC and 20-non-IBC). We discovered that both HPSE and CTSL mRNA levels were significantly induced in IBC tissue vis-à-vis non-IBC patients (p <0 .05 and p <0 .001, respectively). According to the molecular subtypes, HPSE mRNA levels were significantly higher in carcinoma tissues of triple negative (TN)-IBC as compared to TN-non-IBC (p <0 .05). Mechanistically, we discovered that pharmacological inhibition of HPSE activity resulted in a significant reduction of invasiveness in the IBC SUM149 cell line. Moreover, siRNA-mediated HPSE knockdown significantly downregulated the expression of the metastasis-related gene MMP2 and the cancer stem cell marker CD44. We also found that IBC tumors revealed robust heparanase immune-reactivity and CD163+ M2-type tumor-associated macrophages, with a positive correlation of both markers. Moreover, the secretome of axillary tributaries blood IBC CD14+ monocytes and the cytokine IL-10 significantly upregulated HPSE mRNA and protein expression in SUM149 cells. Intriguingly, massively elevated IL-10 mRNA expression with a trend of positive correlation with HPSE mRNA expression was detected in carcinoma tissue of IBC. Our findings highlight a possible role played by CD14+ monocytes and CD163+ M2-type tumor-associated macrophages in regulating HPSE expression possibly via IL-10. Overall, we suggest that heparanase, cathepsin L and CD14+ monocytes-derived IL-10 may play an important role in the pathogenesis of IBC and their targeting could have therapeutic implications.
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Key Words
- CD163+ M2-type tumor-associated macrophages
- CTSL, cathepsin L
- Cathepsin L
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- ER, estrogen receptor
- FFPE, Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded
- HER-2, human epidermal growth factor receptor-2
- HPSE, heparanase
- HSPGs, heparan sulfate proteoglycans
- Heparanase
- IBC, inflammatory breast cancer;
- IL-10
- IRB, Institutional Review Board
- Inflammatory breast cancer
- Invasion
- MMP2, matrix metalloproteinase2
- MTT, 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide
- OGT 2115, 2-[4-[[3-(4-Bromophenyl)-1-oxo-2-propenyl]amino]-3-fluorophenyl]-5-benzoxazoleacetic acid
- PR, progesterone receptor
- TAMs, tumor-associated macrophages
- TN, triple negative
- TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α
- Triple negative subtype
- qPCR, quantitative real-time PCR
- rh IL-10, recombinant human interleukin-10
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Affiliation(s)
- Mennatullah El-Nadi
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, 12613, Egypt
| | - Hebatallah Hassan
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, 12613, Egypt
| | - Moshira Ezzat Saleh
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, 12613, Egypt
| | - Eyyad Nassar
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Münster University Hospital, Münster, Germany
| | - Yahia Mahmoud Ismail
- Medical Oncology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo 11796, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Amer
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, 12613, Egypt
| | - Burkhard Greve
- Department of Radiotherapy-Radiooncology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Martin Götte
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Münster University Hospital, Münster, Germany
| | - Mohamed El-Shinawi
- Department of General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt
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Koliesnik IO, Kuipers HF, Medina CO, Zihsler S, Liu D, Van Belleghem JD, Bollyky PL. The Heparan Sulfate Mimetic PG545 Modulates T Cell Responses and Prevents Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity. Front Immunol 2020; 11:132. [PMID: 32117279 PMCID: PMC7015948 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The heparan sulfate mimetic PG545 (pixatimod) is under evaluation as an inhibitor of angiogenesis and metastasis including in human clinical trials. We have examined the effects of PG545 on lymphocyte phenotypes and function. We report that PG545 treatment suppresses effector T cell activation and polarizes T cells away from Th17 and Th1 and toward Foxp3+ regulatory T cell subsets in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, PG545 inhibits Erk1/2 signaling, a pathway known to affect both T cell activation and subset polarization. Interestingly, these effects are also observed in heparanase-deficient T cells, indicating that PG545 has effects that are independent of its role in heparanase inhibition. Consistent with these findings, administration of PG545 in a Th1/Th17-dependent mouse model of a delayed-type hypersensitivity led to reduced footpad inflammation, reduced Th17 memory cells, and an increase in FoxP3+ Treg proliferation. PG545 also promoted Foxp3+ Treg induction by human T cells. Finally, we examined the effects of other heparan sulfate mimetics PI-88 and PG562 on lymphocyte polarization and found that these likewise induced Foxp3+ Treg in vitro but did not reduce Th17 numbers or improve delayed-type hypersensitivity in this model. Together, these data indicate that PG545 is a potent inhibitor of Th1/Th17 effector functions and inducer of FoxP3+ Treg. These findings may inform the adaptation of PG545 for clinical applications including in inflammatory pathologies associated with type IV hypersensitivity responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ievgen O Koliesnik
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Beckman Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Hedwich F Kuipers
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Beckman Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States.,Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Carlos O Medina
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Beckman Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Svenja Zihsler
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Beckman Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Dan Liu
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Beckman Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Jonas D Van Belleghem
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Beckman Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Paul L Bollyky
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Beckman Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
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Role of Heparanase in Macrophage Activation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1221:445-460. [PMID: 32274721 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-34521-1_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages represent one of the most diverse immunocyte populations, constantly shifting between various phenotypes/functional states. In addition to execution of vital functions in normal physiological conditions, macrophages represent a key contributing factor in the pathogenesis of some of the most challenging diseases, such as chronic inflammatory disorders, diabetes and its complications, and cancer. Macrophage polarization studies focus primarily on cytokine-mediated mechanisms. However, to explore the full spectrum of macrophage action, additional, non-cytokine pathways responsible for altering macrophage phenotype have to be taken into consideration as well. Heparanase, the only known mammalian endoglycosidase that cleaves heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycans, has been shown to contribute to the altered macrophage phenotypes in vitro and in numerous animal models of inflammatory conditions, occurring either in the presence of microbial products or in the setting of non-infectious "aseptic" inflammation. Here we discuss the involvement of heparanase in shaping macrophage responses and provide information that may help to establish the rationale for heparanase-targeting interventions aimed at preventing abnormal macrophage activation in various disorders.
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Heparanase Inhibition by Pixatimod (PG545): Basic Aspects and Future Perspectives. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1221:539-565. [PMID: 32274726 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-34521-1_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Pixatimod is an inhibitor of heparanase, a protein which promotes cancer via its regulation of the extracellular environment by enzymatic cleavage of heparan sulfate (HS) and non-enzymatic signaling. Through its inhibition of heparanase and other HS-binding signaling proteins, pixatimod blocks a number of pro-cancerous processes including cell proliferation, invasion, metastasis, angiogenesis and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Several laboratories have found that these activities have translated into potent activity using a range of different mouse cancer models, including approximately 30 xenograft and 20 syngeneic models. Analyses of biological samples from these studies have confirmed the heparanase targeting of this agent in vivo and the broad spectrum of anti-cancer effects that heparanase blockade achieves. Pixatimod has been tested in combination with a number of approved anti-cancer drugs demonstrating its clinical potential, including with gemcitabine, paclitaxel, sorafenib, platinum agents and an anti-PD-1 antibody. Clinical testing has shown pixatimod to be well tolerated as a monotherapy, and it is currently being investigated in combination with the anti-PD-1 drug nivolumab in a pancreatic cancer phase I trial.
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Vlodavsky I, Sanderson RD, Ilan N. Forty Years of Basic and Translational Heparanase Research. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1221:3-59. [PMID: 32274705 PMCID: PMC7142273 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-34521-1_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes key developments in the heparanase field obtained 20 years prior to cloning of the HPSE gene and nearly 20 years after its cloning. Of the numerous publications and review articles focusing on heparanase, we have selected those that best reflect the progression in the field as well as those we regard important accomplishments with preference to studies performed by scientists and groups that contributed to this book. Apart from a general 'introduction' and 'concluding remarks', the abstracts of these studies are presented essentially as published along the years. We apologize for not being objective and not being able to include some of the most relevant abstracts and references, due to space limitation. Heparanase research can be divided into two eras. The first, initiated around 1975, dealt with identifying the enzyme, establishing the relevant assay systems and investigating its biological activities and significance in cancer and other pathologies. Studies performed during the first area are briefly introduced in a layman style followed by the relevant abstracts presented chronologically, essentially as appears in PubMed. The second era started in 1999 when the heparanase gene was independently cloned by 4 research groups [1-4]. As expected, cloning of the heparanase gene boosted heparanase research by virtue of the readily available recombinant enzyme, molecular probes, and anti-heparanase antibodies. Studies performed during the second area are briefly introduced followed by selected abstracts of key findings, arranged according to specific topics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israel Vlodavsky
- Technion Integrated Cancer Center (TICC) Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Haifa Israel
| | - Ralph D. Sanderson
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL USA
| | - Neta Ilan
- Technion Integrated Cancer Center (TICC) Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Haifa Israel
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Goldberg R, Meirovitz A, Abecassis A, Hermano E, Rubinstein AM, Nahmias D, Grinshpun A, Peretz T, Elkin M. Regulation of Heparanase in Diabetes-Associated Pancreatic Carcinoma. Front Oncol 2019; 9:1405. [PMID: 31921662 PMCID: PMC6914686 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.01405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
While at least six types of cancer have been associated with diabetes, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) and diabetes exhibit a unique bidirectional relationship. Recent reports indicate that majority of PDAC patients display hyperglycemia, and ~50% have concurrent diabetes. In turn, hyperglycemic/diabetic state in PDAC patients fosters enhanced growth and dissemination of the tumor. Heparanase enzyme (the sole mammalian endoglycosidase degrading glycosaminoglycan heparan sulfate) is tightly implicated in PDAC progression, aggressiveness, and therapy resistance. Overexpression of heparanase is a characteristic feature of PDAC, correlating with poor prognosis. However, given the lack of heparanase expression in normal pancreatic tissue, the regulatory mechanisms responsible for induction of the enzyme in PDAC have remained largely unknown. Previously reported inducibility of heparanase gene by diabetic milieu components in several non-cancerous cell types prompted us to hypothesize that in the setting of diabetes-associated PDAC, hyperglycemic state may induce heparanase overexpression. Here, utilizing a mouse model of diet-induced metabolic syndrome/diabetes, we found accelerated PDAC progression in hyperglycemic mice, occurring along with induction of heparanase in PDAC. In vitro, we demonstrated that advanced glycation end-products (AGE), which are largely thought as oxidative derivatives resulting from chronic hyperglycemia, and the receptor for AGE (RAGE) are responsible for heparanase induction in PDAC cells. These findings underscore the new mechanism underlying preferential expression of heparanase in pancreatic cancer. Moreover, taken together with the well-established causal role of the enzyme in PDAC progression, our findings indicate that heparanase may sustain (at least in part) reciprocal causality between diabetes and pancreatic tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Goldberg
- Sharett Oncology Institute, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Amichay Meirovitz
- Sharett Oncology Institute, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Alexia Abecassis
- Sharett Oncology Institute, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Esther Hermano
- Sharett Oncology Institute, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ariel M Rubinstein
- Sharett Oncology Institute, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Daniela Nahmias
- Sharett Oncology Institute, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Albert Grinshpun
- Sharett Oncology Institute, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Tamar Peretz
- Sharett Oncology Institute, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Michael Elkin
- Sharett Oncology Institute, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
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23
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Masola V, Zaza G, Gambaro G, Franchi M, Onisto M. Role of heparanase in tumor progression: Molecular aspects and therapeutic options. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 62:86-98. [PMID: 31348993 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Heparanase (HPSE) is an endoglycosidase that catalyses the cutting of the side chains of heparan-sulphate proteoglycans (HS), thus determining the remodelling of the extracellular matrix and basement membranes, as well as promoting the release of different HS-related molecules as growth factors, cytokines and enzymes. Ever since the HPSE was identified in the late 1980s, several experimental studies have shown that its overexpression was instrumental in increasing tumor growth, metastatic dissemination, angiogenesis and inflammation. More recently, HPSE involvment has also been demonstrated in mediating tumor-host crosstalk, in inducing gene transcription, in the activation of signaling pathways and in the formation of exosomes and in autophagy. All of these activities (enzymatic and non-enzymatic) together make heparanase a multifunctional molecule that increases the aggressiveness and chemo-resistance of tumor cells. Conversely, heparanase gene-silencing or tumor treatment with compounds that inhibit heparanase activity have been shown to significantly attenuate tumor progression in different animal models of tumorigenesis, further emphasizing the therapeutic potential of anti-heparanase therapy for several types of neoplasms. This review focuses on present knowledge and recent development in the study of heparanase in cancer progression as well as on novel mechanisms by which heparanase regulates tumor metastasis and chemo-resistance. Moreover, recent advances in strategies for its inhibition as a potential therapeutic option will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Masola
- Dept. of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35121, Padova, Italy; Dept. of Medicine, University of Verona, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Zaza
- Dept. of Medicine, University of Verona, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | | | - Marco Franchi
- Dept. of Life Quality Sciences, University of Bologna, Corso D'Augusto 237, 47921, Rimini, Italy
| | - Maurizio Onisto
- Dept. of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35121, Padova, Italy.
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24
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The relationship between pancreatic cancer and hypercoagulability: a comprehensive review on epidemiological and biological issues. Br J Cancer 2019; 121:359-371. [PMID: 31327867 PMCID: PMC6738049 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-019-0510-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
It has long been recognised that pancreatic cancer induces a hypercoagulable state that may lead to clinically apparent thrombosis. Although the relationship between pancreatic cancer and hypercoagulability is well described, the underlying pathological mechanism(s) and the interplay between these pathways remain a matter of intensive study. This review summarises existing data on epidemiology and pathogenesis of thrombotic complications in pancreatic cancer with a particular emphasis on novel pathophysiological pathways. Pancreatic cancer is characterised by high tumoural expression of tissue factor, activation of leukocytes with the release of neutrophil extracellular traps, the dissemination of tumour-derived microvesicles that promote hypercoagulability and increased platelet activation. Furthermore, other coagulation pathways probably contribute to these processes, such as those that involve heparanase, podoplanin and hypofibrinolysis. In the era in which heparin and its derivatives—the currently recommended therapy for cancer-associated thrombosis—might be superseded by direct oral anticoagulants, novel data from mouse models of cancer-associated thrombosis suggest the possibility of future personalised therapeutic approaches. In this dynamic era for cancer-associated thrombosis, the discovery of novel prothrombotic and proinflammatory mechanisms will potentially uncover pharmacological targets to prevent and treat thrombosis without adversely affecting haemostasis.
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25
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Mayfosh AJ, Baschuk N, Hulett MD. Leukocyte Heparanase: A Double-Edged Sword in Tumor Progression. Front Oncol 2019; 9:331. [PMID: 31110966 PMCID: PMC6501466 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparanase is a β-D-endoglucuronidase that cleaves heparan sulfate, a complex glycosaminoglycan found ubiquitously throughout mammalian cells and tissues. Heparanase has been strongly associated with important pathological processes including inflammatory disease and tumor metastasis, through its ability to promote various cellular functions such as cell migration, invasion, adhesion, and cytokine release. A number of cell types express heparanase including leukocytes, cells of the vasculature as well as tumor cells. However, the relative contribution of heparanase from these different cell sources to these processes is poorly defined. It is now well-established that the immune system plays a critical role in shaping tumor progression. Intriguingly, leukocyte-derived heparanase has been shown to either assist or impede tumor progression, depending on the setting. This review covers our current knowledge of heparanase in immune regulation of tumor progression, as well as the potential applications and implications of exploiting or inhibiting heparanase in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyce J Mayfosh
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Nikola Baschuk
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Mark D Hulett
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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26
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Lankadasari MB, Mukhopadhyay P, Mohammed S, Harikumar KB. TAMing pancreatic cancer: combat with a double edged sword. Mol Cancer 2019; 18:48. [PMID: 30925924 PMCID: PMC6441154 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-019-0966-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Among all the deadly cancers, pancreatic cancer ranks seventh in mortality. The absence of any grave symptoms coupled with the unavailability of early prognostic and diagnostic markers make the disease incurable in most of the cases. This leads to a late diagnosis, where the disease would have aggravated and thus, incurable. Only around 20% of the cases present the early disease diagnosis. Surgical resection is the prime option available for curative local disease but in the case of advanced cancer, chemotherapy is the standard treatment modality although the patients end up with drug resistance and severe side effects. Desmoplasia plays a very important role in chemoresistance associated with pancreatic cancer and consists of a thick scar tissue around the tumor comprised of different cell populations. The interplay between this heterogenous population in the tumor microenvironment results in sustained tumor growth and metastasis. Accumulating evidences expose the crucial role played by the tumor-associated macrophages in pancreatic cancer and this review briefly presents the origin from their parent lineage and the importance in maintaining tumor hallmarks. Finally we have tried to address their role in imparting chemoresistance and the therapeutic interventions leading to reduced tumor burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manendra Babu Lankadasari
- Cancer Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology (RGCB), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala State, 695014, India.,Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, India
| | - Pramiti Mukhopadhyay
- Cancer Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology (RGCB), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala State, 695014, India.,Present address: Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Sabira Mohammed
- Cancer Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology (RGCB), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala State, 695014, India.,Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, India
| | - Kuzhuvelil B Harikumar
- Cancer Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology (RGCB), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala State, 695014, India.
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27
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Grizzi F, Fiorino S, Qehajaj D, Fornelli A, Russo C, de Biase D, Masetti M, Mastrangelo L, Zanello M, Lombardi R, Domanico A, Accogli E, Tura A, Mirandola L, Chiriva-Internati M, Bresalier RS, Jovine E, Leandri P, Di Tommaso L. Computer-aided assessment of the extra-cellular matrix during pancreatic carcinogenesis: a pilot study. J Transl Med 2019; 17:61. [PMID: 30819202 PMCID: PMC6393991 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-019-1817-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A hallmark of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is the desmoplastic reaction, but its impact on the tumor behavior remains controversial. Our aim was to introduce a computer -aided method to precisely quantify the amount of pancreatic collagenic extra-cellular matrix, its spatial distribution pattern, and the degradation process. METHODS A series of normal, inflammatory and neoplastic pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded Sirius red stained sections were automatically digitized and analyzed using a computer-aided method. RESULTS We found a progressive increase of pancreatic collagenic extra-cellular matrix from normal to the inflammatory and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. The two-dimensional fractal dimension showed a significant difference in the collagenic extra-cellular matrix spatial complexity between normal versus inflammatory and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. A significant difference when comparing the number of cycles necessary to degrade the pancreatic collagenic extra-cellular matrix in normal versus inflammatory and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma was also found. The difference between inflammatory and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma was also significant. Furthermore, the mean velocity of collagenic extra-cellular matrix degradation was found to be faster in inflammatory and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma than in normal. CONCLUSION These findings demonstrate that inflammatory and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas are characterized by an increased amount of pancreatic collagenic extra-cellular matrix and by changes in their spatial complexity and degradation. Our study defines new features about the pancreatic collagenic extra-cellular matrix, and represents a basis for further investigations into the clinical behavior of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and the development of therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Grizzi
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center—IRCCS, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
- Humanitas University, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
- Histology Core, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center—IRCCS, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Sirio Fiorino
- Internal Medicine Unit, Maggiore Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Dorina Qehajaj
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center—IRCCS, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Adele Fornelli
- Anatomic Pathology Service, Maggiore Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Carlo Russo
- “Michele Rodriguez” Foundation-Institute for Quantitative Measures in Medicine, Milan, Italy
| | - Dario de Biase
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBiT), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Andrea Domanico
- Ultrasound Center Internal Medicine A, Maggiore Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Esterita Accogli
- Ultrasound Center Internal Medicine A, Maggiore Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | | | | | - Maurizio Chiriva-Internati
- Kiromic Biopharma, Inc., Houston, TX USA
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, Division of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer, Houston, TX USA
| | - Robert S. Bresalier
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, Division of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer, Houston, TX USA
| | - Elio Jovine
- Surgery Unit, Maggiore Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Paolo Leandri
- Internal Medicine Unit, Maggiore Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Luca Di Tommaso
- Humanitas University, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
- Department of Pathology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center—IRCCS, Rozzano, Milano, Italy
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28
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Lanzi C, Cassinelli G. Heparan Sulfate Mimetics in Cancer Therapy: The Challenge to Define Structural Determinants and the Relevance of Targets for Optimal Activity. Molecules 2018; 23:E2915. [PMID: 30413079 PMCID: PMC6278363 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23112915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Beyond anticoagulation, the therapeutic potential of heparin derivatives and heparan sulfate (HS) mimetics (functionally defined HS mimetics) in oncology is related to their ability to bind and modulate the function of a vast array of HS-binding proteins with pivotal roles in cancer growth and progression. The definition of structural/functional determinants and the introduction of chemical modifications enabled heparin derivatives to be identified with greatly reduced or absent anticoagulant activity, but conserved/enhanced anticancer activity. These studies paved the way for the disclosure of structural requirements for the inhibitory effects of HS mimetics on heparanase, selectins, and growth factor receptor signaling, as well as for the limitation of side effects. Actually, HS mimetics affect the tumor biological behavior via a multi-target mechanism of action based on their effects on tumor cells and various components of the tumor microenvironment. Emerging evidence indicates that immunomodulation can participate in the antitumor activity of these agents. Significant ability to enhance the antitumor effects of combination treatments with standard therapies was shown in several tumor models. While the first HS mimetics are undergoing early clinical evaluation, an improved understanding of the molecular contexts favoring the antitumor action in certain malignancies or subgroups is needed to fully exploit their potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Lanzi
- Molecular Pharmacology Unit, Department of Applied Research and Technological Development, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Giuliana Cassinelli
- Molecular Pharmacology Unit, Department of Applied Research and Technological Development, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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29
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Tan B, Shi X, Zhang J, Qin J, Zhang N, Ren H, Qian M, Siwko S, Carmon K, Liu Q, Han H, Du B, Liu M. Inhibition of Rspo-Lgr4 Facilitates Checkpoint Blockade Therapy by Switching Macrophage Polarization. Cancer Res 2018; 78:4929-4942. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-0152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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30
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Hammond E, Haynes NM, Cullinane C, Brennan TV, Bampton D, Handley P, Karoli T, Lanksheer F, Lin L, Yang Y, Dredge K. Immunomodulatory activities of pixatimod: emerging nonclinical and clinical data, and its potential utility in combination with PD-1 inhibitors. J Immunother Cancer 2018; 6:54. [PMID: 29898788 PMCID: PMC6000956 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-018-0363-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pixatimod (PG545) is a novel clinical-stage immunomodulatory agent capable of inhibiting the infiltration of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) yet also stimulate dendritic cells (DCs), leading to activation of natural killer (NK) cells. Preclinically, pixatimod inhibits heparanase (HPSE) which may be associated with its inhibitory effect on TAMs whereas its immunostimulatory activity on DCs is through the MyD88-dependent TLR9 pathway. Pixatimod recently completed a Phase Ia monotherapy trial in advanced cancer patients. METHODS To characterize the safety of pixatimod administered by intravenous (IV) infusion, a one month toxicology study was conducted to support a Phase Ia monotherapy clinical trial. The relative exposure (AUC) of pixatimod across relevant species was determined and the influence of route of administration on the immunomodulatory activity was also evaluated. Finally, the potential utility of pixatimod in combination with PD-1 inhibition was also investigated using the syngeneic 4T1.2 breast cancer model. RESULTS The nonclinical safety profile revealed that the main toxicities associated with pixatimod are elevated cholesterol, triglycerides, APTT, decreased platelets and other changes symptomatic of modulating the immune system such as pyrexia, changes in WBC subsets, inflammatory changes in liver, spleen and kidney. Though adverse events such as fever, elevated cholesterol and triglycerides were reported in the Phase Ia trial, none were considered dose limiting toxicities and the compound was well tolerated up to 100 mg via IV infusion. Exposure (AUC) up to 100 mg was considered proportional with some accumulation upon repeated dosing, a phenomenon also noted in the toxicology study. The immunomodulatory activity of pixatimod was independent of the route of administration and it enhanced the effectiveness of PD-1 inhibition in a poorly immunogenic tumor model. CONCLUSIONS Pixatimod modulates innate immune cells but also enhances T cell infiltration in combination with anti-PD-1 therapy. The safety and PK profile of the compound supports its ongoing development in a Phase Ib study for advanced cancer/pancreatic adenocarcinoma with the checkpoint inhibitor nivolumab (Opdivo®). TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02042781 . First posted: 23 January, 2014 - Retrospectively registered.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicole M Haynes
- 0000000403978434grid.1055.1Division of Cancer ResearchPeter MacCallum Cancer Centre 3000 Melbourne VIC Australia
- 0000 0001 2179 088Xgrid.1008.9Sir Peter MacCallum Department of OncologyUniversity of Melbourne 3052 Parkville VIC Australia
| | - Carleen Cullinane
- 0000000403978434grid.1055.1Division of Cancer ResearchPeter MacCallum Cancer Centre 3000 Melbourne VIC Australia
- 0000 0001 2179 088Xgrid.1008.9Sir Peter MacCallum Department of OncologyUniversity of Melbourne 3052 Parkville VIC Australia
| | - Todd V Brennan
- 0000000100241216grid.189509.cDepartment of SurgeryDuke University Medical Center 27710 Durham North Carolina USA
| | | | | | - Tomislav Karoli
- Zucero Therapeutics 4076 Brisbane QLD Australia
- Present address: Novasep Kalkstrasse 218 51377 Leverkusen Germany
| | - Fleur Lanksheer
- Progen Pharmaceuticals 4076 Brisbane QLD Australia
- 0000 0000 8831 109Xgrid.266842.cPresent address: School of Humanities and Social ScienceThe University of Newcastle Newcastle NSW Australia
| | - Liwen Lin
- 0000000100241216grid.189509.cDepartment of SurgeryDuke University Medical Center 27710 Durham North Carolina USA
| | - Yiping Yang
- 0000000100241216grid.189509.cDepartments of Medicine and ImmunologyDuke University Medical Center 27710 Durham North Carolina USA
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31
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Dredge K, Brennan TV, Hammond E, Lickliter JD, Lin L, Bampton D, Handley P, Lankesheer F, Morrish G, Yang Y, Brown MP, Millward M. A Phase I study of the novel immunomodulatory agent PG545 (pixatimod) in subjects with advanced solid tumours. Br J Cancer 2018. [PMID: 29531325 PMCID: PMC5931096 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-018-0006-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background PG545 (pixatimod) is a novel immunomodulatory agent, which has been demonstrated to stimulate innate immune responses against tumours in preclinical cancer models. Methods This Phase I study investigated the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and preliminary efficacy of PG545 monotherapy. Escalating doses of PG545 were administered to patients with advanced solid malignancies as a weekly 1-h intravenous infusion. Results Twenty-three subjects were enrolled across four cohorts (25, 50, 100 and 150 mg). Three dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs)—hypertension (2), epistaxis (1)—occurred in the 150 mg cohort. No DLTs were noted in the 100 mg cohort, which was identified as the maximum-tolerated dose. No objective responses were reported. Best response was stable disease up to 24 weeks, with the disease control rate in evaluable subjects of 38%. Exposure was proportional up to 100 mg and mean half-life was 141 h. The pharmacodynamic data revealed increases in innate immune cell activation, plasma IFNγ, TNFα, IP-10 and MCP-1. Conclusion PG545 demonstrated a tolerable safety profile, proportional PK, evidence of immune cell stimulation and disease control in some subjects. Taken together, these data support the proposed mechanism of action, which represents a promising approach for use in combination with existing therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Todd V Brennan
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | | | - Liwen Lin
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | | | - Fleur Lankesheer
- Progen Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,School of Humanities and Social Science, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Yiping Yang
- Departments of Medicine and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Michael P Brown
- Cancer Clinical Trials Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital; Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia; Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Michael Millward
- Linear Clinical Research; Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, University of Western Australia, WA, Perth, Australia
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32
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Cui R, Yue W, Lattime EC, Stein MN, Xu Q, Tan XL. Targeting tumor-associated macrophages to combat pancreatic cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 7:50735-50754. [PMID: 27191744 PMCID: PMC5226617 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment is replete with cells that evolve with and provide support to tumor cells during the transition to malignancy. The hijacking of the immune system in the pancreatic tumor microenvironment is suggested to contribute to the failure to date to produce significant improvements in pancreatic cancer survival by various chemotherapeutics. Regulatory T cells, myeloid derived suppressor cells, and fibroblasts, all of which constitute a complex ecology microenvironment, can suppress CD8+ T cells and NK cells, thus inhibiting effector immune responses. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) are versatile immune cells that can express different functional programs in response to stimuli in tumor microenvironment at different stages of pancreatic cancer development. TAM have been implicated in suppression of anti-tumorigenic immune responses, promotion of cancer cell proliferation, stimulation of tumor angiogenesis and extracellular matrix breakdown, and subsequent enhancement of tumor invasion and metastasis. Many emerging agents that have demonstrated efficacy in combating other types of tumors via modulation of macrophages in tumor microenvironments are, however, only marginally studied for pancreatic cancer prevention and treatment. A better understanding of the paradoxical roles of TAM in pancreatic cancer may pave the way to novel preventive and therapeutic approaches. Here we give an overview of the recruitment and differentiation of macrophages, TAM and pancreatic cancer progression and prognosis, as well as the potential preventive and therapeutic targets that interact with TAM for pancreatic cancer prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Cui
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, P. R. China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Wen Yue
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Edmund C Lattime
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Mark N Stein
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Qing Xu
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Xiang-Lin Tan
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
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33
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Vlodavsky I, Gross-Cohen M, Weissmann M, Ilan N, Sanderson RD. Opposing Functions of Heparanase-1 and Heparanase-2 in Cancer Progression. Trends Biochem Sci 2017; 43:18-31. [PMID: 29162390 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2017.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Heparanase, the sole heparan sulfate (HS)-degrading endoglycosidase, regulates multiple biological activities that enhance tumor growth, metastasis, angiogenesis, and inflammation. Heparanase accomplishes this by degrading HS and thereby regulating the bioavailability of heparin-binding proteins; priming the tumor microenvironment; mediating tumor-host crosstalk; and inducing gene transcription, signaling pathways, exosome formation, and autophagy that together promote tumor cell performance and chemoresistance. By contrast, heparanase-2, a close homolog of heparanase, lacks enzymatic activity, inhibits heparanase activity, and regulates selected genes that promote normal differentiation, endoplasmic reticulum stress, tumor fibrosis, and apoptosis, together resulting in tumor suppression. The emerging premise is that heparanase is a master regulator of the aggressive phenotype of cancer, while heparanase-2 functions as a tumor suppressor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israel Vlodavsky
- Technion Integrated Cancer Center, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa 31096, Israel.
| | - Miriam Gross-Cohen
- Technion Integrated Cancer Center, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Marina Weissmann
- Technion Integrated Cancer Center, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Neta Ilan
- Technion Integrated Cancer Center, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Ralph D Sanderson
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Pathology, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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Goldberg R, Sonnenblick A, Hermano E, Hamburger T, Meirovitz A, Peretz T, Elkin M. Heparanase augments insulin receptor signaling in breast carcinoma. Oncotarget 2017; 8:19403-19412. [PMID: 28038446 PMCID: PMC5386693 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, growing interest in the potential link between metabolic disorders (i.e., diabetes, obesity, metabolic syndrome) and breast cancer has mounted, including studies which indicate that diabetic/hyperinsulinemic women have a significantly higher risk of bearing breast tumors that are more aggressive and associated with higher death rates. Insulin signaling is regarded as a major contributor to this phenomenon; much less is known about the role of heparan sulfate-degrading enzyme heparanase in the link between metabolic disorders and cancer.In the present study we analyzed clinical samples of breast carcinoma derived from diabetic/non-diabetic patients, and investigated effects of heparanase on insulin signaling in breast carcinoma cell lines, as well as insulin-driven growth of breast tumor cells.We demonstrate that heparanase activity leads to enhanced insulin signaling and activation of downstream tumor-promoting pathways in breast carcinoma cells. In agreement, heparanase enhances insulin-induced proliferation of breast tumor cells in vitro. Moreover, analyzing clinical data from diabetic breast carcinoma patients, we found that concurrent presence of both diabetic state and heparanase in tumor tissue (as opposed to either condition alone) was associated with more aggressive phenotype of breast tumors in the patient cohort analyzed in our study (two-sided Fisher's exact test; p=0.04). Our findings highlight the emerging role of heparanase in powering effect of hyperinsulinemic state on breast tumorigenesis and imply that heparanase targeting, which is now under intensive development/clinical testing, could be particularly efficient in a growing fraction of breast carcinoma patients suffering from metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Goldberg
- Sharett Institute, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Amir Sonnenblick
- Sharett Institute, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Esther Hermano
- Sharett Institute, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Tamar Hamburger
- Sharett Institute, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Amichay Meirovitz
- Sharett Institute, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Tamar Peretz
- Sharett Institute, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Michael Elkin
- Sharett Institute, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
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Liu Q, Liao Q, Zhao Y. Chemotherapy and tumor microenvironment of pancreatic cancer. Cancer Cell Int 2017; 17:68. [PMID: 28694739 PMCID: PMC5498917 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-017-0437-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is an extremely dismal malignance. Chemotherapy has been widely applied to treat this intractable tumor. It has exclusive tumor microenvironment (TME), characterized by dense desmoplasia and profound infiltrations of immunosuppressive cells. Interactions between stromal cells and cancer cells play vital roles to affect the biological behaviors of pancreatic cancer. Targeting the stromal components of pancreatic cancer has shown promising results. In addition to the direct toxic effects of chemotherapeutic drugs on cancer cells, they can also remodel the TME, eventually affecting their efficacy. Herein, we reviewed the following four aspects; (1) clinical landmark advances of chemotherapy in pancreatic cancer, since 2000; (2) interactions and mechanisms between stromal cells and pancreatic cancer cells; (3) remodeling effects and mechanisms of chemotherapy on TME; (4) targeting stromal components in pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaofei Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 1# Shuai Fu Yuan, Dong Dan District, Beijing, 100730 China
| | - Quan Liao
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 1# Shuai Fu Yuan, Dong Dan District, Beijing, 100730 China
| | - Yupei Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 1# Shuai Fu Yuan, Dong Dan District, Beijing, 100730 China
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Liou GY, Bastea L, Fleming A, Döppler H, Edenfield BH, Dawson DW, Zhang L, Bardeesy N, Storz P. The Presence of Interleukin-13 at Pancreatic ADM/PanIN Lesions Alters Macrophage Populations and Mediates Pancreatic Tumorigenesis. Cell Rep 2017; 19:1322-1333. [PMID: 28514653 PMCID: PMC5510483 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.04.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The contributions of the innate immune system to the development of pancreatic cancer are still ill defined. Inflammatory macrophages can initiate metaplasia of pancreatic acinar cells to a duct-like phenotype (acinar-to-ductal metaplasia [ADM]), which then gives rise to pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN) when oncogenic KRas is present. However, it remains unclear when and how this inflammatory macrophage population is replaced by tumor-promoting macrophages. Here, we demonstrate the presence of interleukin-13 (IL-13), which can convert inflammatory into Ym1+ alternatively activated macrophages, at ADM/PanIN lesions. We further show that Ym1+ macrophages release factors, such as IL-1ra and CCL2, to drive pancreatic fibrogenesis and tumorigenesis. Treatment of mice expressing oncogenic KRas under an acinar cell-specific promoter with a neutralizing antibody for IL-13 significantly decreased the accumulation of alternatively activated macrophages at these lesions, resulting in decreased fibrosis and lesion growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geou-Yarh Liou
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Ligia Bastea
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Alicia Fleming
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Heike Döppler
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | | | - David W Dawson
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Lizhi Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Nabeel Bardeesy
- Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02115 MA, USA
| | - Peter Storz
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic cancer is a rapidly fatal disease with gemcitabine remaining the first-line therapy. We performed a genotype-phenotype association study to identify biomarkers for predicting gemcitabine treatment outcome. MATERIALS AND METHODS We selected the top 200 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) identified from our previous genome-wide association study to associate with overall survival using 400 patients treated with/or without gemcitabine, followed by imputation analysis for regions around the identified SNPs and a replication study using an additional 537 patients by the TaqMan genotyping assay. Functional validation was performed using quantitative reverse transcription-PCR for gemcitabine-induced expression in genotyped lymphoblastoid cell lines and siRNA knockdown for candidate genes in pancreatic cancer cell lines. RESULTS Four SNPs in chromosome 1, 3, 9, and 20 showed an interaction with gemcitabine from the discovery cohort of 400 patients (P<0.01). Subsequently, we selected those four genotyped plus four imputed SNPs for SNP×gemcitabine interaction analysis using the secondary validation cohort. Two imputed SNPs in CDH4 and KRT8P35 showed a trend in interaction with gemcitabine treatment. The lymphoblastoid cell lines with the variant sequences showed increased CDH4 expression compared with the wild-type cells after gemcitabine exposure. Knockdown of CDH4 significantly desensitized pancreatic cancer cells to gemcitabine cytotoxicity. The CDH4 SNPs that interacted with treatment are more predictive than prognostic. CONCLUSION We identified SNPs with gemcitabine-dependent effects on overall survival. CDH4 might contribute to variations in gemcitabine response. These results might help us to better predict gemcitabine response in pancreatic cancer.
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The Role of Heparanase in the Pathogenesis of Acute Pancreatitis: A Potential Therapeutic Target. Sci Rep 2017; 7:715. [PMID: 28386074 PMCID: PMC5429646 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00715-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute pancreatitis (AP) is one of the most common diseases in gastroenterology. However, neither the etiology nor the pathophysiology of the disease is fully understood and no specific or effective treatment has been developed. Heparanase is an endoglycosidase that cleaves heparan sulfate (HS) side chains of HS sulfate proteoglycans into shorter oligosaccharides, activity that is highly implicated in cellular invasion associated with cancer metastasis and inflammation. Given that AP involves a strong inflammatory aspect, we examined whether heparanase plays a role in AP. Here, we provide evidence that pancreatic heparanase expression and activity are significantly increased following cerulein treatment. Moreover, pancreas edema and inflammation, as well as the induction of cytokines and signaling molecules following cerulein treatment were attenuated markedly by heparanase inhibitors, implying that heparanase plays a significant role in AP. Notably, all the above features appear even more pronounced in transgenic mice over expressing heparanase, suggesting that these mice can be utilized as a sensitive model system to reveal the molecular mechanism by which heparanase functions in AP. Heparanase, therefore, emerges as a potential new target in AP, and heparanase inhibitors, now in phase I/II clinical trials in cancer patients, are hoped to prove beneficial also in AP.
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Sanderson RD, Elkin M, Rapraeger AC, Ilan N, Vlodavsky I. Heparanase regulation of cancer, autophagy and inflammation: new mechanisms and targets for therapy. FEBS J 2017; 284:42-55. [PMID: 27758044 PMCID: PMC5226874 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Because of its impact on multiple biological pathways, heparanase has emerged as a major regulator of cancer, inflammation and other disease processes. Heparanase accomplishes this by degrading heparan sulfate which regulates the abundance and location of heparin-binding growth factors thereby influencing multiple signaling pathways that control gene expression, syndecan shedding and cell behavior. In addition, heparanase can act via nonenzymatic mechanisms that directly activate signaling at the cell surface. Clinical trials testing heparanase inhibitors as anticancer therapeutics are showing early signs of efficacy in patients further emphasizing the biological importance of this enzyme. This review focuses on recent developments in the field of heparanase regulation of cancer and inflammation, including the impact of heparanase on exosomes and autophagy, and novel mechanisms whereby heparanase regulates tumor metastasis, angiogenesis and chemoresistance. In addition, the ongoing development of heparanase inhibitors and their potential for treating cancer and inflammation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph D. Sanderson
- Department of Pathology; Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Michael Elkin
- Sharett Oncology Institute, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Alan C. Rapraeger
- Department of Human Oncology, Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research, Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Neta Ilan
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Israel Vlodavsky
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
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Lv Q, Zeng J, He L. The advancements of heparanase in fibrosis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND GENETICS 2016; 7:137-140. [PMID: 28078057 PMCID: PMC5218871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Fibrosis is the endpoint in many chronic inflammatory diseases and is defined as an abnormal accumulation of extracellular matrix components. Fibrosis can affect almost any tissue, especially heart, lung, liver, and kidney, and numerous studies have been conducted to find satisfactory treatments. Since heparanase is a kind of endo-β-D-glucuronidase that is capable of cleaving heparan sulfate side chains of heparan sulfate proteoglycans on cell surfaces and the extracellular matrix, which further regulate the bioavailability of growth factors (FGF-2, TGF-β). Meanwhile, FGF-2 and TGF-β play a major role in the fibrosis process. Recent studies including ours have consistently demonstrated that heparanase could promote fibrosis process in different organs. Thus in this mini-review, we updated the advancement of heparanase in the regulation of fibrosis generation, and discussed its impact on several critical signaling pathways relevant to fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianying Lv
- Department of Nephrology, Wuhan Children’s Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan 430016, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ji Zeng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Puai Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan 430033, People’s Republic of China
| | - Long He
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Puai Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan 430033, People’s Republic of China
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Abstract
The emerging role of heparanase in tumor initiation, growth, metastasis, and chemoresistance is well recognized and is encouraging the development of heparanase inhibitors as anticancer drugs. Unlike the function of heparanase in cancer cells, very little attention has been given to heparanase contributed by cells composing the tumor microenvironment. Here we used a genetic approach and examined the behavior and function of macrophages isolated from wild-type (WT) and heparanase-knockout (Hpa-KO) mice. Hpa-KO macrophages express lower levels of cytokines (e.g., TNFα, IL1-β) and exhibit lower motility and phagocytic capacities. Intriguingly, inoculation of control monocytes together with Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) cells into Hpa-KO mice resulted in nearly complete inhibition of tumor growth. In striking contrast, inoculating LLC cells together with monocytes isolated from Hpa-KO mice did not affect tumor growth, indicating that heparanase is critically required for activation and function of macrophages. Mechanistically, we describe a linear cascade by which heparanase activates Erk, p38, and JNK signaling in macrophages, leading to increased c-Fos levels and induction of cytokine expression in a manner that apparently does not require heparanase enzymatic activity. These results identify heparanase as a key mediator of macrophage activation and function in tumorigenesis and cross-talk with the tumor microenvironment.
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Vlodavsky I, Singh P, Boyango I, Gutter-Kapon L, Elkin M, Sanderson RD, Ilan N. Heparanase: From basic research to therapeutic applications in cancer and inflammation. Drug Resist Updat 2016; 29:54-75. [PMID: 27912844 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Heparanase, the sole heparan sulfate degrading endoglycosidase, regulates multiple biological activities that enhance tumor growth, angiogenesis and metastasis. Heparanase expression is enhanced in almost all cancers examined including various carcinomas, sarcomas and hematological malignancies. Numerous clinical association studies have consistently demonstrated that upregulation of heparanase expression correlates with increased tumor size, tumor angiogenesis, enhanced metastasis and poor prognosis. In contrast, knockdown of heparanase or treatments of tumor-bearing mice with heparanase-inhibiting compounds, markedly attenuate tumor progression further underscoring the potential of anti-heparanase therapy for multiple types of cancer. Heparanase neutralizing monoclonal antibodies block myeloma and lymphoma tumor growth and dissemination; this is attributable to a combined effect on the tumor cells and/or cells of the tumor microenvironment. In fact, much of the impact of heparanase on tumor progression is related to its function in mediating tumor-host crosstalk, priming the tumor microenvironment to better support tumor growth, metastasis and chemoresistance. The repertoire of the physio-pathological activities of heparanase is expanding. Specifically, heparanase regulates gene expression, activates cells of the innate immune system, promotes the formation of exosomes and autophagosomes, and stimulates signal transduction pathways via enzymatic and non-enzymatic activities. These effects dynamically impact multiple regulatory pathways that together drive inflammatory responses, tumor survival, growth, dissemination and drug resistance; but in the same time, may fulfill some normal functions associated, for example, with vesicular traffic, lysosomal-based secretion, stress response, and heparan sulfate turnover. Heparanase is upregulated in response to chemotherapy in cancer patients and the surviving cells acquire chemoresistance, attributed, at least in part, to autophagy. Consequently, heparanase inhibitors used in tandem with chemotherapeutic drugs overcome initial chemoresistance, providing a strong rationale for applying anti-heparanase therapy in combination with conventional anti-cancer drugs. Heparin-like compounds that inhibit heparanase activity are being evaluated in clinical trials for various types of cancer. Heparanase neutralizing monoclonal antibodies are being evaluated in pre-clinical studies, and heparanase-inhibiting small molecules are being developed based on the recently resolved crystal structure of the heparanase protein. Collectively, the emerging premise is that heparanase expressed by tumor cells, innate immune cells, activated endothelial cells as well as other cells of the tumor microenvironment is a master regulator of the aggressive phenotype of cancer, an important contributor to the poor outcome of cancer patients and a prime target for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israel Vlodavsky
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa 31096, Israel.
| | - Preeti Singh
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Ilanit Boyango
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Lilach Gutter-Kapon
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Michael Elkin
- Sharett Oncology Institute, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ralph D Sanderson
- Department of Pathology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Neta Ilan
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa 31096, Israel
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Ying H, Dey P, Yao W, Kimmelman AC, Draetta GF, Maitra A, DePinho RA. Genetics and biology of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Genes Dev 2016; 30:355-85. [PMID: 26883357 PMCID: PMC4762423 DOI: 10.1101/gad.275776.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 364] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Ying et al. review pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) genetics and biology, particularly altered cancer cell metabolism, the complexity of immune regulation in the tumor microenvironment, and impaired DNA repair processes. With 5-year survival rates remaining constant at 6% and rising incidences associated with an epidemic in obesity and metabolic syndrome, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is on track to become the second most common cause of cancer-related deaths by 2030. The high mortality rate of PDAC stems primarily from the lack of early diagnosis and ineffective treatment for advanced tumors. During the past decade, the comprehensive atlas of genomic alterations, the prominence of specific pathways, the preclinical validation of such emerging targets, sophisticated preclinical model systems, and the molecular classification of PDAC into specific disease subtypes have all converged to illuminate drug discovery programs with clearer clinical path hypotheses. A deeper understanding of cancer cell biology, particularly altered cancer cell metabolism and impaired DNA repair processes, is providing novel therapeutic strategies that show strong preclinical activity. Elucidation of tumor biology principles, most notably a deeper understanding of the complexity of immune regulation in the tumor microenvironment, has provided an exciting framework to reawaken the immune system to attack PDAC cancer cells. While the long road of translation lies ahead, the path to meaningful clinical progress has never been clearer to improve PDAC patient survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoqiang Ying
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Prasenjit Dey
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Wantong Yao
- Department of Genomic Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Alec C Kimmelman
- Division of Genomic Stability and DNA Repair, Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Giulio F Draetta
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA; Department of Genomic Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA; Institute for Applied Cancer Science, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Anirban Maitra
- Department of Pathology and Translational Molecular Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA; Sheikh Ahmed Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Ronald A DePinho
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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He L, Sun F, Wang Y, Zhu J, Fang J, Zhang S, Yu Q, Gong Q, Ren B, Xiang X, Chen Z, Ning Q, Hu J, Yang P, Wang CY. HMGB1 exacerbates bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome via RAGE/NF-κB/HPSE signaling to enhance latent TGF-β release from ECM. Am J Transl Res 2016; 8:1971-1984. [PMID: 27347307 PMCID: PMC4891412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS), characterized by progressive airflow obstruction, is the main barrier to long-term graft survival after lung transplantation. Despite extensive studies, the mechanisms underlying BOS remain poorly understood, and targeted interventions have not yet been fully developed. In the present study, we employed a mouse model of tracheal transplantation and demonstrated that blockade of HMGB1 alone or combined with heparanase (HPSE) attenuates the development of BOS. It was noted that HMGB1 was first passively released from necrotic/damaged cells as a result of early unavoidable allograft injuries, leading to macrophage infiltration along with HMGB1 active secretion. Mechanistic studies revealed that extracellular HMGB1 acted through its receptor, RAGE, to activate NF-κB, which then bound to the HPSE promoter to transcribe its expression. The enhanced HPSE next released HS-bonded latent TGF-β from myofibroblast ECM by cleaving HS chains to promote the initiation and progression of BOS. Together, our data suggest that HMGB1 and HPSE could be viable targets for prevention and intervention of fibrotic diseases such BOS after lung transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long He
- The Center for Biomedical Research, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Health, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and TechnologyWuhan 430030, China
| | - Fei Sun
- The Center for Biomedical Research, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Health, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and TechnologyWuhan 430030, China
| | - Yi Wang
- The Center for Biomedical Research, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Health, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and TechnologyWuhan 430030, China
| | - Jianghui Zhu
- The Center for Biomedical Research, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Health, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and TechnologyWuhan 430030, China
| | - Jing Fang
- The Center for Biomedical Research, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Health, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and TechnologyWuhan 430030, China
| | - Shu Zhang
- The Center for Biomedical Research, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Health, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and TechnologyWuhan 430030, China
| | - Qilin Yu
- The Center for Biomedical Research, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Health, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and TechnologyWuhan 430030, China
| | - Quan Gong
- Clinical and Molecular Immunology Research Center, Department of Immunology, Medical College of Yangtze UniversityJingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Boxue Ren
- Clinical and Molecular Immunology Research Center, Department of Immunology, Medical College of Yangtze UniversityJingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Xudong Xiang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Institute of Emergency Medicine and Rare Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha, China
| | - Zhishui Chen
- The Center for Biomedical Research, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Health, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and TechnologyWuhan 430030, China
- Department of Sponsored Program Administration, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and TechnologyWuhan 430030, China
| | - Qin Ning
- Department of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan 430030, China
| | - Jifa Hu
- Department of Sponsored Program Administration, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and TechnologyWuhan 430030, China
| | - Ping Yang
- The Center for Biomedical Research, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Health, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and TechnologyWuhan 430030, China
| | - Cong-Yi Wang
- The Center for Biomedical Research, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Health, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and TechnologyWuhan 430030, China
- Department of Sponsored Program Administration, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and TechnologyWuhan 430030, China
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Arvatz G, Weissmann M, Ilan N, Vlodavsky I. Heparanase and cancer progression: New directions, new promises. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016; 12:2253-6. [PMID: 27054564 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2016.1171442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparanase, the sole heparan sulfate degrading endoglycosidase, regulates multiple biological activities that enhance tumor growth, angiogenesis and metastasis. Much of the impact of heparanase on tumor progression is related to its function in mediating tumor-host crosstalk, priming the tumor microenvironment to better support tumor progression. Heparanase expression is enhanced in almost all cancers examined including various carcinomas, sarcomas and hematological malignancies. Numerous clinical association studies have consistently demonstrated that upregulated heparanase expression correlates with increased tumor size, tumor angiogenesis, enhanced metastasis and poor prognosis. Notably, heparanase is ranked among the most frequently recognized tumor antigens in patients with pancreatic, colorectal or breast cancer, favoring heparanase-based immunotherapy. Development of heparanase inhibitors focused on carbohydrate-based compounds of which 4 are being evaluated in clinical trials for various types of cancer, including myeloma, pancreatic carcinoma and hepatocellular carcinoma. Owing to their heparin-like nature, these compounds may exert off target effects. Newly generated heparanase neutralizing monoclonal antibodies profoundly attenuated myeloma and lymphoma tumor growth and dissemination in preclinical models, likely by targeting heparanase in the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gil Arvatz
- a Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion , Haifa , Israel
| | - Marina Weissmann
- a Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion , Haifa , Israel
| | - Neta Ilan
- a Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion , Haifa , Israel
| | - Israel Vlodavsky
- a Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion , Haifa , Israel
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Rosati A, Basile A, D'Auria R, d'Avenia M, De Marco M, Falco A, Festa M, Guerriero L, Iorio V, Parente R, Pascale M, Marzullo L, Franco R, Arra C, Barbieri A, Rea D, Menichini G, Hahne M, Bijlsma M, Barcaroli D, Sala G, di Mola FF, di Sebastiano P, Todoric J, Antonucci L, Corvest V, Jawhari A, Firpo MA, Tuveson DA, Capunzo M, Karin M, De Laurenzi V, Turco MC. BAG3 promotes pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma growth by activating stromal macrophages. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8695. [PMID: 26522614 PMCID: PMC4659838 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence and death rate of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) have increased in recent years, therefore the identification of novel targets for treatment is extremely important. Interactions between cancer and stromal cells are critically involved in tumour formation and development of metastasis. Here we report that PDAC cells secrete BAG3, which binds and activates macrophages, inducing their activation and the secretion of PDAC supporting factors. We also identify IFITM-2 as a BAG3 receptor and show that it signals through PI3K and the p38 MAPK pathways. Finally, we show that the use of an anti-BAG3 antibody results in reduced tumour growth and prevents metastasis formation in three different mouse models. In conclusion, we identify a paracrine loop involved in PDAC growth and metastatic spreading, and show that an anti-BAG3 antibody has therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Rosati
- BIOUNIVERSA s.r.l., Fisciano, Salerno
84084, Italy
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno,
Baronissi, Salerno
84081, Italy
| | - Anna Basile
- BIOUNIVERSA s.r.l., Fisciano, Salerno
84084, Italy
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno,
Baronissi, Salerno
84081, Italy
| | - Raffaella D'Auria
- BIOUNIVERSA s.r.l., Fisciano, Salerno
84084, Italy
- Department of Pharmacy, Division of Biomedicine “A.
Leone”, University of Salerno, Fisciano,
Salerno
84084, Italy
| | | | | | - Antonia Falco
- BIOUNIVERSA s.r.l., Fisciano, Salerno
84084, Italy
- Department of Pharmacy, Division of Biomedicine “A.
Leone”, University of Salerno, Fisciano,
Salerno
84084, Italy
| | - Michelina Festa
- BIOUNIVERSA s.r.l., Fisciano, Salerno
84084, Italy
- Department of Pharmacy, Division of Biomedicine “A.
Leone”, University of Salerno, Fisciano,
Salerno
84084, Italy
| | - Luana Guerriero
- BIOUNIVERSA s.r.l., Fisciano, Salerno
84084, Italy
- Department of Pharmacy, Division of Biomedicine “A.
Leone”, University of Salerno, Fisciano,
Salerno
84084, Italy
| | - Vittoria Iorio
- BIOUNIVERSA s.r.l., Fisciano, Salerno
84084, Italy
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno,
Baronissi, Salerno
84081, Italy
| | | | - Maria Pascale
- BIOUNIVERSA s.r.l., Fisciano, Salerno
84084, Italy
- Department of Pharmacy, Division of Biomedicine “A.
Leone”, University of Salerno, Fisciano,
Salerno
84084, Italy
| | - Liberato Marzullo
- BIOUNIVERSA s.r.l., Fisciano, Salerno
84084, Italy
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno,
Baronissi, Salerno
84081, Italy
| | - Renato Franco
- Pathology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumouri Fondazione
“G. Pascale”, Naples
81100, Italy
| | - Claudio Arra
- Animal facility, Istituto Nazionale Tumouri Fondazione
“G. Pascale”, Naples
81100, Italy
| | - Antonio Barbieri
- Animal facility, Istituto Nazionale Tumouri Fondazione
“G. Pascale”, Naples
81100, Italy
| | - Domenica Rea
- Animal facility, Istituto Nazionale Tumouri Fondazione
“G. Pascale”, Naples
81100, Italy
| | - Giulio Menichini
- Reconstructive Microsurgery, Department of Oncology, Careggi
University Hospital, Florence
50139, Italy
| | - Michael Hahne
- Institut de Génétique
Moléculaire de Montpellier, CNRS UMR5535,
Montpellier
34293, France
| | - Maarten Bijlsma
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology, Academic
Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam
1105AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Daniela Barcaroli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Orali e Biotecnologiche,
University “G. d'Annunzio” di Chieti-Pescara,
Centro Studi sull'Invecchiamento, CeSI-MeT, Chieti
66100, Italy
| | - Gianluca Sala
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Orali e Biotecnologiche,
University “G. d'Annunzio” di Chieti-Pescara,
Centro Studi sull'Invecchiamento, CeSI-MeT, Chieti
66100, Italy
| | | | | | - Jelena Todoric
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction,
Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, UCSD, School of Medicine,
San Diego, California
92093-0723, USA
| | - Laura Antonucci
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction,
Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, UCSD, School of Medicine,
San Diego, California
92093-0723, USA
| | | | - Anass Jawhari
- CALIXAR, Bioparc, Bâtiment Laënnec,
Lyon
69008, France
| | - Matthew A Firpo
- Department of Surgery, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of
Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
84132, USA
| | - David A Tuveson
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring
Harbor, New York
11724, USA
| | - Mario Capunzo
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno,
Baronissi, Salerno
84081, Italy
| | - Michael Karin
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction,
Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, UCSD, School of Medicine,
San Diego, California
92093-0723, USA
| | - Vincenzo De Laurenzi
- BIOUNIVERSA s.r.l., Fisciano, Salerno
84084, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Orali e Biotecnologiche,
University “G. d'Annunzio” di Chieti-Pescara,
Centro Studi sull'Invecchiamento, CeSI-MeT, Chieti
66100, Italy
| | - Maria Caterina Turco
- BIOUNIVERSA s.r.l., Fisciano, Salerno
84084, Italy
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno,
Baronissi, Salerno
84081, Italy
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47
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Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are major component of leukocytic infiltrate of tumors and play important roles in progression and regression of tumors. Tumor microenvironment determines the mutual conversion between M1 and M2 macrophages. In many kinds of tumors, M2 type macrophages are of the majority in TAMs and promote tumor progression and metastasis. The dynamic balance and interaction between TAMs and tumor cells have important effects on the occurrence and development of tumor. TAMs in malignant tumors are useful for clinical diagnosis and may provide a novel target for cancer treatment.
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48
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Lahmar Q, Keirsse J, Laoui D, Movahedi K, Van Overmeire E, Van Ginderachter JA. Tissue-resident versus monocyte-derived macrophages in the tumor microenvironment. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2015; 1865:23-34. [PMID: 26145884 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2015.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The tumor-promoting role of macrophages has been firmly established in most cancer types. However, macrophage identity has been a matter of debate, since several levels of complexity result in considerable macrophage heterogeneity. Ontogenically, tissue-resident macrophages derive from yolk sac progenitors which either directly or via a fetal liver monocyte intermediate differentiate into distinct macrophage types during embryogenesis and are maintained throughout life, while a disruption of the steady state mobilizes monocytes and instructs the formation of monocyte-derived macrophages. Histologically, the macrophage phenotype is heavily influenced by the tissue microenvironment resulting in molecularly and functionally distinct macrophages in distinct organs. Finally, a change in the tissue microenvironment as a result of infectious or sterile inflammation instructs different modes of macrophage activation. These considerations are relevant in the context of tumors, which can be considered as sites of chronic sterile inflammation encompassing subregions with distinct environmental conditions (for example, hypoxic versus normoxic). Here, we discuss existing evidence on the role of macrophage subpopulations in steady state tissue and primary tumors of the breast, lung, pancreas, brain and liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qods Lahmar
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Lab, VIB, Brussels, Belgium; Lab of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jiri Keirsse
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Lab, VIB, Brussels, Belgium; Lab of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Damya Laoui
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Lab, VIB, Brussels, Belgium; Lab of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Kiavash Movahedi
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Lab, VIB, Brussels, Belgium; Lab of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Eva Van Overmeire
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Lab, VIB, Brussels, Belgium; Lab of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jo A Van Ginderachter
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Lab, VIB, Brussels, Belgium; Lab of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.
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49
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Understanding the Mysterious M2 Macrophage through Activation Markers and Effector Mechanisms. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:816460. [PMID: 26089604 PMCID: PMC4452191 DOI: 10.1155/2015/816460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1183] [Impact Index Per Article: 131.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The alternatively activated or M2 macrophages are immune cells with high phenotypic heterogeneity and are governing functions at the interface of immunity, tissue homeostasis, metabolism, and endocrine signaling. Today the M2 macrophages are identified based on the expression pattern of a set of M2 markers. These markers are transmembrane glycoproteins, scavenger receptors, enzymes, growth factors, hormones, cytokines, and cytokine receptors with diverse and often yet unexplored functions. This review discusses whether these M2 markers can be reliably used to identify M2 macrophages and define their functional subdivisions. Also, it provides an update on the novel signals of the tissue environment and the neuroendocrine system which shape the M2 activation. The possible evolutionary roots of the M2 macrophage functions are also discussed.
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