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Holling T, Abdelrazek IM, Elhady GM, Abd Elmaksoud M, Ryu SW, Abdalla E, Kutsche K. A homozygous nonsense variant in the alternatively spliced VLDLR exon 4 causes a neurodevelopmental disorder without features of VLDLR cerebellar hypoplasia. J Hum Genet 2024:10.1038/s10038-024-01279-w. [PMID: 39085459 DOI: 10.1038/s10038-024-01279-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 07/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/20/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
VLDLR cerebellar hypoplasia is characterized by intellectual disability, non-progressive cerebellar ataxia, and seizures. The characteristic MRI findings include hypoplasia of the inferior portion of the cerebellar vermis and hemispheres, simplified cortical gyration, and a small brain stem. Biallelic VLDLR pathogenic variants cause loss-of-function of the encoded very low-density lipoprotein receptor. VLDLR exons 4 and 16 are alternatively spliced, resulting in the expression of four transcript variants, including two exon 4-lacking mRNAs expressed in the human brain. Previously reported VLDLR pathogenic variants affect all four transcript variants. Here we report on two sisters with facial dysmorphism, microcephaly, intellectual disability, and normal brain imaging. Exome sequencing in one patient identified the homozygous VLDLR nonsense variant c.376C>T; p.(Gln126*) in exon 4; her similarly affected sister also carried the homozygous variant and parents were heterozygous carriers. VLDLR transcript analysis identified mRNAs with and without exon 4 in patient fibroblasts, while exon 4-containing VLDLR mRNAs were predominantly detected in control fibroblasts. We found significantly reduced VLDLR mRNA levels in patient compared to control cells, likely caused by nonsense-mediated mRNA decay of exon 4-containing VLDLR transcripts. Expression of neuronal VLDLR isoforms produced from exon 4-lacking transcripts may have protected both patients from developing the cerebellar hypoplasia phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tess Holling
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ibrahim M Abdelrazek
- Department of Human Genetics, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Ghada M Elhady
- Department of Human Genetics, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Marwa Abd Elmaksoud
- Neurology Unit, Pediatric Department, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | | | - Ebtesam Abdalla
- Department of Human Genetics, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Kerstin Kutsche
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
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2
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Lucchese G, Vogelgesang A, Boesl F, Raafat D, Holtfreter S, Bröker BM, Stufano A, Fleischmann R, Prüss H, Franke C, Flöel A. Anti-neuronal antibodies against brainstem antigens are associated with COVID-19. EBioMedicine 2022; 83:104211. [PMID: 35963198 PMCID: PMC9365397 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.104211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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3
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Neha S, Dholaniya PS. The Prevailing Role of Topoisomerase 2 Beta and its Associated Genes in Neurons. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:6443-6459. [PMID: 34546528 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02561-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Topoisomerase 2 beta (TOP2β) is an enzyme that alters the topological states of DNA by making a transient double-strand break during the transcription process. The direct interaction of TOP2β with DNA strand results in transcriptional regulation of certain genes and some studies have suggested that a particular set of genes are regulated by TOP2β, which have a prominent role in various stages of neuron from development to degeneration. In this review, we discuss the role of TOP2β in various phases of the neuron's life. Based on the existing reports, we have compiled the list of genes, which are directly regulated by the enzyme, from different studies and performed their functional classification. We discuss the role of these genes in neurogenesis, neuron migration, fate determination, differentiation and maturation, generation of neural circuits, and senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha S
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500 046, India
| | - Pankaj Singh Dholaniya
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500 046, India.
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4
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Cederquist GY, Tchieu J, Callahan SJ, Ramnarine K, Ryan S, Zhang C, Rittenhouse C, Zeltner N, Chung SY, Zhou T, Chen S, Betel D, White RM, Tomishima M, Studer L. A Multiplex Human Pluripotent Stem Cell Platform Defines Molecular and Functional Subclasses of Autism-Related Genes. Cell Stem Cell 2021; 27:35-49.e6. [PMID: 32619517 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2020.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Autism is a clinically heterogeneous neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by impaired social interactions, restricted interests, and repetitive behaviors. Despite significant advances in the genetics of autism, understanding how genetic changes perturb brain development and affect clinical symptoms remains elusive. Here, we present a multiplex human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) platform, in which 30 isogenic disease lines are pooled in a single dish and differentiated into prefrontal cortex (PFC) lineages to efficiently test early-developmental hypotheses of autism. We define subgroups of autism mutations that perturb PFC neurogenesis and are correlated to abnormal WNT/βcatenin responses. Class 1 mutations (8 of 27) inhibit while class 2 mutations (5 of 27) enhance PFC neurogenesis. Remarkably, autism patient data reveal that individuals carrying subclass-specific mutations differ clinically in their corresponding language acquisition profiles. Our study provides a framework to disentangle genetic heterogeneity associated with autism and points toward converging molecular and developmental pathways of diverse autism-associated mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustav Y Cederquist
- The Center for Stem Cell Biology, Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, NY 10065, USA; Weill-Cornell/Rockefeller/Sloan Kettering Tri-Institutional MD-PhD Program, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jason Tchieu
- The Center for Stem Cell Biology, Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Scott J Callahan
- The Center for Stem Cell Biology, Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, NY 10065, USA; Cancer Genetics and Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, NY 10065, USA; Gerstner Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Kiran Ramnarine
- The Center for Stem Cell Biology, Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Sean Ryan
- The Center for Stem Cell Biology, Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Chao Zhang
- Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA; Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Chelsea Rittenhouse
- The Center for Stem Cell Biology, Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Nadja Zeltner
- The Center for Stem Cell Biology, Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, NY 10065, USA; Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Cellular Biology, Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Sun Young Chung
- The Center for Stem Cell Biology, Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ting Zhou
- The Center for Stem Cell Biology, Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, NY 10065, USA; Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Shuibing Chen
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Doron Betel
- Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA; Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Richard M White
- Cancer Genetics and Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Mark Tomishima
- The Center for Stem Cell Biology, Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Lorenz Studer
- The Center for Stem Cell Biology, Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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5
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Despotovski V, Vivekanandarajah A, Waters KA, Machaalani R. Expression of reelin with age in the human hippocampal formation. Hippocampus 2021; 31:493-502. [PMID: 33539623 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Reelin plays a key role in neuronal migration and lamination in the cortex and hippocampus. Animal studies have shown that reelin expression decreases with age. The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression of reelin in all layers of the human hippocampal formation across three age groups. We used immunohistochemistry in formalin fixed and paraffin embedded hippocampal tissue from infants (1-10 months; n = 9), children (4-10 years; n = 4), and adults (45-60 years; n = 6) to stain for reelin. Expression was quantified (measured as the number of positive reelin cells/mm2 ) in the granule cell layer of the dentate gyrus (DG), the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus (ML), the hippocampal fissure (HF), stratum lacunosum moleculare (SLM), CA4/Hilus and the stratum pyramidale layer of CA3, CA2, and CA1. Expression of reelin was highest in the HF irrespective of age, followed by the SLM and ML. Minimal to no expression was seen in the stratum pyramidale layer of CA1-3. With age, reelin expression decreased and was statistically significant from infancy to childhood in the HF (p = .02). This study confirms that reelin expression decreases with age in the human hippocampus, and shows for the first time that the major decrease occurs between infancy and early childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Despotovski
- Discipline of Medicine, Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Arunnjah Vivekanandarajah
- Discipline of Medicine, Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Karen A Waters
- Discipline of Medicine, Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Children's Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rita Machaalani
- Discipline of Medicine, Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Children's Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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6
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Molecular mimicry between SARS-CoV-2 and respiratory pacemaker neurons. Autoimmun Rev 2020; 19:102556. [PMID: 32361194 PMCID: PMC7252083 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2020.102556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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7
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Subramanian L, Calcagnotto ME, Paredes MF. Cortical Malformations: Lessons in Human Brain Development. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 13:576. [PMID: 32038172 PMCID: PMC6993122 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Creating a functional cerebral cortex requires a series of complex and well-coordinated developmental steps. These steps have evolved across species with the emergence of cortical gyrification and coincided with more complex behaviors. The presence of diverse progenitor cells, a protracted timeline for neuronal migration and maturation, and diverse neuronal types are developmental features that have emerged in the gyrated cortex. These factors could explain how the human brain has expanded in size and complexity. However, their complex nature also renders new avenues of vulnerability by providing additional cell types that could contribute to disease and longer time windows that could impact the composition and organization of the cortical circuit. We aim to discuss the unique developmental steps observed in human corticogenesis and propose how disruption of these species-unique processes could lead to malformations of cortical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmi Subramanian
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Maria Elisa Calcagnotto
- Neurophysiology and Neurochemistry of Neuronal Excitability and Synaptic Plasticity Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Mercedes F Paredes
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.,Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.,Neuroscience Graduate Division, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
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8
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Subarachnoid cerebrospinal fluid is essential for normal development of the cerebral cortex. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2019; 102:28-39. [PMID: 31786096 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The central nervous system develops around a fluid filled space which persists in the adult within the ventricles, spinal canal and around the outside of the brain and spinal cord. Ventricular fluid is known to act as a growth medium and stimulator of proliferation and differentiation to neural stem cells but the role of CSF in the subarachnoid space has not been fully investigated except for its role in the recently described "glymphatic" system. Fundamental changes occur in the control and coordination of CNS development upon completion of brain stem and spinal cord development and initiation of cortical development. These include changes in gene expression, changes in fluid and fluid source from neural tube fluid to cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), changes in fluid volume, composition and fluid flow pathway, with exit of high volume CSF into the subarachnoid space and the critical need for fluid drainage. We used a number of experimental approaches to test a predicted critical role for CSF in development of the cerebral cortex in rodents and humans. Data from fetuses affected by spina bifida and/or hydrocephalus are correlated with experimental evidence on proliferation and migration of cortical cells from the germinal epithelium in rodent neural tube defects, as well as embryonic brain slice experiments demonstrating a requirement for CSF to contact both ventricular and pial surfaces of the developing cortex for normal proliferation and migration. We discuss the possibility that complications with the fluid system are likely to underlie developmental disorders affecting the cerebral cortex as well as function and integrity of the cortex throughout life.
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9
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Armstrong DD. Autobiography Series: Some Remembrances About Education and Neuropathology Studies. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2017; 76:917-921. [PMID: 28922854 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlx069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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10
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Cell Type-Specific Circuit Mapping Reveals the Presynaptic Connectivity of Developing Cortical Circuits. J Neurosci 2016; 36:3378-90. [PMID: 26985044 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0375-15.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The mammalian cerebral cortex is a dense network composed of local, subcortical, and intercortical synaptic connections. As a result, mapping cell type-specific neuronal connectivity in the cerebral cortex in vivo has long been a challenge for neurobiologists. In particular, the development of excitatory and inhibitory interneuron presynaptic input has been hard to capture. We set out to analyze the development of this connectivity in the first postnatal month using a murine model. First, we surveyed the connectivity of one of the earliest populations of neurons in the brain, the Cajal-Retzius (CR) cells in the neocortex, which are known to be critical for cortical layer formation and are hypothesized to be important in the establishment of early cortical networks. We found that CR cells receive inputs from deeper-layer excitatory neurons and inhibitory interneurons in the first postnatal week. We also found that both excitatory pyramidal neurons and inhibitory interneurons received broad inputs in the first postnatal week, including inputs from CR cells. Expanding our analysis into the more mature brain, we assessed the inputs onto inhibitory interneurons and excitatory projection neurons, labeling neuronal progenitors with Cre drivers to study discrete populations of neurons in older cortex, and found that excitatory cortical and subcortical inputs are refined by the fourth week of development, whereas local inhibitory inputs increase during this postnatal period. Cell type-specific circuit mapping is specific, reliable, and effective, and can be used on molecularly defined subtypes to determine connectivity in the cortex. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Mapping cortical connectivity in the developing mammalian brain has been an intractable problem, in part because it has not been possible to analyze connectivity with cell subtype precision. Our study systematically targets the presynaptic connections of discrete neuronal subtypes in both the mature and developing cerebral cortex. We analyzed the connections that Cajal-Retzius cells make and receive, and found that these cells receive inputs from deeper-layer excitatory neurons and inhibitory interneurons in the first postnatal week. We assessed the inputs onto inhibitory interneurons and excitatory projection neurons, the major two types of neurons in the cortex, and found that excitatory inputs are refined by the fourth week of development, whereas local inhibitory inputs increase during this postnatal period.
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Tkachenko LA, Zykin PA, Nasyrov RA, Krasnoshchekova EI. Distinctive Features of the Human Marginal Zone and Cajal-Retzius Cells: Comparison of Morphological and Immunocytochemical Features at Midgestation. Front Neuroanat 2016; 10:26. [PMID: 27047346 PMCID: PMC4797683 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2016.00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite a long history of research of cortical marginal zone (MZ) organization and development, a number of issues remain unresolved. One particular issue is the problem of Cajal-Retzius cells (C-R) identification. It is currently based on morphology and Reelin expression. The aim of this research is to investigate MZ cytoarchitectonics and Reelin-producing cells morphotypes in the superior temporal, pre- and postcentral cortex at GW24-26. We used Reelin (Reln) as the marker for C-R cells and microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2) and neurofilament heavy chain protein (N200) as markers of neuronal maturation. The MZ of all of the investigated areas had the distinct cytoarchitectonic of alternating cell sparse (MZP, SR) and cell dense (SGL, DGL) layers. The distribution of the neuromarkers across the MZ also showed layer specificity. MAP2-positive cells were only found in the SGL. N200 and Reelin-positive neurons in the MZP. N200-positive processes were forming a plexus at the DGL level. All of the N200-positive neurons found were in the MZP and had distinctive morphological features of C-R cells. All of the N200-positive neurons in MZ were also positive for Reelin, whereas MAP2-positive cells lack Reelin. Thus, the joint use of two immunomarkers allowed us to discern the C-R cells based on their morphotype and neurochemistry and indicate that the Reelin-positive cells of MZ at 24-26 GW were morphologically C-R cells. In the current study, we identified three C-R cells morphotypes. Using a 3D reconstruction, we made sure that all of them belonged to the single morphotype of triangular C-R cells. This approach will allow future studies to separate C-R cells from other Reelin-producing neurons which appear at later corticogenesis stages. In addition, our findings support the assumption that a plexus could be formed not only with C-R cells processes but also possibly by other cell processes by the poorly researched DGL, which is only allocated as a part of the human MZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyubov A. Tkachenko
- Laboratory of Functional Neuromorphology, Department of Cytology and Histology, Saint-Petersburg State UniversitySaint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Pavel A. Zykin
- Laboratory of Functional Neuromorphology, Department of Cytology and Histology, Saint-Petersburg State UniversitySaint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Ruslan A. Nasyrov
- Department of Pathological Anatomy, Saint-Petersburg State Pediatric Medical UniversitySaint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Elena I. Krasnoshchekova
- Laboratory of Functional Neuromorphology, Department of Cytology and Histology, Saint-Petersburg State UniversitySaint-Petersburg, Russia
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12
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Gao H, Tao Y, He Q, Song F, Saffen D. Functional enrichment analysis of three Alzheimer's disease genome-wide association studies identities DAB1 as a novel candidate liability/protective gene. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 463:490-5. [PMID: 26028559 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.05.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
To explore genetic contributions of Alzheimer's disease (AD) at the level of biological terms and pathways, we analyzed three Caucasian population-based genome-wide association study datasets (TGEN_ND, GeneADA and NIA_LOAD) using the Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery (DAVID). This analysis identified 4 annotation terms ("Fibronectin type III-like fold," "Cell adhesion," "Cell motion" and "Ig-like-C2-type 3") and 17 genes that associated with AD susceptibility in two or more of the GWAS datasets. Ten of these genes, have previously been identified as candidate AD liability genes in genetic association studies (AGT, COL11A1) or encode proteins that function in biological systems or pathways previously implicated in AD (BARHL2, CSF3R, DAB1, HMCN1, LEPR, PTPRF, PXDN, TNR). Among these, DAB1 (Dab, reelin signal transducer, homolog 1) was of particular interest, since it encodes a protein that functions downstream from reelin, a signaling pathway previously identified as protective in AD. Multiple linear regression analysis of correlations between brain DAB1 mRNA expression and SNP genotype using data from the "BrainCloud" database identified five SNPs within the DAB1 locus that correlated with mRNA expression in human dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Analysis of predicted levels of DAB1 mRNA expression based on genotype combinations present in AD cases and controls vs. the log10-transformed odds ratios for AD diagnosis, revealed statistically significant correlations in one of the GWAS datasets (GenADA), with high DAB1 mRNA expression correlating with AD protection. Multidimensional scaling (MDS) analysis of cases and controls in the three GWAS, revealed genetic differences between GenADA and TGEN_ND/NIA_LOAD, which were similar to each other. To our knowledge, this study is the first to provide genetic evidence for DAB1 as a candidate AD liability/protection gene, although the strength of the contribution of DAB1 may differ among populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Gao
- Department of Cellular and Genetic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, China; Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Tao
- Department of Cellular and Genetic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, China; Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qin He
- Department of Cellular and Genetic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, China; Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fan Song
- Department of Cellular and Genetic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, China
| | - David Saffen
- Department of Cellular and Genetic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, China; Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; State Key Laboratory for Medical Neurobiology Fudan University, 130 Dong'an Road, Shanghai 200032, China.
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13
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Camacho J, Ejaz E, Ariza J, Noctor SC, Martínez-Cerdeño V. RELN-expressing neuron density in layer I of the superior temporal lobe is similar in human brains with autism and in age-matched controls. Neurosci Lett 2014; 579:163-7. [PMID: 25067827 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2014.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Reelin protein (RELN) level is reduced in the cerebral cortex and cerebellum of subjects with autism. RELN is synthesized and secreted by a subpopulation of neurons in the developing cerebral cortex termed Cajal-Retzius (CR) cells. These cells are abundant in the marginal zone during cortical development, many die after development is complete, but a small population persists into adulthood. In adult brains, RELN is secreted by the surviving CR cells, by a subset of GABAergic interneurons in layer I, and by pyramidal cells and GABAergic interneurons in deeper cortical layers. It is widely believed that decreased RELN in layer I of the cerebral cortex of subjects with autism may result from a decrease in the density of RELN expressing neurons in layer I; however, this hypothesis has not been tested. We examined RELN expression in layer I of the adult human cortex and found that 70% of cells express RELN in both control and autistic subjects. We quantified the density of neurons in layer I of the superior temporal cortex of subjects with autism and age-matched control subjects. Our data show that there is no change in the density of neurons in layer I of the cortex of subjects with autism, and therefore suggest that reduced RELN expression in the cerebral cortex of subjects with autism is not a consequence of decreased numbers of RELN-expressing neurons in layer I. Instead reduced RELN may result from abnormal RELN processing, or a decrease in the number of other RELN-expressing neuronal cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Camacho
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospital for Children of Northern California, 2425 Stockton BLVD, Sacramento, CA 958172, United States
| | - Ehsan Ejaz
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospital for Children of Northern California, 2425 Stockton BLVD, Sacramento, CA 958172, United States
| | - Jeanelle Ariza
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospital for Children of Northern California, 2425 Stockton BLVD, Sacramento, CA 958172, United States
| | - Stephen C Noctor
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California-Davis, United States; MIND Institute, UC Davis, United States
| | - Verónica Martínez-Cerdeño
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospital for Children of Northern California, 2425 Stockton BLVD, Sacramento, CA 958172, United States; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine School of Medicine, University of California-Davis, United States; MIND Institute, UC Davis, United States.
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14
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Balmaceda V, Cuchillo-Ibáñez I, Pujadas L, García-Ayllón MS, Saura CA, Nimpf J, Soriano E, Sáez-Valero J. ApoER2 processing by presenilin-1 modulates reelin expression. FASEB J 2013; 28:1543-54. [PMID: 24344333 DOI: 10.1096/fj.13-239350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The reelin signaling protein and its downstream components have been associated with synaptic plasticity and neurotransmission. The reelin signaling pathway begins with the binding of reelin to the transmembrane lipoprotein receptor apolipoprotein E receptor 2 (ApoER2), which in turns induces the sequential cleavage of ApoER2 by the sequential action of α- and γ-secretases. Using conditional-knockout mice of the catalytic component of the γ-secretase complex, presenilin 1 (PS1), we demonstrated increased brain ApoER2 and reelin protein and transcript levels, with no changes in the number of reelin-positive cells. Using the human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cell line, we showed that ApoER2 processing occurs in the presence of PS1, producing an intracellular ApoER2 C-terminal fragment. In addition, the pharmacologic inhibition of γ-secretase in SH-SY5Y cells led to increased reelin levels. Overexpression of ApoER2 decreased reelin mRNA levels in these cells. A luciferase reporter gene assay and nuclear fractionation confirmed that increased amounts of intracellular fragment of ApoER2 suppressed reelin expression at a transcriptional level. Chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments corroborated that the intracellular fragment of ApoER2 bound to the RELN promoter region. Our study suggests that PS1/γ-secretase-dependent processing of the reelin receptor ApoER2 inhibits reelin expression and may regulate its signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Balmaceda
- 1Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Av. Ramón y Cajal s/n, E-03550 Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain.
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15
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Hypoxia-induced developmental delays of inhibitory interneurons are reversed by environmental enrichment in the postnatal mouse forebrain. J Neurosci 2013; 33:13375-87. [PMID: 23946395 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5286-12.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Infants born premature experience hypoxic episodes due to immaturity of their respiratory and central nervous systems. This profoundly affects brain development and results in cognitive impairments. We used a mouse model to examine the impact of hypoxic rearing (9.5-10.5% O2) from postnatal day 3 to 11 (P3-P11) on GABAergic interneurons and the potential for environmental enrichment to ameliorate these developmental abnormalities. At P15 the numbers of cortical interneurons expressing immunohistochemically detectable levels of parvalbumin (PV), somatostatin (SST), and vasoactive intestinal peptide were decreased in hypoxic-reared mice by 59%, 32%, and 38%, respectively, compared with normoxic controls. Hypoxia also decreased total GABA content in frontal neocortex by 31%. However, GAD67-EGFP knock-in mice reared under hypoxic conditions showed no changes in total number of GAD67-EGFP(+) cells and no evidence of increased interneuron death, suggesting that the total number of interneurons was not decreased, but rather, that hypoxic-rearing decreased interneuron marker expression in these cells. In adulthood, PV and SST expression levels were decreased in hypoxic-reared mice. In contrast, intensity of reelin (RLN) expression was significantly increased in adult hypoxic-reared mice compared with normoxic controls. Housing mice in an enriched environment from P21 until adulthood normalized phenotypic interneuron marker expression without affecting total interneuron numbers or leading to increased neurogenesis. Our data show that (1) hypoxia decreases PV and SST and increases RLN expression in cortical interneurons during postnatal cortical development and (2) enriched environment has the capacity to normalize the interneuron abnormalities in cortex.
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16
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Notter T, Knuesel I. Reelin immunoreactivity in neuritic varicosities in the human hippocampal formation of non-demented subjects and Alzheimer's disease patients. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2013; 1:27. [PMID: 24252415 PMCID: PMC3893416 DOI: 10.1186/2051-5960-1-27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reelin and its downstream signaling members are important modulators of actin and microtubule cytoskeleton dynamics, a fundamental prerequisite for proper neurodevelopment and adult neuronal functions. Reductions in Reelin levels have been suggested to contribute to Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathophysiology. We have previously reported an age-related reduction in Reelin levels and its accumulation in neuritic varicosities along the olfactory-limbic tracts, which correlated with cognitive impairments in aged mice. Here, we aimed to investigate whether a similar Reelin-associated neuropathology is observed in the aged human hippocampus and whether it correlated with dementia status. RESULTS Our immunohistochemical stainings revealed the presence of N- and C-terminus-containing Reelin fragments in corpora amylacea (CAm), aging-associated spherical deposits. The density of these deposits was increased in the molecular layer of the subiculum of AD compared to non-demented individuals. Despite the limitation of a small sample size, our evaluation of several neuronal and glial markers indicates that the presence of Reelin in CAm might be related to aging-associated impairments in neuronal transport leading to accumulation of organelles and protein metabolites in neuritic varicosities, as previously suggested by the findings and discussions in rodents and primates. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that aging- and disease-associated changes in Reelin levels and proteolytic processing might play a role in the formation of CAm by altering cytoskeletal dynamics. However, its presence may also be an indicator of a degenerative state of neuritic compartments.
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17
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Yang CP, Gilley JA, Zhang G, Kernie SG. ApoE is required for maintenance of the dentate gyrus neural progenitor pool. Development 2011; 138:4351-62. [PMID: 21880781 DOI: 10.1242/dev.065540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Many genes regulating adult neurogenesis have been identified and are known to play similar roles during early neuronal development. We recently identified apolipoprotein E (ApoE) as a gene the expression of which is essentially absent in early brain progenitors but becomes markedly upregulated in adult dentate gyrus stem/progenitor cells. Here, we demonstrate that ApoE deficiency impairs adult dentate gyrus development by affecting the neural progenitor pool over time. We utilized ApoE-deficient mice crossed to a nestin-GFP reporter to demonstrate that dentate gyrus progenitor cells proliferate more rapidly at early ages, which is subsequently accompanied by an overall decrease in neural progenitor cell number at later time points. This appears to be secondary to over-proliferation early in life and ultimate depletion of the Type 1 nestin- and GFAP-expressing neural stem cells. We also rescue the proliferation phenotype with an ApoE-expressing retrovirus, demonstrating that ApoE works directly in this regard. These data provide novel insight into late hippocampal development and suggest a possible role for ApoE in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui-Ping Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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18
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Kiser PJ, Liu Z, Wilt SD, Mower GD. Cellular and laminar expression of Dab-1 during the postnatal critical period in cat visual cortex and the effects of dark rearing. Brain Res 2011; 1383:81-9. [PMID: 21303666 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.01.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2010] [Revised: 01/14/2011] [Accepted: 01/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study describes postnatal critical period changes in cellular and laminar expression of Dab-1, a gene shown to play a role in controlling neuronal positioning during embryonic brain development, in cat visual cortex and the effects of dark rearing (DR). At 1week, there is dense cellular staining which is uniform across cortical layers and very light neuropil staining. At the peak of the critical period (5weeks), dense cell staining is largely restricted to large pyramidal cells of deep layer III and layer V, there is faint cell body staining throughout all cortical layers, neuropil staining is markedly increased and uniform in layers III to VI. This dramatic change in laminar and cellular labeling is independent of visual input, since immunostaining is similar in 5-week DR cats. By 10weeks, the mature laminar and cellular staining pattern is established and the major subsequent change is a further reduction in the density of cellular staining in all cortical layers. Neuropil staining is pronounced and uniform across cortical layers. These developmental changes are altered by DR. Quantification by cell counts indicated that age and DR interact such that differences in cellular expression are opposite in direction between 5- and 20-week-old cats. This bidirectional regulation of cellular expression is the same in all cortical laminae. The bidirectional regulation of cellular expression matches the effects of age and DR on physiological plasticity during the critical period as assessed by ocular dominance shifts in response to monocular deprivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Kiser
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, 500 South Preston St., Louisville, KY 40202, USA
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19
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He L, Lu Y, Wang P, Zhang J, Yin C, Qu S. Up-regulated expression of type II very low density lipoprotein receptor correlates with cancer metastasis and has a potential link to β-catenin in different cancers. BMC Cancer 2010; 10:601. [PMID: 21047397 PMCID: PMC2988033 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-10-601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2010] [Accepted: 11/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Very low density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR) has been considered as a multiple function receptor due to binding numerous ligands, causing endocytosis and regulating cellular signaling. Our group previously reported that enhanced activity of type II VLDLR (VLDLR II), one subtype of VLDLR, promotes adenocarcinoma SGC7901 cells proliferation and migration. The aim of this study is to explore the expression levels of VLDLR II in human gastric, breast and lung cancer tissues, and to investigate its relationship with clinical characteristics and β-catenin expression status. Methods VLDLR II expression was examined using immunohistochemistry (IHC) and Western blot in tumor tissues from 213 gastric, breast and lung cancer patients, tumor adjacent noncancerous tissues by same methods. Correlations between VLDLR II and clinical features, as well as β-catenin expression status were evaluated by statistical analysis. Results The immunohistochemical staining of VLDLR II showed statistical difference between tumor tissues and tumor adjacent noncancerous tissues in gastric, breast and lung cancers (P = 0.034, 0.018 and 0.043, respectively). Moreover, using Western, we found higher VLDLR II expression levels were associated with lymph node and distant metastasis in gastric and breast cancer (P < 0.05). Furthermore, highly significant positive correlations were found between VLDLR II and β-catenin in gastric cancer (r = 0.689; P < 0.001)breast cancer (r = 0.594; P < 0.001). Conclusions According to the results of the current study, high VLDLR II expression is correlated with lymph node and distant metastasis in gastric and breast cancer patients, the data suggest that VLDLR II may be a clinical marker in cancers, and has a potential link with β-catenin signaling pathway. This is the first to reveal the closer relationship of VLDLR II with clinical information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei He
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
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20
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Botella-López A, Cuchillo-Ibáñez I, Cotrufo T, Mok SS, Li QX, Barquero MS, Dierssen M, Soriano E, Sáez-Valero J. Beta-amyloid controls altered Reelin expression and processing in Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2009; 37:682-91. [PMID: 20025970 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2009.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2009] [Revised: 11/09/2009] [Accepted: 12/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Reelin is a glycoprotein that modulates synaptic function and plasticity in the mature brain, thereby favouring memory formation. We recently reported altered cerebral Reelin expression in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Here we demonstrate pronounced Reelin changes at protein and mRNA levels in the frontal cortex in adult Down's syndrome (DS), where the extra copy of chromosome 21 leads to overexpression of beta-amyloid. In cortical extracts of fetal DS samples we detected increased levels of the full-length Reelin and the 310-kDa fragment. Overexpression of mutant human amyloid precursor protein also led to an increase in levels of Reelin fragments in Tg2576 transgenic mice for human beta-amyloid. Finally, in vitro Abeta42 treatment of SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells led to increased Reelin levels. An altered pattern of Reelin glycosylation was detected in extracts from the frontal cortex of AD patients and in Abeta42-treated SH-SY5Y cells, supporting the notion that beta-amyloid triggers altered Reelin processing. These results provide evidence that Reelin expression and processing is altered in several amyloid conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arancha Botella-López
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Sant Joan d'Alacant, E-03550, Spain
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21
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Sakai K, Tiebel O, Ljungberg MC, Sullivan M, Lee HJ, Terashima T, Li R, Kobayashi K, Lu HC, Chan L, Oka K. A neuronal VLDLR variant lacking the third complement-type repeat exhibits high capacity binding of apoE containing lipoproteins. Brain Res 2009; 1276:11-21. [PMID: 19393635 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2009] [Revised: 03/30/2009] [Accepted: 04/12/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Very-low-density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR) is a multi ligand apolipoprotein E (apoE) receptor and is involved in brain development through Reelin signaling. Different forms of VLDLR can be generated by alternative splicing. VLDLR-I contains all exons. VLDLR-II lacks an O-linked sugar domain encoded by exon 16, while VLDLR-III lacks the third complement-type repeat in the ligand binding domain encoded by exon 4. We quantitatively compared lipoprotein binding to human VLDLR variants and analyzed their mRNA expression in both human cerebellum and mouse brain. VLDLR-III exhibited the highest capacity in binding to apoE enriched beta-VLDL in vitro and was more effective in removing apoE containing lipoproteins from the circulation than other variants in vivo. In human cerebellum, the major species was VLDLR-II, while the second most abundant species was a newly identified VLDLR-IV which lacks both exon 4 and 16. VLDLR-I was present at low levels. In adult mice, exon 4 skipping varied between 30 and 47% in different brain regions, while exon 16 skipping ranged by 51-76%. Significantly higher levels of VLDLR proteins were found in mouse cerebellum and cerebral cortex than other regions. The deletions of exon 4 and exon 16 frequently occurred in primary neurons, indicating that newly identified variant VLDLR-IV is abundant in neurons. In contrast, VLDLR mRNA lacking exon 4 was not detectable in primary astrocytes. Such cell type-specific splicing patterns were found in both mouse cerebellum and cerebral cortex. These results suggest that a VLDLR variant lacking the third complement-type repeat is generated by neuron-specific alternative splicing. Such differential splicing may result in different lipid uptake in neurons and astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Sakai
- Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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22
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Neurologic phenotype of Schimke immuno-osseous dysplasia and neurodevelopmental expression of SMARCAL1. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2008; 67:565-77. [PMID: 18520775 DOI: 10.1097/nen.0b013e3181772777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Schimke immuno-osseous dysplasia (OMIM 242900) is an uncommon autosomal-recessive multisystem disease caused by mutations in SMARCAL1 (swi/snf-related, matrix-associated, actin-dependent regulator of chromatin, subfamily a-like 1), a gene encoding a putative chromatin remodeling protein. Neurologic manifestations identified to date relate to enhanced atherosclerosis and cerebrovascular disease. Based on a clinical survey, we determined that half of Schimke immuno-osseous dysplasia patients have a small head circumference, and 15% have social, language, motor, or cognitive abnormalities. Postmortem examination of 2 Schimke immuno-osseous dysplasia patients showed low brain weights and subtle brain histologic abnormalities suggestive of perturbed neuron-glial migration such as heterotopia, irregular cortical thickness, incomplete gyral formation, and poor definition of cortical layers. We found that SMARCAL1 is highly expressed in the developing and adult mouse and human brain, including neural precursors and neuronal lineage cells. These observations suggest that SMARCAL1 deficiency may influence brain development and function in addition to its previously recognized effect on cerebral circulation.
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23
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Hirano R, Interthal H, Huang C, Nakamura T, Deguchi K, Choi K, Bhattacharjee MB, Arimura K, Umehara F, Izumo S, Northrop JL, Salih MAM, Inoue K, Armstrong DL, Champoux JJ, Takashima H, Boerkoel CF. Spinocerebellar ataxia with axonal neuropathy: consequence of a Tdp1 recessive neomorphic mutation? EMBO J 2007; 26:4732-43. [PMID: 17948061 DOI: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7601885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2007] [Accepted: 09/19/2007] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase 1 (Tdp1) cleaves the phosphodiester bond between a covalently stalled topoisomerase I (Topo I) and the 3' end of DNA. Stalling of Topo I at DNA strand breaks is induced by endogenous DNA damage and the Topo I-specific anticancer drug camptothecin (CPT). The H493R mutation of Tdp1 causes the neurodegenerative disorder spinocerebellar ataxia with axonal neuropathy (SCAN1). Contrary to the hypothesis that SCAN1 arises from catalytically inactive Tdp1, Tdp1-/- mice are indistinguishable from wild-type mice, physically, histologically, behaviorally, and electrophysiologically. However, compared to wild-type mice, Tdp1-/- mice are hypersensitive to CPT and bleomycin but not to etoposide. Consistent with earlier in vitro studies, we show that the H493R Tdp1 mutant protein retains residual activity and becomes covalently trapped on the DNA after CPT treatment of SCAN1 cells. This result provides a direct demonstration that Tdp1 repairs Topo I covalent lesions in vivo and suggests that SCAN1 arises from the recessive neomorphic mutation H493R. This is a novel mechanism for disease since neomorphic mutations are generally dominant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuki Hirano
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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24
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Ohkubo N, Vitek MP, Morishima A, Suzuki Y, Miki T, Maeda N, Mitsuda N. Reelin signals survival through Src-family kinases that inactivate BAD activity. J Neurochem 2007; 103:820-30. [PMID: 17696989 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.04804.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Reelin plays an important role in the migration of embryonic neurons, but its continuing presence suggests additional functions in the brain. We now report a novel function where reelin protects P19 embryonal cells from apoptosis during retinoic acid-induced neuronal differentiation. This increased survival is associated with reelin activation of the phosphatidyl-inositol-3-kinase (PI3 K)/Akt pathway. When PI3 K was inhibited with LY294002, reelin failed to protect against this retinoic acid-induced apoptosis. The protective effect of reelin includes activating the Src-family kinases/PI3 K/Akt pathway which then led to selective phosphorylation of Bcl-2/Bcl-XL associated death promoter (BAD) at serine-136, while the phosphorylation-incompetent mutation of BAD (S136A) suppressed this protection. These and additional studies define a novel pathway where reelin binds apoE receptors, significantly activates the PI3 K/Akt pathway causing phosphorylation of BAD which helps to protect cells from apoptosing, thus serving an important role in promoting the survival of maturing neurons in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobutaka Ohkubo
- Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, Japan.
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25
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Gong C, Wang TW, Huang HS, Parent JM. Reelin regulates neuronal progenitor migration in intact and epileptic hippocampus. J Neurosci 2007; 27:1803-11. [PMID: 17314278 PMCID: PMC6673551 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3111-06.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Dentate granule cell (DGC) neurogenesis persists throughout life in the mammalian hippocampal dentate gyrus and increases after epileptogenic insults. The DGC layer in human and experimental mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (mTLE) often shows abnormal dispersion and the appearance of hilar-ectopic DGCs. In the pilocarpine mTLE model, hilar-ectopic DGCs arise as a result of an aberrant chain migration of neural progenitors. Reelin is a secreted migration guidance cue that persists in the adult rodent and human hippocampus. We tested the hypothesis that loss of Reelin in the epileptic dentate gyrus leads to aberrant chain migration of DGC precursors. We found that interneuron subsets typically lost in human and experimental mTLE express Reelin, and DGC progenitors express the downstream Reelin signaling molecule Disabled 1 (Dab1). Prolonged seizures decreased Reelin immunoreactivity in the adult rat dentate gyrus and increased Dab1 expression in hilar-ectopic neuroblasts. Exogenous Reelin increased detachment of chain-migrating neuroblasts in dentate gyrus explants, and blockade of Reelin signaling increased chain migration. These findings suggest that Reelin modulates DGC progenitor migration to maintain normal DGC integration in the neonatal and adult mammalian dentate gyrus. Loss of Reelin expression in the epileptic adult hippocampus, moreover, likely contributes to ectopic chain migration and aberrant integration of newborn DGCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Gong
- Department of Neurology and Program for Neuroscience, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Tsu-Wei Wang
- Department of Neurology and Program for Neuroscience, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Holly S. Huang
- Department of Neurology and Program for Neuroscience, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Jack M. Parent
- Department of Neurology and Program for Neuroscience, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
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26
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Hevner RF. Layer-specific markers as probes for neuron type identity in human neocortex and malformations of cortical development. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2007; 66:101-9. [PMID: 17278994 DOI: 10.1097/nen.0b013e3180301c06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Malformations of cortical development (MCDs) are heterogeneous disorders caused by abnormalities of cell proliferation, apoptosis, cell migration, cortical organization, and axon pathfinding. In severe MCDs, the cerebral cortex can appear completely disorganized, or may be replaced by aberrant laminar patterns, as in "4-layered" types of lissencephaly and polymicrogyria. Little is known about the abnormal layers in MCDs and whether they bear any relation to normal cortical layers or how MCDs affect specific neuron types. Normally, each layer contains a defined mixture of different types of pyramidal and nonpyramidal neurons. The neuron types are distinguished by molecular expression as well as morphologic, neurochemical, and electrophysiologic criteria. Patterns of layer-specific mRNA and protein expression reflect the segregation of different neuron types into different layers (e.g. corticospinal projection neurons in layer V). Numerous layer-specific markers have been described in rodent cortex, and increasing numbers are being documented in human and monkey cortex. Applied to MCDs, layer-specific markers have the potential to reveal new insights on pathogenesis, treatment possibilities, and genotype-phenotype correlations. However, much work remains before layer-specific markers become practical tools in diagnostic neuropathology. Additional markers, more extensive documentation of normal expression, and better antibodies compatible with paraffin-embedded tissues will be necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert F Hevner
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
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27
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Bethea TC, Sikich L. Early pharmacological treatment of autism: a rationale for developmental treatment. Biol Psychiatry 2007; 61:521-37. [PMID: 17276749 PMCID: PMC2553755 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2006] [Revised: 09/02/2006] [Accepted: 09/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Autism is a dynamic neurodevelopmental syndrome in which disabilities emerge during the first three postnatal years and continue to evolve with ongoing development. We briefly review research in autism describing subtle changes in molecules important in brain development and neurotransmission, in morphology of specific neurons, brain connections, and in brain size. We then provide a general schema of how these processes may interact with particular emphasis on neurotransmission. In this context, we present a rationale for utilizing pharmacologic treatments aimed at modifying key neurodevelopmental processes in young children with autism. Early treatment with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) is presented as a model for pharmacologic interventions because there is evidence in autistic children for reduced brain serotonin synthesis during periods of peak synaptogenesis; serotonin is known to enhance synapse refinement; and exploratory studies with these agents in autistic children exist. Additional hypothetical developmental interventions and relevant published clinical data are described. Finally, we discuss the importance of exploring early pharmacologic interventions within multiple experimental settings in order to develop effective treatments as quickly as possible while minimizing risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terrence C Bethea
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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28
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Liang WS, Dunckley T, Beach TG, Grover A, Mastroeni D, Walker DG, Caselli RJ, Kukull WA, McKeel D, Morris JC, Hulette C, Schmechel D, Alexander GE, Reiman EM, Rogers J, Stephan DA. Gene expression profiles in anatomically and functionally distinct regions of the normal aged human brain. Physiol Genomics 2006; 28:311-22. [PMID: 17077275 PMCID: PMC2259385 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00208.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In this article, we have characterized and compared gene expression profiles from laser capture microdissected neurons in six functionally and anatomically distinct regions from clinically and histopathologically normal aged human brains. These regions, which are also known to be differentially vulnerable to the histopathological and metabolic features of Alzheimer's disease (AD), include the entorhinal cortex and hippocampus (limbic and paralimbic areas vulnerable to early neurofibrillary tangle pathology in AD), posterior cingulate cortex (a paralimbic area vulnerable to early metabolic abnormalities in AD), temporal and prefrontal cortex (unimodal and heteromodal sensory association areas vulnerable to early neuritic plaque pathology in AD), and primary visual cortex (a primary sensory area relatively spared in early AD). These neuronal profiles will provide valuable reference information for future studies of the brain, in normal aging, AD and other neurological and psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winnie S Liang
- Neurogenomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
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29
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Yang CB, Zheng YT, Kiser PJ, Mower GD. Identification of disabled-1 as a candidate gene for critical period neuroplasticity in cat and mouse visual cortex. Eur J Neurosci 2006; 23:2804-8. [PMID: 16817883 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.04799.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Rearing in darkness slows the time course of the critical period in visual cortex, such that at 5 weeks of age normal cats are more plastic than dark-reared cats, whereas at 20 weeks dark-reared cats are more plastic [G. D. Mower (1991)Dev. Brain Res., 58, 151-158]. Thus, a stringent criterion is that genes that are important for plasticity in visual cortex will show differences in expression between normal and dark-reared visual cortex that are of opposite direction in young vs. older animals. The present study reports the identification by differential display PCR of Dab-1, the mammalian homolog of the drosophila disabled-1 gene, as a candidate gene for critical period neuronal plasticity, expression of which is regulated according to this criterion in cat visual cortex. Evidence for this bidirectional direction regulation is extended to Dab-1 protein in cat and mouse visual cortex and shown to be specific to visual cortex, not occurring in frontal cortex. The Reelin/Dab-1 pathway has well-documented functions in cell migration during prenatal life and increasing evidence indicates that in postnatal brain the pathway plays a role in synaptic plasticity. The present results extend this evidence by directly implicating Dab-1 in postnatal critical period plasticity of visual cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui Bo Yang
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville, KY 40202, USA
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Paredes M, Pleasure SJ, Baraban SC. Embryonic and early postnatal abnormalities contributing to the development of hippocampal malformations in a rodent model of dysplasia. J Comp Neurol 2006; 495:133-48. [PMID: 16432901 PMCID: PMC2827607 DOI: 10.1002/cne.20871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
While there are many recent examples of single gene deletions that lead to defects in cortical development, most human cases of cortical disorganization can be attributed to a combination of environmental and genetic factors. Elucidating the cellular or developmental basis of teratogenic exposures in experimental animals is an important approach to understanding how environmental insults at particular developmental junctures can lead to complex brain malformations. Rats with prenatal exposure to methylazoxymethanol (MAM) reproduce many anatomical features seen in epilepsy patients. Previous studies have shown that heterotopic clusters of neocortically derived neurons exhibit hyperexcitable firing activity and may be a source of heightened seizure susceptibility; however, the events that lead to the formation of these abnormal cell clusters is unclear. Here we used a panel of molecular markers and birthdating studies to show that in MAM-exposed rats the abnormal cell clusters (heterotopia) first appear postnatally in the hippocampus (P1-2) and that their appearance is preceded by a distinct sequence of perturbations in neocortical development: 1) disruption of the radial glial scaffolding with premature astroglial differentiation, and 2) thickening of the marginal zone with redistribution of Cajal-Retzius neurons to deeper layers. These initial events are followed by disruption of the cortical plate and appearance of subventricular zone nodules. Finally, we observed the erosion of neocortical subventricular zone nodules into the hippocampus around parturition followed by migration of nodules to hippocampus. We conclude that prenatal MAM exposure disrupts critical developmental processes and prenatal neocortical structures, ultimately resulting in neocortical disorganization and hippocampal malformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Paredes
- Epilepsy Research Laboratory, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Samuel J. Pleasure
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco
- Correspondence to either: SC Baraban, Box 0520, Department of Neurological Surgery, 513 Parnassus Avenue, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94143. Phone: (415) 476-9473; Fax: (415) or SJ Pleasure, Box 0435, Department of Neurology, 513 Parnassus Avenue, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94143. Phone: (415) 502-5683; Fax: (415) 476-5229;
| | - Scott C. Baraban
- Epilepsy Research Laboratory, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco
- Correspondence to either: SC Baraban, Box 0520, Department of Neurological Surgery, 513 Parnassus Avenue, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94143. Phone: (415) 476-9473; Fax: (415) or SJ Pleasure, Box 0435, Department of Neurology, 513 Parnassus Avenue, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94143. Phone: (415) 502-5683; Fax: (415) 476-5229;
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Ramos-Moreno T, Galazo MJ, Porrero C, Martínez-Cerdeño V, Clascá F. Extracellular matrix molecules and synaptic plasticity: immunomapping of intracellular and secreted Reelin in the adult rat brain. Eur J Neurosci 2006; 23:401-22. [PMID: 16420448 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2005.04567.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Reelin, a large extracellular matrix glycoprotein, is secreted by several neuron populations in the developing and adult rodent brain. Secreted Reelin triggers a complex signaling pathway by binding lipoprotein and integrin membrane receptors in target cells. Reelin signaling regulates migration and dendritic growth in developing neurons, while it can modulate synaptic plasticity in adult neurons. To identify which adult neural circuits can be modulated by Reelin-mediated signaling, we systematically mapped the distribution of Reelin in adult rat brain using sensitive immunolabeling techniques. Results show that the distribution of intracellular and secreted Reelin is both very widespread and specific. Some interneuron and projection neuron populations in the cerebral cortex contain Reelin. Numerous striatal neurons are weakly immunoreactive for Reelin and these cells are preferentially located in striosomes. Some thalamic nuclei contain Reelin-immunoreactive cells. Double-immunolabeling for GABA and Reelin reveals that the Reelin-immunoreactive cells in the visual thalamus are the intrinsic thalamic interneurons. High local concentrations of extracellular Reelin selectively outline several dendrite spine-rich neuropils. Together with previous mRNA data, our observations suggest abundant axoplasmic transport and secretion in pathways such as the retino-collicular tract, the entorhino-hippocampal ('perforant') path, the lateral olfactory tract or the parallel fiber system of the cerebellum. A preferential secretion of Reelin in these neuropils is consistent with reports of rapid, activity-induced structural changes in adult brain circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Ramos-Moreno
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Autónoma University, Ave. Arzobispo Morcillo s/n., Madrid 28029, Spain
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Beffert U, Durudas A, Weeber EJ, Stolt PC, Giehl KM, Sweatt JD, Hammer RE, Herz J. Functional dissection of Reelin signaling by site-directed disruption of Disabled-1 adaptor binding to apolipoprotein E receptor 2: distinct roles in development and synaptic plasticity. J Neurosci 2006; 26:2041-52. [PMID: 16481437 PMCID: PMC6674917 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4566-05.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The Reelin signaling pathway controls neuronal positioning in human and mouse brain during development as well as modulation of long-term potentiation (LTP) and behavior in the adult. Reelin signals by binding to two transmembrane receptors, apolipoprotein E receptor 2 (Apoer2) and very-low-density lipoprotein receptor. After Reelin binds to the receptors, Disabled-1 (Dab1), an intracellular adaptor protein that binds to the cytoplasmic tails of the receptors, becomes phosphorylated on tyrosine residues, initiating a signaling cascade that includes activation of Src-family kinases and Akt. Here, we have created a line of mutant mice (Apoer2 EIG) in which the Apoer2 NFDNPVY motif has been altered to EIGNPVY to disrupt the Apoer2-Dab1 interaction to further study Reelin signaling in development and adult brain. Using primary neuronal cultures stimulated with recombinant Reelin, we find that normal Reelin signaling requires the wild-type NFDNPVY sequence and likely the interaction of Apoer2 with Dab1. Furthermore, examination of hippocampal, cortical, and cerebellar layering reveals that the NFDNPVY sequence of Apoer2 is indispensable for normal neuronal positioning during development of the brain. Adult Apoer2 EIG mice display severe abnormalities in LTP and behavior that are distinct from those observed for mice lacking Apoer2. In Apoer2 EIG slices, LTP degraded to baseline within 30 min, and this was prevented in the presence of Reelin. Together, these findings emphasize the complexity of Reelin signaling in the adult brain, which likely requires multiple adaptor protein interactions with the intracellular domain of Apoer2.
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Parisiadou L, Efthimiopoulos S. Expression of mDab1 promotes the stability and processing of amyloid precursor protein and this effect is counteracted by X11alpha. Neurobiol Aging 2006; 28:377-88. [PMID: 16458391 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2005.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2005] [Revised: 12/21/2005] [Accepted: 12/22/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The cytoplasmic tail of amyloid precursor protein (APP) possesses the NPTY motif to which several phosphotyrosine-binding domain-containing proteins bind, including X11alpha and mDab1. X11alpha has been shown to slow cellular APP processing and reduce secretion of Abeta peptides. However, the effect of mDab1 on APP processing has not been determined. Here, we show that mDab1 increases the levels of cellular mature APP and promotes its processing by the secretases in both transiently transfected HEK 293 cells and in neuroglioma U251 cells. These effects derive specifically from the interaction of APP with mDab1 since they are not observed in APP deletion mutants lacking the interaction module NPTY. We further demonstrate that mDab1 enhances cell surface expression of APP, possibly by interfering with its endocytosis. Interestingly, X11alpha and mDab1 exert opposing effects on APP processing. However, when both proteins are co-expressed the effect of X11alpha overrides that of mDab1. Taken together, these results suggest that the relative stoichiometry and binding affinity of the adaptor proteins determines the final outcome on APP metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loukia Parisiadou
- Division of Animal and Human Physiology, Department of Biology, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, 157 84 Panepistimiopolis, Ilisia, Athens, Greece
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D'Arcangelo G. Reelin mouse mutants as models of cortical development disorders. Epilepsy Behav 2006; 8:81-90. [PMID: 16266828 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2005.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2005] [Revised: 09/09/2005] [Accepted: 09/10/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Developmental defects in neuronal positioning and synaptic connectivity are commonly found in neurological diseases, and they are believed to underlie many cognitive and affective disorders. Several mouse mutants are currently available that model at least some aspects of human developmental brain disorders. With the identification of the genes mutated in these animals and the study of the cellular basis of the phenotypes, we have taken significant strides toward an understanding of the mechanisms controlling proper brain development and the consequences of their dysfunction. In particular, mouse mutants deficient in the Reelin gene have provided valuable insights into the mechanisms of cortical development. Absence of Reelin expression in the spontaneous mutant mouse reeler leads to extensive defects in neuronal position and dendrite development. In humans, loss of Reelin results in a type of lissencephaly with severe cortical and cerebellar malformation. Genetic and biochemical studies using mouse mutants suggest that the Lis1 protein may participate in the Reelin signaling pathway controlling cortical development. Reduced levels of Reelin are also present in postmortem brains of patients with schizophrenia, suggesting a possible link with this cognitive disorder. The regulation of the Reelin gene may thus provide insights into the mechanisms of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella D'Arcangelo
- The Cain Foundation Laboratories, Texas Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Kilic SS, Donmez O, Sloan EA, Elizondo LI, Huang C, André JL, Bogdanovic R, Cockfield S, Cordeiro I, Deschenes G, Fründ S, Kaitila I, Lama G, Lamfers P, Lücke T, Milford DV, Najera L, Rodrigo F, Saraiva JM, Schmidt B, Smith GC, Stajic N, Stein A, Taha D, Wand D, Armstrong D, Boerkoel CF. Association of migraine-like headaches with Schimke immuno-osseous dysplasia. Am J Med Genet A 2005; 135:206-10. [PMID: 15884045 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.30692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Schimke immuno-osseous dysplasia (SIOD) is characterized by spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia, nephropathy, and T-cell deficiency. SIOD is caused by mutations in the putative chromatin remodeling protein SMARCAL1. We report an 8-year-old boy with SIOD and recurrent, severe, refractory migraine-like headaches. Through a retrospective questionnaire-based study, we found that refractory and severely disabling migraine-like headaches occur in nearly half of SIOD patients. We have also found that the vasodilator minoxidil provided symptomatic relief for one patient. We hypothesize that these headaches may arise from an intrinsic vascular, neuroimmune, or neurovascular defect resulting from loss of SMARCAL1 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Sebnem Kilic
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Immunology, Uludag University Medical Faculty, Görükle-Bursa, Turkey
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Chen T, Wu F, Chen FM, Tian J, Qu S. Variations of very low-density lipoprotein receptor subtype expression in gastrointestinal adenocarcinoma cells with various differentiations. World J Gastroenterol 2005; 11:2817-21. [PMID: 15884130 PMCID: PMC4305924 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v11.i18.2817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: This study is aimed at investigating the expression and possible significances of very low-density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR) subtypes in gastroenteric adenocarcinoma tissues and cells with various differentiations.
METHODS: Thirty-one cases of gastroenteric carcinoma/adjacent normal tissues were enrolled in the study, which were diagnosed and classified by the clinicopathological diagnosis. The expression of VLDLR subtypes was detected in gastroenteric carcinoma/adjacent normal tissues and three various differentiated human gastric adenocarcinoma cell lines (MKN28, SGC7901 and MKN45) by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blot analysis.
RESULTS: Two VLDLR subtypes, namely, type II VLDLR and type I VLDLR, were found to express changes in gastroenteric carcinoma tissues, their adjacent normal tissue, and gastric adenocarcinoma cell lines as well. Type II VLDLR is predominantly expressed in poorly- or moderately-differentiated gastroenteric carcinoma tissues and gastric adenocarcinoma cell lines, whereas type I VLDLR is mainly detected in well-differentiated intestinal carcinoma tissues and gastric adenocarcinoma cells compared with the adjacent normal tissues.
CONCLUSION: The results suggested that the variations of the VLDLR subtype expression might be correlated with the progress and differentiation of gastroenteric carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
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Roberts RC, Xu L, Roche JK, Kirkpatrick B. Ultrastructural localization of reelin in the cortex in post-mortem human brain. J Comp Neurol 2005; 482:294-308. [PMID: 15690491 DOI: 10.1002/cne.20408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Reelin is a glycoprotein that plays a critical role in brain development, including proper cortical lamination. In adult animals, reelin continues to be expressed in different neuronal populations in many brain regions. We performed labeling for reelin immunoreactivity (-i) in post-mortem cerebral cortex from five adults and two fetuses with three different antibodies. The tissue was then processed for light and electron microscopy. In cell bodies, reelin-i was found in pyramidal and nonpyramidal neurons on the outer nuclear membrane, rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER), and ribosomes. In dendrites, labeling was found in the rER and ribosomes and was diffusely distributed in spines. In the neuropil, diffuse labeling was seen in small axon terminals and unmyelinated axons, and the postsynaptic density (PSD) frequently had discrete labeling. Reelin-i was also found in glial somata and in small astrocytic processes. With rare exceptions, reelin-i in the adult was conspicuously absent from both the extracellular matrix (ECM) and the subcellular organelles, where secreted proteins are modified and taken back into the cell. Labeling in fetal cortex was similar to that in the adult except for prominent labeling in the ECM. The presence of reelin in adult spines, PSD, and terminals suggests that in the adult human reelin has a role in synaptic remodeling, which is consistent with the evidence for its role in long-term potentiation in the adult brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalinda C Roberts
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21228, USA.
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Abstract
Reelin glycoprotein is a secretory serine protease with dual roles in mammalian brain: embryologically, it guides neurons and radial glial cells to their corrected positions in the developing brain; in adult brain, Reelin is involved in a signaling pathway which underlies neurotransmission, memory formation and synaptic plasticity. Disruption of Reelin signaling pathway by mutations and selective hypermethylation of the Reln gene promoter or following various pre- or postnatal insults may lead to cognitive deficits present in neuropsychiatric disorders like autism or schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Fatemi
- Division of Neuroscience Research, Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota Medical School, 420 Delaware Street, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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Brouwers P. Commentary: Study of the Neurobehavioral Consequences of Childhood Cancer: Entering the Genomic Era? J Pediatr Psychol 2005; 30:79-84. [PMID: 15610987 DOI: 10.1093/jpepsy/jsi018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Pim Brouwers
- Texas Children's Cancer and Sickle Cell Centers, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.
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