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Grella CE, Ostlie E, Watson DP, Scott CK, Carnevale J, Dennis ML. Scoping review of interventions to link individuals to substance use services at discharge from jail. J Subst Abuse Treat 2022; 138:108718. [PMID: 35012792 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsat.2021.108718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Individuals with substance use disorders (SUD) must be linked to community-based SUD treatment and other services upon their release from jail, given their high service needs and risks for relapse, recidivism, and opioid-related overdose following release. METHOD This scoping review identified 14 studies (28 affiliated publications) that used experimental or quasi-experimental designs to evaluate jail re-entry interventions for individuals with SUD. The team coded intervention components, study characteristics, and study outcomes based on a service continuum for treatment linkage and retention and for post-release substance use and criminal justice outcomes. RESULTS This review included 4 randomized controlled trials (RCT) for linkage to treatment with medications for opioid use disorder (MOUD); 4 RCTs and 4 quasi-experimental studies for linkage to non-specific SUD treatment; and 2 RCTs for linkage to HIV + SUD services. Most studies (9/14) used case management and/or peer or patient navigation as the core intervention; 2 studies provided medical management for MOUD induction and/or facilitated referral to MOUD in the community; and 3 studies used motivational-based linkage interventions. A qualitative analysis of study outcomes found evidence to support the effectiveness of a diverse range of interventions to link individuals to community-based SUD treatment, MOUD, and other services at re-entry, but limited support for intervention effects on longer-term outcomes, including treatment retention, medication adherence, recidivism, and substance use. CONCLUSION Future controlled trials and implementation studies should help to unpack and examine core components of jail re-entry interventions and their successful implementation to enhance treatment retention and improve post-release outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erika Ostlie
- Carnevale Associates LLC, 4 Belinder Rd., Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA..
| | - Dennis P Watson
- Chestnut Health Systems, 221 W. Walton St., Chicago, IL 60610, USA..
| | - Christy K Scott
- Chestnut Health Systems, 221 W. Walton St., Chicago, IL 60610, USA..
| | - John Carnevale
- Carnevale Associates LLC, 4 Belinder Rd., Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA..
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Howell BA, Puglisi L, Clark K, Albizu-Garcia C, Ashkin E, Booth T, Brinkley-Rubinstein L, Fiellin DA, Fox AD, Maurer KF, Lin HJ, McCollister K, Murphy S, Morse DS, Shavit S, Wang K, Winkelman T, Wang EA. The Transitions Clinic Network: Post Incarceration Addiction Treatment, Healthcare, and Social Support (TCN-PATHS): A hybrid type-1 effectiveness trial of enhanced primary care to improve opioid use disorder treatment outcomes following release from jail. J Subst Abuse Treat 2021; 128:108315. [PMID: 33583610 PMCID: PMC8319218 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsat.2021.108315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In 2016, at least 20% of people with opioid use disorder (OUD) were involved in the criminal justice system, with the majority of individuals cycling through jails. Opioid overdose is the leading cause of death and a common cause of morbidity after release from incarceration. Medications for OUD (MOUD) are effective at reducing overdoses, but few interventions have successfully engaged and retained individuals after release from incarceration in treatment. OBJECTIVE To assess whether follow-up care in the Transitions Clinic Network (TCN), which provides OUD treatment and enhanced primary care for people released from incarceration, improves key measures in the opioid treatment cascade after release from jail. In TCN programs, primary care teams include a community health worker with a history of incarceration, and they attend to social needs, such as housing, food insecurity, and criminal legal system contact, along with patients' medical needs. METHODS AND ANALYSIS We will bring together six correctional systems and community health centers with TCN programs to conduct a hybrid type-1 effectiveness/implementation study among individuals who were released from jail on MOUD. We will randomize 800 individuals on MOUD released from seven local jails (Bridgeport, CT; Niantic, CT; Bronx, NY; Caguas, PR; Durham, NC; Minneapolis, MN; Ontario County, NY) to compare the effectiveness of a TCN intervention versus referral to standard primary care to improve measures within the opioid treatment cascade. We will also determine what social determinants of health are mediating any observed associations between assignment to the TCN program and opioid treatment cascade measures. Last, we will study the cost effectiveness of the approach, as well as individual, organizational, and policy-level barriers and facilitators to successfully transitioning individuals on MOUD from jail to the TCN. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Investigation Review Board the University of North Carolina (IRB Study # 19-1713), the Office of Human Research Protections, and the NIDA JCOIN Data Safety Monitoring Board approved the study. We will disseminate study findings through peer-reviewed publications and academic and community presentations. We will disseminate study data through a web-based platform designed to share data with TCN PATHS participants and other TCN stakeholders. Clinical trials.gov registration: NCT04309565.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A Howell
- SEICHE Center for Health and Justice, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States of America; Yale Program in Addiction Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States of America; Section of General Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - Lisa Puglisi
- SEICHE Center for Health and Justice, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States of America; Yale Program in Addiction Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States of America; Section of General Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - Katie Clark
- SEICHE Center for Health and Justice, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States of America
| | | | - Evan Ashkin
- University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Tyler Booth
- InterCommunity Health Care, East Hartford, CT, United States of America
| | | | - David A Fiellin
- Yale Program in Addiction Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States of America; Section of General Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - Aaron D Fox
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States of America
| | | | - Hsiu-Ju Lin
- University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States of America
| | | | - Sean Murphy
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Diane S Morse
- University of Rochester, School of Medicine, Rochester, NY, United States of America
| | | | - Karen Wang
- Section of General Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - Tyler Winkelman
- Health, Homelessness, and Criminal Justice Lab, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America; Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Hennepin Healthcare, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
| | - Emily A Wang
- SEICHE Center for Health and Justice, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States of America; Yale Program in Addiction Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States of America; Section of General Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States of America.
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Transitioning into the Community: Perceptions of Barriers and Facilitators Experienced By Formerly Incarcerated, Homeless Women During Reentry-A Qualitative Study. Community Ment Health J 2021; 57:609-621. [PMID: 33387178 PMCID: PMC8514107 DOI: 10.1007/s10597-020-00748-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Formerly incarcerated, homeless women on parole or probation experience individual-and structural-level barriers and facilitators as they prepare to transition into the community during reentry. A qualitative study was undertaken using focus group methods with formerly incarcerated, currently homeless women (N = 18, Mage = 37.67, SD 10.68, 23-53 years of age) exiting jail or prison. Major themes which emerged included the following: (1) access to resources-barriers and facilitators during community transition, (2) familial reconciliation and parenting during community transition, and (3) trauma and self-care support during community transition. These findings suggest a need to develop multi-level interventions at the individual, program and institutional/societal level with a gender-sensitive lens for women who are transitioning to community reentry. It is hoped that providing such resources will reduce the likelihood of homelessness and reincarceration.
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Smith SA, Mays GP, Collins TC, Ramaswamy M. The role of the community health delivery system in the health and well-being of justice-involved women: a narrative review. HEALTH & JUSTICE 2019; 7:12. [PMID: 31254119 PMCID: PMC6717968 DOI: 10.1186/s40352-019-0092-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over seven million imprisoned and jailed women are released into the community each year and many are ill-equipped to meet the challenges of re-integration. Upon release into their community, women are faced with uncertain barriers and challenges using community services to improve their health and well-being and reuniting with families. Few studies have identified and described the barriers of the community health delivery system (CHDS)- a complex set of social, justice, and healthcare organizations that provide community services aimed to improve the health and well-being (i.e. safety, health, the success of integration, and life satisfaction) of justice-involved women. We conducted a narrative review of peer-reviewed and gray literature to identify and describe the CHDS and the CHDS service delivery. RESULTS Peer-reviewed and gray literature (n = 82) describing the CHDS organizations' missions, incentives, goals, and services were coded in three domains, justice, social, and healthcare, to examine their service delivery to justice-involved women and their efforts to improve the health and well-being of justice-involved women. CONCLUSIONS We found that the CHDS is fragmented, identified gaps in knowledge about the CHDS that serves justice-involved women, and offer recommendations to reduce fragmentation and integrate service delivery aimed to improve the health and well-being of justice-involved women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharla A. Smith
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Kansas School of Medicine, 1010 N. Kansas Street, Wichita, KS 67214 USA
| | - Glen P. Mays
- Department of Health Management & Policy, College of Public Health, The University of Kentucky, 111 Washington Avenue #201, Lexington, KY 40536-0003 USA
| | - Tracie C. Collins
- Department of Preventive Medicine & Public Health, University of Kansas School of Medicine, 1010 N. Kansas St., Ste 1406, Wichita, KS 67214-3199 USA
| | - Megha Ramaswamy
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, MS 1008, Kansas City, KS 66160 USA
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Thomas K, Wilson JL, Bedell P, Morse DS. "They didn't give up on me": a women's transitions clinic from the perspective of re-entering women. Addict Sci Clin Pract 2019; 14:12. [PMID: 30935408 PMCID: PMC6444569 DOI: 10.1186/s13722-019-0142-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Women recently released from incarceration have increased rates of co-occurring substance use, physical health, and mental health disorders. During re-entry, they face challenges navigating needed health services and social services stemming from these problems. Women's Initiative Supporting Health Transitions Clinic (WISH-TC) is a primary care program that facilitates treatment access for re-entering women. Strategies include support and navigation assistance from peer community health workers. METHODS Thirteen participants, of whom 11 had a substance use disorder, completed semi-structured interviews about their experiences in WISH-TC as part of a process evaluation. We conducted a qualitative framework analysis informed by self-determination theory. RESULTS WISH-TC supported autonomy as staff helped motivate women to work toward personal health goals. Women were empowered to have their health needs met, and consequently, prioritized attending clinic. Regarding competence, WISH-TC built upon women's existing knowledge to increase their health literacy and better understand their individual health needs. Relatedness support, both prior to re-entry and ongoing with clinic staff, was key in women's satisfaction with their care. The clinic made procedural changes in response to the interviews, including providing orientation for the patients and training the clinic in trauma-informed practices. CONCLUSIONS Our findings highlight the potential of a program for re-entering women, including those with substance use disorders to strengthen their abilities to navigate complex healthcare and societal systems. WISH-TC helped women feel supported, motivated, and competent to address their substance use, physical, and mental health conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Thomas
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, USA
| | - John L. Wilson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, USA
| | - Precious Bedell
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, USA
| | - Diane S. Morse
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, USA
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Ludema C, Edmonds A, Cole SR, Eron JJ, Adedimeji AA, Cohen J, Cohen MH, Kassaye S, Konkle-Parker DJ, Metsch LR, Wingood GM, Wilson TE, Adimora AA. Comparing neighborhood and state contexts for women living with and without HIV: understanding the Southern HIV epidemic. AIDS Care 2018; 30:1360-1367. [PMID: 29962235 PMCID: PMC6283284 DOI: 10.1080/09540121.2018.1492696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
In the South, people living with HIV experience worse health outcomes than in other geographic regions, likely due to regional political, structural, and socioeconomic factors. We describe the neighborhoods of women (n = 1,800) living with and without HIV in the Women's Interagency HIV Study (WIHS), a cohort with Southern sites in Chapel Hill, NC; Atlanta, GA; Birmingham, AL; Jackson, MS; and Miami, FL; and non-Southern sites in Brooklyn, NY; Bronx, NY; Washington, DC; San Francisco, CA; and Chicago, IL. In 2014, participants' addresses were geocoded and matched to several administrative data sources. There were a number of differences between the neighborhood contexts of Southern and non-Southern WIHS participants. Southern states had the lowest income eligibility thresholds for family Medicaid, and consequently higher proportions of uninsured individuals. Modeled proportions of income devoted to transportation were much higher in Southern neighborhoods (Location Affordability Index of 28-39% compared to 16-23% in non-Southern sites), and fewer participants lived in counties where hospitals reported providing HIV care (55% of GA, 63% of NC, and 76% of AL participants lived in a county with a hospital that provided HIV care, compared to >90% at all other sites). Finally, the states with the highest adult incarceration rates were all in the South (per 100,000 residents: AL 820, MS 788, GA 686, FL 644). Many Southern states opted not to expand Medicaid, invest little in transportation infrastructure, and have staggering rates of incarceration. Resolution of racial and geographic disparities in HIV health outcomes will require addressing these structural barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Ludema
- Indiana University School of Public Health-Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Andrew Edmonds
- UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Stephen R. Cole
- UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - Adebola A. Adedimeji
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Mardge H. Cohen
- Cook County Health and Hospital System and Rush University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Seble Kassaye
- Georgetown University Department of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | | | | | - Tracey E. Wilson
- State University of New York (SUNY) Downstate Medical Center School of Public Health, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Adaora A. Adimora
- UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Abstract
The criminal justice (CJ) system can be leveraged to access women for HIV prevention and treatment programs. Research is lacking on effective implementation strategies tailored to the specific needs of CJ-involved women. We conducted a scoping review of published studies in English from the United States that described HIV interventions, involved women or girls, and used the CJ system as an access point for sampling or intervention delivery. We identified 350 studies and synthesized data from 42 unique interventions, based in closed (n = 26), community (n = 7), or multiple/other CJ settings (n = 9). A minority of reviewed programs incorporated women-specific content or conducted gender-stratified analyses. CJ systems are comprised of diverse access points, each with unique strengths and challenges for implementing HIV treatment and prevention programs for women. Further study is warranted to develop women-specific and trauma-informed content and evaluate program effectiveness.
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Mental Health and Substance Abuse Service Engagement by Men and Women During Community Reentry Following Incarceration. ADMINISTRATION AND POLICY IN MENTAL HEALTH AND MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH 2017; 43:207-18. [PMID: 25663094 DOI: 10.1007/s10488-015-0632-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Individuals reentering the community following incarceration are at high risk for experiencing mental health and substance use problems. This longitudinal study explores patterns and barriers for engaging treatment services during early reentry. Seventy-five men and 62 women in jail, prison, or community based correctional facilities (CBCFs) participated in pre- and post-release interviews. Findings indicate that services were engaged at a lower-than-needed rate and barriers were greater for individuals leaving jails compared to prison or CBCF. Exploratory factor analysis of the barriers instrument is presented. Implications for extending service access to this population are discussed, as are future directions for research.
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Maeve MK. Waiting to be Caught: The Devolution of Health for Women Newly Released from Jail. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/073401680102600202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Traditionally understood ideas about health and criminal behaviors are integrally linked within an individual's health, as well as a community's health. In a time when women are increasingly jailed, it is important to examine the life ways of women who are newly released. This study, using participatory action research and critical hermeneutic data analysis techniques, examined women's health and social experiences following their release from jail. Findings suggest that women experienced an onward and downward momentum of health indices, or devolution, with regard to economic status, physical and mental health status, intimate and family relationships, and general social functioning. It is argued that basic public health and community nursing interventions would provide a more seamless transition from jail back into community and would positively impact the individual and community health issues that are embedded within the criminal activity.
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Integrating health education and physical activity programming for cardiovascular health promotion among female inmates: A proof of concept study. Contemp Clin Trials 2016; 48:65-9. [PMID: 27020419 DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2016.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Female inmate populations in the United States tend to be overweight, physically inactive, experience high stress, and have a history of nicotine and other drug dependence. Thus, they bear an elevated risk of cardiovascular (CV) disease than the general population. However, few evidence-based health interventions exist for this population. This study will test proof of concept, feasibility, and potential efficacy of a multiple health behavior change intervention that integrates CV-health promotion education delivered during a physical activity (PA) program (indoor cycling) tailored to this population. This study uses a quasi-experimental 2-group design with two measurement time-points: baseline and 8-week end of treatment. N=120 incarcerated women (18-59years of age) who are medically cleared for participation in PA will be enrolled. Indoor cycling instructors will be trained to deliver five health education topics over an 8-week period during twice-weekly cycling classes. Topics match the American Heart Association recommendations for CV health: (a) nutrition, (b) PA promotion, (c) weight management, (d) stress management, and (e) smoking cessation and relapse prevention. Modes of intervention include instructor advice, written materials and audio/video clips reviewed during class. CV-related and mental health measures will be assessed at both time-points. Results will guide a full scale efficacy study. Future research in this area has potential to impact the health of female inmates, a high-risk population. Moreover, this multiple health behavior change intervention model represents a community approach to health promotion that could generalize to other underserved populations who may benefit most from similar intervention efforts.
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Ramaswamy M, Simmons R, Kelly PJ. The development of a brief jail-based cervical health promotion intervention. Health Promot Pract 2015; 16:432-42. [PMID: 25063589 PMCID: PMC4306642 DOI: 10.1177/1524839914541658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The primary objective of this article was to describe the development and pilot implementation of a brief jail-based cervical health promotion intervention. The intervention was guided by a preliminary study of incarcerated women's cervical health knowledge, awareness, and health literacy, as well as a social and feminist approach to intervention development. We developed and conducted a pilot implementation of the Sexual Health Empowerment Project to increase cervical health knowledge, reduce barriers related to beliefs about cervical cancer, and improve self-efficacy and confidence in navigating health systems. This article offers a framework for how empirically and theory-based interventions are developed and tailored for a jail setting. Future work should include the evaluation of the long-term effects of such a disease-specific program on health behaviors and outcomes among high-risk and vulnerable groups of women as they leave jails and enter communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megha Ramaswamy
- University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Rebekah Simmons
- University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, KS, USA
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Ramaswamy M, Chen HF, Cropsey KL, Clarke JG, Kelly PJ. Highly Effective Birth Control Use Before and After Women's Incarceration. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2015; 24:530-9. [PMID: 25555175 DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2014.4942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We examined factors associated with women's use of highly effective birth control before and after incarceration, since women with ongoing criminal justice involvement bear a disproportionate burden of sexual and reproductive health problems, including high rates of unintended pregnancy and inconsistent contraceptive use. METHODS Using a longitudinal study design, we conducted surveys with 102 women in an urban midwestern jail and then followed up with 66 of them 6 months after incarceration. We used stepwise logistic regression to assess individual, interpersonal, resource-based, organizational, and environmental factors associated with utilizing highly effective birth control. RESULTS Forty-two percent of women reported utilizing highly effective birth control (e.g., sterilization or other highly effective reversible methods) prior to incarceration, and 54% reported using these methods after release from jail (p<0.001). Ninety percent of women reported not wanting to get pregnant. Consistent use of birth control (p=0.001) and alcohol problems (p=0.027) were associated with utilization of highly effective birth control prior to incarceration. Previous pregnancies (p=0.012) were the only factor associated with utilization of highly effective birth control after release from jail. CONCLUSIONS Clinicians and public health practitioners can use findings from this study to develop clinical and intervention efforts aimed at improving unintended-pregnancy prevention among incarcerated women both during their confinement and during the tumultuous period after their release from jail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megha Ramaswamy
- 1 Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Kansas School of Medicine , Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Hsiang-Feng Chen
- 2 Center for Research Methods and Data Analysis, University of Kansas , Lawrence, Kansas
| | - Karen L Cropsey
- 3 Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Jennifer G Clarke
- 4 Center for Primary Care and Prevention, Memorial Hospital/Brown Medical School , Pawtucket, Rhode Island
| | - Patricia J Kelly
- 5 School of Nursing, University of Missouri-Kansas City , Kansas City, Missouri
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Programy przygotowujące do wyjścia na wolność i opieka postpenitencjarna dla kobiet uzależnionych od narkotyków odbywających karę pozbawienia wolności – perspektywa międzynarodowa. ALCOHOLISM AND DRUG ADDICTION 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/s0867-4361(14)70008-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Meyer JP, Zelenev A, Wickersham JA, Williams CT, Teixeira PA, Altice FL. Gender disparities in HIV treatment outcomes following release from jail: results from a multicenter study. Am J Public Health 2014; 104:434-41. [PMID: 24432878 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2013.301553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We assessed gender differences in longitudinal HIV treatment outcomes among HIV-infected jail detainees transitioning to the community. METHODS Data were from the largest multisite prospective cohort study of HIV-infected released jail detainees (n = 1270)-the Enhancing Linkages to HIV Primary Care and Services in Jail Setting Initiative, January 2008 and March 2011, which had 10 sites in 9 states. We assessed baseline and 6-month HIV treatment outcomes, stratifying by gender. RESULTS Of 867 evaluable participants, 277 (31.9%) were women. Compared with men, women were more likely to be younger, non-Hispanic White, married, homeless, and depressed, but were similar in recent alcohol and heroin use. By 6 months postrelease, women were significantly less likely than men to experience optimal HIV treatment outcomes, including (1) retention in care (50% vs 63%), (2) antiretroviral therapy prescription (39% vs 58%) or optimal antiretroviral therapy adherence (28% vs 44%), and (3) viral suppression (18% vs 30%). In multiple logistic regression models, women were half as likely as men to achieve viral suppression. CONCLUSIONS HIV-infected women transitioning from jail experience greater comorbidity and worse HIV treatment outcomes than men. Future interventions that transition people from jail to community-based HIV clinical care should be gender-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaimie P Meyer
- Jaimie P. Meyer, Alexei Zelenev, Jeffrey A. Wickersham, and Frederick L. Altice are with the AIDS Program, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT. Jaimie P. Meyer is also with Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven. Chyvette T. Williams is with University of Illinois at Chicago School of Public Health. Paul A. Teixeira is with New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York, NY. Frederick L. Altice is also with Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, and Centre of Excellence on Research in AIDS, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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HIV among persons incarcerated in the USA: a review of evolving concepts in testing, treatment, and linkage to community care. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2013; 26:10-6. [PMID: 23221766 DOI: 10.1097/qco.0b013e32835c1dd0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW People who are incarcerated have a disproportionately high risk of HIV infection. They also tend to have risk factors associated with underutilization of antiretroviral therapy (ART) such as substance abuse, mental illness, and poor access to care. In this review, we describe how incarceration is a marker of vulnerability for suboptimal HIV care, and also how criminal justice settings may be leveraged as a platform for promoting testing, linkage, and retention in HIV care for a high-risk, marginalized population. RECENT FINDINGS In both prisons and jails, routine, opt-out HIV testing strategies are more appropriate for screening correctional populations than traditional, risk-based strategies. Rapid HIV testing is feasible and acceptable in busy, urban jail settings. Although ART is successfully administered in many prison settings, release to the community is strongly associated with inconsistent access to medications and other structural factors leading to loss of viral suppression. SUMMARY Collaborations among HIV clinicians, criminal justice personnel, and public health practitioners represent an important strategy for turning the tide on the HIV epidemic. Success will depend upon scaled-up efforts to seek individuals with undiagnosed infection and bring those who are out-of-care into long-term treatment.
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Barrenger SL, Draine J. “You Don't Get No Help”: The Role of Community Context in Effectiveness of Evidence-Based Treatments for People with Mental Illness Leaving Prison for High Risk Environments. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRIC REHABILITATION 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/15487768.2013.789709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Candace Robertson-James
- a Women's Health Education Program , Drexel University, College of Medicine , Philadelphia , PA , 19129
| | - Ana Núñez
- b Director of the Women's Health Education Program, Department of Medicine , Drexel University College of Medicine , Philadelphia , PA , 19129
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Salem BE, Nyamathi A, Idemundia F, Slaughter R, Ames M. At a crossroads: reentry challenges and healthcare needs among homeless female ex-offenders. JOURNAL OF FORENSIC NURSING 2013; 9:14-22. [PMID: 24078800 PMCID: PMC3783031 DOI: 10.1097/jfn.0b013e31827a1e9d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The exponential increase in the number of women parolees and probationers in the last decade has made women the most rapidly growing group of offenders in the United States. The purpose of this descriptive, qualitative study is to understand the unique gendered experiences of homeless female ex-offenders, in the context of healthcare needs, types of health services sought, and gaps in order to help them achieve a smooth transition post prison release. Focus group qualitative methodology was utilized to engage 14 female ex-offenders enrolled in a residential drug treatment program in Southern California. The findings suggested that for homeless female ex-offenders, there are a myriad of healthcare challenges, knowledge deficits, and barriers to moving forward in life, which necessitates strategies to prevent relapse. These findings support the development of gender-sensitive programs for preventing or reducing drug and alcohol use, recidivism, and sexually transmitted infections among this hard-to-reach population.
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Meyer JP, Qiu J, Chen NE, Larkin GL, Altice FL. Frequent emergency department use among released prisoners with human immunodeficiency virus: characterization including a novel multimorbidity index. Acad Emerg Med 2013; 20:79-88. [PMID: 23570481 DOI: 10.1111/acem.12054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2012] [Revised: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 07/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective was to characterize the medical, social, and psychiatric correlates of frequent emergency department (ED) use among released prisoners with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). METHODS Data on all ED visits by 151 released prisoners with HIV on antiretroviral therapy (ART) were prospectively collected for 12 months. Correlates of frequent ED use, defined as having two or more ED visits postrelease, were described using univariate and multivariate models and generated medical, psychiatric, and social multimorbidity indices. RESULTS Forty-four (29%) of the 151 participants were defined as frequent ED users, accounting for 81% of the 227 ED visits. Frequent ED users were more likely than infrequent or nonusers to be female; have chronic medical illnesses that included seizures, asthma, and migraines; and have worse physical health-related quality of life (HRQoL). In multivariate Poisson regression models, frequent ED use was associated with lower physical HRQoL (odds ratio [OR] = 0.95, p = 0.02) and having not had prerelease discharge planning (OR = 3.16, p = 0.04). Frequent ED use was positively correlated with increasing psychiatric multimorbidity index values. CONCLUSIONS Among released prisoners with HIV, frequent ED use is driven primarily by extensive comorbid medical and psychiatric illness. Frequent ED users were also less likely to have received prerelease discharge planning, suggesting missed opportunities for seamless linkages to care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaimie P. Meyer
- Department of Medicine; Section of Infectious Diseases; AIDS Program; Yale University School of Medicine; New Haven CT
- Divisions of Chronic Disease Epidemiology; Yale University School of Public Health; New Haven CT
| | - Jingjun Qiu
- Department of Medicine; Section of Infectious Diseases; AIDS Program; Yale University School of Medicine; New Haven CT
| | - Nadine E. Chen
- Department of Medicine; Section of Infectious Diseases; AIDS Program; Yale University School of Medicine; New Haven CT
- Department of Medicine; Division of Global Public Health; University of California San Diego School of Medicine; University of California San Diego School of Medicine; San Diego CA
| | - Gregory L. Larkin
- Department of Emergency Medicine; Yale University School of Medicine; New Haven CT
- Department of Surgery; Division of Emergency Medicine; University of Auckland School of Medicine; Auckland NZ
| | - Frederick L. Altice
- Department of Medicine; Section of Infectious Diseases; AIDS Program; Yale University School of Medicine; New Haven CT
- Division of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases; Yale University School of Public Health; New Haven CT
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Springer SA, Spaulding AC, Meyer JP, Altice FL. Public health implications for adequate transitional care for HIV-infected prisoners: five essential components. Clin Infect Dis 2012; 53:469-79. [PMID: 21844030 DOI: 10.1093/cid/cir446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In the United States, 10 million inmates are released every year, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) prevalence is several-fold greater in criminal justice populations than in the community. Few effective linkage-to-the-community programs are currently available for prisoners infected with HIV. As a result, combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) is seldom continued after release, and virological and immunological outcomes worsen. Poor HIV treatment outcomes result from a myriad of obstacles that released prisoners face upon reentering the community, including homelessness, lack of medical insurance, relapse to drug and alcohol use, and mental illness. This article will focus on 5 distinct factors that contribute significantly to treatment outcomes for released prisoners infected with HIV and have profound individual and public health implications: (1) adaptation of case management services to facilitate linkage to care; (2) continuity of cART; (3) treatment of substance use disorders; (4) continuity of mental illness treatment; and (5) reducing HIV-associated risk-taking behaviors as part of secondary prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra A Springer
- AIDS Program, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA.
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Risk factors for all-cause, overdose and early deaths after release from prison in Washington state. Drug Alcohol Depend 2011; 117:1-6. [PMID: 21295414 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2010.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2010] [Revised: 11/22/2010] [Accepted: 11/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High mortality rates after release from prison have been well-documented, particularly from overdose. However, little is known about the risk factors for death after release from prison. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the demographic and incarceration-related risk factors for all-cause, overdose and early mortality after release from prison. METHODS We conducted a retrospective cohort study of inmates released from a state prison system from 1999 through 2003. The cohort included 30,237 who had a total of 38,809 releases from prison. Potential risk factors included gender, race/ethnicity, age, length of incarceration, and community supervision. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to determine risk factors for all-cause, overdose and early (within 30 days of release) death after release from prison. RESULTS Age over 50 was associated with an increased risk for all-cause mortality (hazard ratio [HR] 2.67 for each decade increase, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.23, 3.20) but not for overdose deaths or early deaths. Latinos were at decreased risk of death compared to Whites only for all-cause mortality (HR 0.61, 95% CI 0.42, 0.87). Increasing years of incarceration were associated with a decreased risk of all-cause mortality (HR 0.95, 95% CI 0.91, 0.99) and overdose deaths (HR 0.80, 95% CI 0.68, 0.95), but not early deaths. Gender and type of release were not significantly associated with all-cause, overdose or early deaths. CONCLUSIONS Age, ethnicity and length of incarceration were associated with mortality after release from prison. Interventions to reduce mortality among former inmates are needed.
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Draine J, McTighe L, Bourgois P. Education, empowerment and community based structural reinforcement: an HIV prevention response to mass incarceration and removal. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LAW AND PSYCHIATRY 2011; 34:295-302. [PMID: 21794919 PMCID: PMC3171601 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijlp.2011.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In the context of US urban jails, incarceration is often seen as an opportune intervention point for prevention interventions in public health. For the detained individual, it is an opportunity to reflect on individual choices and the potential for changes in one's life course. For population focused public health professionals, jail detention facilities represent a concentration of health risks, and an opportunity to have an impact on a significant portion of those at risk for HIV and other health concerns. This paper presents an innovative education and empowerment model that bridges across jail walls, beginning on the inside, and continuing on the outside of jail where individuals continue to be challenged and supported toward positive health and social choices. The intervention also seeks to foment community activism in the communities to which jail detainees return, thus aiming to have a structural impact. This paper examines both the intervention model and the challenges of examining the effectiveness claims for the intervention at multiple levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Draine
- School of Social Policy and Practice, University of Pennsylvania, 3815 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Clarke JG, Anderson BJ, Stein MD. Hazardously drinking women leaving jail: time to first drink. JOURNAL OF CORRECTIONAL HEALTH CARE 2011; 17:61-8. [PMID: 21278321 DOI: 10.1177/1078345810385915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated time to first drink in women being released from jail to determine predictors of early relapse among women with hazardous drinking and HIV risk behaviors. Between February 2004 and June 2007, 245 participants were recruited from the Rhode Island Department of Corrections. Following the baseline assessment, participants were randomized to a motivational intervention group or to a control condition. Follow-up assessments at 1, 3, and 6 months were completed for 210 participants. Alcohol use during follow-up occurred in 86.7% of participants, 42.4% initiated alcohol use on Day 1. The rate of initiation was associated with norms favorable to using alcohol (p < .01) and having a partner with an alcohol problem (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.62, p < .01). The rate of drink initiation decreased significantly (HR = 0.82, p < .05) as length of incarceration increased. The intervention was not associated with decreased drinking. Interventions to maintain abstinence need to reach women within their first days postrelease.
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Matheson FI, Doherty S, Grant BA. Community-based aftercare and return to custody in a national sample of substance-abusing women offenders. Am J Public Health 2011; 101:1126-32. [PMID: 21493930 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2010.300094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We evaluated the effectiveness of the Community Relapse Prevention and Maintenance (CRPM) program, developed by Correctional Service Canada to better meet the needs of women offenders with drug problems. METHODS Using survival analysis, we investigated the association between exposure and nonexposure to CRPM and return to custody among a national sample of women offenders released from 1 of 6 federal institutions across Canada during the period May 1, 1998 to August 31, 2007. RESULTS After control for other risk factors, women who were not exposed to CRPM were 10 times more likely than were women exposed to CRPM to return to custody 1 year after release from prison, with more than a third returning to prison within the first 6 months. CONCLUSIONS Aftercare is a critical component of a woman's support system after she leaves prison. Strategies that improve access to community aftercare are imperative for improving the life chances and health of these women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flora I Matheson
- Centre for Research on Inner City Health, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, and the Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Freudenberg N. HIV in the epicenter of the epicenter: HIV and drug use among criminal justice populations in New York City, 1980-2007. Subst Use Misuse 2011; 46:159-70. [PMID: 21303236 DOI: 10.3109/10826084.2011.521460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
During the 1990s, some of the highest rates of HIV infection in the United States were found among inmates in the New York City jail and prisons systems. This article traces the history of drug use and HIV infection among populations incarcerated in New York City jails and New York State prisons between 1980 and 2007. It describes and analyzes the policies and programs that were initiated to respond to these epidemics and assesses the lessons learned from almost three decades of experience with HIV among populations in New York's correctional facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Freudenberg
- School of Public Health, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, New York 10010, USA.
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Baillargeon JG, Giordano TP, Harzke AJ, Baillargeon G, Rich JD, Paar DP. Enrollment in outpatient care among newly released prison inmates with HIV infection. Public Health Rep 2010; 125 Suppl 1:64-71. [PMID: 20408389 DOI: 10.1177/00333549101250s109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Although many prisoners infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) initiate and adhere to treatment regimens while incarcerated, the benefits of in-prison therapy are frequently lost after community reentry. Little information is available on the percentage of released inmates who establish community-based HIV outpatient treatment in a timely fashion. We sought to determine the proportion of HIV-infected Texas prison inmates who enrolled in an HIV clinic within 90 days after release and to identify variables associated with timely linkage to clinical care. METHODS This was a retrospective cohort study of 1,750 HIV-infected inmates who were released from the Texas Department of Criminal Justice (TDCJ) and returned to Harris County between January 2004 and December 2007. We obtained demographic and clinical data from centralized databases maintained by TDCJ and the Harris County Health District, and used logistic regression analysis to identify factors associated with linkage to post-release outpatient RESULTS Only 20% of released inmates enrolled in an HIV clinic within 30 days of release, and only 28% did so within 90 days. Released inmates > or = 30 years of age were more likely than their younger counterparts to have enrolled in care at the 30- and 90-day time points. Inmates diagnosed with schizophrenia were more likely to have initiated care within 30 days. Inmates who received antiretroviral therapy while incarcerated and those who received enhanced discharge planning were more likely to begin care at both time points. CONCLUSIONS A large proportion of HIV-infected inmates fail to establish outpatient care after their release from the Texas prison system. Implementation of intensive discharge planning programs may be necessary to ensure continuity of HIV care among newly released inmates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques G Baillargeon
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Community Health, The University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
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Lichtenstein B, Malow R. A critical review of HIV-related interventions for women prisoners in the United States. J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care 2010; 21:380-94. [PMID: 20350816 DOI: 10.1016/j.jana.2010.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2009] [Accepted: 01/22/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This article reviews the literature on HIV-related interventions for U.S. women prisoners, with a focus on identifying strategies that enabled women to practice safer sex, reduce drug use, and to avoid recidivism. A comprehensive search indicated that only nine such interventions were evaluated in professional journals between 1994 and 2009. These interventions involved behavioral programs for women at risk for HIV and discharge planning for women releases who were either infected with or at risk for HIV. Four interventions for incarcerated women achieved successful outcomes regarding self-empowerment and safer sex skills; 3 prison-release interventions resulted in less recidivism if not reduced HIV risk. Each intervention was nominally women-centered, with prison-release programs lacking protocols that were designed specifically for women. Based on evidence that women-centered interventions were desirable for this population, such interventions should be given high priority in criminal justice policy and care provision during the HIV epidemic.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that among hazardously drinking incarcerated women who are returning to the community, a brief alcohol intervention will result in less alcohol use at follow-up relative to standard of care. METHODS Eligible participants endorsed hazardous alcohol consumption-four or more drinks at a time on at least 3 separate days in the previous 3 months or a score of 8 or above on the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test. Participants were randomized to either an assessment-only condition or to two brief motivationally focused sessions, the first delivered during incarceration, the second 1 month later after community re-entry. Participants recalled drinking behaviors at 3 and 6 months after the baseline interview using a 90-day time-line follow-back method. RESULTS The 245 female participants averaged 34 years of age, and were 71% Caucasian. The mean percentage of alcohol use days in the 3 months prior to incarceration was 51.7% and heavy alcohol use days was 43.9%. Intervention effects on abstinent days were statistically significant at 3 months (odds ratio = 1.96, 95% confidence interval 1.17, 3.30); the percentage of days abstinent was 68% for those randomized to intervention and 57% for controls. At 6 months the effect of the intervention was attenuated and no longer statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS Among incarcerated women who reported hazardous drinking, a two-session brief alcohol intervention increased abstinent days at 3 months, but this effect decayed by 6 months. Study participants continued to drink heavily after return to the community. More intensive intervention pre-release and after re-entry may benefit hazardously drinking incarcerated women.
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Abstract
The purpose of this article is to describe health issues of women prisoners, analyze the implications of these issues for nursing practice, and consider strategies to improve the health of this vulnerable population. The article focuses primarily on women prisoners in the United States and includes a brief contextual background to explain the rapid increase in their numbers. Although the incarceration of women is increasingly a global problem, the authors focus primarily on the situation in the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia A Fisher
- School of Nursing, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
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A review of HIV/AIDS system-level interventions. AIDS Behav 2009; 13:430-48. [PMID: 18369722 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-008-9379-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2007] [Accepted: 03/12/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The escalating HIV/AIDS epidemic worldwide demands that on-going prevention efforts be strengthened, disseminated, and scaled-up. System-level interventions refer to programs aiming to improve the functioning of an agency as well as the delivery of its services to the community. System-level interventions are a promising approach to HIV/AIDS prevention because they focus on (a) improving the agency's ability to adopt evidence-based HIV prevention and care programs; (b) develop and establish policies and procedures that maximize the sustainability of on-going prevention and care efforts; and (c) improve decision-making processes such as incorporating the needs of communities into their tailored services. We reviewed studies focusing on system-level interventions by searching multiple electronic abstracting indices, including PsycInfo, PubMed, and ProQuest. Twenty-three studies out of 624 peer-reviewed studies (published from January 1985 to February 2007) met study criteria. Most of the studies focused on strengthening agency infrastructure, while other studies included collaborative partnerships and technical assistance programs. Our findings suggest that system-level interventions are promising in strengthening HIV/AIDS prevention and treatment efforts. Based on our findings, we propose recommendations for future work in developing and evaluating system-level interventions.
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Pollack S. “Circuits of Exclusion”: Criminalized Women's Negotiation of Community. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.7870/cjcmh-2009-0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Hepatitis C virus infection in South Australian prisoners: seroprevalence, seroconversion, and risk factors. Int J Infect Dis 2009; 13:201-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2008.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2008] [Revised: 06/04/2008] [Accepted: 06/11/2008] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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Weir BW, Bard RS, O'Brien K, Casciato CJ, Stark MJ. Violence against women with HIV risk and recent criminal justice system involvement: prevalence, correlates, and recommendations for intervention. Violence Against Women 2008; 14:944-60. [PMID: 18667407 DOI: 10.1177/1077801208320901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This research note examines the prevalence and correlates of intimate partner violence (IPV) and other violence (OV) among women (N = 529) at risk for HIV and with histories of criminal justice system involvement. The 3-month prevalences of IPV and OV were 31.2% and 18.7%, respectively. IPV was associated with having a current main partner, substance use, sexual risk behavior, trading sex, anxiety, depression, and lower self-esteem. OV was associated with no current employment or schooling, unstable housing, drug use, trading sex, anxiety, depression, and lower self-esteem. The high prevalence of violence demonstrates the need for intervention in this population; the correlates show that effective interventions must address the complex issues in these women's lives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian W Weir
- Multnomah County Health Department, Portland, USA
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Freudenberg N, Daniels J, Crum M, Perkins T, Richie BE. Coming home from jail: the social and health consequences of community reentry for women, male adolescents, and their families and communities. Am J Public Health 2008; 98:S191-202. [PMID: 18687613 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.98.supplement_1.s191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Each year, more than 10 million people enter US jails, most returning home within a few weeks. Because jails concentrate people with infectious and chronic diseases, substance abuse, and mental health problems, and reentry policies often exacerbate these problems, the experiences of people leaving jail may contribute to health inequities in the low-income communities to which they return. Our study of the experiences in the year after release of 491 adolescent males and 476 adult women returning home from New York City jails shows that both populations have low employment rates and incomes and high rearrest rates. Few received services in jail. However, overall drug use and illegal activity declined significantly in the year after release. Postrelease employment and health insurance were associated with lower rearrest rates and drug use. Public policies on employment, drug treatment, housing, and health care often blocked successful reentry into society from jail, suggesting the need for new policies that support successful reentry into society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Freudenberg
- Program in Urban Public Health, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY 10010, USA.
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Clements-Nolle K, Marx R, Pendo M, Loughran E, Estes M, Katz M. Highly active antiretroviral therapy use and HIV transmission risk behaviors among individuals who are HIV infected and were recently released from jail. Am J Public Health 2008; 98:661-6. [PMID: 18309132 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2007.112656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) use and risk behaviors among 177 inmates who were HIV infected and were released and reincarcerated in San Francisco, Calif, jails over a 12-month period. During the month preceding reincarceration, HIV transmission risk behaviors were common among respondents, and 59% of those with a history of antiretroviral use were not taking HAART. HAART discontinuation was independently associated with homelessness, marijuana use, injection drug use, and not receiving community medical care. Postrelease interventions for inmates who are HIV infected are needed.
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Abstract
The purpose of this study was to explain relationships between neurological dysfunction, HIV serological status, and HIV risk behaviors that have not been well understood. A secondary analysis was conducted on data from 117 female prison inmates. Another 18 female inmates from the same prison were further evaluated with more specific neurological, neuropsychological, and HIV risk behavior Risk Assessment Battery (RAB) measures. Neurological function, defined by valid, reliable quantitative measures of cognition, behavior/mood, cranial nerves, motor, reflexes, and sensation, was significantly correlated with HIV RAB scores (.743, p = .006), and RAB scale scores (.824, p = .001) in HIV-negative, but not HIV-positive, inmates. Specifically, the reflex deficits subscale correlated with RAB scores (.779, p = .003) and RAB scale scores (.682, p = .015) in the HIV-negative group. These findings combined with subjects' histories suggest cerebral dysfunction possibly contributes to HIV risk behaviors in certain high-risk female inmates predating HIV infection. These findings further suggest that HIV risk reduction should target neurologically impaired females as a high-risk group. Larger studies are needed to validate these findings.
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Seal DW, Eldrige GD, Kacanek D, Binson D, Macgowan RJ. A longitudinal, qualitative analysis of the context of substance use and sexual behavior among 18- to 29-year-old men after their release from prison. Soc Sci Med 2007; 65:2394-406. [PMID: 17683839 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Substance use, sexual behavior, and reincarceration among 89 men from 5 state prisons across the USA, aged 18-29 years, were examined in relation to individual patterns of coping with community reintegration after their release from prison. Analyses of a series of qualitative interviews conducted over a 6-month period post-release revealed three global reintegration coping patterns: moving toward successful reintegration, resuming behavioral patterns that preceded incarceration, and reintegrating through withdrawal or isolation. Four key contextual factors that differentiated these three coping patterns were the consistency and extensiveness of social relationships, the nature of social support, and the degree of structural stability (e.g., stable employment and housing). Participants were assigned a Likert scale score (1 for poor rating to 3 for better rating) for their pattern of global reintegration and for their rating on each of the four contextual factors across the longitudinal qualitative interviews. Collectively, these five factors differentiated the prevalence and frequency of substance use, patterns of sexual behavior, and incidence of reincarceration as assessed by a quantitative survey administered 6 months post-release. Poorer ratings on all five contextual indices were related to the use of substances other than marijuana and alcohol. Men with less consistent social relationships reported more sexual partners. However, vaginal or anal sex without a condom was associated with greater social consistency and greater structural stability, possibly due to the presence of a steady main partner. Reincarceration was significantly associated with poorer global reintegration ratings, more negative social support, and less structural stability. These findings highlight the need to consider the role of social and structural support systems in HIV and sexually transmitted infection risk reduction interventions for men after their release from prison.
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Affiliation(s)
- D W Seal
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53202, USA.
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Grella CE, Greenwell L. Treatment Needs and Completion of Community-Based Aftercare Among Substance-Abusing Women Offenders. Womens Health Issues 2007; 17:244-55. [PMID: 17544296 DOI: 10.1016/j.whi.2006.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2006] [Revised: 10/17/2006] [Accepted: 11/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Women offenders with substance abuse problems typically have many treatment needs on reentry to the community from prison. This paper explores the correlates of treatment needs among a sample of women offenders with substance-abuse problems (n = 1,404), and the relationship between their treatment needs and other background characteristics with completion of community-based treatment after parole. METHODS Treatment needs were assessed at admission into prison-based substance abuse treatment; participants were admitted into community-based treatment upon parole. Descriptive statistics and multiple regression were used to examine their treatment needs; logistic regression analysis was used to determine the factors related to completion of the aftercare program. Analysis of variance was used to examine ethnic differences in treatment needs. RESULTS Greater treatment needs were associated with unstable housing before incarceration, a history of sexual or physical abuse, mental health problems, alcohol or drug dependence, and first arrest at age <19; lower treatment needs were associated with having been mandated to prison-based treatment (versus volunteering). Mental health problems and earlier age at first arrest predicted treatment noncompletion. Drug dependence was associated with higher treatment needs and a greater likelihood of treatment completion, whereas African American and Hispanic ethnicity were both associated with lower treatment needs (compared with Whites) and a lower likelihood of treatment completion. CONCLUSIONS Interventions are needed to engage substance-abusing women offenders in community treatment after parole to address their treatment needs, improve their retention in treatment, and reduce the likelihood of recidivism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine E Grella
- UCLA Integrated Substance Abuse Programs, NPI-Semel Institute for Neuroscience, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90025, USA.
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40
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Harzke AJ, Ross MW, Scott DP. Predictors of post-release primary care utilization among HIV-positive prison inmates: a pilot study. AIDS Care 2006; 18:290-301. [PMID: 16809106 DOI: 10.1080/09540120500161892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The primary aims of this exploratory pilot study were (1) to determine the proportion of a sample of HIV-positive inmates utilizing primary care after recent release, and (2) to identify variables associated with utilization of primary care at the time of a post-release interview. Sixty HIV-positive, male and female state prison inmates were interviewed approximately three months prior to release, and 30 were interviewed again between seven and 21 days after release. Variables associated with having utilized primary care at the time of a post-release interview (chi(2) p-values < 0.20) included: taking anti-HIV medications at the time of release, no alcohol use since release, living in the same place as before incarceration and rating of housing situation as 'comfortable' or 'very comfortable'. For exploratory purposes, these variables were entered into a logistic regression model. The model correctly classified 80% of cases overall. Future studies are required to ascertain whether these results would obtain with a statistically adequate sample size.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Harzke
- WHO Center for Health Promotion and Prevention Research, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 77030, USA.
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41
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Affiliation(s)
- David Vlahov
- Center for Urban Epidemiologic Studies, New York Academy of Medicine, 1216 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10029 USA
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42
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van Olphen J, Freudenberg N, Fortin P, Galea S. Community reentry: perceptions of people with substance use problems returning home from New York City jails. J Urban Health 2006; 83:372-81. [PMID: 16739041 PMCID: PMC2527198 DOI: 10.1007/s11524-006-9047-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Each year about 100,000 people return to New York City communities from municipal jails. Although about four-fifths report drug or alcohol problems, few have received any formal drug treatment while in jail. Researchers and practitioners have identified a number of policies related to corrections, income, housing, and drug treatment that may be harmful to the successful reintegration of people leaving jail. In order to explore the challenges to successful community reentry, six focus groups and one in-depth interview were conducted with 37 men and women who had been released from jail or prison in the last 12 months. Participants were asked to describe their experiences prior to and immediately following release from jail. Findings suggest that many people leaving jail are not prepared for release and, upon release, face a myriad of obstacles to becoming healthy, productive members of their communities. We discuss the implications of these findings for programs and policies that promote community reintegration of individuals returning from correctional facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana van Olphen
- Department of Health Education, San Francisco State University, 1600 Holloway Avenue, HSS 312, San Francisco, CA, 94132, USA.
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43
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Abstract
Approximately one quarter of people living with HIV/AIDS in the United States pass through the correctional system, resulting in a burden of infection on the correctional health care system that has challenged correctional and public health officials. The HIV epidemic behind bars results from the high prevalence of HIV risk behaviors among those incarcerated: illicit drug use, untreated mental illness, prostitution, homelessness, and poverty. Challenges to HIV care in correctional settings include management of comorbid conditions, remoteness from HIV care sites, organizational constraints, and access to effective therapies. Despite these challenges, prisoners with HIV have derived considerable benefit from HIV detection and treatment. In order to achieve parity in HIV outcomes among vulnerable populations, effective prison-release programs that incorporate effective case management with effective drug treatment and adherence strategies are required to extend the benefit of highly active antiretroviral therapy as prisoners transition back to community settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra A Springer
- Yale University School of Medicine, Yale AIDS Program, Section of Infectious Diseases, 135 College Street, Suite 323, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
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44
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Freudenberg N, Daniels J, Crum M, Perkins T, Richie BE. Coming home from jail: the social and health consequences of community reentry for women, male adolescents, and their families and communities. Am J Public Health 2005; 95:1725-36. [PMID: 16186451 PMCID: PMC1449427 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2004.056325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Each year, more than 10 million people enter US jails, most returning home within a few weeks. Because jails concentrate people with infectious and chronic diseases, substance abuse, and mental health problems, and reentry policies often exacerbate these problems, the experiences of people leaving jail may contribute to health inequities in the low-income communities to which they return. Our study of the experiences in the year after release of 491 adolescent males and 476 adult women returning home from New York City jails shows that both populations have low employment rates and incomes and high rearrest rates. Few received services in jail. However, overall drug use and illegal activity declined significantly in the year after release. Postrelease employment and health insurance were associated with lower rearrest rates and drug use. Public policies on employment, drug treatment, housing, and health care often blocked successful reentry into society from jail, suggesting the need for new policies that support successful reentry into society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Freudenberg
- Urban Public Health, Hunter College, City University of New York, 425 E 25th Street, New York, NY 10010, USA.
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45
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Freudenberg N, Daniels J, Crum M, Perkins T, Richie BE. Coming home from jail: the social and health consequences of community reentry for women, male adolescents, and their families and communities. Am J Public Health 2005; 95:1725-1736. [PMID: 16186451 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.98.supplement_1.s191’] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Each year, more than 10 million people enter US jails, most returning home within a few weeks. Because jails concentrate people with infectious and chronic diseases, substance abuse, and mental health problems, and reentry policies often exacerbate these problems, the experiences of people leaving jail may contribute to health inequities in the low-income communities to which they return. Our study of the experiences in the year after release of 491 adolescent males and 476 adult women returning home from New York City jails shows that both populations have low employment rates and incomes and high rearrest rates. Few received services in jail. However, overall drug use and illegal activity declined significantly in the year after release. Postrelease employment and health insurance were associated with lower rearrest rates and drug use. Public policies on employment, drug treatment, housing, and health care often blocked successful reentry into society from jail, suggesting the need for new policies that support successful reentry into society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Freudenberg
- Urban Public Health, Hunter College, City University of New York, 425 E 25th Street, New York, NY 10010, USA.
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46
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Needels K, James-Burdumy S, Burghardt J. Community case management for former jail inmates: its impacts on rearrest, drug use, and HIV risk. J Urban Health 2005; 82:420-33. [PMID: 16014874 PMCID: PMC3456061 DOI: 10.1093/jurban/jti092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Dramatically increasing incarceration rates in the United States have led to large concentrations of formerly imprisoned people in poverty-stricken urban areas. Therefore, identifying ways to help inmates who exhibit multiple, serious problems and who are at great risk of experiencing poor postrelease outcomes is especially important to urban communities, as well as to service providers and policymakers concerned about these communities. Our research provides evidence about the effectiveness of one strategy, called Health Link, which recruited adult women and adolescent men while they were incarcerated in a New York City jail and offered case management services during the especially challenging first year after release. About 1,400 participants who enrolled during a 3-year period were randomly assigned either to a group that was eligible for intensive discharge planning services and community-based case management services or to a group eligible for less-intensive discharge planning and no community-based services. We investigated whether the availability of these services reduced rates of drug use, HIV risk, and rearrest. Using data from interviews and hair analysis to measure impacts during a 1-year follow-up period after clients' release from jail, we detected increased participation in drug treatment programs and weak evidence for reduced drug use. However, we did not observe reductions in rearrest rates or in activities with high risk of HIV infection. We conclude that a well-executed case management program can make modest differences in a few short-term outcomes of former inmates. However, the intervention did not lead to the hoped-for changes across a range of outcomes that would clearly indicate greater success in community reintegration or improved health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Needels
- Mathematica Policy Research, Inc., P.O. Box 2393, Princeton, NJ 08543-2393, USA.
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47
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The A, Mitty JA, Loewenthal H, Bazerman LB, Flanigan T. The Potential Use of Directly Observed Therapy (DOT) for the Treatment of HIV-positive Individuals Being Released From Prison. JOURNAL OF CORRECTIONAL HEALTH CARE 2005. [DOI: 10.1177/107834580401100206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arlene The
- Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, Rhode Island and The Mirian Hospital
| | - Jennifer A. Mitty
- Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, Rhode Island and The Mirian Hospital
| | - Helen Loewenthal
- Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, Rhode Island and The Mirian Hospital
| | - Lauri B. Bazerman
- Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, Rhode Island and The Mirian Hospital
| | - Timothy Flanigan
- Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, Rhode Island and The Mirian Hospital
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48
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Thomas JC, Sampson LA. High rates of incarceration as a social force associated with community rates of sexually transmitted infection. J Infect Dis 2005; 191 Suppl 1:S55-60. [PMID: 15627231 DOI: 10.1086/425278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The United States has the highest rate of incarceration in the world. Some populations experience both high rates of incarceration and high rates of sexually transmitted infections (STIs). METHODS To estimate the strength of this correlation, we calculated age-adjusted Pearson correlation coefficients between rates of incarceration and of reportable STIs in the 100 counties of North Carolina in 1999. RESULTS Moderately strong correlations were found for chlamydia (r=0.577) and gonorrhea (r=0.521). The correlations between rates of incarceration and reported cases of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and syphilis were weak (r=0.205 and 0.004, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Hypothetical causes of the stronger associations included incarceration increasing the number of infected prisoners or the infectiousness of released prisoners; an imbalance in the community sex ratio; and the negative influences of high rates of incarceration on social disorganization and collective efficacy. The magnitude of incarceration as a major force in American society, its association with some STIs, and our lack of empirical data on the potential causal connections argue for a new direction in STI research.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C Thomas
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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49
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Comfort ML, Grinstead O. The carceral limb of the public body: jail inmates, prisoners, and infectious disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 3:45-8. [PMID: 15346689 DOI: 10.1177/154510970400300202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Megan L Comfort
- Department of Medicine, Center for AIDS Prevention Studies, University of California, San Francisco 94105, USA.
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50
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Kerr T, Wood E, Betteridge G, Lines R, Jürgens R. Harm reduction in prisons: a ‘rights based analysis’. CRITICAL PUBLIC HEALTH 2004. [DOI: 10.1080/09581590400027478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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