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Jiménez A, López-Martínez R, Martí MC, Cano-Yelo D, Sevilla F. The integration of TRX/GRX systems and phytohormonal signalling pathways in plant stress and development. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 207:108298. [PMID: 38176187 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.108298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Plant acclimation to changing environmental conditions involves the interaction of different signalling molecules, including reactive oxygen species and hormones. Redox regulation exerted by thioredoxin (TRX) and glutaredoxin (GRX), two oxidoreductases, is emerging as a specific point of control mediating signal transduction pathways associated with plant growth and stress response. Phytohormones are messengers that coordinate plant cell activities to regulate growth, defence, and productivity, although their cross-talk with components of the redox system is less known. The present review focuses on our current knowledge of the interplay that occurs between TRX and GRX systems and phytohormonal signalling pathways in connection with the control of plant development and stress responses. Here, we consider the regulation that phytohormones exert on TRX and GRX systems, as well as the involvement of these redox proteins in the control of phytohormone-mediated signalling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Jiménez
- Abiotic Stress, Production and Quality Laboratory, Department of Stress Biology and Plant Pathology, CEBAS-CSIC, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Raquel López-Martínez
- Abiotic Stress, Production and Quality Laboratory, Department of Stress Biology and Plant Pathology, CEBAS-CSIC, Murcia, Spain.
| | - María Carmen Martí
- Abiotic Stress, Production and Quality Laboratory, Department of Stress Biology and Plant Pathology, CEBAS-CSIC, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Desiré Cano-Yelo
- Abiotic Stress, Production and Quality Laboratory, Department of Stress Biology and Plant Pathology, CEBAS-CSIC, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Francisca Sevilla
- Abiotic Stress, Production and Quality Laboratory, Department of Stress Biology and Plant Pathology, CEBAS-CSIC, Murcia, Spain.
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2
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Chae HB, Jung YJ, Paeng SK, Jung HS, Lee SY, Lee JR. Functional changes of OsTrxm from reductase to molecular chaperone under heat shock stress. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 203:108005. [PMID: 37776672 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.108005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
Ubiquitous disulfide reductases, thioredoxins (Trxs), function in the redox balance of all living organisms. Although the roles of the rice (Oryza sativa) Trx m-type isoform (OsTrxm) in chloroplast development have been already published, biochemical and molecular functions of OsTrxm remain to be elucidated for decades. The OsTrxm and its two conserved active cysteine mutant (OsTrxm C95S/C98S, referred to as OsTrxmC/S) proteins in Arabidopsis thaliana were overexpressed to characterize in vivo roles of active cysteines of OsTrxm. Interestingly, the OsTrxm overexpressed variant plants were resistant to heat shock treatment. Especially OsTrxmC/S with higher molecular weight (HMW) complexes showed higher heat tolerance than OsTrxm with lower molecular weight (LMW) structure in Arabidopsis thaliana. To confirm the importance of active cysteines on structural changes under heat stress, OsTrxm and OsTrxmC/S proteins were bacterially expressed and isolated. This study found that two proteins have various structures ranging from LMW to HMW complexes and have potential functions as a disulfide reductase and a molecular chaperone, which has never been reported anywhere. The function of molecular chaperone predominated in the HMW complexes, whereas the disulfide reductase function was observed in LMW forms. These results suggest that the active cysteines of OsTrxm play a critical role in protein structural change as well as heat tolerance in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Byoung Chae
- Division of Applied Life Sciences (BK21(+)), PMBBRC, and Plant Biological Rhythm Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, South Korea
| | - Young Jun Jung
- National Institute of Ecology, 1210 Geumgang-ro, Maseo-myeon, Seocheon-gun, 33657, Republic of Korea
| | - Seol Ki Paeng
- Division of Applied Life Sciences (BK21(+)), PMBBRC, and Plant Biological Rhythm Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, South Korea
| | - Hyun Suk Jung
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Yeol Lee
- Division of Applied Life Sciences (BK21(+)), PMBBRC, and Plant Biological Rhythm Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, South Korea
| | - Jung Ro Lee
- National Institute of Ecology, 1210 Geumgang-ro, Maseo-myeon, Seocheon-gun, 33657, Republic of Korea.
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Sahrawy M, Fernández-Trijueque J, Vargas P, Serrato AJ. Comprehensive Expression Analyses of Plastidial Thioredoxins of Arabidopsis thaliana Indicate a Main Role of Thioredoxin m2 in Roots. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11071365. [PMID: 35883856 PMCID: PMC9311637 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11071365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Thioredoxins (TRXs) f and m are redox proteins that regulate key chloroplast processes. The existence of several isoforms of TRXs f and m indicates that these redox players have followed a specialization process throughout evolution. Current research efforts are focused on discerning the signalling role of the different TRX types and their isoforms in chloroplasts. Nonetheless, little is known about their function in non-photosynthetic plastids. For this purpose, we have carried out comprehensive expression analyses by using Arabidopsis thaliana TRXf (f1 and f2) and TRXm (m1, m2, m3 and m4) genes translationally fused to the green fluorescence protein (GFP). These analyses showed that TRX m has different localisation patterns inside chloroplasts, together with a putative dual subcellular localisation of TRX f1. Apart from mesophyll cells, these TRXs were also observed in reproductive organs, stomatal guard cells and roots. We also investigated whether photosynthesis, stomatal density and aperture or root structure were affected in the TRXs f and m loss-of-function Arabidopsis mutants. Remarkably, we immunodetected TRX m2 and the Calvin−Benson cycle fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (cFBP1) in roots. After carrying out in vitro redox activation assays of cFBP1 by plastid TRXs, we propose that cFBP1 might be activated by TRX m2 in root plastids.
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Zhai J, Qi Q, Wang M, Yan J, Li K, Xu H. Overexpression of tomato thioredoxin h (SlTrxh) enhances excess nitrate stress tolerance in transgenic tobacco interacting with SlPrx protein. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 315:111137. [PMID: 35067307 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2021.111137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The thioredoxin (Trx) system plays a vital function in cellular antioxidative defense. However, little is known about Trx in tomato under excess nitrate. In this study, we isolated the tomato gene encoding h-type Trx gene (SlTrxh). The mRNA transcript of SlTrxh in roots and leaves of tomato was induced incrementally under excess nitrate for 24 h. Subcellular localization showed that SlTrxh might localize in the cytoplasm, nucleus and plasma membrane. Enzymatic activity characterization revealed that SlTrxh protein possesses the disulfide reductase function and Cysteine (Cys) 54 is important for its activity. Overexpressing SlTrxh in tobacco resulted in increasing seed germination rate, root length and decreasing H2O2 and O2- accumulation, compared with the wild type (WT) tobacco under nitrate stress. While overexpressing SlTrxhC54S (Cysteine 54 mutated to Serine) in tobacco showed decreased germination rate and root length compared with the WT after nitrate treatment. After nitrate stress treatment, SlTrxh overexpressing transgenic tobacco plants have lower malonaldehyde (MDA), H2O2 contents and Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) accumulation, and higher mRNA transcript level of NtP5CS, NtDREB2, higher ratio of ASA/DHA and GSH/GSSG, higher activities of ascorbate peroxidase and NADP thioredoxin reductase. Besides, SlTrxh overexpressing plants showed higher tolerance to Methyl Viologen (MV) in the seed germination and seedling stage. The yeast two-hybrid, pull-down, Co-immunoprecipitation and Bimolecular luciferase complementation assay confirmed that SlTrxh physically interacted with tomato peroxiredoxin (SlPrx). These results suggest that SlTrxh contributes to maintaining ROS homeostasis under excess nitrate stress interacting with SlPrx and Cys54 is important for its enzyme activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiali Zhai
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Jingming South Street, Kunming, Yunnan, 650224, PR China
| | - Qi Qi
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Jingming South Street, Kunming, Yunnan, 650224, PR China
| | - Manqi Wang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Jingming South Street, Kunming, Yunnan, 650224, PR China
| | - Jinping Yan
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Jingming South Street, Kunming, Yunnan, 650224, PR China
| | - Kunzhi Li
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Jingming South Street, Kunming, Yunnan, 650224, PR China
| | - Huini Xu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Jingming South Street, Kunming, Yunnan, 650224, PR China.
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Née G, Châtel-Innocenti G, Meimoun P, Leymarie J, Montrichard F, Satour P, Bailly C, Issakidis-Bourguet E. A New Role for Plastid Thioredoxins in Seed Physiology in Relation to Hormone Regulation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910395. [PMID: 34638735 PMCID: PMC8508614 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
In Arabidopsis seeds, ROS have been shown to be enabling actors of cellular signaling pathways promoting germination, but their accumulation under stress conditions or during aging leads to a decrease in the ability to germinate. Previous biochemical work revealed that a specific class of plastid thioredoxins (Trxs), the y-type Trxs, can fulfill antioxidant functions. Among the ten plastidial Trx isoforms identified in Arabidopsis, Trx y1 mRNA is the most abundant in dry seeds. We hypothesized that Trx y1 and Trx y2 would play an important role in seed physiology as antioxidants. Using reverse genetics, we found important changes in the corresponding Arabidopsis mutant seeds. They display remarkable traits such as increased longevity and higher and faster germination in conditions of reduced water availability or oxidative stress. These phenotypes suggest that Trxs y do not play an antioxidant role in seeds, as further evidenced by no changes in global ROS contents and protein redox status found in the corresponding mutant seeds. Instead, we provide evidence that marker genes of ABA and GAs pathways are perturbed in mutant seeds, together with their sensitivity to specific hormone inhibitors. Altogether, our results suggest that Trxs y function in Arabidopsis seeds is not linked to their previously identified antioxidant roles and reveal a new role for plastid Trxs linked to hormone regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Née
- CNRS, INRAE, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Université Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91405 Orsay, France
| | - Gilles Châtel-Innocenti
- CNRS, INRAE, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Université Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91405 Orsay, France
| | - Patrice Meimoun
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement, Sorbonne Université, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Juliette Leymarie
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement, Sorbonne Université, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Françoise Montrichard
- IRHS-UMR1345, INRAE, Institut Agro, SFR 4207 QuaSaV, Université d'Angers, F-49071 Beaucouzé, France
| | - Pascale Satour
- IRHS-UMR1345, INRAE, Institut Agro, SFR 4207 QuaSaV, Université d'Angers, F-49071 Beaucouzé, France
| | - Christophe Bailly
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement, Sorbonne Université, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Emmanuelle Issakidis-Bourguet
- CNRS, INRAE, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Université Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91405 Orsay, France
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Characteristics of Three Thioredoxin Genes and Their Role in Chilling Tolerance of Harvested Banana Fruit. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17091526. [PMID: 27618038 PMCID: PMC5037801 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17091526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 08/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Thioredoxins (Trxs) are small proteins with a conserved redox active site WCGPC and are involved in a wide range of cellular redox processes. However, little information on the role of Trx in regulating low-temperature stress of harvested fruit is available. In this study, three full-length Trx cDNAs, designated MaTrx6, MaTrx9 and MaTrx12, were cloned from banana (Musa acuminata) fruit. Phylogenetic analysis and protein sequence alignments showed that MaTrx6 was grouped to h2 type with a typical active site of WCGPC, whereas MaTrx9 and MaTrx12 were assigned to atypical cys his-rich Trxs (ACHT) and h3 type with atypical active sites of GCAGC and WCSPC, respectively. Subcellular localization indicated that MaTrx6 and MaTrx12 were located in the plasma membrane and cytoplasm, respectively, whereas MaTrx9 showed a dual cytoplasmic and chloroplast localization. Application of ethylene induced chilling tolerance of harvested banana fruit, whereas 1-MCP, an inhibitor of ethylene perception, aggravated the development of chilling injury. RT-qPCR analysis showed that expression of MaTrx12 was up-regulated and down-regulated in ethylene- and 1-MCP-treated banana fruit at low temperature, respectively. Furthermore, heterologous expression of MaTrx12 in cytoplasmic Trx-deficient Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain increased the viability of the strain under H₂O₂. These results suggest that MaTrx12 plays an important role in the chilling tolerance of harvested banana fruit, possibly by regulating redox homeostasis.
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Henne M, König N, Triulzi T, Baroni S, Forlani F, Scheibe R, Papenbrock J. Sulfurtransferase and thioredoxin specifically interact as demonstrated by bimolecular fluorescence complementation analysis and biochemical tests. FEBS Open Bio 2015; 5:832-43. [PMID: 26605137 PMCID: PMC4618214 DOI: 10.1016/j.fob.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Sulfurtransferases (Strs) and thioredoxins (Trxs) are members of large protein families. Trxs are disulfide reductases and play an important role in redox-related cellular processes. They interact with a broad range of proteins. Strs catalyze the transfer of a sulfur atom from a suitable sulfur donor to nucleophilic sulfur acceptors in vitro, but the physiological roles of these enzymes are not well defined. Several studies in different organisms demonstrate protein-protein interactions of Strs with members of the Trx family. We are interested in investigating the specificity of the interaction between Str and Trx isoforms. In order to use the bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC), several Str and Trx sequences from Arabidopsis thaliana were cloned into the pUC-SPYNE and pUC-SPYCE split-YFP vectors, respectively. Each couple of plasmids containing the sequences for the putative interaction partners were transformed into Arabidopsis protoplasts and screened using a confocal laser scanning microscope. Compartment- and partner-specific interactions could be observed in transformed protoplasts. Replacement of cysteine residues in the redox-active site of Trxs abolished the interaction signal. Therefore, the redox site is not only involved in the redox reaction but also responsible for the interaction with partner proteins. Biochemical assays support a specific interaction among Strs and certain Trxs. Based on the results obtained, the interaction of Strs and Trxs indicates a role of Strs in the maintenance of the cellular redox homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melina Henne
- Institute of Botany, Leibniz University Hannover, Herrenhäuserstr. 2, D-30419 Hannover, Germany
| | - Nicolas König
- University Osnabrück, Department for Plant Physiology, Barbarastraße 11, D-49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Tiziana Triulzi
- Institute of Botany, Leibniz University Hannover, Herrenhäuserstr. 2, D-30419 Hannover, Germany
| | - Sara Baroni
- Dipartimento di Scienze per gli Alimenti, la Nutrizione e l’Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria, 2, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Fabio Forlani
- Dipartimento di Scienze per gli Alimenti, la Nutrizione e l’Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria, 2, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Renate Scheibe
- University Osnabrück, Department for Plant Physiology, Barbarastraße 11, D-49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Jutta Papenbrock
- Institute of Botany, Leibniz University Hannover, Herrenhäuserstr. 2, D-30419 Hannover, Germany
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Involvement of thiol-based mechanisms in plant development. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2015; 1850:1479-96. [PMID: 25676896 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2015.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing knowledge has been recently gained regarding the redox regulation of plant developmental stages. SCOPE OF VIEW The current state of knowledge concerning the involvement of glutathione, glutaredoxins and thioredoxins in plant development is reviewed. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS The control of the thiol redox status is mainly ensured by glutathione (GSH), a cysteine-containing tripeptide and by reductases sharing redox-active cysteines, glutaredoxins (GRXs) and thioredoxins (TRXs). Indeed, thiol groups present in many regulatory proteins and metabolic enzymes are prone to oxidation, ultimately leading to post-translational modifications such as disulfide bond formation or glutathionylation. This review focuses on the involvement of GSH, GRXs and TRXs in plant development. Recent studies showed that the proper functioning of root and shoot apical meristems depends on glutathione content and redox status, which regulate, among others, cell cycle and hormone-related processes. A critical role of GRXs in the formation of floral organs has been uncovered, likely through the redox regulation of TGA transcription factor activity. TRXs fulfill many functions in plant development via the regulation of embryo formation, the control of cell-to-cell communication, the mobilization of seed reserves, the biogenesis of chloroplastic structures, the metabolism of carbon and the maintenance of cell redox homeostasis. This review also highlights the tight relationships between thiols, hormones and carbon metabolism, allowing a proper development of plants in relation with the varying environment and the energy availability. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE GSH, GRXs and TRXs play key roles during the whole plant developmental cycle via their antioxidant functions and the redox-regulation of signaling pathways. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Redox regulation of differentiation and de-differentiation.
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Serrato AJ, Fernández-Trijueque J, Barajas-López JDD, Chueca A, Sahrawy M. Plastid thioredoxins: a "one-for-all" redox-signaling system in plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:463. [PMID: 24319449 PMCID: PMC3836485 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The sessile nature of plants forces them to face an ever-changing environment instead of escape from hostile conditions as animals do. In order to overcome this survival challenge, a fine monitoring and controlling of the status of the photosynthetic electron transport chain and the general metabolism is vital for these organisms. Frequently, evolutionary plant adaptation has consisted in the appearance of multigenic families, comprising an array of enzymes, structural components, or sensing, and signaling elements, in numerous occasions with highly conserved primary sequences that sometimes make it difficult to discern between redundancy and specificity among the members of a same family. However, all this gene diversity is aimed to sort environment-derived plant signals to efficiently channel the external incoming information inducing a right physiological answer. Oxygenic photosynthesis is a powerful source of reactive oxygen species (ROS), molecules with a dual oxidative/signaling nature. In response to ROS, one of the most frequent post-translational modifications occurring in redox signaling proteins is the formation of disulfide bridges (from Cys oxidation). This review is focused on the role of plastid thioredoxins (pTRXs), proteins containing two Cys in their active site and largely known as part of the plant redox-signaling network. Several pTRXs types have been described so far, namely, TRX f, m, x, y, and z. In recent years, improvements in proteomic techniques and the study of loss-of-function mutants have enabled us to grasp the importance of TRXs for the plastid physiology. We will analyze the specific signaling function of each TRX type and discuss about the emerging role in non-photosynthetic plastids of these redox switchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio J. Serrato
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidïn, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientïficasGranada, Spain
| | - Juan Fernández-Trijueque
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidïn, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientïficasGranada, Spain
| | | | - Ana Chueca
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidïn, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientïficasGranada, Spain
| | - Mariam Sahrawy
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidïn, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientïficasGranada, Spain
- *Correspondence: Mariam Sahrawy, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidïn, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientïficas, Profesor Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain e-mail:
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Bohrer AS, Massot V, Innocenti G, Reichheld JP, Issakidis-Bourguet E, Vanacker H. New insights into the reduction systems of plastidial thioredoxins point out the unique properties of thioredoxin z from Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2012; 63:6315-6323. [PMID: 23096001 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ers283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In plants, thioredoxins (TRX) constitute a large protein disulphide oxidoreductase family comprising 10 plastidial members in Arabidopsis thaliana and subdivided in five types. The f- and m-types regulate enzymes involved mainly in carbon metabolism whereas the x, y, and z types have an antioxidant function. The reduction of TRXm and f in chloroplasts is performed in the light by ferredoxin:thioredoxin reductase (FTR) that uses photosynthetically reduced ferredoxin (Fd) as a reductant. The reduction system of Arabidopsis TRXx, y, and z has never been demonstrated. Recently, a gene encoding an atypical plastidial NADPH-dependent TRX reductase (NTRC) was found. In the present study, gene expression analysis revealed that both reductases are expressed in all organs of Arabidopsis and could potentially serve as electron donors to plastidial TRX. This ability was tested in vitro either with purified NTRC in presence of NADPH or with a light-driven reconstituted system comprising thylakoids and purified Fd and FTR. The results demonstrate that FTR reduces the x and y TRX isoforms but not the recently identified TRXz. Moreover, the results show that NTRC cannot be an efficient alternative reducing system, neither for TRXz nor for the other plastidial TRX. The data reveal that TRXf, m, x, and y, known as redox regulators in the chloroplast, have also the ability to reduce TRXz in vitro. Overall, the present study points out the unique properties of TRXz among plastidial TRX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Sophie Bohrer
- Institut de Biologie des Plantes, UMR CNRS 8618, Saclay Plant Sciences, Univ Paris-Sud, 91405, Orsay cedex, France
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Barajas-López JDD, Tezycka J, Travaglia CN, Serrato AJ, Chueca A, Thormählen I, Geigenberger P, Sahrawy M. Expression of the chloroplast thioredoxins f and m is linked to short-term changes in the sugar and thiol status in leaves of Pisum sativum. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2012; 63:4887-900. [PMID: 22791824 PMCID: PMC3427998 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ers163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Thioredoxins (TRXs) f and m are key components in the light regulation of photosynthetic metabolism via thiol-dithiol modulation in chloroplasts of leaves; however, little is known about the factors modulating the expression of these proteins. To investigate the effect of sugars as photosynthetic products on the expression of PsTRX f and m1 genes, sucrose and glucose were externally supplied to pea plants during the day. There was an increase in the mRNA levels of PsTRX f and m1 genes in response mainly to glucose. When leaf discs were incubated for up to 4h in the dark, glucose also led to an increase in both mRNA and protein levels of TRXs f and m, while sucrose had no substantial effect. Expression of PsDOF7, a carbon metabolism-related transcription factor gene, was also induced by glucose. Protein-DNA interaction showed that PsDOF7 binds specifically to the DOF core located in PsTRX f and m1 gene promoters. Transient expression in agroinfiltrated pea leaves demonstrated that PsDOF7 activated transcription of both promoters. The incubation of leaf discs in dithiotreitol (DTT) to increase the redox status led to a marked increase in the mRNA and protein levels of both TRXs within 4h. The increase in TRX protein levels occurred after 1h DTT feeding, implying a rapid effect of the thiol status on TRX f and m1 protein turnover rates, while transcriptional regulation took 3h to proceed. These results show that the protein levels of both TRXs are under short-term control of the sugar and thiol status in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan de Dios Barajas-López
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasC/Profesor Albareda 1, 18008, Granada, Spain
- Present address: Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå UniversityUmeå, Sweden
| | - Justyna Tezycka
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Department Biology IGrosshaderner Str. 2–4, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Claudia N. Travaglia
- Departamento de Ciencias Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Campus Universitario5800 Río Cuarto, Argentina
| | - Antonio Jesús Serrato
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasC/Profesor Albareda 1, 18008, Granada, Spain
| | - Ana Chueca
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasC/Profesor Albareda 1, 18008, Granada, Spain
| | - Ina Thormählen
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Department Biology IGrosshaderner Str. 2–4, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Peter Geigenberger
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Department Biology IGrosshaderner Str. 2–4, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Mariam Sahrawy
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasC/Profesor Albareda 1, 18008, Granada, Spain
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Fernández-Trijueque J, Barajas-López JDD, Chueca A, Cazalis R, Sahrawy M, Serrato AJ. Plastid thioredoxins f and m are related to the developing and salinity response of post-germinating seeds of Pisum sativum. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 188-189:82-8. [PMID: 22525247 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2012.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Revised: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2012] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Plastid thioredoxins (TRXs) f and m have long been considered to regulate almost exclusively photosynthesis-related processes. Nonetheless, some years ago, we found that type-f and m TRXs were also present in non-photosynthetic organs such as roots and flowers of adult pea plants. In the present work, using pea seedlings 2-5 days old, we have determined the mRNA expression profile of the plastid PsTRX f, m1, and m2, together with the ferredoxin NADP reductase (FNR). Our results show that these TRX isoforms are expressed in cotyledons, underlying similar expression levels in roots for PsTRX m2. We have also noted plastid TRX expression in cotyledons of etiolated seedlings of Arabidopsis thaliana lines carrying constructs corresponding to PsTRX f and m1 promoters fused to the reporter gene GUS, pointing to a role in reserve mobilization. Furthermore, the response of plastid TRXs to NaCl and their capacity in restoring the growth of a TRX-deficient yeast under saline conditions suggest a role in the tolerance to salinity. We propose that these redox enzymes take part of the reserve mobilization in seedling cotyledons and we suggest additional physiological functions of PsTRX m2 in roots and PsTRX m1 in the salinity-stress response during germination.
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14
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Sanz-Barrio R, Fernández-San Millán A, Carballeda J, Corral-Martínez P, Seguí-Simarro JM, Farran I. Chaperone-like properties of tobacco plastid thioredoxins f and m. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2012; 63:365-79. [PMID: 21948853 PMCID: PMC3245471 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/err282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2011] [Revised: 06/27/2011] [Accepted: 08/12/2011] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Thioredoxins (Trxs) are ubiquitous disulphide reductases that play important roles in the redox regulation of many cellular processes. However, some redox-independent functions, such as chaperone activity, have also been attributed to Trxs in recent years. The focus of our study is on the putative chaperone function of the well-described plastid Trxs f and m. To that end, the cDNA of both Trxs, designated as NtTrxf and NtTrxm, was isolated from Nicotiana tabacum plants. It was found that bacterially expressed tobacco Trx f and Trx m, in addition to their disulphide reductase activity, possessed chaperone-like properties. In vitro, Trx f and Trx m could both facilitate the reactivation of the cysteine-free form of chemically denatured glucose-6 phosphate dehydrogenase (foldase chaperone activity) and prevent heat-induced malate dehydrogenase aggregation (holdase chaperone activity). Our results led us to infer that the disulphide reductase and foldase chaperone functions prevail when the proteins occur as monomers and the well-conserved non-active cysteine present in Trx f is critical for both functions. By contrast, the holdase chaperone activity of both Trxs depended on their oligomeric status: the proteins were functional only when they were associated with high molecular mass protein complexes. Because the oligomeric status of both Trxs was induced by salt and temperature, our data suggest that plastid Trxs could operate as molecular holdase chaperones upon oxidative stress, acting as a type of small stress protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Sanz-Barrio
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, Universidad Pública de Navarra-CSIC-Gobierno de Navarra, Campus Arrosadía, E-31006 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Alicia Fernández-San Millán
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, Universidad Pública de Navarra-CSIC-Gobierno de Navarra, Campus Arrosadía, E-31006 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Jon Carballeda
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, Universidad Pública de Navarra-CSIC-Gobierno de Navarra, Campus Arrosadía, E-31006 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Patricia Corral-Martínez
- Instituto para la Conservación y Mejora de la Agrodiversidad Valenciana (COMAV), Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación, Edificio 8E - Escalera I, Camino de Vera s/n, E-46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - José M. Seguí-Simarro
- Instituto para la Conservación y Mejora de la Agrodiversidad Valenciana (COMAV), Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación, Edificio 8E - Escalera I, Camino de Vera s/n, E-46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Farran
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, Universidad Pública de Navarra-CSIC-Gobierno de Navarra, Campus Arrosadía, E-31006 Pamplona, Spain
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15
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Tovar-Méndez A, Matamoros MA, Bustos-Sanmamed P, Dietz KJ, Cejudo FJ, Rouhier N, Sato S, Tabata S, Becana M. Peroxiredoxins and NADPH-dependent thioredoxin systems in the model legume Lotus japonicus. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 156:1535-47. [PMID: 21562331 PMCID: PMC3131139 DOI: 10.1104/pp.111.177196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2011] [Accepted: 05/06/2011] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Peroxiredoxins (Prxs), thioredoxins (Trxs), and NADPH-thioredoxin reductases (NTRs) constitute central elements of the thiol-disulfide redox regulatory network of plant cells. This study provides a comprehensive survey of this network in the model legume Lotus japonicus. The aims were to identify and characterize these gene families and to assess whether the NTR-Trx systems are operative in nodules. Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and immunological and proteomic approaches were used for expression profiling. We identified seven Prx, 14 Trx, and three NTR functional genes. The PrxQ1 gene was found to be transcribed in two alternative spliced variants and to be expressed at high levels in leaves, stems, petals, pods, and seeds and at low levels in roots and nodules. The 1CPrx gene showed very high expression in the seed embryos and low expression in vegetative tissues and was induced by nitric oxide and cytokinins. In sharp contrast, cytokinins down-regulated all other Prx genes, except PrxQ1, in roots and nodules, but only 2CPrxA and PrxQ1 in leaves. Gene-specific changes in Prx expression were also observed in response to ethylene, abscisic acid, and auxins. Nodules contain significant mRNA and protein amounts of cytosolic PrxIIB, Trxh1, and NTRA and of plastidic NTRC. Likewise, they express cytosolic Trxh3, Trxh4, Trxh8, and Trxh9, mitochondrial PrxIIF and Trxo, and plastidic Trxm2, Trxm4, and ferredoxin-Trx reductase. These findings reveal a complex regulation of Prxs that is dependent on the isoform, tissue, and signaling molecule and support that redox NTR-Trx systems are functional in the cytosol, mitochondria, and plastids of nodules.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Manuel Becana
- Departamento de Nutrición Vegetal, Estación Experimental de Aula Dei, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 50080 Zaragoza, Spain (A.T.-M., M.A.M., P.B.-S., M.B.); Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants, Bielefeld University, 33501 Bielefeld, Germany (K.-J.D.); Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Universidad de Sevilla y Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 41092 Seville, Spain (F.J.C.); UMR Interactions Arbres Microorganismes 1136, Nancy Université, 54506 Vandoeuvre, France (N.R.); Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kisarazu, Chiba 292–0818, Japan (S.S., S.T.)
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Long XY, Liu YX, Rocheleau H, Ouellet T, Chen GY. Identification and Validation of Internal Control Genes for Gene Expression in Wheat Leaves Infected by Strip Rust. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.3923/ijpbg.2011.255.267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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17
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Lindahl M, Mata-Cabana A, Kieselbach T. The disulfide proteome and other reactive cysteine proteomes: analysis and functional significance. Antioxid Redox Signal 2011; 14:2581-642. [PMID: 21275844 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2010.3551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Ten years ago, proteomics techniques designed for large-scale investigations of redox-sensitive proteins started to emerge. The proteomes, defined as sets of proteins containing reactive cysteines that undergo oxidative post-translational modifications, have had a particular impact on research concerning the redox regulation of cellular processes. These proteomes, which are hereafter termed "disulfide proteomes," have been studied in nearly all kingdoms of life, including animals, plants, fungi, and bacteria. Disulfide proteomics has been applied to the identification of proteins modified by reactive oxygen and nitrogen species under stress conditions. Other studies involving disulfide proteomics have addressed the functions of thioredoxins and glutaredoxins. Hence, there is a steadily growing number of proteins containing reactive cysteines, which are probable targets for redox regulation. The disulfide proteomes have provided evidence that entire pathways, such as glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, and the Calvin-Benson cycle, are controlled by mechanisms involving changes in the cysteine redox state of each enzyme implicated. Synthesis and degradation of proteins are processes highly represented in disulfide proteomes and additional biochemical data have established some mechanisms for their redox regulation. Thus, combined with biochemistry and genetics, disulfide proteomics has a significant potential to contribute to new discoveries on redox regulation and signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marika Lindahl
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad de Sevilla, Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Isla de la Cartuja, Seville, Spain
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18
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de Dios Barajas-López J, Serrato AJ, Cazalis R, Meyer Y, Chueca A, Reichheld JP, Sahrawy M. Circadian regulation of chloroplastic f and m thioredoxins through control of the CCA1 transcription factor. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2011; 62:2039-51. [PMID: 21196476 PMCID: PMC3060684 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erq394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2010] [Revised: 11/15/2010] [Accepted: 11/15/2010] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Chloroplastic thioredoxins f and m (TRX f and TRX m) mediate light regulation of carbon metabolism through the activation of Calvin cycle enzymes. The role of TRX f and m in the activation of Calvin cycle enzymes is best known among the TRX family. However, the discoveries of new potential targets extend the functions of chloroplastic TRXs to other processes in non-photosynthetic tissues. As occurs with numerous chloroplast proteins, their expression comes under light regulation. Here, the focus is on the light regulation of TRX f and TRX m in pea and Arabidopsis during the day/night cycle that is maintained during the subjective night. In pea (Pisum sativum), TRX f and TRX m1 expression is shown to be governed by a circadian oscillation exerted at both the transcriptional and protein levels. Binding shift assays indicate that this control probably involves the interaction of the CCA1 transcription factor and an evening element (EE) located in the PsTRX f and PsTRX m1 promoters. In Arabidopsis, among the multigene family of TRX f and TRX m, AtTRX f2 and AtTRX m2 mRNA showed similar circadian oscillatory regulation, suggesting that such regulation is conserved in plants. However, this oscillation was disrupted in plants overexpressing CCA1 (cca1-ox) or repressing CCA1 and LHY (cca1-lhy). The physiological role of the oscillatory regulation of chloroplastic TRX f and TRX m in plants during the day/night cycle is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Roland Cazalis
- Université de Namur, URBV, 61 rue de Bruxelles, 5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - Yves Meyer
- Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Université de Perpignan, UMR 5096 CNRS-UP-IRD, F-66860 Perpignan, France
| | - Ana Chueca
- Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, Profesor Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain
| | - Jean Philippe Reichheld
- Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Université de Perpignan, UMR 5096 CNRS-UP-IRD, F-66860 Perpignan, France
| | - Mariam Sahrawy
- Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, Profesor Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain
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Aguado-Llera D, Martínez-Gómez AI, Prieto J, Marenchino M, Traverso JA, Gómez J, Chueca A, Neira JL. The conformational stability and biophysical properties of the eukaryotic thioredoxins of Pisum sativum are not family-conserved. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17068. [PMID: 21364950 PMCID: PMC3043092 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2010] [Accepted: 01/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Thioredoxins (TRXs) are ubiquitous proteins involved in redox processes. About forty genes encode TRX or TRX-related proteins in plants, grouped in different families according to their subcellular localization. For instance, the h-type TRXs are located in cytoplasm or mitochondria, whereas f-type TRXs have a plastidial origin, although both types of proteins have an eukaryotic origin as opposed to other TRXs. Herein, we study the conformational and the biophysical features of TRXh1, TRXh2 and TRXf from Pisum sativum. The modelled structures of the three proteins show the well-known TRX fold. While sharing similar pH-denaturations features, the chemical and thermal stabilities are different, being PsTRXh1 (Pisum sativum thioredoxin h1) the most stable isoform; moreover, the three proteins follow a three-state denaturation model, during the chemical-denaturations. These differences in the thermal- and chemical-denaturations result from changes, in a broad sense, of the several ASAs (accessible surface areas) of the proteins. Thus, although a strong relationship can be found between the primary amino acid sequence and the structure among TRXs, that between the residue sequence and the conformational stability and biophysical properties is not. We discuss how these differences in the biophysical properties of TRXs determine their unique functions in pea, and we show how residues involved in the biophysical features described (pH-titrations, dimerizations and chemical-denaturations) belong to regions involved in interaction with other proteins. Our results suggest that the sequence demands of protein-protein function are relatively rigid, with different protein-binding pockets (some in common) for each of the three proteins, but the demands of structure and conformational stability per se (as long as there is a maintained core), are less so.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Aguado-Llera
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Elche (Alicante), Spain
| | - Ana Isabel Martínez-Gómez
- Departamento de Química-Física, Bioquímica y Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - Jesús Prieto
- Departamento de Biología Estructural y Biocomputación, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marco Marenchino
- Departamento de Biología Estructural y Biocomputación, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - José Angel Traverso
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Celular y Molecular de Plantas, Estación Experimental Zaidin, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Granada, Spain
| | - Javier Gómez
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Elche (Alicante), Spain
| | - Ana Chueca
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Celular y Molecular de Plantas, Estación Experimental Zaidin, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Granada, Spain
| | - José L. Neira
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Elche (Alicante), Spain
- Biocomputation and Complex Systems Physics Institute, Zaragoza, Spain
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Wen XJ, Hao CY, Pu W, Liu X, Zhang XY. [Screening of the candidate proteins interacting with TaFRA]. YI CHUAN = HEREDITAS 2011; 33:88-94. [PMID: 21377964 DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1005.2011.00088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
F-box protein is an important subunit of SCF complex, an E3 ligase in ubiquitin system, and its function is determined through mediating the specific recognition and combining with substrate protein. TaFRA (F-box protein related to abiotic stress) was identified by RACE based on the fragments diferently expressing in wheat seedling exposed to salt stress and encodes an F-box protein. In this study, pBD-TaFRA bait expression vector was constructed, and cDNA+pGAD+pBD was directly co-transformed into yeast hybrid system to screen condidate proteins interacting with TaFRA. Fourty-four candidate proteins were obtained, in which 32 were known proteins and transcript factors related to stress tolerance such as thioredoxin, metallothinein, ATP synthase, and serine/threonine protein kinase etc. This indicates that TaFRA participates in stress response through regulating above condidate genes, which will provide basis for revealing the mechanism of TaFRA reaction to abiotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Jie Wen
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
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21
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Smiri M, Chaoui A, Rouhier N, Kamel C, Gelhaye E, Jacquot JP, El Ferjani E. Cadmium induced mitochondrial redox changes in germinating pea seed. Biometals 2010; 23:973-84. [PMID: 20512401 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-010-9344-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2010] [Accepted: 05/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria play an essential role in producing the energy required for seedling growth following imbibition. Heavy metals, such as cadmium impair mitochondrial functioning in part by altering redox regulation. The activities of two protein redox systems present in mitochondria, thioredoxin (Trx) and glutaredoxin (Grx), were analysed in the cotyledons and embryo of pea (Pisum sativum L.) germinating seeds exposed to toxic Cd concentration. Compared to controls, Cd-treated germinating seeds showed a decrease in total soluble protein content, but an increase in -SH content. Under Cd stress conditions, Grx and glutathione reductase (GR) activities as well as glutathione (GSH) concentrations decreased both in cotyledons and the embryo. Similar results were obtained with the Trx system: Trx and NADPH-dependent thioredoxin reductase (NTR) activities were not stimulated, whereas total NAD(P) contents diminished in the embryo. However, Cd enhanced the levels of all components of the Trx system in the cotyledons. On the other hand, Cd caused a significant increase in oxidative stress parameters such as the redox ratio of coenzymes (oxidized to reduced forms) and NAD(P)H oxidase activities. These results indicate that Cd induces differential redox responses on different seed tissues. We suggest that neither Grx system nor Trx one may improve the redox status of mitochondrial thiols in the embryo of germinating pea seeds exposed to Cd toxicity, but in the cotyledons the contribution of Trx/NTR/NADPH can be established in despite the vulnerability of the coenzyme pools due to enzymatic oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moêz Smiri
- Bio-Physiologie Cellulaires, Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte, 7021, Zarzouna, Tunisie.
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22
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Smiri M, Chaoui A, Ferjani EE. Interaction between heavy metals and thiol-linked redox reactions in germination. Pak J Biol Sci 2010; 13:877-883. [PMID: 23350160 DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2010.877.883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Thioredoxin (TRX) proteins perform important biological functions in cells by changing the redox state of proteins via dithiol disulfide exchange. Several systems are able to control the activity, stability, and correct folding of enzymes through dithiol/disulfide isomerization reactions including the enzyme protein disulfide-isomerase, the glutathione-dependent glutaredoxin system, and the thioredoxin systems. Plants have devised sophisticated mechanisms to cope with biotic and abiotic stresses imposed by their environment. Among these mechanisms, those collectively referred to as redox reactions induced by endogenous systems. This is of agronomical importance since a better knowledge of the involved mechanisms can offer novel means for crop protection. In the plant life cycle, the seed and seedling stages are key developmental stages conditioning the final yield of crops. Both are very sensitive to heavy metal stress. Plant redox reactions are principally studied on adult plant organs and there is only very scarce informations about the onset of redox regulation at the level of seed germination. In the here presented study, we discussed the importance of redox proteins in plant cell metabolism and defence. Special focus is given to TRX, which are involved in detoxification of ROS and also to their targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Smiri
- Bio-Physiologie Cellulaires, Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte, 7021 Zarzouna, Tunisia
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23
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Traverso JA, López-Jaramillo FJ, Serrato AJ, Ortega-Muñoz M, Aguado-Llera D, Sahrawy M, Santoyo-Gonzalez F, Neira JL, Chueca A. Evidence of non-functional redundancy between two pea h-type thioredoxins by specificity and stability studies. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 167:423-9. [PMID: 20005595 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2009.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2009] [Revised: 10/22/2009] [Accepted: 10/23/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The largest group of plant thioredoxins (TRXs) consists of the so-called h-type; their great number raises questions about their specific or redundant roles in plant cells. Pisum sativum thioredoxin h1 (PsTRXh1) and Pisum sativum thioredoxin h2 (PsTRXh2) are both h-type TRXs from pea (Pisum sativum) previously identified and biochemically characterized. While both are involved in redox regulation and show a high-sequence identity (60%), they display different behavior during in vitro and in vivo assays. In this work, we show that these two proteins display different specificity in the capturing of protein targets in vitro, by the use of a new stringent method. PsTRXh2 interacted with classical antioxidant proteins, whereas PsTRXh1 showed a completely different pattern of targeted proteins, and was able to capture a transcription factor. We also showed that the two proteins display very different thermal and chemical stabilities. We suggest that the differences in thermal and chemical stability point to a distinct and characteristic pattern of protein specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- José A Traverso
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Celular y Molecular de Plantas, Estación Experimental Zaidin, CSIC 18008 Granada, Spain.
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Meyer Y, Buchanan BB, Vignols F, Reichheld JP. Thioredoxins and glutaredoxins: unifying elements in redox biology. Annu Rev Genet 2009; 43:335-67. [PMID: 19691428 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genet-102108-134201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 332] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Since their discovery as a substrate for ribonucleotide reductase (RNR), the role of thioredoxin (Trx) and glutaredoxin (Grx) has been largely extended through their regulatory function. Both proteins act by changing the structure and activity of a broad spectrum of target proteins, typically by modifying redox status. Trx and Grx are members of families with multiple and partially redundant genes. The number of genes clearly increased with the appearance of multicellular organisms, in part because of new types of Trx and Grx with orthologs throughout the animal and plant kingdoms. The function of Trx and Grx also broadened as cells achieved increased complexity, especially in the regulation arena. In view of these progressive changes, the ubiquitous distribution of Trx and the wide occurrence of Grx enable these proteins to serve as indicators of the evolutionary history of redox regulation. In so doing, they add a unifying element that links the diverse forms of life to one another in an uninterrupted continuum. It is anticipated that future research will embellish this continuum and further elucidate the properties of these proteins and their impact on biology. The new information will be important not only to our understanding of the role of Trx and Grx in fundamental cell processes but also to future societal benefits as the proteins find new applications in a range of fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves Meyer
- Université de Perpignan, Génome et dévelopement des plantes, CNRS-UP-IRD UMR 5096, F 66860 Perpignan Cedex, France.
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25
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Shahpiri A, Svensson B, Finnie C. From proteomics to structural studies of cytosolic/mitochondrial-type thioredoxin systems in barley seeds. MOLECULAR PLANT 2009; 2:378-389. [PMID: 19825623 DOI: 10.1093/mp/ssn096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Thioredoxins (Trx) are ubiquitous proteins that participate in thiol disulfide reactions via two active site cysteine residues, allowing Trx to reduce disulfide bonds in target proteins. Recent progress in proteome analysis has resulted in identification of a wide range of potential target proteins for Trx, indicating that Trx plays a key role in several aspects of cell metabolism. In contrast to other organisms, plants contain multiple forms of Trx that are classified based on their primary structures and sub-cellular localization. The reduction of cytosolic and mitochondrial types of Trx is dependent on NADPH and catalyzed by NADPH-dependent thioredoxin reductase (NTR). In barley, two isoforms each of Trx and NTR have been identified and investigated using proteomics, gene expression, and structural studies. This review outlines the diverse roles suggested for cytosolic/mitochondrial-type Trx systems in cereal seeds and summarizes the current knowledge of the barley system including recent data on function, regulation, interactions, and structure. Directions for future research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azar Shahpiri
- Enzyme and Protein Chemistry, Department of Systems Biology, Søltofts Plads, Building 224, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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Marri L, Zaffagnini M, Collin V, Issakidis-Bourguet E, Lemaire SD, Pupillo P, Sparla F, Miginiac-Maslow M, Trost P. Prompt and easy activation by specific thioredoxins of calvin cycle enzymes of Arabidopsis thaliana associated in the GAPDH/CP12/PRK supramolecular complex. MOLECULAR PLANT 2009; 2:259-69. [PMID: 19825612 DOI: 10.1093/mp/ssn061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The Calvin cycle enzymes glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and phosphoribulokinase (PRK) can form under oxidizing conditions a supramolecular complex with the regulatory protein CP12. Both GAPDH and PRK activities are inhibited within the complex, but they can be fully restored by reduced thioredoxins (TRXs). We have investigated the interactions of eight different chloroplast thioredoxin isoforms (TRX f1, m1, m2, m3, m4, y1, y2, x) with GAPDH (A(4), B(4), and B(8) isoforms), PRK and CP12 (isoform 2), all from Arabidopsis thaliana. In the complex, both A(4)-GAPDH and PRK were promptly activated by TRX f1, or more slowly by TRXs m1 and m2, but all other TRXs were ineffective. Free PRK was regulated by TRX f1, m1, or m2, while B(4)- and B(8)-GAPDH were absolutely specific for TRX f1. Interestingly, reductive activation of PRK caged in the complex was much faster than reductive activation of free oxidized PRK, and activation of A(4)-GAPDH in the complex was much faster (and less demanding in terms of reducing potential) than activation of free oxidized B(4)- or B(8)-GAPDH. It is proposed that CP12-assembled supramolecular complex may represent a reservoir of inhibited enzymes ready to be released in fully active conformation following reduction and dissociation of the complex by TRXs upon the shift from dark to low light. On the contrary, autonomous redox-modulation of GAPDH (B-containing isoforms) would be more suited to conditions of very active photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Marri
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Physiology, Department of Experimental Evolutionary Biology, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 42, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
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Affiliation(s)
- Abderrakib Zahid
- Université de Toulouse–Ecole d'Ingénieurs de Purpan, Laboratoire d'Agrophysiologie, UPSP/DGER 115, 75 voie du Toec, BP 57611, 31076 Toulouse cedex 03, France
| | - Samia Afoulous
- Université de Toulouse–Ecole d'Ingénieurs de Purpan, Laboratoire d'Agrophysiologie, UPSP/DGER 115, 75 voie du Toec, BP 57611, 31076 Toulouse cedex 03, France
| | - Roland Cazalis
- Université de Toulouse–Ecole d'Ingénieurs de Purpan, Laboratoire d'Agrophysiologie, UPSP/DGER 115, 75 voie du Toec, BP 57611, 31076 Toulouse cedex 03, France
- Corresponding author. Phone: 33-561152989. Fax: 33-561153060. E-mail address:
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Singh P, Kaloudas D, Raines CA. Expression analysis of the Arabidopsis CP12 gene family suggests novel roles for these proteins in roots and floral tissues. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2008; 59:3975-85. [PMID: 18974062 PMCID: PMC2576635 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ern236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2008] [Revised: 08/26/2008] [Accepted: 08/27/2008] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The chloroplast protein CP12 has been shown to regulate the activity of two Calvin cycle enzymes, phosphoribulokinase (PRK) and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), by the reversible formation of a multiprotein complex. In Arabidopsis there are three CP12 genes, CP12-1, CP12-2, and CP12-3, and expression analysis suggested that the function of these proteins may not be restricted to the Calvin cycle. Reverse transcription-PCR analysis was used here to investigate further the expression patterns of the three CP12 Arabidopsis genes together with the genes encoding plastid GAPDH (GAPA-1 and GAPB), PRK (PRK), and plastid NAD-dependent GAPDH (GAPCp1 and GAPCp2) during development, in response to changes in light, temperature, and anaerobic conditions. Expression of the CP12-2 gene was similar to that of the Calvin cycle enzymes PRK and GAPDH. However, this was not the case for CP12-1 and -3 which were both expressed in roots. Analysis of transgenic Arabidopsis lines expressing CP12::GUS fusion constructs revealed that the CP12 genes display different spatiotemporal expression patterns. The CP12-1 gene was expressed in root tips whilst CP12-3::GUS expression was evident throughout the root tissue. The most unexpected finding was that all three CP12 genes were expressed in floral tissues; CP12-1 and CP12-2 expression was detected in the sepals and the style of the flower, while in contrast CP12-3::GUS expression was restricted to the stigma and anthers. Taken together, the data suggest that the redox-sensitive CP12 proteins may have a wider role in non-photosynthetic plastids, throughout the plant life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Christine A. Raines
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester CO4 3SQ, UK
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