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Li D, Wang J, Chen R, Chen J, Zong J, Li L, Hao D, Guo H. Review: Nitrogen acquisition, assimilation, and seasonal cycling in perennial grasses. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 342:112054. [PMID: 38423392 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2024.112054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Perennial grasses seasonal nitrogen (N) cycle extends the residence and reuse time of N within the plant system, thereby enhancing N use efficiency. Currently, the mechanism of N metabolism has been extensively examined in model plants and annual grasses, and although perennial grasses exhibit similarities, they also possess distinct characteristics. Apart from assimilating and utilizing N throughout the growing season, perennial grasses also translocate N from aerial parts to perennial tissues, such as rhizomes, after autumn senescence. Subsequently, they remobilize the N from these perennial tissues to support new growth in the subsequent year, thereby ensuring their persistence. Previous studies indicate that the seasonal storage and remobilization of N in perennial grasses are not significantly associated with winter survival despite some amino acids and proteins associated with low temperature tolerance accumulating, but primarily with regrowth during the subsequent spring green-up stage. Further investigation can be conducted in perennial grasses to explore the correlation between stored N and dormant bud outgrowth in perennial tissues, such as rhizomes, during the spring green-up stage, building upon previous research on the relationship between N and axillary bud outgrowth in annual grasses. This exploration on seasonal N cycling in perennial grasses can offer valuable theoretical insights for new perennial grasses varieties with high N use efficiency through the application of gene editing and other advanced technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Li
- The National Forestry and Grassland Administration Engineering Research Center for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Warm-Season Turfgrasses, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem, Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing, Jiangsu 210014, China
| | - Jingjing Wang
- The National Forestry and Grassland Administration Engineering Research Center for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Warm-Season Turfgrasses, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem, Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing, Jiangsu 210014, China
| | - Rongrong Chen
- The National Forestry and Grassland Administration Engineering Research Center for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Warm-Season Turfgrasses, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem, Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing, Jiangsu 210014, China
| | - Jingbo Chen
- The National Forestry and Grassland Administration Engineering Research Center for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Warm-Season Turfgrasses, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem, Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing, Jiangsu 210014, China
| | - Junqin Zong
- The National Forestry and Grassland Administration Engineering Research Center for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Warm-Season Turfgrasses, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem, Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing, Jiangsu 210014, China
| | - Ling Li
- The National Forestry and Grassland Administration Engineering Research Center for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Warm-Season Turfgrasses, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem, Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing, Jiangsu 210014, China
| | - Dongli Hao
- The National Forestry and Grassland Administration Engineering Research Center for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Warm-Season Turfgrasses, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem, Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing, Jiangsu 210014, China
| | - Hailin Guo
- The National Forestry and Grassland Administration Engineering Research Center for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Warm-Season Turfgrasses, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem, Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing, Jiangsu 210014, China.
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Li X, Gu Y, Kayoumu M, Muhammad N, Wang X, Gui H, Luo T, Wang Q, Wumaierjiang X, Ruan S, Iqbal A, Zhang X, Song M, Dong Q. Systematic characterization of Gossypium GLN family genes reveals a potential function of GhGLN1.1a regulates nitrogen use efficiency in cotton. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:313. [PMID: 38654158 PMCID: PMC11036627 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-04990-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
The enzyme glutamine synthetase (GLN) is mainly responsible for the assimilation and reassimilation of nitrogen (N) in higher plants. Although the GLN gene has been identified in various plants, there is little information about the GLN family in cotton (Gossypium spp.). To elucidate the roles of GLN genes in cotton, we systematically investigated and characterized the GLN gene family across four cotton species (G. raimondii, G. arboreum, G. hirsutum, and G. barbadense). Our analysis encompassed analysis of members, gene structure, cis-element, intragenomic duplication, and exploration of collinear relationships. Gene duplication analysis indicated that segmental duplication was the primary driving force for the expansion of the GhGLN gene family. Transcriptomic and quantitative real-time reverse-transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) analyses indicated that the GhGLN1.1a gene is responsive to N induction treatment and several abiotic stresses. The results of virus-induced gene silencing revealed that the accumulation and N use efficiency (NUE) of cotton were affected by the inactivation of GhGLN1.1a. This study comprehensively analyzed the GhGLN genes in Gossypium spp., and provides a new perspective on the functional roles of GhGLN1.1a in regulating NUE in cotton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotong Li
- Zhengzhou Research Base, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-Breeding and Integrated Utilization, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Cotton Biology Breeding and Industrial Technology /Institute of Cotton Research of CAAS, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
| | - Yunqi Gu
- National Engineering Research Center of Cotton Biology Breeding and Industrial Technology /Institute of Cotton Research of CAAS, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
| | - Mirezhatijiang Kayoumu
- National Engineering Research Center of Cotton Biology Breeding and Industrial Technology /Institute of Cotton Research of CAAS, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
| | - Noor Muhammad
- Zhengzhou Research Base, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-Breeding and Integrated Utilization, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Cotton Biology Breeding and Industrial Technology /Institute of Cotton Research of CAAS, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
| | - Xiangru Wang
- National Engineering Research Center of Cotton Biology Breeding and Industrial Technology /Institute of Cotton Research of CAAS, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
| | - Huiping Gui
- National Engineering Research Center of Cotton Biology Breeding and Industrial Technology /Institute of Cotton Research of CAAS, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
| | - Tong Luo
- Western Agricultural Research Center of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji, 831100, Xinjiang, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Cotton Biology Breeding and Industrial Technology /Institute of Cotton Research of CAAS, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
| | - Qianqian Wang
- Western Agricultural Research Center of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji, 831100, Xinjiang, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Cotton Biology Breeding and Industrial Technology /Institute of Cotton Research of CAAS, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
| | - Xieraili Wumaierjiang
- National Engineering Research Center of Cotton Biology Breeding and Industrial Technology /Institute of Cotton Research of CAAS, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
| | - Sijia Ruan
- National Engineering Research Center of Cotton Biology Breeding and Industrial Technology /Institute of Cotton Research of CAAS, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
| | - Asif Iqbal
- Department of Agriculture, Hazara University, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Mansehra, 21120, Pakistan
| | - Xiling Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center of Cotton Biology Breeding and Industrial Technology /Institute of Cotton Research of CAAS, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
| | - Meizhen Song
- Zhengzhou Research Base, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-Breeding and Integrated Utilization, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
- Western Agricultural Research Center of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji, 831100, Xinjiang, China.
- National Engineering Research Center of Cotton Biology Breeding and Industrial Technology /Institute of Cotton Research of CAAS, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China.
| | - Qiang Dong
- Western Agricultural Research Center of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji, 831100, Xinjiang, China.
- National Engineering Research Center of Cotton Biology Breeding and Industrial Technology /Institute of Cotton Research of CAAS, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China.
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Fortunato S, Nigro D, Lasorella C, Marcotuli I, Gadaleta A, de Pinto MC. The Role of Glutamine Synthetase (GS) and Glutamate Synthase (GOGAT) in the Improvement of Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Cereals. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1771. [PMID: 38136642 PMCID: PMC10742212 DOI: 10.3390/biom13121771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Cereals are the most broadly produced crops and represent the primary source of food worldwide. Nitrogen (N) is a critical mineral nutrient for plant growth and high yield, and the quality of cereal crops greatly depends on a suitable N supply. In the last decades, a massive use of N fertilizers has been achieved in the desire to have high yields of cereal crops, leading to damaging effects for the environment, ecosystems, and human health. To ensure agricultural sustainability and the required food source, many attempts have been made towards developing cereal crops with a more effective nitrogen use efficiency (NUE). NUE depends on N uptake, utilization, and lastly, combining the capability to assimilate N into carbon skeletons and remobilize the N assimilated. The glutamine synthetase (GS)/glutamate synthase (GOGAT) cycle represents a crucial metabolic step of N assimilation, regulating crop yield. In this review, the physiological and genetic studies on GS and GOGAT of the main cereal crops will be examined, giving emphasis on their implications in NUE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Fortunato
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Environment, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; (S.F.)
| | - Domenica Nigro
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; (D.N.); (I.M.)
| | - Cecilia Lasorella
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Environment, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; (S.F.)
| | - Ilaria Marcotuli
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; (D.N.); (I.M.)
| | - Agata Gadaleta
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; (D.N.); (I.M.)
| | - Maria Concetta de Pinto
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Environment, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; (S.F.)
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Souza LC, Monteiro GGTN, Marinho RKM, Souza EFL, Oliveira SCF, Ferreira ACS, Oliveira Neto CF, Okumura RS, Souza LC. Nitrogen metabolism in maize plants submitted to drought, brassinosteroids and azospirillum. BRAZ J BIOL 2023; 83:e276264. [PMID: 37937632 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.276264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The water deficit in particular, reduces the productivity of vegetable crops. To minimize these harmful effects on agriculture, several agronomic and physiological practices are being studied, such as the use of bacteria and water stress attenuators, such as brassinosteroids. Considering the socioeconomic relevance of corn culture and its sensitivity when exposed to water deficit, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the action of brassinosteroids and azospirillum on nitrogen metabolism in corn plants subjected to water stress conditions. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse, in a period of 47 days, with corn plants, using the hybrid K9606 VIP3. The design was completely randomized, in a 2x2x3 factorial scheme, with six replications. The first factor corresponds to two water regimes (presence and absence of water deficit). The second corresponds to inoculation via seed of Azospirillum brasiliense and absence of inoculation. And the third corresponds to the application of three concentrations of brassinosteroids (0, 0.3 and 0.6 μM). Were determined Nitrate; nitrate reductase; free ammonium; total soluble aminoacids; soluble proteins; proline; glycine betaine and glutamine synthetase. The lack of water in plants provided a reduction in the protein and nitrate reductase contents, in leaves and roots. For ammonium, plants with water deficit inoculated at a concentration of 0.3 μM, obtained an increase of 7.16 (70.26%) and 13.89 (77.04%) mmol NH4 + .Kg-1. DM (Dry mass) on the leaf and root respectively. The water deficit in the soil provided significant increases in the concentrations of glycine betaine, nitrate, proline and aminoacids, both in the leaves and in the roots of the corn plants. On the other hand, the contents of glutamine synthetase had a reduction in both leaves and roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Souza
- Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia - UFRA, Instituto de Ciências Agrárias, Belém, PA, Brasil
| | | | - R K M Marinho
- Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia - UFRA, Instituto de Ciências Agrárias, Belém, PA, Brasil
| | - E F L Souza
- Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia - UFRA, Instituto de Ciências Agrárias, Belém, PA, Brasil
| | - S C F Oliveira
- Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia - UFRA, Instituto de Ciências Agrárias, Belém, PA, Brasil
| | - A C S Ferreira
- Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia - UFRA, Instituto de Ciências Agrárias, Belém, PA, Brasil
| | - C F Oliveira Neto
- Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia - UFRA, Instituto de Ciências Agrárias, Belém, PA, Brasil
| | - R S Okumura
- Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia - UFRA, Instituto de Ciências Agrárias, Belém, PA, Brasil
| | - L C Souza
- Universidade Federal do Maranhão - UFMA, Centro de Ciencias Agrarias e Ambientais, Campus Chapadinha, Chapadinha, MA, Brasil
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Zhang W, Ni K, Long L, Ruan J. Nitrogen transport and assimilation in tea plant ( Camellia sinensis): a review. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1249202. [PMID: 37810380 PMCID: PMC10556680 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1249202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen is one of the most important nutrients for tea plants, as it contributes significantly to tea yield and serves as the component of amino acids, which in turn affects the quality of tea produced. To achieve higher yields, excessive amounts of N fertilizers mainly in the form of urea have been applied in tea plantations where N fertilizer is prone to convert to nitrate and be lost by leaching in the acid soils. This usually results in elevated costs and environmental pollution. A comprehensive understanding of N metabolism in tea plants and the underlying mechanisms is necessary to identify the key regulators, characterize the functional phenotypes, and finally improve nitrogen use efficiency (NUE). Tea plants absorb and utilize ammonium as the preferred N source, thus a large amount of nitrate remains activated in soils. The improvement of nitrate utilization by tea plants is going to be an alternative aspect for NUE with great potentiality. In the process of N assimilation, nitrate is reduced to ammonium and subsequently derived to the GS-GOGAT pathway, involving the participation of nitrate reductase (NR), nitrite reductase (NiR), glutamine synthetase (GS), glutamate synthase (GOGAT), and glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH). Additionally, theanine, a unique amino acid responsible for umami taste, is biosynthesized by the catalysis of theanine synthetase (TS). In this review, we summarize what is known about the regulation and functioning of the enzymes and transporters implicated in N acquisition and metabolism in tea plants and the current methods for assessing NUE in this species. The challenges and prospects to expand our knowledge on N metabolism and related molecular mechanisms in tea plants which could be a model for woody perennial plant used for vegetative harvest are also discussed to provide the theoretical basis for future research to assess NUE traits more precisely among the vast germplasm resources, thus achieving NUE improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kang Ni
- Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Xihu National Agricultural Experimental Station for Soil Quality, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lizhi Long
- Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianyun Ruan
- Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Xihu National Agricultural Experimental Station for Soil Quality, Hangzhou, China
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Zhang Q, Shi Y, Hu H, Shi Y, Tang D, Ruan J, Fernie AR, Liu MY. Magnesium promotes tea plant growth via enhanced glutamine synthetase-mediated nitrogen assimilation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 192:1321-1337. [PMID: 36879396 PMCID: PMC10231486 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Acidic tea (Camellia sinensis) plantation soil usually suffers from magnesium (Mg) deficiency, and as such, application of fertilizer containing Mg can substantially increase tea quality by enhancing the accumulation of nitrogen (N)-containing chemicals such as amino acids in young tea shoots. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the promoting effects of Mg on N assimilation in tea plants remain unclear. Here, both hydroponic and field experiments were conducted to analyze N, Mg, metabolite contents, and gene expression patterns in tea plants. We found that N and amino acids accumulated in tea plant roots under Mg deficiency, while metabolism of N was enhanced by Mg supplementation, especially under a low N fertilizer regime. 15N tracing experiments demonstrated that assimilation of N was induced in tea roots following Mg application. Furthermore, weighted gene correlation network analysis (WGCNA) analysis of RNA-seq data suggested that genes encoding glutamine synthetase isozymes (CsGSs), key enzymes regulating N assimilation, were markedly regulated by Mg treatment. Overexpression of CsGS1.1 in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) resulted in a more tolerant phenotype under Mg deficiency and increased N assimilation. These results validate our suggestion that Mg transcriptionally regulates CsGS1.1 during the enhanced assimilation of N in tea plant. Moreover, results of a field experiment demonstrated that high Mg and low N had positive effects on tea quality. This study deepens our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the interactive effects of Mg and N in tea plants while also providing both genetic and agronomic tools for future improvement of tea production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qunfeng Zhang
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology, Genetics and Breeding of Special Economic Animals and Plants (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Yutao Shi
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
- College of Tea and Food Science, Wuyi University, Wuyishan 354300, China
| | - Hao Hu
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Institute of Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Key Laboratory for Biology of Horticultural Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yuanzhi Shi
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology, Genetics and Breeding of Special Economic Animals and Plants (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Dandan Tang
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jianyun Ruan
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology, Genetics and Breeding of Special Economic Animals and Plants (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Muehlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Mei-Ya Liu
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology, Genetics and Breeding of Special Economic Animals and Plants (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Hangzhou 310008, China
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Chatterjee P, Schafran P, Li FW, Meeks JC. Nostoc Talks Back: Temporal Patterns of Differential Gene Expression During Establishment of Anthoceros-Nostoc Symbiosis. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2022; 35:917-932. [PMID: 35802132 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-05-22-0101-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Endosymbiotic associations between hornworts and nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria form when the plant is limited for combined nitrogen (N). We generated RNA-seq data to examine temporal gene expression patterns during the culturing of N-starved Anthoceros punctatus in the absence and the presence of symbiotic cyanobacterium Nostoc punctiforme. In symbiont-free A. punctatus gametophytes, N starvation caused downregulation of chlorophyll content and chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics as well as transcription of photosynthesis-related genes. This downregulation was reversed in A. punctatus cocultured with N. punctiforme, corresponding to the provision by the symbiont of N2-derived NH4+, which commenced within 5 days of coculture and reached a maximum by 14 days. We also observed transient increases in transcription of ammonium and nitrate transporters in a N. punctiforme-dependent manner as well as that of a SWEET transporter that was initially independent of N2-derived NH4+. The temporal patterns of differential gene expression indicated that N. punctiforme transmits signals that impact gene expression to A. punctatus both prior to and after its provision of fixed N. This study is the first illustrating the temporal patterns of gene expression during establishment of an endosymbiotic nitrogen-fixing association in this monophyletic evolutionary lineage of land plants. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poulami Chatterjee
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, U.S.A
| | - Peter Schafran
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, NY 14853, U.S.A
- Plant Biology Section, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14953, U.S.A
| | - Fay-Wei Li
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, NY 14853, U.S.A
- Plant Biology Section, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14953, U.S.A
| | - John C Meeks
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, U.S.A
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Genetic Analysis and Fine Mapping of ZmGHT1 Conferring Glufosinate Herbicide Tolerance in Maize (Zea mays L.). Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911481. [PMID: 36232781 PMCID: PMC9570099 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Weed interference in the crop field is one of the major biotic stresses causing dramatic crop yield losses, and the development of herbicide-resistant crops is critical for weed control in the application of herbicide technologies. To identify herbicide-resistant germplasms, we screened 854 maize inbreed lines and 25,620 seedlings by spraying them with 1 g/L glufosinate. One plant (L336R), possibly derived from a natural variation of line L336, was identified to have the potential for glufosinate tolerance. Genetic analysis validated that the glufosinate tolerance of L336R is conferred by a single locus, which was tentatively designated as ZmGHT1. By constructing a bi-parental population derived from L336R, and a glufosinate sensitive line L312, ZmGHT1 was mapped between molecular markers M9 and M10. Interestingly, genomic comparation between the two sequenced reference genomes showed that large scale structural variations (SVs) occurred within the mapped region, resulting in 2.16 Mb in the inbreed line B73, and 11.5 kb in CML277, respectively. During the fine mapping process, we did not detect any additional recombinant, even by using more than 9500 F2 and F3 plants, suspecting that SVs should also have occurred between L336R and L312 in this region, which inhibited recombination. By evaluating the expression of the genes within the mapped interval and using functional annotation, we predict that the gene Zm00001eb361930, encoding an aminotransferase, is the most likely causative gene. After glufosinate treatment, lower levels of ammonia content and a higher activity of glutamine synthetase (GS) in L336R were detected compared with those of L336 and L312, suggesting that the target gene may participate in ammonia elimination involving GS activity. Collectively, our study can provide a material resource for maize herbicide resistant breeding, with the potential to reveal a new mechanism for herbicide resistance.
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Rui W, Mao Z, Li Z. The Roles of Phosphorus and Nitrogen Nutrient Transporters in the Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911027. [PMID: 36232323 PMCID: PMC9570102 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
More than 80% of land plant species can form symbioses with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, and nutrient transfer to plants is largely mediated through this partnership. Over the last few years, great progress has been made in deciphering the molecular mechanisms underlying the AM-mediated modulation of nutrient uptake progress, and a growing number of fungal and plant genes responsible for the uptake of nutrients from soil or transfer across the fungal–root interface have been identified. In this review, we outline the current concepts of nutrient exchanges within this symbiosis (mechanisms and regulation) and focus on P and N transfer from the fungal partner to the host plant, with a highlight on a possible interplay between P and N nutrient exchanges. Transporters belonging to the plant or AM fungi can synergistically process the transmembrane transport of soil nutrients to the symbiotic interface for further plant acquisition. Although much progress has been made to elucidate the complex mechanism for the integrated roles of nutrient transfers in AM symbiosis, questions still remain to be answered; for example, P and N transporters are less studied in different species of AM fungi; the involvement of AM fungi in plant N uptake is not as clearly defined as that of P; coordinated utilization of N and P is unknown; transporters of cultivated plants inoculated with AM fungi and transcriptomic and metabolomic networks at both the soil–fungi interface and fungi–plant interface have been insufficiently studied. These findings open new perspectives for fundamental research and application of AM fungi in agriculture.
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Yin H, Sun Q, Lu X, Zhang L, Yuan Y, Gong C, He X, Ma W, Mu P. Identification of the glutamine synthetase (GS) gene family in four wheat species and functional analysis of Ta4D.GSe in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 110:93-106. [PMID: 35716232 PMCID: PMC9468116 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-022-01287-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Drought stress can negatively impact crop yield and quality. Improving wheat yields under drought stress is a major objective of agronomic research. Glutamine synthetase (GS) is a key enzyme of nitrogen metabolism that is critical to plant growth and development in abiotic stress response. However, to date, no systemic characterization of the GS genes has yet been conducted in wheat and its close relatives. We identified a total of 15 GS genes in Triticum aestivum (2n = 6x = 42; AABBDD), as well as 9 GS genes in Triticum dicoccoides (2n = 4x = 28; AABB), 6 in Aegilops tauschii (2n = 2x = 14; DD), and 5 in Triticum urartu (2n = 2x = 14; AA). The 35 GSs were further clustered into five lineages according to the phylogenetic tree. Synteny analysis revealed that the three subgenomes in bread wheat retained extensive synteny between bread wheat and its three relative species. We identified three up-regulated TaGSs (Ta4A.GSe, Ta4B.GSe, and Ta4D.GSe) from transcriptome data after drought and salt stress. Ta4D.GSe was subsequently used for further functional studies, and its subcellular localization were determined in Arabidopsis protoplasts. Its overexpression in Arabidopsis enhanced drought tolerance by increasing the ability of scavenging of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and osmotic adjustment. We identified GS gene family in four wheat species and performed comparative analyses of their relationships, chromosome locations, conserved motif, gene structure, and synteny. The subcellular localization of Ta4D.GSe was detected and its drought tolerance function was demonstrated. Taken together, these findings provide insight into the potential functional roles of the GS genes in abiotic stress tolerance. KEY MESSAGE: This report clearly shows detailed characterization of GS gene family in four wheat species and demonstrates that Ta4D.GSe plays an important role in enhancing drought tolerance by improving the scavenging of ROS and osmotic adjustment ability in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huayan Yin
- College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Qian Sun
- College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Xiaoqing Lu
- College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Lufei Zhang
- College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Yanchao Yuan
- Key Lab of Plant Biotechnology in Universities of Shandong Province, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Cuiling Gong
- College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Xiaoyan He
- College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Wujun Ma
- College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Ping Mu
- College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China.
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11
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Noguera MM, Porri A, Werle IS, Heiser J, Brändle F, Lerchl J, Murphy B, Betz M, Gatzmann F, Penkert M, Tuerk C, Meyer L, Roma-Burgos N. Involvement of glutamine synthetase 2 (GS2) amplification and overexpression in Amaranthus palmeri resistance to glufosinate. PLANTA 2022; 256:57. [PMID: 35960361 PMCID: PMC9374794 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-022-03968-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Amplification and overexpression of the target site glutamine synthetase, specifically the plastid-located isoform, confers resistance to glufosinate in Amaranthus palmeri. This mechanism is novel among glufosinate-resistant weeds. Amaranthus palmeri has recently evolved resistance to glufosinate herbicide. Several A. palmeri populations from Missouri and Mississippi, U.S.A. had survivors when sprayed with glufosinate-ammonium (GFA, 657 g ha-1). One population, MO#2 (fourfold resistant) and its progeny (sixfold resistant), were used to study the resistance mechanism, focusing on the herbicide target glutamine synthetase (GS). We identified four GS genes in A. palmeri; three were transcribed: one coding for the plastidic protein (GS2) and two coding for cytoplasmic isoforms (GS1.1 and GS1.2). These isoforms did not contain mutations associated with resistance. The 17 glufosinate survivors studied showed up to 21-fold increase in GS2 copies. GS2 was expressed up to 190-fold among glufosinate survivors. GS1.1 was overexpressed > twofold in only 3 of 17, and GS1.2 in 2 of 17 survivors. GS inhibition by GFA causes ammonia accumulation in susceptible plants. Ammonia level was analyzed in 12 F1 plants. GS2 expression was negatively correlated with ammonia level (r = - 0.712); therefore, plants with higher GS2 expression are less sensitive to GFA. The operating efficiency of photosystem II (ϕPSII) of Nicotiana benthamiana overexpressing GS2 was four times less inhibited by GFA compared to control plants. Therefore, increased copy and overexpression of GS2 confer resistance to GFA in A. palmeri (or other plants). We present novel understanding of the role of GS2 in resistance evolution to glufosinate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus M Noguera
- Department of Crop, Soil, and Environmental Sciences, University of Arkansas, 1371 W Altheimer Dr, Fayetteville, AR, 72704, USA
| | - Aimone Porri
- BASF SE, Agricultural Research Station, Limburgerhof, Germany
| | - Isabel S Werle
- Department of Crop, Soil, and Environmental Sciences, University of Arkansas, 1371 W Altheimer Dr, Fayetteville, AR, 72704, USA
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Champaign, USA
| | - James Heiser
- Fisher Delta Research Center, University of Missouri, Portageville, MO, USA
| | | | - Jens Lerchl
- BASF SE, Agricultural Research Station, Limburgerhof, Germany
| | - Brent Murphy
- BASF SE, Agricultural Research Station, Limburgerhof, Germany
| | - Michael Betz
- BASF SE, Agricultural Research Station, Limburgerhof, Germany
| | - Fanny Gatzmann
- BASF SE, Agricultural Research Station, Limburgerhof, Germany
| | - Martin Penkert
- BASF SE, Agricultural Research Station, Limburgerhof, Germany
| | - Clara Tuerk
- BASF SE, Agricultural Research Station, Limburgerhof, Germany
| | - Lucie Meyer
- BASF SE, Agricultural Research Station, Limburgerhof, Germany
| | - Nilda Roma-Burgos
- Department of Crop, Soil, and Environmental Sciences, University of Arkansas, 1371 W Altheimer Dr, Fayetteville, AR, 72704, USA.
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Yang F, Zhang J, Zhao Y, Liu Q, Islam S, Yang W, Ma W. Wheat glutamine synthetase TaGSr-4B is a candidate gene for a QTL of thousand grain weight on chromosome 4B. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2022; 135:2369-2384. [PMID: 35588016 PMCID: PMC9271121 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-022-04118-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Glutamine synthetase TaGSr-4B is a candidate gene for a QTL of thousand grain weight on 4B, and the gene marker is ready for wheat breeding. A QTL for thousand grain weight (TGW) in wheat was previously mapped on chromosome 4B in a DH population of Westonia × Kauz. For identifying the candidate genes of the QTL, wheat 90 K SNP array was used to saturate the existing linkage map, and four field trials plus one glasshouse experiment over five locations were conducted to refine the QTL. Three nitrogen levels were applied to two of those field trials, resulting in a TGW phenotype data set from nine environments. A robust TGW QTL cluster including 773 genes was detected in six environments with the highest LOD value of 13.4. Based on differentiate gene expression within the QTL cluster in an RNAseq data of Westonia and Kauz during grain filling, a glutamine synthesis gene (GS: TaGSr-4B) was selected as a potential candidate gene for the QTL. A SNP on the promoter region between Westonia and Kauz was used to develop a cleaved amplified polymorphic marker for TaGSr-4B gene mapping and QTL reanalysing. As results, TGW QTL appeared in seven environments, and in four out of seven environments, the TGW QTL were localized on the TaGSr-4B locus and showed significant contributions to the phenotype. Based on the marker, two allele groups of Westonia and Kauz formed showed significant differences on TGW in eight environments. In agreement with the roles of GS genes on nitrogen and carbon remobilizations, TaGSr-4B is likely the candidate gene of the TGW QTL on 4B and the TaGSr-4B gene marker is ready for wheat breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- Australian-China Joint Centre for Wheat Improvement, Food Futures Institute, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia
- Crop Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 4 Shizishan Road, Chengdu, 610066, China
| | - Jingjuan Zhang
- Australian-China Joint Centre for Wheat Improvement, Food Futures Institute, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia.
| | - Yun Zhao
- Australian-China Joint Centre for Wheat Improvement, Food Futures Institute, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia
- College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agriculture University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Qier Liu
- Australian-China Joint Centre for Wheat Improvement, Food Futures Institute, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia
| | - Shahidul Islam
- Australian-China Joint Centre for Wheat Improvement, Food Futures Institute, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia
| | - Wuyun Yang
- Crop Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 4 Shizishan Road, Chengdu, 610066, China
| | - Wujun Ma
- Australian-China Joint Centre for Wheat Improvement, Food Futures Institute, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia.
- College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agriculture University, Qingdao, 266109, China.
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Ajilogba CF, Olanrewaju OS, Babalola OO. Improving Bambara Groundnut Production: Insight Into the Role of Omics and Beneficial Bacteria. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:836133. [PMID: 35310649 PMCID: PMC8929175 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.836133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
With the rise in the world population, environmental hazards caused by chemical fertilizers, and a decrease in food supply due to global climate change, food security has become very pertinent. In addition, considerable parts of agriculture lands have been lost to urbanization. It has therefore been projected that at the present rate of population increase coupled with the other mentioned factors, available food will not be enough to feed the world. Hence, drastic approach is needed to improve agriculture output as well as human sustainability. Application of environmentally sustainable approach, such as the use of beneficial microbes, and improved breeding of underutilized legumes are one of the proposed sustainable ways of achieving food security. Microbiome-assisted breeding in underutilized legumes is an untapped area with great capabilities to improve food security. Furthermore, revolution in genomics adaptation to crop improvement has changed the approach from conventional breeding to more advanced genomic-assisted breeding on the host plant and its microbiome. The use of rhizobacteria is very important to improving crop yield, especially rhizobacteria from legumes like Bambara groundnut (BGN). BGN is an important legume in sub-Saharan Africa with high ability to tolerate drought and thrive well in marginalized soils. BGN and its interaction with various rhizobacteria in the soil could play a vital role in crop production and protection. This review focus on the importance of genomics application to BGN and its microbiome with the view of setting a potential blueprint for improved BGN breeding through integration of beneficial bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Fadeke Ajilogba
- Food Security and Safety Focus Area, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Science, North-West University, Mafikeng, South Africa
- Division of Agrometeorology, Agricultural Research Council, Natural Resources and Engineering, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Oluwaseyi Samuel Olanrewaju
- Food Security and Safety Focus Area, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Science, North-West University, Mafikeng, South Africa
| | - Olubukola Oluranti Babalola
- Food Security and Safety Focus Area, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Science, North-West University, Mafikeng, South Africa
- *Correspondence: Olubukola Oluranti Babalola,
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14
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Mondal R, Kumar A, Chattopadhyay SK. Structural property, molecular regulation, and functional diversity of glutamine synthetase in higher plants: a data-mining bioinformatics approach. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 108:1565-1584. [PMID: 34628690 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Glutamine synthetase (GS; E.C.6.3.1.2) is a key enzyme in higher plants with two isozymes, cytosolic GS1 and plastidic GS2, and involves in the assimilation and recycling of NH4+ ions and maintenance of complex traits such as crop nitrogen-use efficiency and yield. Our present understanding of crop nitrogen-use efficiency and its correlation with the functional role of the GS family genes is inadequate, which delays harnessing the benefit of this key enzyme in crop improvement. In this report, we performed a comprehensive investigation on the phylogenetic relationship, structural properties, complex multilevel gene regulation, and expression patterns of the GS genes to enrich present understanding about the enzyme. Our Gene Ontology and protein-protein interactions analysis revealed the functional aspects of GS isozymes in stress mitigation, aging, nucleotide biosynthesis/transport, DNA repair and response to metals. The insight gained here contributes to the future research strategies in developing climate-smart crops for global sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raju Mondal
- Mulberry Tissue Culture Lab, Central Sericultural Germplasm Resources Centre (CSGRC), Central Silk Board, Ministry of Textile, Govt. of India, Hosur, 635109, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Host Plant Section, Central Muga Eri Research & Training Institute, Central Silk Board, Ministry of Textile, Govt. of India, Lahdoigarh, Jorhat, Assam, 785700, India
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15
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Guo X, Ma BL, McLaughlin NB, Wu X, Chen B, Gao Y. Nitrogen utilisation-efficient oilseed rape (Brassica napus) genotypes exhibit stronger growth attributes from flowering stage onwards. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2021; 48:755-765. [PMID: 33715767 DOI: 10.1071/fp20263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Preliminary studies observed a lower growth activity during the vegetative stage with higher growth attributes at the pod-filling stage among the high nitrogen (N) utilisation efficiency (NUtE) oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) genotypes, compared with the low NUtE genotypes. Therefore, we hypothesised that there would exist a critical growth stage when distinctive phenotypic traits are exhibited to regulate yield formation and NUE. A field experiment and a hydroponic culture were conducted to characterise the differences in shoot and root physiological indicators of the high and low NUtE oilseed rape genotypes at seedling, bud, bolting, flowering and pod-filling stages. We found that flowering was the critical period when the reverse growth habit occurred between high and low NUtE genotypes. The high NUtE genotypes displayed larger values of root traits, stronger N uptake kinetics parameters, higher activity of leaf glutamine synthetase (GS) and glutamate synthetase (GOGAT), larger SPAD values and net photosynthetic rate, ultimately leading to higher seed yield and NUE. Our results indicate that flowering is the critical growth stage to distinguish the high from low NUtE oilseed rape genotypes, and plant breeders may focus on selecting root and shoot phenotypic traits from flowering stage onwards to achieve both high yields and NUE for oilseed rape genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Guo
- College of Natural Resource and Environment, Northwest A and F University, 712100 Yangling, Shaanxi, China; and Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, K1A 0C6 Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bao-Luo Ma
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, K1A 0C6 Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Neil B McLaughlin
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, K1A 0C6 Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xiaoming Wu
- Institute of Oil Crop Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 430062 Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Biyun Chen
- Institute of Oil Crop Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 430062 Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yajun Gao
- College of Natural Resource and Environment, Northwest A and F University, 712100 Yangling, Shaanxi, China; and Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, 712100 Yangling, Shaanxi, China; and Corresponding author.
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16
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Wei Y, Xiong S, Zhang Z, Meng X, Wang L, Zhang X, Yu M, Yu H, Wang X, Ma X. Localization, Gene Expression, and Functions of Glutamine Synthetase Isozymes in Wheat Grain ( Triticum aestivum L.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:580405. [PMID: 33633754 PMCID: PMC7901976 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.580405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Glutamine synthetase (GS) plays a major role in plant nitrogen metabolism, but the roles of individual GS isoforms in grains are unknown. Here, the localization and expression of individual TaGS isozymes in wheat grain were probed with TaGS isoenzyme-specific antibodies, and the nitrogen metabolism of grain during the grain filling stage were investigated. Immunofluorescence revealed that TaGS1;1, TaGS1;3, and TaGS2 were expressed in different regions of the embryo. In grain transporting tissues, TaGS1;2 was localized in vascular bundle; TaGS1;2 and TaGS1;1 were in chalaza and placentochalaza; TaGS1;1 and TaGS1;3 were in endosperm transfer cells; and TaGS1;3 and TaGS2 were in aleurone layer. GS exhibited maximum activity and expression at 8 days after flowering (DAF) with peak glutamine content in grains; from then, NH 4 + increased largely from NO 3 - reduction, glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) aminating activity increased continuously, and the activities of GS and glutamate synthase (GOGAT) decreased, while only TaGS1;3 kept a stable expression in different TaGS isozymes. Hence, GS-GOGAT cycle and GDH play different roles in NH 4 + assimilation of grain in different stages of grain development; TaGS1;3, located in aleurone layer and endosperm transfer cells, plays a key role in Gln into endosperm for gluten synthesis. At 30 DAF, grain amino acids are mainly transported from maternal phloem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihao Wei
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shuping Xiong
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhiyong Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaodan Meng
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lulu Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaojiao Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Meiqin Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Haidong Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaochun Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xinming Ma
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
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Singh KK, Saha S, Kadiravana RC, Mazumdar D, Rai V, Ghosh S. Ammonium metabolism in Selaginella bryopteris in response to dehydration-rehydration and characterisation of desiccation tolerant, thermostable, cytosolic glutamine synthetase from plant. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2021; 48:257-267. [PMID: 33059817 DOI: 10.1071/fp20144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Water deficit (WD) has adverse effects on plant growth, and acclimation requires responses allowing primary metabolism to continue. Resurrection plants can serve as model system to gain insight into metabolic regulation during WD. We herein report the response of a resurrection lycophyte, Selaginella bryopteris, to dehydration-rehydration cycle with emphasis on ammonium metabolism. Dehydration of S. bryopteris fronds resulted in decrease of total protein and increase of free ammonium levels and the effect was reversed on rehydration. The proline content increased twice after 24 h of dehydration, which again recovered to background levels comparable to that at full turgor state. The specific activity of glutamine synthetase (GS) didn't change significantly till 6 h and then declined by 21% after 24 h of dehydration, whereas specific activities of glutamate synthase (GOGAT) and aminating glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) were enhanced significantly during dehydration. The deaminating activity of GDH also increased during dehydration albeit at a slower rate. Immunoblot analysis indicated overexpression of GS and GDH polypeptides during dehydration and their levels declined on rehydration. The results suggested significant role of GDH along with GS/GOGAT in production of nitrogen-rich amino acids for desiccation tolerance. Unlike higher plants S. bryopteris expressed GS only in cytosol. The enzyme had pH and temperature optima of 5.5 and 60°C, respectively, and it retained 96% activity on preincubation at 60°C for 30 min indicating thermostability. Hence, like higher plants the cytosolic GS from S. bryopteris has a conserved role in stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal K Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, University of North Bengal, Raja Rammohunpur, Siliguri-734013, India
| | - Shyamaprasad Saha
- Department of Microbiology, University of North Bengal, Raja Rammohunpur, Siliguri-734013, India
| | - Ram C Kadiravana
- Department of Biotechnology, University of North Bengal, Raja Rammohunpur, Siliguri-734013, India
| | - Deepika Mazumdar
- Department of Biotechnology, University of North Bengal, Raja Rammohunpur, Siliguri-734013, India
| | - Vijeta Rai
- Department of Biotechnology, University of North Bengal, Raja Rammohunpur, Siliguri-734013, India
| | - Shilpi Ghosh
- Department of Biotechnology, University of North Bengal, Raja Rammohunpur, Siliguri-734013, India; and Corresponding author. ;
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18
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Zhong Y, Lu X, Deng Z, Lu Z, Fu M. A 1232 bp upstream sequence of glutamine synthetase 1b from Eichhornia crassipes is a root-preferential promoter sequence. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:66. [PMID: 33514320 PMCID: PMC7845104 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-02832-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glutamine synthetase (GS) acts as a key enzyme in plant nitrogen (N) metabolism. It is important to understand the regulation of GS expression in plant. Promoters can initiate the transcription of its downstream gene. Eichhornia crassipes is a most prominent aquatic invasive plant, which has negative effects on environment and economic development. It also can be used in the bioremediation of pollutants present in water and the production of feeding and energy fuel. So identification and characterization of GS promoter in E. crassipes can help to elucidate its regulation mechanism of GS expression and further to control its N metabolism. RESULTS A 1232 bp genomic fragment upstream of EcGS1b sequence from E. crassipes (EcGS1b-P) has been cloned, analyzed and functionally characterized. TSSP-TCM software and PlantCARE analysis showed a TATA-box core element, a CAAT-box, root specific expression element, light regulation elements including chs-CMA1a, Box I, and Sp1 and other cis-acting elements in the sequence. Three 5'-deletion fragments of EcGS1b upstream sequence with 400 bp, 600 bp and 900 bp length and the 1232 bp fragment were used to drive the expression of β-glucuronidase (GUS) in tobacco. The quantitative test revealed that GUS activity decreased with the decreasing of the promoter length, which indicated that there were no negative regulated elements in the EcGS1-P. The GUS expressions of EcGS1b-P in roots were significantly higher than those in leaves and stems, indicating EcGS1b-P to be a root-preferential promoter. Real-time Quantitative Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis of EcGS1b gene also showed higher expression in the roots of E.crassipes than in stems and leaves. CONCLUSIONS EcGS1b-P is a root-preferential promoter sequence. It can specifically drive the transcription of its downstream gene in root. This study will help to elucidate the regulatory mechanisms of EcGS1b tissue-specific expression and further study its other regulatory mechanisms in order to utilize E.crassipes in remediation of eutrophic water and control its overgrowth from the point of nutrient metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanshan Zhong
- Bioengineering Department, Biological and Pharmaceutical College, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China, 510006
| | - Xiaodan Lu
- Bioengineering Department, Biological and Pharmaceutical College, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China, 510006
| | - Zhiwei Deng
- Bioengineering Department, Biological and Pharmaceutical College, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China, 510006
| | - Ziqing Lu
- Bioengineering Department, Biological and Pharmaceutical College, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China, 510006
| | - Minghui Fu
- Bioengineering Department, Biological and Pharmaceutical College, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China, 510006.
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Fu X, Liao Y, Cheng S, Xu X, Grierson D, Yang Z. Nonaqueous fractionation and overexpression of fluorescent-tagged enzymes reveals the subcellular sites of L-theanine biosynthesis in tea. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2021; 19:98-108. [PMID: 32643247 PMCID: PMC7769230 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
l-Theanine is a specialized metabolite in the tea (Camellia sinensis) plant which can constitute over 50% of the total amino acids. This makes an important contribution to tea functionality and quality, but the subcellular location and mechanism of biosynthesis of l-theanine are unclear. Here, we identified five distinct genes potentially capable of synthesizing l-theanine in tea. Using a nonaqueous fractionation method, we determined the subcellular distribution of l-theanine in tea shoots and roots and used transient expression in Nicotiana or Arabidopsis to investigate in vivo functions of l-theanine synthetase and also to determine the subcellular localization of fluorescent-tagged proteins by confocal laser scanning microscopy. In tea root tissue, the cytosol was the main site of l-theanine biosynthesis, and cytosol-located CsTSI was the key l-theanine synthase. In tea shoot tissue, l-theanine biosynthesis occurred mainly in the cytosol and chloroplasts and CsGS1.1 and CsGS2 were most likely the key l-theanine synthases. In addition, l-theanine content and distribution were affected by light in leaf tissue. These results enhance our knowledge of biochemistry and molecular biology of the biosynthesis of functional tea compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiumin Fu
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied BotanySouth China Botanical GardenChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhouChina
| | - Yinyin Liao
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied BotanySouth China Botanical GardenChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhouChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Sihua Cheng
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied BotanySouth China Botanical GardenChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhouChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Xinlan Xu
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied BotanySouth China Botanical GardenChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhouChina
| | - Don Grierson
- Plant and Crop SciencesSchool of BiosciencesUniversity of NottinghamLoughboroughUK
| | - Ziyin Yang
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied BotanySouth China Botanical GardenChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhouChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Center of Economic BotanyCore Botanical GardensChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhouChina
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Alberton D, Valdameri G, Moure VR, Monteiro RA, Pedrosa FDO, Müller-Santos M, de Souza EM. What Did We Learn From Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR)-Grass Associations Studies Through Proteomic and Metabolomic Approaches? FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2020.607343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant growth stimulation by microorganisms that interact in a mutually beneficial manner remains poorly understood. Understanding the nature of plant-bacteria interactions may open new routes for plant productivity enhancement, especially cereal crops consumed by humans. Proteomic and metabolomic analyses are particularly useful for elucidating these mechanisms. A complete depiction of these mechanisms will prompt researchers to develop more efficient plant-bacteria associations. The success of microorganisms as biofertilizers may replace the current massive use of chemical fertilizers, mitigating many environmental and economic issues. In this review, we discuss the recent advances and current state of the art in proteomics and metabolomics studies involving grass-bacteria associations. We also discuss essential subjects involved in the bacterial plant-growth promotion, such, nitrogen fixation, plant stress, defense responses, and siderophore production.
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Gao Y, de Bang TC, Schjoerring JK. Cisgenic overexpression of cytosolic glutamine synthetase improves nitrogen utilization efficiency in barley and prevents grain protein decline under elevated CO 2. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2019; 17:1209-1221. [PMID: 30525274 PMCID: PMC6576097 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Cytosolic glutamine synthetase (GS1) plays a central role in nitrogen (N) metabolism. The importance of GS1 in N remobilization during reproductive growth has been reported in cereal species but attempts to improve N utilization efficiency (NUE) by overexpressing GS1 have yielded inconsistent results. Here, we demonstrate that transformation of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) plants using a cisgenic strategy to express an extra copy of native HvGS1-1 lead to increased HvGS1.1 expression and GS1 enzyme activity. GS1 overexpressing lines exhibited higher grain yields and NUE than wild-type plants when grown under three different N supplies and two levels of atmospheric CO2 . In contrast with the wild-type, the grain protein concentration in the GS1 overexpressing lines did not decline when plants were exposed to elevated (800-900 μL/L) atmospheric CO2 . We conclude that an increase in GS1 activity obtained through cisgenic overexpression of HvGS1-1 can improve grain yield and NUE in barley. The extra capacity for N assimilation obtained by GS1 overexpression may also provide a means to prevent declining grain protein levels under elevated atmospheric CO2 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajie Gao
- Department of Plant and Environmental SciencesFaculty of ScienceCopenhagen UniversityFrederiksbergDenmark
| | - Thomas C. de Bang
- Department of Plant and Environmental SciencesFaculty of ScienceCopenhagen UniversityFrederiksbergDenmark
| | - Jan K. Schjoerring
- Department of Plant and Environmental SciencesFaculty of ScienceCopenhagen UniversityFrederiksbergDenmark
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22
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de la Peña M, González-Moro MB, Marino D. Providing carbon skeletons to sustain amide synthesis in roots underlines the suitability of Brachypodium distachyon for the study of ammonium stress in cereals. AOB PLANTS 2019; 11:plz029. [PMID: 31139336 PMCID: PMC6534281 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plz029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Plants mainly acquire N from the soil in the form of nitrate (NO3 -) or ammonium (NH4 +). Ammonium-based nutrition is gaining interest because it helps to avoid the environmental pollution associated with nitrate fertilization. However, in general, plants prefer NO3 - and indeed, when growing only with NH4 + they can encounter so-called ammonium stress. Since Brachypodium distachyon is a useful model species for the study of monocot physiology and genetics, we chose it to characterize performance under ammonium nutrition. Brachypodium distachyon Bd21 plants were grown hydroponically in 1 or 2.5 mM NO3 - or NH4 +. Nitrogen and carbon metabolism associated with NH4 + assimilation was evaluated in terms of tissue contents of NO3 -, NH4 +, K, Mg, Ca, amino acids and organic acids together with tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and NH4 +-assimilating enzyme activities and RNA transcript levels. The roots behaved as a physiological barrier preventing NH4 + translocation to aerial parts, as indicated by a sizeable accumulation of NH4 +, Asn and Gln in the roots. A continuing high NH4 + assimilation rate was made possible by a tuning of the TCA cycle and its associated anaplerotic pathways to match 2-oxoglutarate and oxaloacetate demand for Gln and Asn synthesis. These results show B. distachyon to be a highly suitable tool for the study of the physiological, molecular and genetic basis of ammonium nutrition in cereals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlon de la Peña
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | | | - Daniel Marino
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
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Jozefowicz AM, Hartmann A, Matros A, Schum A, Mock HP. Nitrogen Deficiency Induced Alterations in the Root Proteome of a Pair of Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) Varieties Contrasting for their Response to Low N. Proteomics 2018; 17. [PMID: 29087609 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201700231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Improving crop nitrogen use efficiency is important both from the economic and the environmental viewpoint. Here, the aim is to highlight differences between the proteomic response of the roots of two potato cultivars contrasting in their response to nitrogen (N) deficiency, in an effort to understand which proteins and metabolic pathways contribute to the tolerance of N deprivation. The two cultivars ''Topas'' (tolerant) and ''Lambada'' (sensitive) are grown under both an N sufficient and an N deficient regime, using an in vitro-based cultivation system. Responsive proteins are identified and quantified using label-free quantitative shotgun proteomics. The contrasting cultivars differed with respect to components of the glutamine synthetase/glutamine oxoglutarate aminotransferase pathway, tricarboxylic acid cycle, the glycolysis/gluconeogenesis pathway as well as protein and amino acid synthesis machinery. Additional differences are associated with protein catabolism and defense mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Jozefowicz
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Anja Hartmann
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Andrea Matros
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Annegret Schum
- Julius Kühn-Institut (JKI) Bundesforschungsinstitut für Kulturpflanzen, Sanitz, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Mock
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, Germany
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James D, Borphukan B, Fartyal D, Ram B, Singh J, Manna M, Sheri V, Panditi V, Yadav R, Achary VMM, Reddy MK. Concurrent Overexpression of OsGS1;1 and OsGS2 Genes in Transgenic Rice ( Oryza sativa L.): Impact on Tolerance to Abiotic Stresses. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:786. [PMID: 29977247 PMCID: PMC6021690 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Glutamine synthetase (GS) is a key enzyme involved in the nitrogen metabolism of higher plants. Abiotic stresses have adverse effects on crop production and pose a serious threat to global food security. GS activity and expression is known to be significantly modulated by various abiotic stresses. However, very few transgenic overexpression studies of GS have studied its impact on abiotic stress tolerance. GS is also the target enzyme of the broad spectrum herbicide Glufosinate (active ingredient: phosphinothricin). In this study, we investigated the effect of concurrent overexpression of the rice cytosolic GS1 (OsGS1;1) and chloroplastic GS2 (OsGS2) genes in transgenic rice on its tolerance to abiotic stresses and the herbicide Glufosinate. Our results demonstrate that the co-overexpression of OsGS1;1 and OsGS2 isoforms in transgenic rice plants enhanced its tolerance to osmotic and salinity stress at the seedling stage. The transgenic lines maintained significantly higher fresh weight, chlorophyll content, and relative water content than wild type (wt) and null segregant (ns) controls, under both osmotic and salinity stress. The OsGS1;1/OsGS2 co-overexpressing transgenic plants accumulated higher levels of proline but showed lower electrolyte leakage and had lower malondialdehyde (MDA) content under the stress treatments. The transgenic lines showed considerably enhanced photosynthetic and agronomic performance under drought and salinity stress imposed during the reproductive stage, as compared to wt and ns control plants. The grain filling rates of the transgenic rice plants under reproductive stage drought stress (64.6 ± 4.7%) and salinity stress (58.2 ± 4.5%) were significantly higher than control plants, thereby leading to higher yields under these abiotic stress conditions. Preliminary analysis also revealed that the transgenic lines had improved tolerance to methyl viologen induced photo-oxidative stress. Taken together, our results demonstrate that the concurrent overexpression of OsGS1;1 and OsGS2 isoforms in rice enhanced physiological tolerance and agronomic performance under adverse abiotic stress conditions, apparently acting through multiple mechanistic routes. The transgenic rice plants also showed limited tolerance to the herbicide Glufosinate. The advantages and limitations of glutamine synthetase overexpression in crop plants, along with future strategies to overcome these limitations for utilization in crop improvement have also been discussed briefly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald James
- Crop Improvement Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Bhabesh Borphukan
- Crop Improvement Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Dhirendra Fartyal
- Crop Improvement Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Uttarakhand Technical University, Dehradun, India
| | - Babu Ram
- Crop Improvement Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Uttarakhand Technical University, Dehradun, India
| | - Jitender Singh
- Crop Improvement Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Mrinalini Manna
- Crop Improvement Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Vijay Sheri
- Crop Improvement Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Varakumar Panditi
- Crop Improvement Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Renu Yadav
- Crop Improvement Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - V. Mohan M. Achary
- Crop Improvement Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Mallireddy K. Reddy
- Crop Improvement Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
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25
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Crispim M, Damasceno FS, Hernández A, Barisón MJ, Pretto Sauter I, Souza Pavani R, Santos Moura A, Pral EMF, Cortez M, Elias MC, Silber AM. The glutamine synthetase of Trypanosoma cruzi is required for its resistance to ammonium accumulation and evasion of the parasitophorous vacuole during host-cell infection. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006170. [PMID: 29320490 PMCID: PMC5779702 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent of Chagas disease, consumes glucose and amino acids depending on the environmental availability of each nutrient during its complex life cycle. For example, amino acids are the major energy and carbon sources in the intracellular stages of the T. cruzi parasite, but their consumption produces an accumulation of NH4+ in the environment, which is toxic. These parasites do not have a functional urea cycle to secrete excess nitrogen as low-toxicity waste. Glutamine synthetase (GS) plays a central role in regulating the carbon/nitrogen balance in the metabolism of most living organisms. We show here that the gene TcGS from T. cruzi encodes a functional glutamine synthetase; it can complement a defect in the GLN1 gene from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and utilizes ATP, glutamate and ammonium to yield glutamine in vitro. Overall, its kinetic characteristics are similar to other eukaryotic enzymes, and it is dependent on divalent cations. Its cytosolic/mitochondrial localization was confirmed by immunofluorescence. Inhibition by Methionine sulfoximine revealed that GS activity is indispensable under excess ammonium conditions. Coincidently, its expression levels are maximal in the amastigote stage of the life cycle, when amino acids are preferably consumed, and NH4+ production is predictable. During host-cell invasion, TcGS is required for the parasite to escape from the parasitophorous vacuole, a process sine qua non for the parasite to replicate and establish infection in host cells. These results are the first to establish a link between the activity of a metabolic enzyme and the ability of a parasite to reach its intracellular niche to replicate and establish host-cell infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcell Crispim
- Laboratory of Biochemistry of Tryps—LaBTryps, Department of Parasitology, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Flávia Silva Damasceno
- Laboratory of Biochemistry of Tryps—LaBTryps, Department of Parasitology, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Agustín Hernández
- Laboratory of Biochemistry of Tryps—LaBTryps, Department of Parasitology, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - María Julia Barisón
- Laboratory of Biochemistry of Tryps—LaBTryps, Department of Parasitology, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ismael Pretto Sauter
- Immunobiology of Leishmania-Macrophage Interaction Laboratory, Department of Parasitology, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Raphael Souza Pavani
- Special Laboratory of Cell Cycle, Center of Toxins, Immunology and Cell Signalling, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Santos Moura
- Laboratory of Biochemistry of Tryps—LaBTryps, Department of Parasitology, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Elizabeth Mieko Furusho Pral
- Laboratory of Biochemistry of Tryps—LaBTryps, Department of Parasitology, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mauro Cortez
- Immunobiology of Leishmania-Macrophage Interaction Laboratory, Department of Parasitology, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Carolina Elias
- Special Laboratory of Cell Cycle, Center of Toxins, Immunology and Cell Signalling, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ariel Mariano Silber
- Laboratory of Biochemistry of Tryps—LaBTryps, Department of Parasitology, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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26
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Allelic Variants of Glutamine Synthetase and Glutamate Synthase Genes in a Collection of Durum Wheat and Association with Grain Protein Content. DIVERSITY 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/d9040052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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27
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Li H, Hu B, Chu C. Nitrogen use efficiency in crops: lessons from Arabidopsis and rice. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:2477-2488. [PMID: 28419301 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Application of chemical fertilizers, especially nitrogen (N), to crops has increased dramatically in the last half century and therefore developing crop varieties with improved N use efficiency (NUE) is urgent for sustainable agriculture. N utilization procedures generally can be divided into uptake, transport, and assimilation. Transporters for nitrate or ammonium acquisition and enzymes for assimilation are among the essential components determining NUE, and many transcription factors also play a pivotal role in regulating N use-associated genes, thereby contributing to NUE. Although some efforts in improving NUE have been made in various plants, the regulatory mechanisms underlying NUE are still elusive, and NUE improvement in crop breeding is very limited. In this review, the crucial components involved in N utilization and the candidates with the potential for NUE improvement in dicot Arabidopsis and monocot rice are summarized. In addition, strategies based on new techniques which can be used for dissecting regulatory mechanisms of NUE and also the possible ways in which NUE can be improved in crops are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and CAS-JIC Centre of Excellence for Plant and Microbial Science (CEPAMS), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Bin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and CAS-JIC Centre of Excellence for Plant and Microbial Science (CEPAMS), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Chengcai Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and CAS-JIC Centre of Excellence for Plant and Microbial Science (CEPAMS), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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28
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Ohashi M, Ishiyama K, Kojima S, Kojima M, Sakakibara H, Yamaya T, Hayakawa T. Lack of Cytosolic Glutamine Synthetase1;2 Activity Reduces Nitrogen-Dependent Biosynthesis of Cytokinin Required for Axillary Bud Outgrowth in Rice Seedlings. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 58:679-690. [PMID: 28186255 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcx022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
A mutation abolishing cytosolic glutamine synthetase1;2 (GS1;2) activity impairs assimilation of ammonium into glutamine in both roots and basal portions of shoots, and severely decreases axillary bud outgrowth (tillering) in mutant rice seedlings. Although the gs1;2 mutant phenotype is independent of strigolactone, which inhibits tillering, it also demonstrates glutamine- or related metabolite-responsive biosynthesis of cytokinin (CK), which promotes tillering. Here, we examined the connection between GS1;2 and CK biosynthesis during tillering, focusing on basal portions of the shoots as well as apical and axillary bud meristems in the gs1;2 mutant. Despite a sufficient ammonium supply, decreases in precursor CK contents and a decrease in ammonium assimilation into glutamine were observed in basal portions of mutant shoots. Reintroducing expression of OsGS1;2 cDNA driven by its own promoter restored precursor CK contents and ammonium assimilation to wild-type levels. In basal portions of the shoots, glutamine-responsive adenosine phosphate-isopentenyltransferase4 (OsIPT4), which is also predominant in rice roots, was the predominant isogene for IPT, which synthesizes CK. Cell-specific expression of OsIPT4 in phloem companion cells in nodal vascular anastomoses connected to the axillary bud vasculature also decreased in the gs1;2 mutant. Expression of CK-responsive type-A response regulator genes as local indicators of active CKs was also abolished in the axillary bud meristem of the mutant. These results suggest that the lack of GS1;2 activity decreased levels of glutamine or a related metabolite required for CK biosynthesis, causing a deficiency in active CK in the axillary bud meristem necessary for tillering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miwa Ohashi
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Aoba, Sendai, Japan
| | - Keiki Ishiyama
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Aoba, Sendai, Japan
| | - Soichi Kojima
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Aoba, Sendai, Japan
| | - Mikiko Kojima
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Sakakibara
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Japan
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Yamaya
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Aoba, Sendai, Japan
- University Research Administration Center, Tohoku University, Aoba, Sendai, Japan
- Division for Interdisciplinary Advanced Research and Education, Tohoku University, Aoba, Sendai, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Hayakawa
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Aoba, Sendai, Japan
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29
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Konishi N, Ishiyama K, Beier MP, Inoue E, Kanno K, Yamaya T, Takahashi H, Kojima S. Contributions of two cytosolic glutamine synthetase isozymes to ammonium assimilation in Arabidopsis roots. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:613-625. [PMID: 28007952 PMCID: PMC5441914 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Glutamine synthetase (GS) catalyzes a reaction that incorporates ammonium into glutamate and yields glutamine in the cytosol and chloroplasts. Although the enzymatic characteristics of the GS1 isozymes are well known, their physiological functions in ammonium assimilation and regulation in roots remain unclear. In this study we show evidence that two cytosolic GS1 isozymes (GLN1;2 and GLN1;3) contribute to ammonium assimilation in Arabidopsis roots. Arabidopsis T-DNA insertion lines for GLN1;2 and GLN1;3 (i.e. gln1;2 and gln1;3 single-mutants), the gln1;2:gln1;3 double-mutant, and the wild-type accession (Col-0) were grown in hydroponic culture with variable concentrations of ammonium to compare their growth, and their content of nitrogen, carbon, ammonium, and amino acids. GLN1;2 and GLN1;3 promoter-dependent green fluorescent protein was observed under conditions with or without ammonium supply. Loss of GLN1;2 caused significant suppression of plant growth and glutamine biosynthesis under ammonium-replete conditions. In contrast, loss of GLN1;3 caused slight defects in growth and Gln biosynthesis that were only visible based on a comparison of the gln1;2 single- and gln1;2:gln1;3 double-mutants. GLN1;2, being the most abundantly expressed GS1 isozyme, markedly increased following ammonium supply and its promoter activity was localized at the cortex and epidermis, while GLN1;3 showed only low expression at the pericycle, suggesting their different physiological contributions to ammonium assimilation in roots. The GLN1;2 promoter-deletion analysis identified regulatory sequences required for controlling ammonium-responsive gene expression of GLN1;2 in Arabidopsis roots. These results shed light on GLN1 isozyme-specific regulatory mechanisms in Arabidopsis that allow adaptation to an ammonium-replete environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyuki Konishi
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 1-1 Tsutsumidori-Amamiyamachi, Sendai, Japan
| | - Keiki Ishiyama
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 1-1 Tsutsumidori-Amamiyamachi, Sendai, Japan
- RIKEN Plant Science Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Marcel Pascal Beier
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 1-1 Tsutsumidori-Amamiyamachi, Sendai, Japan
| | - Eri Inoue
- RIKEN Plant Science Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Keiichi Kanno
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 1-1 Tsutsumidori-Amamiyamachi, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Yamaya
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 1-1 Tsutsumidori-Amamiyamachi, Sendai, Japan
- RIKEN Plant Science Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hideki Takahashi
- RIKEN Plant Science Center, Yokohama, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Soichi Kojima
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 1-1 Tsutsumidori-Amamiyamachi, Sendai, Japan
- RIKEN Plant Science Center, Yokohama, Japan
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30
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Reinecke DL, Zarka A, Leu S, Boussiba S. Cloning, molecular characterization, and phylogeny of two evolutionary distinct glutamine synthetase isoforms in the green microalga Haematococcus pluvialis (Chlorophyceae). JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2016; 52:961-972. [PMID: 27402429 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Haematococcus pluvialis (Chlorophyta) is a widely used microalga of great economic potential, yet its molecular genetics and evolution are largely unknown. We present new detailed molecular and phylogenetic analysis of two glutamine synthetase (GS) enzymes and genes (gln) under the Astaxanthin-inducing conditions of light- and nitrogen-stress. Structure analysis identified key residues and confirmed two decameric GS2 holoenzymes, a cytoplasmic enzyme, termed GS2c , and a plastidic form, termed GS2p , due to chloroplast-transit peptides at its N-terminus. Gene expression analysis showed dissociation of mRNA, protein, and enzyme activity levels for both GS2 under different growth conditions, indicating the strong post-transcriptional regulation. Data-mining identified novel and specified published gln genes from Prasinophyceae, Chlorophyta, Trebouxiophyceae, Charophyceae, Bryophyta, Lycopodiophyta, Spermatophyta, and Rhodophyta. Phylogenetic analysis found homologues to the cytosolic GS2c of H. pluvialis in all other photo- and non-photosynthetic Eukaryota. The chloroplastic GS2p was restricted to Chlorophyta, Bryophyta, some Proteobacteria and Fungii; no homologues were identified in Spermatophyta or other Eukaryota. This indicates two independent prokaryotic donors for these two gln genes in H. pluvialis. Combined phylogenetic analysis of GS, chl-b synthase, elongation factor, and light harvesting complex homologues project a newly refined model of Viridiplantae evolution. Herein, a GS1 evolved into the cytosolic GS2c and was passed on to all Eukaryota. Later, the chloroplastic GS2p entered the Archaeplastida lineage via a horizontal gene transfer at the divergence of Chlorophyta and Rhodophyta lineages. GS2p persisted in Chlorophyta and Bryophyta, but was lost during Spermatophyta evolution. These data suggest the revision of GS classification and nomenclature, and extend our understanding of the photosynthetic Eukaryota evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana L Reinecke
- Food and Bioprocess Engineering Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8129, 6700 EV, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Aliza Zarka
- Microalgal Biotechnology Lab, Blaustein Institutes of Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede-Boqer Campus, Sede-Boqer, 84990, Israel
| | - Stefan Leu
- Microalgal Biotechnology Lab, Blaustein Institutes of Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede-Boqer Campus, Sede-Boqer, 84990, Israel
| | - Sammy Boussiba
- Microalgal Biotechnology Lab, Blaustein Institutes of Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede-Boqer Campus, Sede-Boqer, 84990, Israel
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Plett D, Holtham L, Baumann U, Kalashyan E, Francis K, Enju A, Toubia J, Roessner U, Bacic A, Rafalski A, Dhugga KS, Tester M, Garnett T, Kaiser BN. Nitrogen assimilation system in maize is regulated by developmental and tissue-specific mechanisms. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 92:293-312. [PMID: 27511191 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-016-0512-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
We found metabolites, enzyme activities and enzyme transcript abundances vary significantly across the maize lifecycle, but weak correlation exists between the three groups. We identified putative genes regulating nitrate assimilation. Progress in improving nitrogen (N) use efficiency (NUE) of crop plants has been hampered by the complexity of the N uptake and utilisation systems. To understand this complexity we measured the activities of seven enzymes and ten metabolites related to N metabolism in the leaf and root tissues of Gaspe Flint maize plants grown in 0.5 or 2.5 mM NO3 (-) throughout the lifecycle. The amino acids had remarkably similar profiles across the lifecycle except for transient responses, which only appeared in the leaves for aspartate or in the roots for asparagine, serine and glycine. The activities of the enzymes for N assimilation were also coordinated to a certain degree, most noticeably with a peak in root activity late in the lifecycle, but with wide variation in the activity levels over the course of development. We analysed the transcriptional data for gene sets encoding the measured enzymes and found that, unlike the enzyme activities, transcript levels of the corresponding genes did not exhibit the same coordination across the lifecycle and were only weakly correlated with the levels of various amino acids or individual enzyme activities. We identified gene sets which were correlated with the enzyme activity profiles, including seven genes located within previously known quantitative trait loci for enzyme activities and hypothesise that these genes are important for the regulation of enzyme activities. This work provides insights into the complexity of the N assimilation system throughout development and identifies candidate regulatory genes, which warrant further investigation in efforts to improve NUE in crop plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren Plett
- Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5064, Australia
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5064, Australia
| | - Luke Holtham
- Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5064, Australia
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5064, Australia
| | - Ute Baumann
- Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5064, Australia
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5064, Australia
| | - Elena Kalashyan
- Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5064, Australia
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5064, Australia
| | - Karen Francis
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5064, Australia
| | - Akiko Enju
- Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5064, Australia
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5064, Australia
| | - John Toubia
- Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5064, Australia
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5064, Australia
- ACRF South Australian Cancer Genomics Facility, Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
- School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Ute Roessner
- Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
- Metabolomics Australia, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Antony Bacic
- Metabolomics Australia, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | | | - Kanwarpal S Dhugga
- DuPont Pioneer, Johnston, IA, 50131, USA
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Carretera México Veracruz, Km. 45, El Batán, Texcoco, Estado De México, 56237, USA
| | - Mark Tester
- Center for Desert Agriculture, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Trevor Garnett
- Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5064, Australia.
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5064, Australia.
- The Plant Accelerator, Australian Plant Phenomics Facility, The University of Adelaide, PMB 1, Glen Osmond, 5064, Australia.
| | - Brent N Kaiser
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5064, Australia
- Centre For Carbon Water and Food, The Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, 2570, Australia
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Nigro D, Fortunato S, Giove SL, Paradiso A, Gu YQ, Blanco A, de Pinto MC, Gadaleta A. Glutamine synthetase in Durum Wheat: Genotypic Variation and Relationship with Grain Protein Content. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:971. [PMID: 27468287 PMCID: PMC4942471 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Grain protein content (GPC), is one of the most important trait in wheat and its characterized by a very complex genetic control. The identification of wheat varieties with high GPC (HGPC), as well as the characterization of central enzymes involved in these processes, are important for more sustainable agricultural practices. In this study, we focused on Glutamine synthetase (GS) as a candidate to study GPC in wheat. We analyzed GS expression and its enzymatic activity in different tissues and phenological stages in 10 durum wheat genotypes with different GPC. Although each genotype performed quite differently from the others, both because their genetic variability and their adaptability to specific environmental conditions, the highest GS activity and expression were found in genotypes with HGPC and vice versa the lowest ones in genotypes with low GPC (LGPC). Moreover, in genotypes contrasting in GPC bred at different nitrogen regimes (0, 60, 140 N Unit/ha) GS behaved differently in diverse organs. Nitrogen supplement increased GS expression and activity in roots of all genotypes, highlighting the key role of this enzyme in nitrogen assimilation and ammonium detoxification in roots. Otherwise, nitrogen treatments decreased GS expression and activity in the leaves of HGPC genotypes and did not affect GS in the leaves of LGPC genotypes. Finally, no changes in GS and soluble protein content occurred at the filling stage in the caryopses of all analyzed genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenica Nigro
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo MoroBari, Italy
| | - Stefania Fortunato
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo MoroBari, Italy
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Research Unity of Genetic and Plant Biotechnology, University of Bari Aldo MoroBari, Italy
| | - Stefania L. Giove
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo MoroBari, Italy
| | | | - Yong Q. Gu
- Crop Improvement and Genetics Research, Western Regional Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture – Agricultural Research Service, AlbanyCA, USA
| | - Antonio Blanco
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo MoroBari, Italy
| | | | - Agata Gadaleta
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Research Unity of Genetic and Plant Biotechnology, University of Bari Aldo MoroBari, Italy
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Gaufichon L, Rothstein SJ, Suzuki A. Asparagine Metabolic Pathways in Arabidopsis. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 57:675-89. [PMID: 26628609 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcv184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Inorganic nitrogen in the form of ammonium is assimilated into asparagine via multiple steps involving glutamine synthetase (GS), glutamate synthase (GOGAT), aspartate aminotransferase (AspAT) and asparagine synthetase (AS) in Arabidopsis. The asparagine amide group is liberated by the reaction catalyzed by asparaginase (ASPG) and also the amino group of asparagine is released by asparagine aminotransferase (AsnAT) for use in the biosynthesis of amino acids. Asparagine plays a primary role in nitrogen recycling, storage and transport in developing and germinating seeds, as well as in vegetative and senescence organs. A small multigene family encodes isoenzymes of each step of asparagine metabolism in Arabidopsis, except for asparagine aminotransferase encoded by a single gene. The aim of this study is to highlight the structure of the genes and encoded enzyme proteins involved in asparagine metabolic pathways; the regulation and role of different isogenes; and kinetic and physiological properties of encoded enzymes in different tissues and developmental stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Gaufichon
- INRA, IJPB, UMR1318, ERL CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, RD10, F-78026 Versailles, France
| | - Steven J Rothstein
- University of Guelph, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Akira Suzuki
- INRA, IJPB, UMR1318, ERL CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, RD10, F-78026 Versailles, France
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Silva LS, Seabra AR, Leitão JN, Carvalho HG. Possible role of glutamine synthetase of the prokaryotic type (GSI-like) in nitrogen signaling in Medicago truncatula. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 240:98-108. [PMID: 26475191 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Genes containing domains related to glutamine synthetase of the prokaryotic type (GSI-like) are widespread in higher plants, but their function is currently unknown. To gain insights into the possible role of GSI-like proteins, we characterized the GSI-like gene family of Medicago truncatula and investigated the functionality of the encoded proteins. M. truncatula contains two-expressed GSI-like genes, MtGSIa and MtGSIb, encoding polypeptides of 454 and 453 amino acids, respectively. Heterologous complementation assays of a bacterial glnA mutant indicate that the proteins are not catalytically functional for glutamine synthesis. Gene expression was investigated by qRT-PCR and western blot analysis in different organs of the plant and under different nitrogen (N) regimes, revealing that both genes are preferentially expressed in roots and root nodules, and that their expression is influenced by the N-status of the plant. Analysis of transgenic plants expressing MtGSI-like-promoter-gusA fusion, indicate that the two genes are strongly expressed in the root pericycle, and interestingly, the expression is enhanced at the sites of nodule emergence being particularly strong in specific cells located in front of the protoxylem poles. Taken together, the results presented here support a role of GSI-like proteins in N sensing and/or signaling, probably operating at the interface between perception of the N-status and the developmental processes underlying both root nodule and lateral root formation. This study indicates that GSI-like genes may represent a novel class of molecular players of the N-mediated signaling events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana S Silva
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal; Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana R Seabra
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal
| | - José N Leitão
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal
| | - Helena G Carvalho
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal.
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Raorane ML, Pabuayon IM, Miro B, Kalladan R, Reza-Hajirezai M, Oane RH, Kumar A, Sreenivasulu N, Henry A, Kohli A. Variation in primary metabolites in parental and near-isogenic lines of the QTL qDTY12.1 : altered roots and flag leaves but similar spikelets of rice under drought. MOLECULAR BREEDING : NEW STRATEGIES IN PLANT IMPROVEMENT 2015; 35:138. [PMID: 26069451 PMCID: PMC4451464 DOI: 10.1007/s11032-015-0322-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
There is a widespread consensus that drought will mostly affect present and future agriculture negatively. Generating drought-tolerant crops is thus a high priority. However complicated the underlying genetic and regulatory networks for differences in plant performance under stress are, they would be reflected in straightforward differences in primary metabolites. This is because primary metabolites such as amino acids and sugars form the building blocks of all pathways and processes for growth, development, reproduction, and environmental responses. Comparison of such differences was undertaken between the parental line and a near-isogenic line of qDTY12.1 , a QTL for rice yield under drought. The comparison was informative regarding the effect of the QTL in three genetic backgrounds: donor, recipient, and improved recipient, thus illustrating the gene × gene (G × G) interactions. Such a comparison when extended to well-watered and drought conditions illustrated the gene × environment (G × E) interactions. Assessment of such G × G and G × E responses in roots, flag leaves, and spikelets added a yet more informative dimension of tissue-specific responses to drought, mediated by qDTY12.1 . Data on variation in primary metabolites subjected to ANOVA, Tukey's test, Welch's t test, and PCA underscored the importance of the roots and demonstrated concordance between variation in metabolites and morpho-physiological responses to drought. Results suggested that for gainful insights into rice yield under drought, rather than vegetative stage drought tolerance, multiple tissues and genotypes must be assessed at the reproductive stage to avoid misleading conclusions about using particular metabolites or related genes and proteins as candidates or markers for drought tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish L. Raorane
- />International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), DAPO 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Isaiah M. Pabuayon
- />International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), DAPO 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Berta Miro
- />International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), DAPO 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Rajesh Kalladan
- />Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 03, 06466 Gatersleben, Germany
- />Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, 128 Sec. 2, Academia Road, Nankang, Taipei 11529 Taiwan
| | - Mohammad Reza-Hajirezai
- />Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 03, 06466 Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Rowena H. Oane
- />International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), DAPO 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Arvind Kumar
- />International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), DAPO 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Nese Sreenivasulu
- />International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), DAPO 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines
- />Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 03, 06466 Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Amelia Henry
- />International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), DAPO 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Ajay Kohli
- />International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), DAPO 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines
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Avila-Ospina L, Marmagne A, Talbotec J, Krupinska K, Masclaux-Daubresse C. The identification of new cytosolic glutamine synthetase and asparagine synthetase genes in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), and their expression during leaf senescence. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:2013-26. [PMID: 25697791 PMCID: PMC4378633 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Glutamine synthetase and asparagine synthetase are two master enzymes involved in ammonium assimilation in plants. Their roles in nitrogen remobilization and nitrogen use efficiency have been proposed. In this report, the genes coding for the cytosolic glutamine synthetases (HvGS1) and asparagine synthetases (HvASN) in barley were identified. In addition to the three HvGS1 and two HvASN sequences previously reported, two prokaryotic-like HvGS1 and three HvASN cDNA sequences were identified. Gene structures were then characterized, obtaining full genomic sequences. The response of the five HvGS1 and five HvASN genes to leaf senescence was then studied. Developmental senescence was studied using primary and flag leaves. Dark-exposure or low-nitrate conditions were also used to trigger stress-induced senescence. Well-known senescence markers such as the chlorophyll and Rubisco contents were monitored in order to characterize senescence levels in the different leaves. The three eukaryotic-like HvGS1_1, HvGS1_2, and HvGS1_3 sequences showed the typical senescence-induced reduction in gene expression described in many plant species. By contrast, the two prokaryotic-like HvGS1_4 and HvGS1_5 sequences were repressed by leaf senescence, similar to the HvGS2 gene, which encodes the chloroplast glutamine synthetase isoenzyme. There was a greater contrast in the responses of the five HvASN and this suggested that these genes are needed for N remobilization in senescing leaves only when plants are well fertilized with nitrate. Responses of the HvASN sequences to dark-induced senescence showed that there are two categories of asparagine synthetases, one induced in the dark and the other repressed by the same conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Avila-Ospina
- INRA, UMR1318, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, RD10, F-78000 Versailles, France AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, RD10, F-78000 Versailles, France
| | - Anne Marmagne
- INRA, UMR1318, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, RD10, F-78000 Versailles, France AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, RD10, F-78000 Versailles, France
| | - Joël Talbotec
- INRA, UMR1318, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, RD10, F-78000 Versailles, France AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, RD10, F-78000 Versailles, France
| | - Karin Krupinska
- Institute of Botany, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Olshausenstraße 40, D-24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Céline Masclaux-Daubresse
- INRA, UMR1318, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, RD10, F-78000 Versailles, France AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, RD10, F-78000 Versailles, France
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Guan M, Møller IS, Schjoerring JK. Two cytosolic glutamine synthetase isoforms play specific roles for seed germination and seed yield structure in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:203-12. [PMID: 25316065 PMCID: PMC4265158 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) remobilization from reserves to sinks is essential for seedling establishment and seed production. Cytosolic glutamine synthetase (GS1) is up-regulated during both seed germination and seed filling in plants. However, the specific roles of the individual GS1 isogenes with respect to N remobilization, early seedling vigour, and final seed productivity are not known. In this study, impairment of seed germination and seedling establishment is demonstrated in the single knockout mutant gln1;2, and the double knockout mutant gln1;1:gln1;2. The negative effect of Gln1;2 deficiency was associated with reduced N remobilization from the cotyledons and could be fully alleviated by exogenous N supply. Following reproductive growth, both the single and double Gln1;2-knockout mutants showed decreased seed yield due to fewer siliques, less seeds per silique, and lower dry weight per seed. The gln1;1 single mutant had normal seed yield structure but primary root development during seed germination was reduced in the presence of external N. Gln1;2 promoter-green fluorescent protein constructs showed that Gln1;2 localizes to the vascular cells of roots, petals, and stamens. It is concluded that Gln1;2 plays an important role in N remobilization for both seedling establishment and seed production in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Guan
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - I S Møller
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - J K Schjoerring
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Ohashi M, Ishiyama K, Kusano M, Fukushima A, Kojima S, Hanada A, Kanno K, Hayakawa T, Seto Y, Kyozuka J, Yamaguchi S, Yamaya T. Lack of cytosolic glutamine synthetase1;2 in vascular tissues of axillary buds causes severe reduction in their outgrowth and disorder of metabolic balance in rice seedlings. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 81:347-56. [PMID: 25429996 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The development and elongation of active tillers in rice was severely reduced by a lack of cytosolic glutamine synthetase1;2 (GS1;2), and, to a lesser extent, lack of NADH-glutamate synthase1 in knockout mutants. In situ hybridization using the basal part of wild-type seedlings clearly showed that expression of OsGS1;2 was detected in the phloem companion cells of the nodal vascular anastomoses and large vascular bundles of axillary buds. Accumulation of lignin, visualized using phloroglucin HCl, was also observed in these tissues. The lack of GS1;2 resulted in reduced accumulation of lignin. Re-introduction into the mutants of OsGS1;2 cDNA under the control of its own promoter successfully restored the outgrowth of tillers and lignin deposition to wild-type levels. Transcriptomic analysis using a 5 mm basal region of rice shoots showed that the GS1;2 mutants accumulated reduced amounts of mRNAs for carbon and nitrogen metabolism, including C1 unit transfer in lignin synthesis. Although a high content of strigolactone in rice roots is known to reduce active tiller number, the reduction of outgrowth of axillary buds observed in the GS1;2 mutants was independent of the level of strigolactone. Thus metabolic disorder caused by the lack of GS1;2 resulted in a severe reduction in the outgrowth of axillary buds and lignin deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miwa Ohashi
- Graduate School of Agriculture Science, Tohoku University, 1-1 Tsutsumidori-Amamiyamachi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 981-8555, Japan
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Seabra AR, Carvalho HG. Glutamine synthetase in Medicago truncatula, unveiling new secrets of a very old enzyme. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:578. [PMID: 26284094 PMCID: PMC4515544 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Glutamine synthetase (GS) catalyzes the first step at which nitrogen is brought into cellular metabolism and is also involved in the reassimilation of ammonium released by a number of metabolic pathways. Due to its unique position in plant nitrogen metabolism, GS plays essential roles in all aspects of plant development, from germination to senescence, and is a key component of nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and plant yield. Understanding the mechanisms regulating GS activity is therefore of utmost importance and a great effort has been dedicated to understand how GS is regulated in different plant species. The present review summarizes exciting recent developments concerning the structure and regulation of GS isoenzymes, using the model legume Medicago truncatula. These include the understanding of the structural determinants of both the cytosolic and plastid located isoenzymes, the existence of a seed-specific GS gene unique to M. truncatula and closely related species and the discovery that GS isoenzymes are regulated by nitric oxide at the post-translational level. The data is discussed and integrated with the potential roles of the distinct GS isoenzymes within the whole plant context.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Helena G. Carvalho
- *Correspondence: Helena G. Carvalho, Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Nitrogen Assimilation, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal,
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Seger M, Gebril S, Tabilona J, Peel A, Sengupta-Gopalan C. Impact of concurrent overexpression of cytosolic glutamine synthetase (GS1) and sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) on growth and development in transgenic tobacco. PLANTA 2015; 241:69-81. [PMID: 25213117 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-014-2165-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION The outcome of simultaneously increasing SPS and GS activities in transgenic tobacco, suggests that sucrose is the major determinant of growth and development, and is not affected by changes in N assimilation. Carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) are the major components required for plant growth and the metabolic pathways for C and N assimilation are very closely interlinked. Maintaining an appropriate balance or ratio of sugar to nitrogen metabolites in the cell, is important for the regulation of plant growth and development. To understand how C and N metabolism interact, we manipulated the expression of key genes in C and N metabolism individually and concurrently and checked for the repercussions. Transgenic tobacco plants with a cytosolic soybean glutamine synthetase (GS1) gene and a sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) gene from maize, both driven by the CaMV 35S promoter were produced. Co-transformants, with both the transgenes were produced by sexual crosses. While GS is the key enzyme in N assimilation, involved in the synthesis of glutamine, SPS plays a key role in C metabolism by catalyzing the synthesis of sucrose. Moreover, to check if nitrate has any role in this interaction, the plants were grown under both low and high nitrogen. The SPS enzyme activity in the SPS and SPS/GS1 co-transformants were the same under both nitrogen regimens. However, the GS activity was lower in the co-transformants compared to the GS1 transformants, specifically under low nitrogen conditions. The GS1/SPS transformants showed a phenotype similar to the SPS transformants, suggesting that sucrose is the major determinant of growth and development in tobacco, and its effect is only marginally affected by increased N assimilation. Sucrose may be functioning in a metabolic capacity or as a signaling molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Seger
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, 88003, USA
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Yamaya T, Kusano M. Evidence supporting distinct functions of three cytosolic glutamine synthetases and two NADH-glutamate synthases in rice. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:5519-25. [PMID: 24634487 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The functions of the three isoenzymes of cytosolic glutamine synthetase (GS1;1, GS1;2, and GS1;3) and two NADH-glutamate synthases (NADH-GOGAT1 and NADH-GOGAT2) in rice (Oryza sativa L.) were characterized using a reverse genetics approach and spatial expression of the corresponding genes. OsGS1;2 and OsNADH-GOGAT1 were mainly expressed in surface cells of rice roots in an NH4 (+)-dependent manner. Disruption of either gene by the insertion of endogenous retrotransposon Tos17 caused reduction in active tiller number and hence panicle number at harvest. Re-introduction of OsGS1;2 cDNA under the control of its own promoter into the knockout mutants successfully restored panicle number to wild-type levels. These results indicate that GS1;2 and NADH-GOGAT1 are important in the primary assimilation of NH4 (+) taken up by rice roots. OsGS1;1 and OsNADH-GOGAT2 were mainly expressed in vascular tissues of mature leaf blades. OsGS1;1 mutants showed severe reduction in growth rate and grain filling, whereas OsNADH-GOGAT2 mutants had marked reduction in spikelet number per panicle. Complementation of phenotypes seen in the OsGS1;1 mutant was successfully observed when OsGS1;1 was re-introduced. Thus, these two enzymes could be important in remobilization of nitrogen during natural senescence. Metabolite profiling data showed a crucial role of GS1;1 in coordinating metabolic balance in rice. Expression of OsGS1:3 was spikelet-specific, indicating that it is probably important in grain ripening and/or germination. Thus, these isoenzymes seem to possess distinct and non-overlapping functions and none was able to compensate for the individual function of another.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Yamaya
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 1-1 Tsutsumidori-Amamiyamachi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 981-8555, Japan
| | - Miyako Kusano
- Metabolomics Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
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Thomsen HC, Eriksson D, Møller IS, Schjoerring JK. Cytosolic glutamine synthetase: a target for improvement of crop nitrogen use efficiency? TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 19:656-63. [PMID: 25017701 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2014.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Revised: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Overexpression of the cytosolic enzyme glutamine synthetase 1 (GS1) has been investigated in numerous cases with the goal of improving crop nitrogen use efficiency. However, the outcome has generally been inconsistent. Here, we review possible reasons underlying the lack of success and conclude that GS1 activity may be downregulated via a chain of processes elicited by metabolic imbalances and environmental constraints. We suggest that a pivotal role of GS1 may be related to the maintenance of essential nitrogen (N) flows and internal N sensing during critical stages of plant development. A number of more refined overexpression strategies exploiting gene stacking combined with tissue and cell specific targeting to overcome metabolic bottlenecks are considered along with their potential in relation to new N management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanne C Thomsen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Plant and Soil Science Section, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Dennis Eriksson
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Plant and Soil Science Section, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Inge S Møller
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Plant and Soil Science Section, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Jan K Schjoerring
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Plant and Soil Science Section, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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Habash DZ, Baudo M, Hindle M, Powers SJ, Defoin-Platel M, Mitchell R, Saqi M, Rawlings C, Latiri K, Araus JL, Abdulkader A, Tuberosa R, Lawlor DW, Nachit MM. Systems responses to progressive water stress in durum wheat. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108431. [PMID: 25265161 PMCID: PMC4180936 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Durum wheat is susceptible to terminal drought which can greatly decrease grain yield. Breeding to improve crop yield is hampered by inadequate knowledge of how the physiological and metabolic changes caused by drought are related to gene expression. To gain better insight into mechanisms defining resistance to water stress we studied the physiological and transcriptome responses of three durum breeding lines varying for yield stability under drought. Parents of a mapping population (Lahn x Cham1) and a recombinant inbred line (RIL2219) showed lowered flag leaf relative water content, water potential and photosynthesis when subjected to controlled water stress time transient experiments over a six-day period. RIL2219 lost less water and showed constitutively higher stomatal conductance, photosynthesis, transpiration, abscisic acid content and enhanced osmotic adjustment at equivalent leaf water compared to parents, thus defining a physiological strategy for high yield stability under water stress. Parallel analysis of the flag leaf transcriptome under stress uncovered global trends of early changes in regulatory pathways, reconfiguration of primary and secondary metabolism and lowered expression of transcripts in photosynthesis in all three lines. Differences in the number of genes, magnitude and profile of their expression response were also established amongst the lines with a high number belonging to regulatory pathways. In addition, we documented a large number of genes showing constitutive differences in leaf transcript expression between the genotypes at control non-stress conditions. Principal Coordinates Analysis uncovered a high level of structure in the transcriptome response to water stress in each wheat line suggesting genome-wide co-ordination of transcription. Utilising a systems-based approach of analysing the integrated wheat’s response to water stress, in terms of biological robustness theory, the findings suggest that each durum line transcriptome responded to water stress in a genome-specific manner which contributes to an overall different strategy of resistance to water stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimah Z. Habash
- Plant Biology and Crop Science, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Marcela Baudo
- Plant Biology and Crop Science, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Hindle
- Computational and Systems Biology, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen J. Powers
- Computational and Systems Biology, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, United Kingdom
| | | | - Rowan Mitchell
- Computational and Systems Biology, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, United Kingdom
| | - Mansoor Saqi
- Computational and Systems Biology, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Rawlings
- Computational and Systems Biology, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, United Kingdom
| | - Kawther Latiri
- Laboratoire D'agronomie, National Agricultural Research Institute of Tunisia, Ariana, Tunisia
| | - Jose L. Araus
- Dept. of Vegetal Biology, Faculty of Biology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ahmad Abdulkader
- Biotechnology Department, General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research, Damascus, Syria
| | - Roberto Tuberosa
- Dept. of Agroenvironmental Science and Technology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - David W. Lawlor
- Plant Biology and Crop Science, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, United Kingdom
| | - Miloudi M. Nachit
- Biodiversity and Integrated Gene Management Program, International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas, Rabat, Morocco
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Orsel M, Moison M, Clouet V, Thomas J, Leprince F, Canoy AS, Just J, Chalhoub B, Masclaux-Daubresse C. Sixteen cytosolic glutamine synthetase genes identified in the Brassica napus L. genome are differentially regulated depending on nitrogen regimes and leaf senescence. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:3927-47. [PMID: 24567494 PMCID: PMC4106436 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
A total of 16 BnaGLN1 genes coding for cytosolic glutamine synthetase isoforms (EC 6.3.1.2.) were found in the Brassica napus genome. The total number of BnaGLN1 genes, their phylogenetic relationships, and genetic locations are in agreement with the evolutionary history of Brassica species. Two BnaGLN1.1, two BnaGLN1.2, six BnaGLN1.3, four BnaGLN1.4, and two BnaGLN1.5 genes were found and named according to the standardized nomenclature for the Brassica genus. Gene expression showed conserved responses to nitrogen availability and leaf senescence among the Brassiceae tribe. The BnaGLN1.1 and BnaGLN1.4 families are overexpressed during leaf senescence and in response to nitrogen limitation. The BnaGLN1.2 family is up-regulated under high nitrogen regimes. The members of the BnaGLN1.3 family are not affected by nitrogen availability and are more expressed in stems than in leaves. Expression of the two BnaGLN1.5 genes is almost undetectable in vegetative tissues. Regulations arising from plant interactions with their environment (such as nitrogen resources), final architecture, and therefore sink-source relations in planta, seem to be globally conserved between Arabidopsis and B. napus. Similarities of the coding sequence (CDS) and protein sequences, expression profiles, response to nitrogen availability, and ageing suggest that the roles of the different GLN1 families have been conserved among the Brassiceae tribe. These findings are encouraging the transfer of knowledge from the Arabidopsis model plant to the B. napus crop plant. They are of special interest when considering the role of glutamine synthetase in crop yield and grain quality in maize and wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Orsel
- INRA, UMR 1349 Institut de Génétique, Environnement et Protection des Plantes, INRA, Agrocampus Ouest, Université de Rennes 1, F-35653 Le Rheu, France INRA, UMR 1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, F-49071 Beaucouzé, France Université d'Angers, UMR 1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, SFR 4207 QUASAV, PRES L'UNAM, F-49045 Angers, France AgroCampus-Ouest, UMR 1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, F-49045 Angers, France
| | - Michaël Moison
- UMR1318, INRA, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, RD10, 78026 Versailles cedex, France AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, RD10, 78026 Versailles cedex, France
| | - Vanessa Clouet
- INRA, UMR 1349 Institut de Génétique, Environnement et Protection des Plantes, INRA, Agrocampus Ouest, Université de Rennes 1, F-35653 Le Rheu, France
| | - Justine Thomas
- INRA, UMR 1349 Institut de Génétique, Environnement et Protection des Plantes, INRA, Agrocampus Ouest, Université de Rennes 1, F-35653 Le Rheu, France
| | - Françoise Leprince
- INRA, UMR 1349 Institut de Génétique, Environnement et Protection des Plantes, INRA, Agrocampus Ouest, Université de Rennes 1, F-35653 Le Rheu, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Canoy
- Biogemma, Groupe de Recherche Génomique Amont, F-63028 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Jérémy Just
- INRA-CNRS, Unité de Recherche en Génomique Végétale, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, CP 5708, 91057 Evry Cedex, France
| | - Boulos Chalhoub
- INRA-CNRS, Unité de Recherche en Génomique Végétale, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, CP 5708, 91057 Evry Cedex, France
| | - Céline Masclaux-Daubresse
- UMR1318, INRA, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, RD10, 78026 Versailles cedex, France AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, RD10, 78026 Versailles cedex, France
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45
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Hawkesford MJ. Reducing the reliance on nitrogen fertilizer for wheat production. J Cereal Sci 2014; 59:276-283. [PMID: 24882935 PMCID: PMC4026125 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2013.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Revised: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
All crops require nitrogen (N) for the production of a photosynthetically active canopy, whose functionality will strongly influence yield. Cereal crops also require N for storage proteins in the grain, an important quality attribute. Optimal efficiency is achieved by the controlled remobilization of canopy-N to the developing grain during crop maturation. Whilst N will always be required for crop production, targeting efficient capture and use will optimise consumption of this valuable macronutrient. Efficient management of N through agronomic practice and use of appropriate germplasm are essential for sustainability of agricultural production. Both the economic demands of agriculture and the need to avoid negative environmental impacts of N-pollutants, such as nitrate in water courses or release of N-containing greenhouse gases, are important drivers to seek the most efficient use of this critical agronomic input. New cultivars optimised for traits relating to N-use efficiency rather than yield alone will be required. Targets for genetic improvement involve maximising capture, partitioning and remobilization in the canopy and to the grain, and yield per se. Whilst there is existing genetic diversity amongst modern cultivars, substantial improvements may require exploitation of a wider germplasm pool, utilizing land races and ancestral germplasm. Trends in yields, NUE and N fertilizer application are described. NUE terms are explained. Specific traits for improvement are listed. Existing variation is outlined. An overview for the scope for improvement is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm J Hawkesford
- Plant Biology and Crop Science Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ, UK
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46
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Printz B, Sergeant K, Lutts S, Guignard C, Renaut J, Hausman JF. From Tolerance to Acute Metabolic Deregulation: Contribution of Proteomics To Dig into the Molecular Response of Alder Species under a Polymetallic Exposure. J Proteome Res 2013; 12:5160-79. [DOI: 10.1021/pr400590d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Printz
- Department
Environment and Agro-biotechnologies, Centre de Recherche Public-Gabriel Lippmann, 41, rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, GD Luxembourg
- Groupe
de Recherche en Physiologie végétale (GRPV), Earth and
Life Institute-Agronomy (ELI-A), Université catholique de Louvain, 5 (bte 7.07.13) Place Croix du Sud, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Kjell Sergeant
- Department
Environment and Agro-biotechnologies, Centre de Recherche Public-Gabriel Lippmann, 41, rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, GD Luxembourg
| | - Stanley Lutts
- Groupe
de Recherche en Physiologie végétale (GRPV), Earth and
Life Institute-Agronomy (ELI-A), Université catholique de Louvain, 5 (bte 7.07.13) Place Croix du Sud, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Cédric Guignard
- Department
Environment and Agro-biotechnologies, Centre de Recherche Public-Gabriel Lippmann, 41, rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, GD Luxembourg
| | - Jenny Renaut
- Department
Environment and Agro-biotechnologies, Centre de Recherche Public-Gabriel Lippmann, 41, rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, GD Luxembourg
| | - Jean-Francois Hausman
- Department
Environment and Agro-biotechnologies, Centre de Recherche Public-Gabriel Lippmann, 41, rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, GD Luxembourg
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47
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Funayama K, Kojima S, Tabuchi-Kobayashi M, Sawa Y, Nakayama Y, Hayakawa T, Yamaya T. Cytosolic glutamine synthetase1;2 is responsible for the primary assimilation of ammonium in rice roots. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 54:934-43. [PMID: 23509111 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pct046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Among three genes for cytosolic glutamine synthetase (OsGS1;1, OsGS1;2 and OsGS1;3) in rice (Oryza sativa L.) plants, the OsGS1;2 gene is known to be mainly expressed in surface cells of roots, but its function was not clearly understood. We characterized knock-out mutants caused by the insertion of an endogenous retrotransposon Tos17 into exon 2 of OsGS1;2. Homozygously inserted mutants showed severe reduction in active tiller number and hence panicle number at harvest. Other yield components, such as spikelet number per panicle, 1,000-spikelet weight and proportion of well ripened grains, were nearly identical between the mutants and wild-type plants. When the contents of free amino acids in roots were compared between the mutants and the wild type, there were marked reductions in contents of glutamine, glutamate, asparagine and aspartate, but a remarkable increase in free ammonium ions in the mutants. Concentrations of amino acids and ammonium ions in xylem sap behaved in a similar fashion. Re-introduction of OsGS1;2 cDNA under the control of its own promoter into the knock-out mutants successfully restored yield components to wild-type levels as well as ammonium concentration in xylem sap. The results indicate that GS1;2 is important in the primary assimilation of ammonium ions taken up by rice roots, with GS1;1 in the roots unable to compensate for GS1;2 functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Funayama
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 1-1 Tsutsumidori-Amamiyamachi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 981-8555 Japan
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48
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Almeida GD, Makumbi D, Magorokosho C, Nair S, Borém A, Ribaut JM, Bänziger M, Prasanna BM, Crossa J, Babu R. QTL mapping in three tropical maize populations reveals a set of constitutive and adaptive genomic regions for drought tolerance. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2013; 126:583-600. [PMID: 23124431 PMCID: PMC3579412 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-012-2003-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2012] [Accepted: 10/06/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Despite numerous published reports of quantitative trait loci (QTL) for drought-related traits, practical applications of such QTL in maize improvement are scarce. Identifying QTL of sizeable effects that express more or less uniformly in diverse genetic backgrounds across contrasting water regimes could significantly complement conventional breeding efforts to improve drought tolerance. We evaluated three tropical bi-parental populations under water-stress (WS) and well-watered (WW) regimes in Mexico, Kenya and Zimbabwe to identify genomic regions responsible for grain yield (GY) and anthesis-silking interval (ASI) across multiple environments and diverse genetic backgrounds. Across the three populations, on average, drought stress reduced GY by more than 50 % and increased ASI by 3.2 days. We identified a total of 83 and 62 QTL through individual environment analyses for GY and ASI, respectively. In each population, most QTL consistently showed up in each water regime. Across the three populations, the phenotypic variance explained by various individual QTL ranged from 2.6 to 17.8 % for GY and 1.7 to 17.8 % for ASI under WS environments and from 5 to 19.5 % for GY under WW environments. Meta-QTL (mQTL) analysis across the three populations and multiple environments identified seven genomic regions for GY and one for ASI, of which six mQTL on chr.1, 4, 5 and 10 for GY were constitutively expressed across WS and WW environments. One mQTL on chr.7 for GY and one on chr.3 for ASI were found to be 'adaptive' to WS conditions. High throughput assays were developed for SNPs that delimit the physical intervals of these mQTL. At most of the QTL, almost equal number of favorable alleles was donated by either of the parents within each cross, thereby demonstrating the potential of drought tolerant × drought tolerant crosses to identify QTL under contrasting water regimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Dias Almeida
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), CEP 36.570-000 Viçosa, Minas Gerais Brazil
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Apdo. Postal 6-641, Mexico, DF Mexico
| | - Dan Makumbi
- CIMMYT, ICRAF House, United Nations Avenue, Gigiri, Nairobi, 00621 Kenya
| | | | - Sudha Nair
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Apdo. Postal 6-641, Mexico, DF Mexico
| | - Aluízio Borém
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), CEP 36.570-000 Viçosa, Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Jean-Marcel Ribaut
- Generation Challenge Program, hosted By CIMMYT, Apdo. Postal 6-641, Mexico, DF Mexico
| | - Marianne Bänziger
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Apdo. Postal 6-641, Mexico, DF Mexico
| | | | - Jose Crossa
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Apdo. Postal 6-641, Mexico, DF Mexico
| | - Raman Babu
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Apdo. Postal 6-641, Mexico, DF Mexico
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Betti M, García-Calderón M, Pérez-Delgado CM, Credali A, Estivill G, Galván F, Vega JM, Márquez AJ. Glutamine synthetase in legumes: recent advances in enzyme structure and functional genomics. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:7994-8024. [PMID: 22942686 PMCID: PMC3430217 DOI: 10.3390/ijms13077994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Revised: 06/18/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutamine synthetase (GS) is the key enzyme involved in the assimilation of ammonia derived either from nitrate reduction, N(2) fixation, photorespiration or asparagine breakdown. A small gene family is encoding for different cytosolic (GS1) or plastidic (GS2) isoforms in legumes. We summarize here the recent advances carried out concerning the quaternary structure of GS, as well as the functional relationship existing between GS2 and processes such as nodulation, photorespiration and water stress, in this latter case by means of proline production. Functional genomic analysis using GS2-minus mutant reveals the key role of GS2 in the metabolic control of the plants and, more particularly, in carbon metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Betti
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +34-95-4556917; Fax: +34-95-4626853
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50
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Møller ALB, Pedas P, Andersen B, Svensson B, Schjoerring JK, Finnie C. Responses of barley root and shoot proteomes to long-term nitrogen deficiency, short-term nitrogen starvation and ammonium. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2011; 34:2024-37. [PMID: 21736591 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2011.02396.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Cereals are major crops worldwide, and improvement of their nitrogen use efficiency is a crucial challenge. In this study proteins responding to N supply in barley roots and shoots were analysed using a proteomics approach, to provide insight into mechanisms of N uptake and assimilation. Control plants grown hydroponically for 33 d with 5 mm nitrate, plants grown under N deficiency (0.5 mm nitrate, 33 d) or short-term N starvation (28 d with 5 mm nitrate followed by 5 d with no N source) were compared. N deficiency caused changes in C and N metabolism and ascorbate-glutathione cycle enzymes in shoots and roots. N starvation altered proteins of amino acid metabolism in roots. Both treatments caused proteome changes in roots that could affect growth. Shoots of plants grown with ammonium as N source (28 d with 5 mm nitrate followed by 5 d with 5 mm ammonium) showed responses similar to N deficient shoots, characterized by turnover of ribulose 1·5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) and increases in proteins of the chloroplastic transcription and translation machinery. Identified proteins in 67 and 49 varying spots in roots and shoots respectively, corresponded to 62 functions and over 80 gene products, considerably advancing knowledge of N responses in barley.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders L B Møller
- Enzyme and Protein Chemistry, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Building 224, Søltofts Plads, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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