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Lee K, Yoon H, Park OS, Lim J, Kim SG, Seo PJ. ESR2-HDA6 complex negatively regulates auxin biosynthesis to delay callus initiation in Arabidopsis leaf explants during tissue culture. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2024; 5:100892. [PMID: 38566417 PMCID: PMC11287192 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2024.100892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Plants exhibit an astonishing ability to regulate organ regeneration upon wounding. Excision of leaf explants promotes the biosynthesis of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), which is polar-transported to excised regions, where cell fate transition leads to root founder cell specification to induce de novo root regeneration. The regeneration capacity of plants has been utilized to develop in vitro tissue culture technologies. Here, we report that IAA accumulation near the wounded site of leaf explants is essential for callus formation on 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D)-rich callus-inducing medium (CIM). Notably, a high concentration of 2,4-D does not compensate for the action of IAA because of its limited efflux; rather, it lowers IAA biosynthesis via a negative feedback mechanism at an early stage of in vitro tissue culture, delaying callus initiation. The auxin negative feedback loop in CIM-cultured leaf explants is mediated by an auxin-inducible APETALA2 transcription factor, ENHANCER OF SHOOT REGENERATION 2 (ESR2), along with its interacting partner HISTONE DEACETYLASE 6 (HDA6). The ESR2-HDA6 complex binds directly to, and removes the H3ac mark from, the YUCCA1 (YUC1), YUC7, and YUC9 loci, consequently repressing auxin biosynthesis and inhibiting cell fate transition on 2,4-D-rich CIM. These findings indicate that negative feedback regulation of auxin biosynthesis by ESR2 and HDA6 interferes with proper cell fate transition and callus initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyounghee Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; Research Institute of Basic Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Hobin Yoon
- Interdisciplinary Program in Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Ok-Sun Park
- Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Jongbu Lim
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Sang-Gyu Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Pil Joon Seo
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; Research Institute of Basic Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; Interdisciplinary Program in Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
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2
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Joshi C, Napier R. PIN structures shed light on their mechanism of auxin efflux. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:4377-4383. [PMID: 37195878 PMCID: PMC10433929 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Polar auxin transport is a quintessential feature of higher plant physiology and it has been known for many years that some of the primary drivers of polar auxin transport are the PIN-formed (PIN) auxin efflux proteins. Formative research established many key biochemical features of the transport system and discovered inhibitors such as 1-naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA), but the mechanism of action of PINs has remained elusive. This changed in 2022 with the publication of high-resolution structures of the membrane-spanning domains of three PIN proteins. The atomic structures and associated activity assays reveal that PINs use an elevator mechanism to transport auxin anions out of the cell. NPA was shown to be a competitive inhibitor that traps PINs in their inward-open conformation. The secrets of the hydrophilic cytoplasmic loop of PIN proteins remain to be discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chitra Joshi
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Richard Napier
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
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3
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Prusinska J, Uzunova V, Schmitzer P, Weimer M, Bell J, Napier RM. The differential binding and biological efficacy of auxin herbicides. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2023; 79:1305-1315. [PMID: 36458868 PMCID: PMC10952535 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Auxin herbicides have been used for selective weed control for 75 years and they continue to be amongst the most widely used weed control agents globally. The auxin herbicides fall into five chemical classes, with two herbicides not classified, and in all cases it is anticipated that recognition in the plant starts with binding to the Transport Inhibitor Response 1 (TIR1) family of auxin receptors. There is evidence that some classes of auxins act selectively with certain clades of receptors, although a comprehensive structure-activity relationship has not been available. RESULTS Using purified receptor proteins to measure binding efficacy we have conducted quantitative structure activity relationship (qSAR) assays using representative members of the three receptor clades in Arabidopsis, TIR1, AFB2 and AFB5. Complementary qSAR data for biological efficacy at the whole-plant level using root growth inhibition and foliar phytotoxicity assays have also been analyzed for each family of auxin herbicides, including for the afb5-1 receptor mutant line. CONCLUSIONS Comparisons of all these assays highlight differences in receptor selectivity and some systematic differences between results for binding in vitro and activity in vivo. The results could provide insights into weed spectrum differences between the different classes of auxin herbicides, as well as the potential resistance and cross-resistance implications for this herbicide class. © 2022 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Paul Schmitzer
- Corteva AgriscienceCrop Protection Discovery & DevelopmentIndianapolisIndianaUSA
| | - Monte Weimer
- Corteva AgriscienceCrop Protection Discovery & DevelopmentIndianapolisIndianaUSA
| | - Jared Bell
- Corteva AgriscienceCrop Protection Discovery & DevelopmentIndianapolisIndianaUSA
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4
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Kobercová E, Srba M, Fischer L. Sulfadiazine and phosphinothricin selection systems optimised for the transformation of tobacco BY-2 cells. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2023; 42:535-548. [PMID: 36609768 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-022-02975-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
We extended the applicability of the BY-2 cell line as a model by introducing two new selection systems. Our protocol provides guidelines for optimising Basta selection in other recalcitrant models. Tobacco BY-2 cell line is the most commonly used cytological model in plant research. It is uniform, can be simply treated by chemicals, synchronised and easily transformed. However, only a few selection systems are available that complicate advanced studies using multiple stacked transgenes and extensive gene editing. In our work, we adopted for BY-2 cell line two other selection systems: sulfadiazine and phosphinothricin (PPT, an active ingredient of Basta herbicide). We show that sulfadiazine can be used in a wide range of concentrations. It is suitable for co-transformation and subsequent double selection with kanamycin or hygromycin, which are standardly used for BY-2 transformation. We also have domesticated the sulfadiazine resistance for the user-friendly GoldenBraid cloning system. Compared to sulfadiazine, establishing selection on phosphinothricin was considerably more challenging. It did not work in any concentration of PPT with standardly cultured cells. Since the selection is based on blocking glutamine synthetase and consequent ammonium toxicity and deficiency of assimilated nitrogen, we tried to manipulate nitrogen availability. We found that the PPT selection reliably works only with nitrogen-starved cells with reduced nitrate reserves that are selected on a medium without ammonium nitrate. Both these adjustments prevent the release of large amounts of ammonium, which can toxify the entire culture in the case of standardly cultured cells. Since high nitrogen reserves can be a common feature of in vitro cultures grown on MS media, nitrogen starvation could be a key step in establishing phosphinothricin resistance in other plant models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliška Kobercová
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Charles University Faculty of Science, Viničná 5, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Srba
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Charles University Faculty of Science, Viničná 5, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Fischer
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Charles University Faculty of Science, Viničná 5, Prague 2, Czech Republic.
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5
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Marconi M, Gallemi M, Benkova E, Wabnik K. A coupled mechano-biochemical model for cell polarity guided anisotropic root growth. eLife 2021; 10:72132. [PMID: 34723798 PMCID: PMC8716106 DOI: 10.7554/elife.72132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants develop new organs to adjust their bodies to dynamic changes in the environment. How independent organs achieve anisotropic shapes and polarities is poorly understood. To address this question, we constructed a mechano-biochemical model for Arabidopsis root meristem growth that integrates biologically plausible principles. Computer model simulations demonstrate how differential growth of neighboring tissues results in the initial symmetry-breaking leading to anisotropic root growth. Furthermore, the root growth feeds back on a polar transport network of the growth regulator auxin. Model, predictions are in close agreement with in vivo patterns of anisotropic growth, auxin distribution, and cell polarity, as well as several root phenotypes caused by chemical, mechanical, or genetic perturbations. Our study demonstrates that the combination of tissue mechanics and polar auxin transport organizes anisotropic root growth and cell polarities during organ outgrowth. Therefore, a mobile auxin signal transported through immobile cells drives polarity and growth mechanics to coordinate complex organ development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Marconi
- CBGP Centro de Biotecnologia y Genomica de Plantas UPM-INIA, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
| | - Marcal Gallemi
- Institute of Science and Technology (IST), Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Eva Benkova
- Institute of Science and Technology (IST), Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Krzysztof Wabnik
- CBGP Centro de Biotecnologia y Genomica de Plantas UPM-INIA, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
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6
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Müller K, Dobrev PI, Pěnčík A, Hošek P, Vondráková Z, Filepová R, Malínská K, Brunoni F, Helusová L, Moravec T, Retzer K, Harant K, Novák O, Hoyerová K, Petrášek J. DIOXYGENASE FOR AUXIN OXIDATION 1 catalyzes the oxidation of IAA amino acid conjugates. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 187:103-115. [PMID: 34618129 PMCID: PMC8418401 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Together with auxin transport, auxin metabolism is a key determinant of auxin signaling output by plant cells. Enzymatic machinery involved in auxin metabolism is subject to regulation based on numerous inputs, including the concentration of auxin itself. Therefore, experiments characterizing altered auxin availability and subsequent changes in auxin metabolism could elucidate the function and regulatory role of individual elements in the auxin metabolic machinery. Here, we studied auxin metabolism in auxin-dependent tobacco BY-2 cells. We revealed that the concentration of N-(2-oxindole-3-acetyl)-l-aspartic acid (oxIAA-Asp), the most abundant auxin metabolite produced in the control culture, dramatically decreased in auxin-starved BY-2 cells. Analysis of the transcriptome and proteome in auxin-starved cells uncovered significant downregulation of all tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) homologs of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) DIOXYGENASE FOR AUXIN OXIDATION 1 (DAO1), at both transcript and protein levels. Auxin metabolism profiling in BY-2 mutants carrying either siRNA-silenced or CRISPR-Cas9-mutated NtDAO1, as well as in dao1-1 Arabidopsis plants, showed not only the expected lower levels of oxIAA, but also significantly lower abundance of oxIAA-Asp. Finally, ability of DAO1 to oxidize IAA-Asp was confirmed by an enzyme assay in AtDAO1-producing bacterial culture. Our results thus represent direct evidence of DAO1 activity on IAA amino acid conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karel Müller
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Petre Ivanov Dobrev
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Aleš Pěnčík
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, and Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Hošek
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Vondráková
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Roberta Filepová
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Malínská
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Federica Brunoni
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, and Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Helusová
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Praha 6, Czech Republic
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 5, 128 44 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Moravec
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Katarzyna Retzer
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Harant
- Proteomics Core Facility, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Průmyslová 595, Vestec 252 42, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, and Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Klára Hoyerová
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Petrášek
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Praha 6, Czech Republic
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7
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Ang MCY, Dhar N, Khong DT, Lew TTS, Park M, Sarangapani S, Cui J, Dehadrai A, Singh GP, Chan-Park MB, Sarojam R, Strano M. Nanosensor Detection of Synthetic Auxins In Planta using Corona Phase Molecular Recognition. ACS Sens 2021; 6:3032-3046. [PMID: 34375072 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.1c01022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic auxins such as 1-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) have been extensively used in plant tissue cultures and as herbicides because they are chemically more stable and potent than most endogenous auxins. A tool for rapid in planta detection of these compounds will enhance our knowledge about hormone distribution and signaling and facilitate more efficient usage of synthetic auxins in agriculture. In this work, we show the development of real-time and nondestructive in planta NAA and 2,4-D nanosensors based on the concept of corona phase molecular recognition (CoPhMoRe), to replace the current state-of-the-art sensing methods that are destructive and laborious. By designing a library of cationic polymers wrapped around single-walled carbon nanotubes with general affinity for chemical moieties displayed on auxins and its derivatives, we developed selective sensors for these synthetic auxins, with a particularly large quenching response to NAA (46%) and a turn-on response to 2,4-D (51%). The NAA and 2,4-D nanosensors are demonstrated in planta across several plant species including spinach, Arabidopsis thaliana (A. thaliana), Brassica rapa subsp. chinensis (pak choi), and Oryza sativa (rice) grown in various media, including soil, hydroponic, and plant tissue culture media. After 5 h of 2,4-D supplementation to the hydroponic medium, 2,4-D is seen to accumulate in susceptible dicotyledon pak choi leaves, while no uptake is observed in tolerant monocotyledon rice leaves. As such, the 2,4-D nanosensor had demonstrated its capability for rapid testing of herbicide susceptibility and could help elucidate the mechanisms of 2,4-D transport and the basis for herbicide resistance in crops. The success of the CoPhMoRe technique for measuring these challenging plant hormones holds tremendous potential to advance the plant biology study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mervin Chun-Yi Ang
- Disruptive & Sustainable Technologies for Agricultural Precision IRG, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, 1 CREATE Way, #03-06/07/08 Research Wing, Singapore 138602, Singapore
| | - Niha Dhar
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory Limited, 1 Research Link National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604, Singapore
| | - Duc Thinh Khong
- Disruptive & Sustainable Technologies for Agricultural Precision IRG, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, 1 CREATE Way, #03-06/07/08 Research Wing, Singapore 138602, Singapore
| | - Tedrick Thomas Salim Lew
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Singapore 138634, Singapore
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117585, Singapore
| | - Minkyung Park
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Sreelatha Sarangapani
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory Limited, 1 Research Link National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604, Singapore
| | - Jianqiao Cui
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Aniket Dehadrai
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Gajendra Pratap Singh
- Disruptive & Sustainable Technologies for Agricultural Precision IRG, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, 1 CREATE Way, #03-06/07/08 Research Wing, Singapore 138602, Singapore
| | - Mary B. Chan-Park
- Disruptive & Sustainable Technologies for Agricultural Precision IRG, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, 1 CREATE Way, #03-06/07/08 Research Wing, Singapore 138602, Singapore
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637459, Singapore
| | - Rajani Sarojam
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory Limited, 1 Research Link National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604, Singapore
| | - Michael Strano
- Disruptive & Sustainable Technologies for Agricultural Precision IRG, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, 1 CREATE Way, #03-06/07/08 Research Wing, Singapore 138602, Singapore
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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8
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Alaguero-Cordovilla A, Sánchez-García AB, Ibáñez S, Albacete A, Cano A, Acosta M, Pérez-Pérez JM. An auxin-mediated regulatory framework for wound-induced adventitious root formation in tomato shoot explants. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:1642-1662. [PMID: 33464573 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Adventitious roots (ARs) are produced from non-root tissues in response to different environmental signals, such as abiotic stresses, or after wounding, in a complex developmental process that requires hormonal crosstalk. Here, we characterized AR formation in young seedlings of Solanum lycopersicum cv. 'Micro-Tom' after whole root excision by means of physiological, genetic and molecular approaches. We found that a regulated basipetal auxin transport from the shoot and local auxin biosynthesis triggered by wounding are both required for the re-establishment of internal auxin gradients within the vasculature. This promotes cell proliferation at the distal cambium near the wound in well-defined positions of the basal hypocotyl and during a narrow developmental window. In addition, a pre-established pattern of differential auxin responses along the apical-basal axis of the hypocotyl and an as of yet unknown cell-autonomous inhibitory pathway contribute to the temporal and spatial patterning of the newly formed ARs on isolated hypocotyl explants. Our work provides an experimental outline for the dissection of wound-induced AR formation in tomato, a species that is suitable for molecular identification of gene regulatory networks via forward and reverse genetics approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sergio Ibáñez
- Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Elche, Spain
| | - Alfonso Albacete
- Present address: Instituto Murciano de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario y Alimentario (IMIDA), La Alberca, Spain
- CEBAS-CSIC, Department of Plant Nutrition, Campus Universitario de Espinardo, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Antonio Cano
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Manuel Acosta
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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9
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Pařízková B, Žukauskaitė A, Vain T, Grones P, Raggi S, Kubeš MF, Kieffer M, Doyle SM, Strnad M, Kepinski S, Napier R, Doležal K, Robert S, Novák O. New fluorescent auxin probes visualise tissue-specific and subcellular distributions of auxin in Arabidopsis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 230:535-549. [PMID: 33438224 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
In a world that will rely increasingly on efficient plant growth for sufficient food, it is important to learn about natural mechanisms of phytohormone action. In this work, the introduction of a fluorophore to an auxin molecule represents a sensitive and non-invasive method to directly visualise auxin localisation with high spatiotemporal resolution. The state-of-the-art multidisciplinary approaches of genetic and chemical biology analysis together with live cell imaging, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) methods were employed for the characterisation of auxin-related biological activity, distribution and stability of the presented compounds in Arabidopsis thaliana. Despite partial metabolisation in vivo, these fluorescent auxins display an uneven and dynamic distribution leading to the formation of fluorescence maxima in tissues known to concentrate natural auxin, such as the concave side of the apical hook. Importantly, their distribution is altered in response to different exogenous stimuli in both roots and shoots. Moreover, we characterised the subcellular localisation of the fluorescent auxin analogues as being present in the endoplasmic reticulum and endosomes. Our work provides powerful tools to visualise auxin distribution within different plant tissues at cellular or subcellular levels and in response to internal and environmental stimuli during plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbora Pařízková
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc, CZ-78371, Czech Republic
| | - Asta Žukauskaitė
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc, CZ-78371, Czech Republic
| | - Thomas Vain
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, SE-90183, Sweden
| | - Peter Grones
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, SE-90183, Sweden
| | - Sara Raggi
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, SE-90183, Sweden
| | - Martin F Kubeš
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc, CZ-78371, Czech Republic
- School of Life Sciences, The University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Martin Kieffer
- Centre for Plant Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Siamsa M Doyle
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, SE-90183, Sweden
| | - Miroslav Strnad
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc, CZ-78371, Czech Republic
| | - Stefan Kepinski
- Centre for Plant Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Richard Napier
- School of Life Sciences, The University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Karel Doležal
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc, CZ-78371, Czech Republic
- Department of Chemical Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc, CZ-78371, Czech Republic
| | - Stéphanie Robert
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, SE-90183, Sweden
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc, CZ-78371, Czech Republic
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, SE-90183, Sweden
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10
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Nedvěd D, Hošek P, Klíma P, Hoyerová K. Differential Subcellular Distribution of Cytokinins: How Does Membrane Transport Fit into the Big Picture? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3428. [PMID: 33810428 PMCID: PMC8037549 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokinins are a class of phytohormones, signalling molecules specific to plants. They act as regulators of diverse physiological processes in complex signalling pathways. It is necessary for plants to continuously regulate cytokinin distribution among different organs, tissues, cells, and compartments. Such regulatory mechanisms include cytokinin biosynthesis, metabolic conversions and degradation, as well as cytokinin membrane transport. In our review, we aim to provide a thorough picture of the latter. We begin by summarizing cytokinin structures and physicochemical properties. Then, we revise the elementary thermodynamic and kinetic aspects of cytokinin membrane transport. Next, we review which membrane-bound carrier proteins and protein families recognize cytokinins as their substrates. Namely, we discuss the families of "equilibrative nucleoside transporters" and "purine permeases", which translocate diverse purine-related compounds, and proteins AtPUP14, AtABCG14, AtAZG1, and AtAZG2, which are specific to cytokinins. We also address long-distance cytokinin transport. Putting all these pieces together, we finally discuss cytokinin distribution as a net result of these processes, diverse in their physicochemical nature but acting together to promote plant fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Nedvěd
- The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Botany, 165 02 Prague, Czech Republic; (D.N.); (P.H.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Hošek
- The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Botany, 165 02 Prague, Czech Republic; (D.N.); (P.H.)
| | - Petr Klíma
- The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Botany, 165 02 Prague, Czech Republic; (D.N.); (P.H.)
| | - Klára Hoyerová
- The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Botany, 165 02 Prague, Czech Republic; (D.N.); (P.H.)
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11
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Tan S, Di Donato M, Glanc M, Zhang X, Klíma P, Liu J, Bailly A, Ferro N, Petrášek J, Geisler M, Friml J. Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs Target TWISTED DWARF1-Regulated Actin Dynamics and Auxin Transport-Mediated Plant Development. Cell Rep 2020; 33:108463. [PMID: 33264621 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The widely used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are derivatives of the phytohormone salicylic acid (SA). SA is well known to regulate plant immunity and development, whereas there have been few reports focusing on the effects of NSAIDs in plants. Our studies here reveal that NSAIDs exhibit largely overlapping physiological activities to SA in the model plant Arabidopsis. NSAID treatments lead to shorter and agravitropic primary roots and inhibited lateral root organogenesis. Notably, in addition to the SA-like action, which in roots involves binding to the protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), NSAIDs also exhibit PP2A-independent effects. Cell biological and biochemical analyses reveal that many NSAIDs bind directly to and inhibit the chaperone activity of TWISTED DWARF1, thereby regulating actin cytoskeleton dynamics and subsequent endosomal trafficking. Our findings uncover an unexpected bioactivity of human pharmaceuticals in plants and provide insights into the molecular mechanism underlying the cellular action of this class of anti-inflammatory compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shutang Tan
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Martin Di Donato
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Matouš Glanc
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria; Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 5, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Xixi Zhang
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria; Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Petr Klíma
- The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Botany, Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Aurélien Bailly
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Noel Ferro
- University of Bonn, Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Jan Petrášek
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 5, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic; The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Botany, Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Markus Geisler
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Jiří Friml
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria.
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12
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Müller K, Hošek P, Laňková M, Vosolsobě S, Malínská K, Čarná M, Fílová M, Dobrev PI, Helusová M, Hoyerová K, Petrášek J. Transcription of specific auxin efflux and influx carriers drives auxin homeostasis in tobacco cells. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 100:627-640. [PMID: 31349380 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Auxin concentration gradients are informative for the transduction of many developmental cues, triggering downstream gene expression and other responses. The generation of auxin gradients depends significantly on cell-to-cell auxin transport, which is supported by the activities of auxin efflux and influx carriers. However, at the level of individual plant cell, the co-ordination of auxin efflux and influx largely remains uncharacterized. We addressed this issue by analyzing the contribution of canonical PIN-FORMED (PIN) proteins to the carrier-mediated auxin efflux in Nicotiana tabacum L., cv. Bright Yellow (BY-2) tobacco cells. We show here that a majority of canonical NtPINs are transcribed in cultured cells and in planta. Cloning of NtPIN genes and their inducible overexpression in tobacco cells uncovered high auxin efflux activity of NtPIN11, accompanied by auxin starvation symptoms. Auxin transport parameters after NtPIN11 overexpression were further assessed using radiolabelled auxin accumulation and mathematical modelling. Unexpectedly, these experiments showed notable stimulation of auxin influx, which was accompanied by enhanced transcript levels of genes for a specific auxin influx carrier and by decreased transcript levels of other genes for auxin efflux carriers. A similar transcriptional response was observed upon removal of auxin from the culture medium, which resulted in decreased auxin efflux. Overall, our results revealed an auxin transport-based homeostatic mechanism for the maintenance of endogenous auxin levels. OPEN RESEARCH BADGES: This article has earned an Open Data Badge for making publicly available the digitally-shareable data necessary to reproduce the reported results. The data is available at http://osf.io/ka97b/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karel Müller
- The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Botany, Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Hošek
- The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Botany, Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Laňková
- The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Botany, Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Stanislav Vosolsobě
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 5, 128 44 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Malínská
- The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Botany, Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Mária Čarná
- The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Botany, Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Markéta Fílová
- The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Botany, Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Petre I Dobrev
- The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Botany, Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Helusová
- The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Botany, Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Klára Hoyerová
- The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Botany, Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Petrášek
- The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Botany, Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 5, 128 44 Prague 2, Czech Republic
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13
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Maruri-López I, Aviles-Baltazar NY, Buchala A, Serrano M. Intra and Extracellular Journey of the Phytohormone Salicylic Acid. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:423. [PMID: 31057566 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00423.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA) is a plant hormone that has been described to play an essential role in the activation and regulation of multiple responses to biotic and to abiotic stresses. In particular, during plant-microbe interactions, as part of the defense mechanisms, SA is initially accumulated at the local infected tissue and then spread all over the plant to induce systemic acquired resistance at non-infected distal parts of the plant. SA can be produced by either the phenylalanine or isochorismate biosynthetic pathways. The first, takes place in the cytosol, while the second occurs in the chloroplasts. Once synthesized, free SA levels are regulated by a number of chemical modifications that produce inactive forms, including glycosylation, methylation and hydroxylation to dihydroxybenzoic acids. Glycosylated SA is stored in the vacuole, until required to activate SA-triggered responses. All this information suggests that SA levels are under a strict control, including its intra and extracellular movement that should be coordinated by the action of transporters. However, our knowledge on this matter is still very limited. In this review, we describe the most significant efforts made to date to identify the molecular mechanisms involved in SA transport throughout the plant. Additionally, we propose new alternatives that might help to understand the journey of this important phytohormone in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israel Maruri-López
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Norma Yaniri Aviles-Baltazar
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Antony Buchala
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Mario Serrano
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
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14
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Maruri-López I, Aviles-Baltazar NY, Buchala A, Serrano M. Intra and Extracellular Journey of the Phytohormone Salicylic Acid. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:423. [PMID: 31057566 PMCID: PMC6477076 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA) is a plant hormone that has been described to play an essential role in the activation and regulation of multiple responses to biotic and to abiotic stresses. In particular, during plant-microbe interactions, as part of the defense mechanisms, SA is initially accumulated at the local infected tissue and then spread all over the plant to induce systemic acquired resistance at non-infected distal parts of the plant. SA can be produced by either the phenylalanine or isochorismate biosynthetic pathways. The first, takes place in the cytosol, while the second occurs in the chloroplasts. Once synthesized, free SA levels are regulated by a number of chemical modifications that produce inactive forms, including glycosylation, methylation and hydroxylation to dihydroxybenzoic acids. Glycosylated SA is stored in the vacuole, until required to activate SA-triggered responses. All this information suggests that SA levels are under a strict control, including its intra and extracellular movement that should be coordinated by the action of transporters. However, our knowledge on this matter is still very limited. In this review, we describe the most significant efforts made to date to identify the molecular mechanisms involved in SA transport throughout the plant. Additionally, we propose new alternatives that might help to understand the journey of this important phytohormone in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israel Maruri-López
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Norma Yaniri Aviles-Baltazar
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Antony Buchala
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Mario Serrano
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
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15
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Advances in Understanding the Mechanism of Action of the Auxin Permease AUX1. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113391. [PMID: 30380696 PMCID: PMC6275028 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In over 40 years of research on the cellular uptake of auxin it is somewhat chastening that we have elaborated so little on the original kinetic descriptions of auxin uptake by plant cells made by Rubery and Sheldrake in 1974. Every aspect of that seminal work has been investigated in detail, and the uptake activity they measured is now known to be attributed to the AUX1/LAX family of permeases. Recent pharmacological studies have defined the substrate specificity of AUX1, biochemical studies have evaluated its permeability to auxin in plant cell membranes, and rigourous kinetic studies have confirmed the affinity of AUX1 for IAA and synthetic auxins. Advances in genome sequencing have provided a rich resource for informatic analysis of the ancestry of AUX1 and the LAX proteins and, along with models of topology, suggest mechanistic links to families of eukaryotic proton co-transporters for which crystal structures have been presented. The insights gained from all the accumulated research reflect the brilliance of Rubery and Sheldrake’s early work, but recent biochemical analyses are starting to advance further our understanding of this vitally important family of auxin transport proteins.
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16
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Skalický V, Kubeš M, Napier R, Novák O. Auxins and Cytokinins-The Role of Subcellular Organization on Homeostasis. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E3115. [PMID: 30314316 PMCID: PMC6213326 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19103115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant hormones are master regulators of plant growth and development. Better knowledge of their spatial signaling and homeostasis (transport and metabolism) on the lowest structural levels (cellular and subcellular) is therefore crucial to a better understanding of developmental processes in plants. Recent progress in phytohormone analysis at the cellular and subcellular levels has greatly improved the effectiveness of isolation protocols and the sensitivity of analytical methods. This review is mainly focused on homeostasis of two plant hormone groups, auxins and cytokinins. It will summarize and discuss their tissue- and cell-type specific distributions at the cellular and subcellular levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimír Skalický
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences & Faculty of Science of Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Martin Kubeš
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science of Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Richard Napier
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences & Faculty of Science of Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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17
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Li W, Li H, Xu P, Xie Z, Ye Y, Li L, Li D, Zhang Y, Li L, Zhao Y. Identification of Auxin Activity Like 1, a chemical with weak functions in auxin signaling pathway. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 98:275-287. [PMID: 30311174 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-018-0779-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
A new synthetic auxin AAL1 with new structure was identified. Different from known auxins, it has weak effects. By AAL1, we found specific amino acids could restore the effects of auxin with similar structure. Auxin, one of the most important phytohormones, plays crucial roles in plant growth, development and environmental response. Although many critical regulators have been identified in auxin signaling pathway, some factors, especially those with weak fine-tuning roles, are still yet to be discovered. Through chemical genetic screenings, we identified a small molecule, Auxin Activity Like 1 (AAL1), which can effectively inhibit dark-grown Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings. Genetic screening identified AAL1 resistant mutants are also hyposensitive to indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). AAL1 resistant mutants such as shy2-3c and ecr1-2 are well characterized as mutants in auxin signaling pathway. Genetic studies showed that AAL1 functions through auxin receptor Transport Inhibitor Response1 (TIR1) and its functions depend on auxin influx and efflux carriers. Compared with known auxins, AAL1 exhibits relatively weak effects on plant growth, with 20 µM and 50 µM IC50 (half growth inhibition chemical concentration) in root and hypocotyl growth respectively. Interestingly, we found the inhibitory effects of AAL1 and IAA could be partially restored by tyrosine and tryptophan respectively, suggesting some amino acids can also affect auxin signaling pathway in a moderate manner. Taken together, our results demonstrate that AAL1 acts through auxin signaling pathway, and AAL1, as a weak auxin activity analog, provides us a tool to study weak genetic interactions in auxin pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Li
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Haimin Li
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Peng Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Zhi Xie
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yajin Ye
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Lingting Li
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Deqiang Li
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yijing Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Laigeng Li
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Yang Zhao
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, 68 Wenchang Road, Yunnan, 650000, China.
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18
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Busi R, Goggin DE, Heap IM, Horak MJ, Jugulam M, Masters RA, Napier RM, Riar DS, Satchivi NM, Torra J, Westra P, Wright TR. Weed resistance to synthetic auxin herbicides. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2018; 74:2265-2276. [PMID: 29235732 PMCID: PMC6175398 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Herbicides classified as synthetic auxins have been most commonly used to control broadleaf weeds in a variety of crops and in non-cropland areas since the first synthetic auxin herbicide (SAH), 2,4-D, was introduced to the market in the mid-1940s. The incidence of weed species resistant to SAHs is relatively low considering their long-term global application with 30 broadleaf, 5 grass, and 1 grass-like weed species confirmed resistant to date. An understanding of the context and mechanisms of SAH resistance evolution can inform management practices to sustain the longevity and utility of this important class of herbicides. A symposium was convened during the 2nd Global Herbicide Resistance Challenge (May 2017; Denver, CO, USA) to provide an overview of the current state of knowledge of SAH resistance mechanisms including case studies of weed species resistant to SAHs and perspectives on mitigating resistance development in SAH-tolerant crops. © 2017 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Busi
- Australian Herbicide Resistance Initiative, School of Agriculture and EnvironmentUniversity of Western AustraliaPerthAustralia
| | - Danica E Goggin
- Australian Herbicide Resistance Initiative, School of Agriculture and EnvironmentUniversity of Western AustraliaPerthAustralia
| | - Ian M Heap
- International Survey of Herbicide‐Resistant WeedsCorvallisORUSA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Joel Torra
- Department of Horticulture, Botany and GardeningUniversity of LleidaLleidaSpain
| | - Phillip Westra
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest ManagementColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCOUSA
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19
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Hoyerova K, Hosek P, Quareshy M, Li J, Klima P, Kubes M, Yemm AA, Neve P, Tripathi A, Bennett MJ, Napier RM. Auxin molecular field maps define AUX1 selectivity: many auxin herbicides are not substrates. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 217:1625-1639. [PMID: 29265374 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Developmental responses to auxin are regulated by facilitated uptake and efflux, but detailed molecular understanding of the carrier proteins is incomplete. We have used pharmacological tools to explore the chemical space that defines substrate preferences for the auxin uptake carrier AUX1. Total and partial loss-of-function aux1 mutants were assessed against wild-type for dose-dependent resistance to a range of auxins and analogues. We then developed an auxin accumulation assay with associated mathematical modelling to enumerate accurate IC50 values for a small library of auxin analogues. The structure activity relationship data were analysed using molecular field analyses to create a pharmacophoric atlas of AUX1 substrates. The uptake carrier exhibits a very high level of selectivity towards small substrates including the natural indole-3-acetic acid, and the synthetic auxin 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. No AUX1 activity was observed for herbicides based on benzoic acid (dicamba), pyridinyloxyacetic acid (triclopyr) or the 6-arylpicolinates (halauxifen), and very low affinity was found for picolinic acid-based auxins (picloram) and quinolinecarboxylic acids (quinclorac). The atlas demonstrates why some widely used auxin herbicides are not, or are very poor substrates. We list molecular descriptors for AUX1 substrates and discuss our findings in terms of herbicide resistance management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klara Hoyerova
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Rozvojova 263, 165 02, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Hosek
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Rozvojova 263, 165 02, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Mussa Quareshy
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Crop Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Petr Klima
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Rozvojova 263, 165 02, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Kubes
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Rozvojova 263, 165 02, Prague 6, Czech Republic
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Šlechtitelů 241/27, 78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Antony A Yemm
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Paul Neve
- Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Ashutosh Tripathi
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Malcolm J Bennett
- Plant Sciences Division and Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonnington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Richard M Napier
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
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20
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Pařízková B, Pernisová M, Novák O. What Has Been Seen Cannot Be Unseen-Detecting Auxin In Vivo. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18122736. [PMID: 29258197 PMCID: PMC5751337 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18122736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 12/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Auxins mediate various processes that are involved in plant growth and development in response to specific environmental conditions. Its proper spatio-temporal distribution that is driven by polar auxin transport machinery plays a crucial role in the wide range of auxins physiological effects. Numbers of approaches have been developed to either directly or indirectly monitor auxin distribution in vivo in order to elucidate the basis of its precise regulation. Herein, we provide an updated list of valuable techniques used for monitoring auxins in plants, with their utilities and limitations. Because the spatial and temporal resolutions of the presented approaches are different, their combination may provide a comprehensive outcome of auxin distribution in diverse developmental processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbora Pařízková
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science of Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science of Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Markéta Pernisová
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science of Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics, National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, CZ-62500 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science of Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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Hu Y, Depaepe T, Smet D, Hoyerova K, Klíma P, Cuypers A, Cutler S, Buyst D, Morreel K, Boerjan W, Martins J, Petrášek J, Vandenbussche F, Van Der Straeten D. ACCERBATIN, a small molecule at the intersection of auxin and reactive oxygen species homeostasis with herbicidal properties. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:4185-4203. [PMID: 28922768 PMCID: PMC5853866 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The volatile two-carbon hormone ethylene acts in concert with an array of signals to affect etiolated seedling development. From a chemical screen, we isolated a quinoline carboxamide designated ACCERBATIN (AEX) that exacerbates the 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid-induced triple response, typical for ethylene-treated seedlings in darkness. Phenotypic analyses revealed distinct AEX effects including inhibition of root hair development and shortening of the root meristem. Mutant analysis and reporter studies further suggested that AEX most probably acts in parallel to ethylene signaling. We demonstrated that AEX functions at the intersection of auxin metabolism and reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis. AEX inhibited auxin efflux in BY-2 cells and promoted indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) oxidation in the shoot apical meristem and cotyledons of etiolated seedlings. Gene expression studies and superoxide/hydrogen peroxide staining further revealed that the disrupted auxin homeostasis was accompanied by oxidative stress. Interestingly, in light conditions, AEX exhibited properties reminiscent of the quinoline carboxylate-type auxin-like herbicides. We propose that AEX interferes with auxin transport from its major biosynthesis sites, either as a direct consequence of poor basipetal transport from the shoot meristematic region, or indirectly, through excessive IAA oxidation and ROS accumulation. Further investigation of AEX can provide new insights into the mechanisms connecting auxin and ROS homeostasis in plant development and provide useful tools to study auxin-type herbicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuming Hu
- Laboratory of Functional Plant Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Thomas Depaepe
- Laboratory of Functional Plant Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dajo Smet
- Laboratory of Functional Plant Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Klara Hoyerova
- Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR, Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Klíma
- Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR, Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Ann Cuypers
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Agoralaan Building D, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Sean Cutler
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Institute of Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Dieter Buyst
- NMR and Structure Analysis, Department of Organic Chemistry, Krijgslaan, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kris Morreel
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB (Flanders Institute for Biotechnology), Technologiepark, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wout Boerjan
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB (Flanders Institute for Biotechnology), Technologiepark, Ghent, Belgium
| | - José Martins
- NMR and Structure Analysis, Department of Organic Chemistry, Krijgslaan, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jan Petrášek
- Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR, Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Filip Vandenbussche
- Laboratory of Functional Plant Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dominique Van Der Straeten
- Laboratory of Functional Plant Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat, Ghent, Belgium
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Li YH, Zhang HN, Wu QS, Muday GK. Transcriptional sequencing and analysis of major genes involved in the adventitious root formation of mango cotyledon segments. PLANTA 2017; 245:1193-1213. [PMID: 28303391 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-017-2677-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
A total of 74,745 unigenes were generated and 1975 DEGs were identified. Candidate genes that may be involved in the adventitious root formation of mango cotyledon segment were revealed. Adventitious root formation is a crucial step in plant vegetative propagation, but the molecular mechanism of adventitious root formation remains unclear. Adventitious roots formed only at the proximal cut surface (PCS) of mango cotyledon segments, whereas no roots were formed on the opposite, distal cut surface (DCS). To identify the transcript abundance changes linked to adventitious root development, RNA was isolated from PCS and DCS at 0, 4 and 7 days after culture, respectively. Illumina sequencing of libraries generated from these samples yielded 62.36 Gb high-quality reads that were assembled into 74,745 unigenes with an average sequence length of 807 base pairs, and 33,252 of the assembled unigenes at least had homologs in one of the public databases. Comparative analysis of these transcriptome databases revealed that between the different time points at PCS there were 1966 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), while there were only 51 DEGs for the PCS vs. DCS when time-matched samples were compared. Of these DEGs, 1636 were assigned to gene ontology (GO) classes, the majority of that was involved in cellular processes, metabolic processes and single-organism processes. Candidate genes that may be involved in the adventitious root formation of mango cotyledon segment are predicted to encode polar auxin transport carriers, auxin-regulated proteins, cell wall remodeling enzymes and ethylene-related proteins. In order to validate RNA-sequencing results, we further analyzed the expression profiles of 20 genes by quantitative real-time PCR. This study expands the transcriptome information for Mangifera indica and identifies candidate genes involved in adventitious root formation in cotyledon segments of mango.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-He Li
- South Subtropical Crop Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, No. 1 Huxiu Road, Zhanjiang, 524091, China.
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Fruit Biology, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhanjiang, 524091, China.
- Department of Biology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, 27109, USA.
| | - Hong-Na Zhang
- South Subtropical Crop Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, No. 1 Huxiu Road, Zhanjiang, 524091, China
| | - Qing-Song Wu
- South Subtropical Crop Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, No. 1 Huxiu Road, Zhanjiang, 524091, China
| | - Gloria K Muday
- Department of Biology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, 27109, USA
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Sirtinol, a Sir2 protein inhibitor, affects stem cell maintenance and root development in Arabidopsis thaliana by modulating auxin-cytokinin signaling components. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42450. [PMID: 28195159 PMCID: PMC5307962 DOI: 10.1038/srep42450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
In Arabidopsis thaliana, besides several key transcription factors and chromatin modifiers, phytohormones auxin and cytokinin play pivotal role in shoot and root meristem maintenance, and lateral root (LR) development. Sirtinol, a chemical inhibitor of Sir2 proteins, is known to promote some auxin induced phenotypes in Arabidopsis. However, its effect on plant stem cell maintenance or organ formation remained unaddressed. Here we show that sirtinol affects meristem maintenance by altering the expression of key stem cell regulators, cell division and differentiation by modulating both auxin and cytokinin signaling in Arabidopsis thaliana. The expression of shoot stem cell niche related genes WUSCHEL (WUS) and CLAVATA3 (CLV3) was upregulated, whereas SHOOT MERISTEMLESS (STM) was downregulated in sirtinol treated seedlings. The expression level and domain of key root stem cell regulators PLETHORA (PLTs) and WUS-Related Homeobox 5 (WOX5) were altered in sirtinol treated roots. Sirtinol affects LR development by disturbing proper auxin transport and maxima formation, similar to 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). Sirtinol also affects LR formation by altering cytokinin biosynthesis and signaling genes in roots. Therefore, sirtinol affects shoot and root growth, meristem maintenance and LR development by altering the expression of cytokinin-auxin signaling components, and regulators of stem cells, meristems, and LRs.
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24
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Steenackers W, Cesarino I, Klíma P, Quareshy M, Vanholme R, Corneillie S, Kumpf RP, Van de Wouwer D, Ljung K, Goeminne G, Novák O, Zažímalová E, Napier R, Boerjan W, Vanholme B. The Allelochemical MDCA Inhibits Lignification and Affects Auxin Homeostasis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 172:874-888. [PMID: 27506238 PMCID: PMC5047068 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.01972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The phenylpropanoid 3,4-(methylenedioxy)cinnamic acid (MDCA) is a plant-derived compound first extracted from roots of Asparagus officinalis and further characterized as an allelochemical. Later on, MDCA was identified as an efficient inhibitor of 4-COUMARATE-CoA LIGASE (4CL), a key enzyme of the general phenylpropanoid pathway. By blocking 4CL, MDCA affects the biosynthesis of many important metabolites, which might explain its phytotoxicity. To decipher the molecular basis of the allelochemical activity of MDCA, we evaluated the effect of this compound on Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings. Metabolic profiling revealed that MDCA is converted in planta into piperonylic acid (PA), an inhibitor of CINNAMATE-4-HYDROXYLASE (C4H), the enzyme directly upstream of 4CL. The inhibition of C4H was also reflected in the phenolic profile of MDCA-treated plants. Treatment of in vitro grown plants resulted in an inhibition of primary root growth and a proliferation of lateral and adventitious roots. These observed growth defects were not the consequence of lignin perturbation, but rather the result of disturbing auxin homeostasis. Based on DII-VENUS quantification and direct measurement of cellular auxin transport, we concluded that MDCA disturbs auxin gradients by interfering with auxin efflux. In addition, mass spectrometry was used to show that MDCA triggers auxin biosynthesis, conjugation, and catabolism. A similar shift in auxin homeostasis was found in the c4h mutant ref3-2, indicating that MDCA triggers a cross talk between the phenylpropanoid and auxin biosynthetic pathways independent from the observed auxin efflux inhibition. Altogether, our data provide, to our knowledge, a novel molecular explanation for the phytotoxic properties of MDCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ward Steenackers
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Gent, Belgium (W.S., I.C., R.V., S.C., R.P.K., D.V.d.W., G.G., W.B., B.V.);Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Gent, Belgium (W.S., I.C., R.V., S.C., R.P.K., D.V.d.W., G.G., W.B., B.V.);Department of Botany, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, 05508-090 Butantã, São Paulo, Brazil (I.C.);Institute of Experimental Botany, the Czech Academy of Sciences, 16502 Prague, the Czech Republic (P.K., E.Z.);School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, CV4 7AL Coventry, United Kingdom (M.Q., R.N.);Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden (K.L., O.N.); andLaboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany CAS and Faculty of Science of Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic (O.N.)
| | - Igor Cesarino
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Gent, Belgium (W.S., I.C., R.V., S.C., R.P.K., D.V.d.W., G.G., W.B., B.V.);Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Gent, Belgium (W.S., I.C., R.V., S.C., R.P.K., D.V.d.W., G.G., W.B., B.V.);Department of Botany, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, 05508-090 Butantã, São Paulo, Brazil (I.C.);Institute of Experimental Botany, the Czech Academy of Sciences, 16502 Prague, the Czech Republic (P.K., E.Z.);School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, CV4 7AL Coventry, United Kingdom (M.Q., R.N.);Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden (K.L., O.N.); andLaboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany CAS and Faculty of Science of Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic (O.N.)
| | - Petr Klíma
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Gent, Belgium (W.S., I.C., R.V., S.C., R.P.K., D.V.d.W., G.G., W.B., B.V.);Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Gent, Belgium (W.S., I.C., R.V., S.C., R.P.K., D.V.d.W., G.G., W.B., B.V.);Department of Botany, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, 05508-090 Butantã, São Paulo, Brazil (I.C.);Institute of Experimental Botany, the Czech Academy of Sciences, 16502 Prague, the Czech Republic (P.K., E.Z.);School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, CV4 7AL Coventry, United Kingdom (M.Q., R.N.);Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden (K.L., O.N.); andLaboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany CAS and Faculty of Science of Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic (O.N.)
| | - Mussa Quareshy
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Gent, Belgium (W.S., I.C., R.V., S.C., R.P.K., D.V.d.W., G.G., W.B., B.V.);Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Gent, Belgium (W.S., I.C., R.V., S.C., R.P.K., D.V.d.W., G.G., W.B., B.V.);Department of Botany, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, 05508-090 Butantã, São Paulo, Brazil (I.C.);Institute of Experimental Botany, the Czech Academy of Sciences, 16502 Prague, the Czech Republic (P.K., E.Z.);School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, CV4 7AL Coventry, United Kingdom (M.Q., R.N.);Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden (K.L., O.N.); andLaboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany CAS and Faculty of Science of Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic (O.N.)
| | - Ruben Vanholme
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Gent, Belgium (W.S., I.C., R.V., S.C., R.P.K., D.V.d.W., G.G., W.B., B.V.);Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Gent, Belgium (W.S., I.C., R.V., S.C., R.P.K., D.V.d.W., G.G., W.B., B.V.);Department of Botany, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, 05508-090 Butantã, São Paulo, Brazil (I.C.);Institute of Experimental Botany, the Czech Academy of Sciences, 16502 Prague, the Czech Republic (P.K., E.Z.);School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, CV4 7AL Coventry, United Kingdom (M.Q., R.N.);Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden (K.L., O.N.); andLaboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany CAS and Faculty of Science of Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic (O.N.)
| | - Sander Corneillie
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Gent, Belgium (W.S., I.C., R.V., S.C., R.P.K., D.V.d.W., G.G., W.B., B.V.);Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Gent, Belgium (W.S., I.C., R.V., S.C., R.P.K., D.V.d.W., G.G., W.B., B.V.);Department of Botany, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, 05508-090 Butantã, São Paulo, Brazil (I.C.);Institute of Experimental Botany, the Czech Academy of Sciences, 16502 Prague, the Czech Republic (P.K., E.Z.);School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, CV4 7AL Coventry, United Kingdom (M.Q., R.N.);Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden (K.L., O.N.); andLaboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany CAS and Faculty of Science of Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic (O.N.)
| | - Robert Peter Kumpf
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Gent, Belgium (W.S., I.C., R.V., S.C., R.P.K., D.V.d.W., G.G., W.B., B.V.);Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Gent, Belgium (W.S., I.C., R.V., S.C., R.P.K., D.V.d.W., G.G., W.B., B.V.);Department of Botany, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, 05508-090 Butantã, São Paulo, Brazil (I.C.);Institute of Experimental Botany, the Czech Academy of Sciences, 16502 Prague, the Czech Republic (P.K., E.Z.);School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, CV4 7AL Coventry, United Kingdom (M.Q., R.N.);Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden (K.L., O.N.); andLaboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany CAS and Faculty of Science of Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic (O.N.)
| | - Dorien Van de Wouwer
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Gent, Belgium (W.S., I.C., R.V., S.C., R.P.K., D.V.d.W., G.G., W.B., B.V.);Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Gent, Belgium (W.S., I.C., R.V., S.C., R.P.K., D.V.d.W., G.G., W.B., B.V.);Department of Botany, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, 05508-090 Butantã, São Paulo, Brazil (I.C.);Institute of Experimental Botany, the Czech Academy of Sciences, 16502 Prague, the Czech Republic (P.K., E.Z.);School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, CV4 7AL Coventry, United Kingdom (M.Q., R.N.);Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden (K.L., O.N.); andLaboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany CAS and Faculty of Science of Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic (O.N.)
| | - Karin Ljung
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Gent, Belgium (W.S., I.C., R.V., S.C., R.P.K., D.V.d.W., G.G., W.B., B.V.);Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Gent, Belgium (W.S., I.C., R.V., S.C., R.P.K., D.V.d.W., G.G., W.B., B.V.);Department of Botany, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, 05508-090 Butantã, São Paulo, Brazil (I.C.);Institute of Experimental Botany, the Czech Academy of Sciences, 16502 Prague, the Czech Republic (P.K., E.Z.);School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, CV4 7AL Coventry, United Kingdom (M.Q., R.N.);Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden (K.L., O.N.); andLaboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany CAS and Faculty of Science of Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic (O.N.)
| | - Geert Goeminne
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Gent, Belgium (W.S., I.C., R.V., S.C., R.P.K., D.V.d.W., G.G., W.B., B.V.);Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Gent, Belgium (W.S., I.C., R.V., S.C., R.P.K., D.V.d.W., G.G., W.B., B.V.);Department of Botany, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, 05508-090 Butantã, São Paulo, Brazil (I.C.);Institute of Experimental Botany, the Czech Academy of Sciences, 16502 Prague, the Czech Republic (P.K., E.Z.);School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, CV4 7AL Coventry, United Kingdom (M.Q., R.N.);Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden (K.L., O.N.); andLaboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany CAS and Faculty of Science of Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic (O.N.)
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Gent, Belgium (W.S., I.C., R.V., S.C., R.P.K., D.V.d.W., G.G., W.B., B.V.);Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Gent, Belgium (W.S., I.C., R.V., S.C., R.P.K., D.V.d.W., G.G., W.B., B.V.);Department of Botany, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, 05508-090 Butantã, São Paulo, Brazil (I.C.);Institute of Experimental Botany, the Czech Academy of Sciences, 16502 Prague, the Czech Republic (P.K., E.Z.);School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, CV4 7AL Coventry, United Kingdom (M.Q., R.N.);Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden (K.L., O.N.); andLaboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany CAS and Faculty of Science of Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic (O.N.)
| | - Eva Zažímalová
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Gent, Belgium (W.S., I.C., R.V., S.C., R.P.K., D.V.d.W., G.G., W.B., B.V.);Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Gent, Belgium (W.S., I.C., R.V., S.C., R.P.K., D.V.d.W., G.G., W.B., B.V.);Department of Botany, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, 05508-090 Butantã, São Paulo, Brazil (I.C.);Institute of Experimental Botany, the Czech Academy of Sciences, 16502 Prague, the Czech Republic (P.K., E.Z.);School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, CV4 7AL Coventry, United Kingdom (M.Q., R.N.);Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden (K.L., O.N.); andLaboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany CAS and Faculty of Science of Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic (O.N.)
| | - Richard Napier
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Gent, Belgium (W.S., I.C., R.V., S.C., R.P.K., D.V.d.W., G.G., W.B., B.V.);Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Gent, Belgium (W.S., I.C., R.V., S.C., R.P.K., D.V.d.W., G.G., W.B., B.V.);Department of Botany, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, 05508-090 Butantã, São Paulo, Brazil (I.C.);Institute of Experimental Botany, the Czech Academy of Sciences, 16502 Prague, the Czech Republic (P.K., E.Z.);School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, CV4 7AL Coventry, United Kingdom (M.Q., R.N.);Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden (K.L., O.N.); andLaboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany CAS and Faculty of Science of Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic (O.N.)
| | - Wout Boerjan
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Gent, Belgium (W.S., I.C., R.V., S.C., R.P.K., D.V.d.W., G.G., W.B., B.V.);Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Gent, Belgium (W.S., I.C., R.V., S.C., R.P.K., D.V.d.W., G.G., W.B., B.V.);Department of Botany, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, 05508-090 Butantã, São Paulo, Brazil (I.C.);Institute of Experimental Botany, the Czech Academy of Sciences, 16502 Prague, the Czech Republic (P.K., E.Z.);School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, CV4 7AL Coventry, United Kingdom (M.Q., R.N.);Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden (K.L., O.N.); andLaboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany CAS and Faculty of Science of Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic (O.N.)
| | - Bartel Vanholme
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Gent, Belgium (W.S., I.C., R.V., S.C., R.P.K., D.V.d.W., G.G., W.B., B.V.);Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Gent, Belgium (W.S., I.C., R.V., S.C., R.P.K., D.V.d.W., G.G., W.B., B.V.);Department of Botany, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, 05508-090 Butantã, São Paulo, Brazil (I.C.);Institute of Experimental Botany, the Czech Academy of Sciences, 16502 Prague, the Czech Republic (P.K., E.Z.);School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, CV4 7AL Coventry, United Kingdom (M.Q., R.N.);Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden (K.L., O.N.); andLaboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany CAS and Faculty of Science of Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic (O.N.)
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25
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Armengot L, Caldarella E, Marquès-Bueno MM, Martínez MC. The Protein Kinase CK2 Mediates Cross-Talk between Auxin- and Salicylic Acid-Signaling Pathways in the Regulation of PINOID Transcription. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157168. [PMID: 27275924 PMCID: PMC4898841 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The protein kinase CK2 is a ubiquitous and highly conserved enzyme, the activity of which is vital for eukaryotic cells. We recently demonstrated that CK2 modulates salicylic acid (SA) homeostasis in Arabidopsis thaliana, and that functional interplay between CK2 and SA sustains transcriptional expression of PIN-FORMED (PIN) genes. In this work, we show that CK2 also plays a key role in the transcriptional regulation of PINOID (PID), an AGC protein kinase that modulates the apical/basal localization of auxin-efflux transporters. We show that PID transcription is up-regulated by auxin and by SA and that CK2 is involved in both pathways. On the one hand, CK2 activity is required for proteosome-dependent degradation of AXR3, a member of the AUX/IAA family of auxin transcriptional repressors that must be degraded to activate auxin-responsive gene expression. On the other hand, the role of CK2 in SA homeostasis and, indirectly, in SA-driven PID transcription, was confirmed by using Arabidopsis NahG transgenic plants, which cannot accumulate SA. In conclusion, our results evidence a role for CK2 as a functional link in the negative cross-talk between auxin- and SA-signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laia Armengot
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Eleonora Caldarella
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Maria Mar Marquès-Bueno
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
| | - M. Carmen Martínez
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Long before its chemical identity was known, the phytohormone auxin was postulated to regulate plant growth. In the late 1800s, Sachs hypothesized that plant growth regulators, present in small amounts, move differentially throughout the plant to regulate growth. Concurrently, Charles Darwin and Francis Darwin were discovering that light and gravity were perceived by the tips of shoots and roots and that the stimulus was transmitted to other tissues, which underwent a growth response. These ideas were improved upon by Boysen-Jensen and Paál and were later developed into the Cholodny-Went hypothesis that tropisms were caused by the asymmetric distribution of a growth-promoting substance. These observations led to many efforts to identify this elusive growth-promoting substance, which we now know as auxin. In this review of auxin field advances over the past century, we start with a seminal paper by Kenneth Thimann and Charles Schneider titled "The relative activities of different auxins" from the American Journal of Botany, in which they compare the growth altering properties of several auxinic compounds. From this point, we explore the modern molecular understanding of auxin-including its biosynthesis, transport, and perception. Finally, we end this review with a discussion of outstanding questions and future directions in the auxin field. Over the past 100 yr, much of our progress in understanding auxin biology has relied on the steady and collective advance of the field of auxin researchers; we expect that the next 100 yr of auxin research will likewise make many exciting advances.
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Bimodal regulation of ICR1 levels generates self-organizing auxin distribution. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:E5471-9. [PMID: 25468974 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1413918111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Auxin polar transport, local maxima, and gradients have become an important model system for studying self-organization. Auxin distribution is regulated by auxin-dependent positive feedback loops that are not well-understood at the molecular level. Previously, we showed the involvement of the RHO of Plants (ROP) effector INTERACTOR of CONSTITUTIVELY active ROP 1 (ICR1) in regulation of auxin transport and that ICR1 levels are posttranscriptionally repressed at the site of maximum auxin accumulation at the root tip. Here, we show that bimodal regulation of ICR1 levels by auxin is essential for regulating formation of auxin local maxima and gradients. ICR1 levels increase concomitant with increase in auxin response in lateral root primordia, cotyledon tips, and provascular tissues. However, in the embryo hypophysis and root meristem, when auxin exceeds critical levels, ICR1 is rapidly destabilized by an SCF(TIR1/AFB) [SKP, Cullin, F-box (transport inhibitor response 1/auxin signaling F-box protein)]-dependent auxin signaling mechanism. Furthermore, ectopic expression of ICR1 in the embryo hypophysis resulted in reduction of auxin accumulation and concomitant root growth arrest. ICR1 disappeared during root regeneration and lateral root initiation concomitantly with the formation of a local auxin maximum in response to external auxin treatments and transiently after gravitropic stimulation. Destabilization of ICR1 was impaired after inhibition of auxin transport and signaling, proteasome function, and protein synthesis. A mathematical model based on these findings shows that an in vivo-like auxin distribution, rootward auxin flux, and shootward reflux can be simulated without assuming preexisting tissue polarity. Our experimental results and mathematical modeling indicate that regulation of auxin distribution is tightly associated with auxin-dependent ICR1 levels.
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Rutschow HL, Baskin TI, Kramer EM. The carrier AUXIN RESISTANT (AUX1) dominates auxin flux into Arabidopsis protoplasts. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 204:536-544. [PMID: 25039492 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/15/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The ability of the plant hormone auxin to enter a cell is critical to auxin transport and signaling. Auxin can cross the cell membrane by diffusion or via auxin-specific influx carriers. There is little knowledge of the magnitudes of these fluxes in plants. Radiolabeled auxin uptake was measured in protoplasts isolated from roots of Arabidopsis thaliana. This was done for the wild-type, under treatments with additional unlabeled auxin to saturate the influx carriers, and for the influx carrier mutant auxin resistant 1 (aux1). We also used flow cytometry to quantify the relative abundance of cells expressing AUX1-YFP in the assayed population. At pH 5.7, the majority of auxin influx into protoplasts - 75% - was mediated by the influx carrier AUX1. An additional 20% was mediated by other saturable carriers. The diffusive influx of auxin was essentially negligible at pH 5.7. The influx of auxin mediated by AUX1, expressed as a membrane permeability, was 1.5 ± 0.3 μm s(-1) . This value is comparable in magnitude to estimates of efflux permeability. Thus, auxin-transporting tissues can sustain relatively high auxin efflux and yet not become depleted of auxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi L Rutschow
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
- Physics Department, Bard College at Simons Rock, Great Barrington, MA, 01230, USA
| | - Tobias I Baskin
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Eric M Kramer
- Physics Department, Bard College at Simons Rock, Great Barrington, MA, 01230, USA
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Sokołowska K, Kizińska J, Szewczuk Z, Banasiak A. Auxin conjugated to fluorescent dyes--a tool for the analysis of auxin transport pathways. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2014; 16:866-77. [PMID: 24397706 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Auxin is a small molecule involved in most processes related to plant growth and development. Its effect usually depends on the distribution in tissues and the formation of concentration gradients. Until now there has been no tool for the direct tracking of auxin transport at the cellular and tissue level; therefore the majority of studies have been based on various indirect methods. However, due to their various restrictions, relatively little is known about the relationship between various pathways of auxin transport and specific developmental processes. We present a new research tool: fluorescently labelled auxin in the form of a conjugate with two different fluorescent tracers, FITC and RITC, which allows direct observation of auxin transport in plant tissues. Chemical analysis and biological tests have shown that our conjugates have auxin-like biological activity and transport; therefore they can be used in all experimental systems as an alternative to IAA. In addition, the conjugates are a universal tool that can be applied in studies of all plant groups and species. The conjugation procedure presented in this paper can be adapted to other fluorescent dyes, which are constantly being improved. In our opinion, the conjugates greatly expand the possibilities of research concerning the role of auxin and its transport in different developmental processes in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sokołowska
- Department of Plant Developmental Biology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
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Zaban B, Liu W, Jiang X, Nick P. Plant cells use auxin efflux to explore geometry. Sci Rep 2014; 4:5852. [PMID: 25068254 PMCID: PMC5376164 DOI: 10.1038/srep05852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell movement is the central mechanism for animal morphogenesis. Plant cell development rather relies on flexible alignment of cell axis adjusting cellular differentiation to directional cues. As central input, vectorial fields of mechanical stress and gradients of the phytohormone auxin have been discussed. In tissue contexts, mechanical and chemical signals will always act in concert; experimentally it is difficult to dissect their individual roles. We have designed a novel approach, based on cells, where directionality has been eliminated by removal of the cell wall. We impose a new axis using a microfluidic set-up to generate auxin gradients. Rectangular microvessels are integrated orthogonally with the gradient. Cells in these microvessels align their new axis with microvessel geometry before touching the wall. Auxin efflux is necessary for this touch-independent geometry exploration and we suggest a model, where auxin gradients can be used to align cell axis in tissues with minimized mechanical tensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrix Zaban
- Molecular Cell Biology, Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Kaiserstr. 2, D-76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Wenwen Liu
- CAS Key Lab for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for NanoScience and Technology, 11 Beiyitiao, ZhongGuanCun, Beijing, China
| | - Xingyu Jiang
- CAS Key Lab for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for NanoScience and Technology, 11 Beiyitiao, ZhongGuanCun, Beijing, China
| | - Peter Nick
- Molecular Cell Biology, Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Kaiserstr. 2, D-76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
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Barbosa ICR, Zourelidou M, Willige BC, Weller B, Schwechheimer C. D6 PROTEIN KINASE activates auxin transport-dependent growth and PIN-FORMED phosphorylation at the plasma membrane. Dev Cell 2014; 29:674-85. [PMID: 24930721 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2014.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Revised: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The directed cell-to-cell transport of the phytohormone auxin by efflux and influx transporters is essential for proper plant growth and development. Like auxin efflux facilitators of the PIN-FORMED (PIN) family, D6 PROTEIN KINASE (D6PK) from Arabidopsis thaliana localizes to the basal plasma membrane of many cells, and evidence exists that D6PK may directly phosphorylate PINs. We find that D6PK is a membrane-bound protein that is associated with either the basal domain of the plasma membrane or endomembranes. Inhibition of the trafficking regulator GNOM leads to a rapid internalization of D6PK to endomembranes. Interestingly, the dissociation of D6PK from the plasma membrane is also promoted by auxin. Surprisingly, we find that auxin transport-dependent tropic responses are critically and reversibly controlled by D6PK and D6PK-dependent PIN phosphorylation at the plasma membrane. We conclude that D6PK abundance at the plasma membrane and likely D6PK-dependent PIN phosphorylation are prerequisites for PIN-mediated auxin transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês C R Barbosa
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Center of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Melina Zourelidou
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Center of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Björn C Willige
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Center of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Benjamin Weller
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Center of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Claus Schwechheimer
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Center of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, 85354 Freising, Germany.
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Seifertová D, Skůpa P, Rychtář J, Laňková M, Pařezová M, Dobrev PI, Hoyerová K, Petrášek J, Zažímalová E. Characterization of transmembrane auxin transport in Arabidopsis suspension-cultured cells. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 171:429-37. [PMID: 24594395 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2013.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2013] [Revised: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 09/28/2013] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Polar auxin transport is a crucial process for control and coordination of plant development. Studies of auxin transport through plant tissues and organs showed that auxin is transported by a combination of phloem flow and the active, carrier-mediated cell-to-cell transport. Since plant organs and even tissues are too complex for determination of the kinetics of carrier-mediated auxin uptake and efflux on the cellular level, simplified models of cell suspension cultures are often used, and several tobacco cell lines have been established for auxin transport assays. However, there are very few data available on the specificity and kinetics of auxin transport across the plasma membrane for Arabidopsis thaliana suspension-cultured cells. In this report, the characteristics of carrier-mediated uptake (influx) and efflux for the native auxin indole-3-acetic acid and synthetic auxins, naphthalene-1-acetic and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acids (NAA and 2,4-D, respectively) in A. thaliana ecotype Landsberg erecta suspension-cultured cells (LE line) are provided. By auxin competition assays and inhibitor treatments, we show that, similarly to tobacco cells, uptake carriers have high affinity towards 2,4-D and that NAA is a good tool for studies of auxin efflux in LE cells. In contrast to tobacco cells, metabolic profiling showed that only a small proportion of NAA is metabolized in LE cells. These results show that the LE cell line is a useful experimental system for measurements of kinetics of auxin carriers on the cellular level that is complementary to tobacco cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Seifertová
- Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR, Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Petr Skůpa
- Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR, Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Jan Rychtář
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, 130 Petty Building, NC 27403, USA.
| | - Martina Laňková
- Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR, Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Markéta Pařezová
- Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR, Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Petre I Dobrev
- Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR, Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Klára Hoyerová
- Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR, Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Jan Petrášek
- Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR, Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Eva Zažímalová
- Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR, Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
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33
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Motte H, Vereecke D, Geelen D, Werbrouck S. The molecular path to in vitro shoot regeneration. Biotechnol Adv 2014; 32:107-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2013.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Revised: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/08/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Simon S, Kubeš M, Baster P, Robert S, Dobrev PI, Friml J, Petrášek J, Zažímalová E. Defining the selectivity of processes along the auxin response chain: a study using auxin analogues. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2013; 200:1034-48. [PMID: 23914741 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The mode of action of auxin is based on its non-uniform distribution within tissues and organs. Despite the wide use of several auxin analogues in research and agriculture, little is known about the specificity of different auxin-related transport and signalling processes towards these compounds. Using seedlings of Arabidopsis thaliana and suspension-cultured cells of Nicotiana tabacum (BY-2), the physiological activity of several auxin analogues was investigated, together with their capacity to induce auxin-dependent gene expression, to inhibit endocytosis and to be transported across the plasma membrane. This study shows that the specificity criteria for different auxin-related processes vary widely. Notably, the special behaviour of some synthetic auxin analogues suggests that they might be useful tools in investigations of the molecular mechanism of auxin action. Thus, due to their differential stimulatory effects on DR5 expression, indole-3-propionic (IPA) and 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy acetic (2,4,5-T) acids can serve in studies of TRANSPORT INHIBITOR RESPONSE 1/AUXIN SIGNALLING F-BOX (TIR1/AFB)-mediated auxin signalling, and 5-fluoroindole-3-acetic acid (5-F-IAA) can help to discriminate between transcriptional and non-transcriptional pathways of auxin signalling. The results demonstrate that the major determinants for the auxin-like physiological potential of a particular compound are very complex and involve its chemical and metabolic stability, its ability to distribute in tissues in a polar manner and its activity towards auxin signalling machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibu Simon
- Institute of Experimental Botany, The Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Rozvojová 263, 16502, Prague 6, Czech Republic; Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB and Department of Plant Biotechnology and Genetics, Ghent University, 9052, Ghent, Belgium; Developmental and Cell Physiology of Plants, Institute of Science and Technology (IST Austria), 3400, Klosterneuburg, Austria
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35
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Abstract
Auxin plays important roles during the entire life span of a plant. This small organic acid influences cell division, cell elongation and cell differentiation, and has great impact on the final shape and function of cells and tissues in all higher plants. Auxin metabolism is not well understood but recent discoveries, reviewed here, have started to shed light on the processes that regulate the synthesis and degradation of this important plant hormone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Ljung
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83, Umeå, Sweden.
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36
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Rosquete MR, von Wangenheim D, Marhavý P, Barbez E, Stelzer EHK, Benková E, Maizel A, Kleine-Vehn J. An auxin transport mechanism restricts positive orthogravitropism in lateral roots. Curr Biol 2013; 23:817-22. [PMID: 23583551 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2013.03.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Revised: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
As soon as a seed germinates, plant growth relates to gravity to ensure that the root penetrates the soil and the shoot expands aerially. Whereas mechanisms of positive and negative orthogravitropism of primary roots and shoots are relatively well understood, lateral organs often show more complex growth behavior. Lateral roots (LRs) seemingly suppress positive gravitropic growth and show a defined gravitropic set-point angle (GSA) that allows radial expansion of the root system (plagiotropism). Despite its eminent importance for root architecture, it so far remains completely unknown how lateral organs partially suppress positive orthogravitropism. Here we show that the phytohormone auxin steers GSA formation and limits positive orthogravitropism in LR. Low and high auxin levels/signaling lead to radial or axial root systems, respectively. At a cellular level, it is the auxin transport-dependent regulation of asymmetric growth in the elongation zone that determines GSA. Our data suggest that strong repression of PIN4/PIN7 and transient PIN3 expression limit auxin redistribution in young LR columella cells. We conclude that PIN activity, by temporally limiting the asymmetric auxin fluxes in the tip of LRs, induces transient, differential growth responses in the elongation zone and, consequently, controls root architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Ruiz Rosquete
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
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37
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Raven JA. Polar auxin transport in relation to long-distance transport of nutrients in the Charales. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2013; 64:1-9. [PMID: 23264638 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ers358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
This paper examines the significance of the recent demonstration of polar auxin transport (PAT) in the green macroalga Chara (Charophyceae: Charales) and, especially, options for explaining some features of PAT in the Charales. The occurrence of PAT in the Charales shows that PAT originated in the algal ancestors of the embryophytes (liverworts, mosses, hornworts, and vascular plants), although it is not yet known if PAT occurs elsewhere in the Charophyceae or in other algae. While in the embryophytes PAT occurs in parenchymatously constructed structures which commonly also have xylem and phloem (or their bryophyte analogues) as long-distance transport processes in parallel to PAT, in Chara corallina PAT shares the pathway for long-distance transport of nutrients though the parenchymatously constructed nodal complexes and the single giant cells of the internode. The speed of auxin movement of PAT is much more rapid than that attributable to diffusion and of the same order as the rate of cytoplasmic streaming in the giant internodal cells, yet complete inhibition of streaming by the inhibitor cytochalasin H does not slow down auxin transport. Explanations for this phenomenon are sought in the operation of other mechanochemical motors, dynein-tubulin and kinesin-tubulin, as alternatives to the myosin-actin system which powers cytoplasmic streaming. Experiments in which microtubules are disrupted, for example by colchicine, could show if one of the tubulin-based motors is involved. If these motors are involved, some mechanism is needed to amplify the speeds known for the motors to explain the order of magnitude higher speeds seen for auxin transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Raven
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee at James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK.
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