1
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Barchanska H, Malejka A, Płonka J. Non-target metabolomics approach for the investigation of the hidden effects induced by atrazine and its degradation products on plant metabolism. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 359:142298. [PMID: 38729438 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Japanese radish (Raphanus sativus var. longipinnatus) plants grown under laboratory conditions were individually exposed to the same doses of atrazine (2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-1,3,5-triazine, ATR) or its main degradation products: either 2-amino-4-chloro-6-isopropylamino-1,3,5-triazine (DEA) or 2-amino-4-chloro-6-ethylamino-1,3,5-triazine (DIA) or desethyl-desisopropyl-atrazine (DEDIA) or 4-(ethylamino)-2-hydroxy-6-(isopropylamino)-1,3,5-triazine (HA), respectively. One week after treatment in plants exposed to ATR, DIA, and DEA, their concentrations were 7.8 μg/g, 9.7 μg/g, and 14.5 μg/g, respectively, while those treated with DEDIA and HA did not contain these compounds. These results were correlated with plant amino acid profile obtained by suspect screening analysis and metabolomic "fingerprint" based on non-target analysis, obtained by liquid chromatography coupled with QTRAP triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. In all cases, both ATR and its by-products were found to interfere with the plant's amino acid profile and modify its metabolic "fingerprint". Therefore, we proved that the non-target metabolomics approach is an effective tool for investigating the hidden effects of pesticides and their transformation products, which is particularly important as these compounds may reduce the quality of edible plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Barchanska
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Analytical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Silesian University of Technology, Poland
| | - Anna Malejka
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Analytical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Silesian University of Technology, Poland
| | - Joanna Płonka
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Analytical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Silesian University of Technology, Poland; Biotechnology Centre, Silesian University of Technology, Poland.
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2
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Wang C, Lin J, Bu Y, Sun R, Lu Y, Gai J, Xing H, Guo N, Zhao J. Genome-wide transcriptome analysis reveals key regulatory networks and genes involved in the determination of seed hardness in vegetable soybean. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2024; 11:uhae084. [PMID: 38766533 PMCID: PMC11101316 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhae084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Seed hardness is an important quality trait of vegetable soybean. To determine the factors underlying seed hardness, two landraces with contrasting seed hardness, Niumaohuang (low seed hardness) and Pixiansilicao (high seed hardness), were selected from 216 soybean accessions originating from 26 provinces in China. The contents of the main components in vegetable soybean seeds such as water, soluble sugar, starch, protein and oil were measured, and transcriptome analyses performed during five stages of seed developmental. Transcriptome analysis indicates that during the middle and late stages of seed development, a large number of genes involved in the synthesis or degradation of starch, storage protein, and fatty acids were differentially expressed, leading to differences in the accumulation of stored substances during seed maturation among Niumaohuang and Pixiansilicao. The activity of cell proliferation and the formation of cell walls in the middle and late stages of seed development may also affect the hardness of seeds to a certain extent. In addition, weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was undertaken to identify co-expressed gene modules and hub genes that regulate seed hardness. Overexpression of a candidate seed hardness regulatory hub gene, GmSWEET2, resulted in increased seed hardness. In this study, the important role of GmSWEET2 in regulating the hardness of vegetable soybean seeds was verified and numerous potential key regulators controlling seed hardness and the proportion of seed components were identified, laying the groundwork for improving the texture of vegetable soybean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congcong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Soybean, Ministry of Agriculture / Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory (ZSBBL) / National Innovation Platform for Soybean Breeding and Industry-Education Integration / State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization / College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jianyu Lin
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Soybean, Ministry of Agriculture / Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory (ZSBBL) / National Innovation Platform for Soybean Breeding and Industry-Education Integration / State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization / College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yuanpeng Bu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Soybean, Ministry of Agriculture / Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory (ZSBBL) / National Innovation Platform for Soybean Breeding and Industry-Education Integration / State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization / College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ruidong Sun
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Soybean, Ministry of Agriculture / Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory (ZSBBL) / National Innovation Platform for Soybean Breeding and Industry-Education Integration / State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization / College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yang Lu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Soybean, Ministry of Agriculture / Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory (ZSBBL) / National Innovation Platform for Soybean Breeding and Industry-Education Integration / State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization / College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - JunYi Gai
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Soybean, Ministry of Agriculture / Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory (ZSBBL) / National Innovation Platform for Soybean Breeding and Industry-Education Integration / State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization / College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Han Xing
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Soybean, Ministry of Agriculture / Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory (ZSBBL) / National Innovation Platform for Soybean Breeding and Industry-Education Integration / State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization / College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Na Guo
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Soybean, Ministry of Agriculture / Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory (ZSBBL) / National Innovation Platform for Soybean Breeding and Industry-Education Integration / State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization / College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jinming Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Soybean, Ministry of Agriculture / Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory (ZSBBL) / National Innovation Platform for Soybean Breeding and Industry-Education Integration / State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization / College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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3
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Kim W, Kim S, Mawhinney TP, Krishnan HB. Elemental sulfur concentration can be used as a rapid, reliable, and cost-effective predictor of sulfur amino acid content of soybean seeds. Sci Rep 2024; 14:3093. [PMID: 38326523 PMCID: PMC10850096 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-53590-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, we have examined the feasibility of using elemental sulfur content of soybean seeds as a proxy for the overall sulfur amino acid content of soybean seeds. Earlier, we have identified by high throughput ionomic phenotyping several high and low sulfur containing soybean lines from the USDA Soybean Germplasm Collection. Here, we measured the cysteine and methionine content of select soybean lines by high-performance liquid chromatography. Our results demonstrate that those soybean lines which had high elemental sulfur content also had a higher cysteine and methionine content when compared to soybean lines with low elemental sulfur. SDS-PAGE and immunoblot analysis revealed that the accumulation of Bowman Birk protease inhibitor and lunasin in soybean seeds may only be marginally correlated with the elemental sulfur levels. However, we found a positive correlation between the levels of trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor activities and elemental sulfur and sulfur amino acid content of the seeds. Thus, elemental sulfur content and/or protease inhibitor activity measurement can be utilized as a rapid and cost-effective method to predict the overall sulfur amino acid content of soybean seeds. Our findings will benefit breeders in their endeavors to develop soybean cultivars with enhanced sulfur amino acid content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonseok Kim
- Division of Plant Science and Technology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Sunhyung Kim
- Division of Plant Science and Technology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Thomas P Mawhinney
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Hari B Krishnan
- Division of Plant Science and Technology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.
- Plant Genetics Research Unit, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, University of Missouri, 108 Curtis Hall, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.
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4
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Zhang Y, Wang Q, Liu Y, Dong S, Zhang Y, Zhu Y, Tian Y, Li J, Wang Z, Wang Y, Yan F. Overexpressing GmCGS2 Improves Total Amino Acid and Protein Content in Soybean Seed. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14125. [PMID: 37762432 PMCID: PMC10532240 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) is an important source of plant protein, the nutritional quality of which is considerably affected by the content of the sulfur-containing amino acid, methionine (Met). To improve the quality of soybean protein and increase the Met content in seeds, soybean cystathionine γ-synthase 2 (GmCGS2), the first unique enzyme in Met biosynthesis, was overexpressed in the soybean cultivar "Jack", producing three transgenic lines (OE3, OE4, and OE10). We detected a considerable increase in the content of free Met and other free amino acids in the developing seeds of the three transgenic lines at the 15th and 75th days after flowering (15D and 75D). In addition, transcriptome analysis showed that the expression of genes related to Met biosynthesis from the aspartate-family pathway and S-methyl Met cycle was promoted in developing green seeds of OE10. Ultimately, the accumulation of total amino acids and soluble proteins in transgenic mature seeds was promoted. Altogether, these results indicated that GmCGS2 plays an important role in Met biosynthesis, by providing a basis for improving the nutritional quality of soybean seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Fan Yan
- Correspondence: (Y.W.); (F.Y.)
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5
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Girija A, Hacham Y, Dvir S, Panda S, Lieberman-Lazarovich M, Amir R. Cystathionine γ-synthase expression in seeds alters metabolic and DNA methylation profiles in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 193:595-610. [PMID: 37300538 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) seeds expressing the feedback-insensitive form of cystathionine γ-synthase (AtD-CGS), the key gene of methionine (Met) synthesis, under the control of a seed-specific phaseolin promoter (SSE plants) show a significant increase in Met content. This elevation is accompanied by increased levels of other amino acids (AAs), sugars, total protein, and starch, which are important from a nutritional aspect. Here, we investigated the mechanism behind this phenomenon. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of SSE leaves, siliques, and seeds collected at 3 different developmental stages showed high levels of Met, AAs, and sugars compared to the control plants. A feeding experiment with isotope-labeled AAs showed an increased flux of AAs from nonseed tissues toward the developing seeds of SSE. Transcriptome analysis of leaves and seeds displayed changes in the status of methylation-related genes in SSE plants that were further validated by methylation-sensitive enzymes and colorimetric assay. These results suggest that SSE leaves have higher DNA methylation rates than control plants. This occurrence apparently led to accelerated senescence, together with enhanced monomer synthesis, which further resulted in increased transport of monomers from the leaves toward the seeds. The developing seeds of SSE plants, however, show reduced Met levels and methylation rates. The results provide insights into the role of Met in DNA methylation and gene expression and how Met affects the metabolic profile of the plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiswarya Girija
- MIGAL-Galilee Research Institute, Plant Metabolism Lab, Kiryat Shmona 11016, Israel
| | - Yael Hacham
- MIGAL-Galilee Research Institute, Plant Metabolism Lab, Kiryat Shmona 11016, Israel
- Department of Biotechnology, Tel Hai College, Upper Galilee 1220800, Israel
| | - Shachar Dvir
- MIGAL-Galilee Research Institute, Plant Metabolism Lab, Kiryat Shmona 11016, Israel
- Department of Biotechnology, Tel Hai College, Upper Galilee 1220800, Israel
| | - Sayantan Panda
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Michal Lieberman-Lazarovich
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Department of Vegetables and Field Crops, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel
| | - Rachel Amir
- MIGAL-Galilee Research Institute, Plant Metabolism Lab, Kiryat Shmona 11016, Israel
- Department of Biotechnology, Tel Hai College, Upper Galilee 1220800, Israel
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6
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Li Y, Wang C, Zheng L, Ma W, Li M, Guo Z, Zhao Q, Zhang K, Liu R, Liu Y, Tian Z, Bai Y, Zhong Y, Liao H. Natural variation of GmRj2/Rfg1 determines symbiont differentiation in soybean. Curr Biol 2023; 33:2478-2490.e5. [PMID: 37301200 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Symbiotic nitrogen fixation (SNF) provides much of the N utilized by leguminous plants throughout growth and development. Legumes may simultaneously establish symbiosis with different taxa of microbial symbionts. Yet, the mechanisms used to steer associations toward symbionts that are most propitious across variations in soil types remain mysterious. Here, we demonstrate that GmRj2/Rfg1 is responsible for regulating symbiosis with multiple taxa of soybean symbionts. In our experiments, the GmRj2/Rfg1SC haplotype favored association with Bradyrhizobia, which is mostly distributed in acid soils, whereas the GmRj2/Rfg1HH haplotype and knockout mutants of GmRj2/Rfg1SC associated equally with Bradyrhizobia and Sinorhizobium. Association between GmRj2/Rfg1 and NopP, furthermore, appeared to be involved in symbiont selection. Furthermore, geographic distribution analysis of 1,821 soybean accessions showed that GmRj2/Rfg1SC haplotypes were enriched in acidic soils where Bradyrhizobia were the dominant symbionts, whereas GmRj2/Rfg1HH haplotypes were most prevalent in alkaline soils dominated by Sinorhizobium, and neutral soils harbored no apparent predilections toward either haplotype. Taken together, our results suggest that GmRj2/Rfg1 regulates symbiosis with different symbionts and is a strong determinant of soybean adaptability across soil regions. As a consequence, the manipulation of the GmRj2/Rfg1 genotype or application of suitable symbionts according to the haplotype at the GmRj2/Rfg1 locus might be suitable strategies to explore for increasing soybean yield through the management of SNF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjun Li
- Root Biology Center, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Cunhu Wang
- Root Biology Center, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Lei Zheng
- Root Biology Center, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Wenjing Ma
- Root Biology Center, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Mingjia Li
- Root Biology Center, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Zilong Guo
- Root Biology Center, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Qingsong Zhao
- Root Biology Center, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Kefei Zhang
- Root Biology Center, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Ran Liu
- Root Biology Center, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yucheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovative Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Zhixi Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovative Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yang Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; CAS-JIC Centre of Excellence for Plant and Microbial Science, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yongjia Zhong
- Root Biology Center, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Hong Liao
- Root Biology Center, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
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7
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Jha R, Yadav HK, Raiya R, Singh RK, Jha UC, Sathee L, Singh P, Thudi M, Singh A, Chaturvedi SK, Tripathi S. Integrated breeding approaches to enhance the nutritional quality of food legumes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:984700. [PMID: 36161025 PMCID: PMC9490089 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.984700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Global food security, both in terms of quantity and quality remains as a challenge with the increasing population. In parallel, micronutrient deficiency in the human diet leads to malnutrition and several health-related problems collectively known as "hidden hunger" more prominent in developing countries around the globe. Biofortification is a potential tool to fortify grain legumes with micronutrients to mitigate the food and nutritional security of the ever-increasing population. Anti-nutritional factors like phytates, raffinose (RFO's), oxalates, tannin, etc. have adverse effects on human health upon consumption. Reduction of the anti-nutritional factors or preventing their accumulation offers opportunity for enhancing the intake of legumes in diet besides increasing the bioavailability of micronutrients. Integrated breeding methods are routinely being used to exploit the available genetic variability for micronutrients through modern "omic" technologies such as genomics, transcriptomics, ionomics, and metabolomics for developing biofortified grain legumes. Molecular mechanism of Fe/Zn uptake, phytate, and raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFOs) biosynthesis pathways have been elucidated. Transgenic, microRNAs and genome editing tools hold great promise for designing nutrient-dense and anti-nutrient-free grain legumes. In this review, we present the recent efforts toward manipulation of genes/QTLs regulating biofortification and Anti-nutrient accumulation in legumes using genetics-, genomics-, microRNA-, and genome editing-based approaches. We also discuss the success stories in legumes enrichment and recent advances in development of low Anti-nutrient lines. We hope that these emerging tools and techniques will expedite the efforts to develop micronutrient dense legume crop varieties devoid of Anti-nutritional factors that will serve to address the challenges like malnutrition and hidden hunger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rintu Jha
- Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
- Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Hemant Kumar Yadav
- Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Rahul Raiya
- Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar Singh
- Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Uday Chand Jha
- Crop Improvement Division, ICAR-Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Lekshmy Sathee
- Division of Plant Physiology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Prashant Singh
- Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mahendar Thudi
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Samastipur, India
- Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
- Center for Crop Health, University of Southern Queensland, Toowmba, QLD, Australia
| | - Anshuman Singh
- College of Agriculture, Rani Lakshmi Bai Central Agricultural University, Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sushil Kumar Chaturvedi
- College of Agriculture, Rani Lakshmi Bai Central Agricultural University, Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shailesh Tripathi
- Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
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8
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Wang B, Teng D, Yu C, Yao L, Ma X, Wu T. Increased sulfur-containing amino acid content and altered conformational characteristics of soybean proteins by rebalancing 11S and 7S compositions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:828153. [PMID: 36119623 PMCID: PMC9478179 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.828153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Soybean proteins are limited by their low contents of methionine and cysteine. Herein, 7S globulin accumulation was reduced using RNA interference to silence CG-β-1 expression, and the content of the A2B1a subunit was largely increased under the soybean seed-specific oleosin8 promoter. The results showed that the sulfur-containing amino acid content in soybean seeds drastically improved, reaching 79.194 nmol/mg, and the 11S/7S ratio had a 1.89-fold increase compared to the wild-type acceptor. The secondary structures of 11S globulin were also altered, and the β-sheet content increased with decreasing β-turn content, which was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy and circular dichroism analysis. Our findings suggested that raising the accumulation of 11S glycinin at the expense of reducing the content of 7S globulin is an attractive and precise engineering strategy to increase the amount of sulfur-containing amino acids, and soybean proteins with A2B1a subunits of 11S isolates improved, and β-subunits of 7S fractions reduced simultaneously might be an effective new material for food production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Wang
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, Shanghai, China
| | - Da Teng
- College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Cunhao Yu
- College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Luming Yao
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaohong Ma
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianlong Wu
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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9
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Cao HR, Peng WT, Nie MM, Bai S, Chen CQ, Liu Q, Guo ZL, Liao H, Chen ZC. Carbon-nitrogen trading in symbiotic nodules depends on magnesium import. Curr Biol 2022; 32:4337-4349.e5. [PMID: 36055239 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Symbiotic nitrogen fixation provides large amounts of nitrogen for global agricultural systems with little environmental or economic costs. The basis of symbiosis is the nutrient exchange occurring between legumes and rhizobia, but key regulators controlling nutrient exchange are largely unknown. Here, we reveal that magnesium (Mg), an important nutrient factor that preferentially accumulates in inner cortical cells of soybean nodules, shows the most positive correlation with nodule carbon (C) import and nitrogen (N) export. We further identified a pair of Mg transporter genes, GmMGT4 and GmMGT5, that are specifically expressed in the nodule cortex, modulating both nodule Mg import and C-N transport processes. The GmMGT4&5-dependent Mg import activates the activity of a plasmodesmata-located β-1,3-glucanase GmBG2 and consequently keeps plasmodesmata permeable for C-N transport in nodule inner cortical cells. Our studies discovered an important regulating pathway for host plants fine-tuning nodule C-N trading to achieve optimal growth, which may be helpful for optimizing nutrient management for soybean production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Rui Cao
- Root Biology Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Wen-Ting Peng
- Root Biology Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Miao-Miao Nie
- Root Biology Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Shuang Bai
- Root Biology Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Chun-Qu Chen
- Root Biology Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Qian Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Zi-Long Guo
- Root Biology Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Hong Liao
- Root Biology Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Zhi-Chang Chen
- Root Biology Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
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10
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Barnum CR, Endelman BJ, Ornelas IJ, Pignolet RM, Shih PM. Optimization of Heterologous Glucoraphanin Production In Planta. ACS Synth Biol 2022; 11:1865-1873. [PMID: 35438493 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.2c00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Glucoraphanin is a plant specialized metabolite found in cruciferous vegetables that has long been a target for production in a heterologous host because it can subsequently be hydrolyzed to form the chemopreventive compound sulforaphane before and during consumption. However, previous studies have only been able to produce small amounts of glucoraphanin in heterologous plant and microbial systems compared to the levels found in glucoraphanin-producing plants, suggesting that there may be missing auxiliary genes that play a role in improving production in planta. In an effort to identify auxiliary genes required for high glucoraphanin production, we leveraged transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana to screen a combination of previously uncharacterized coexpressed genes and rationally selected genes alongside the glucoraphanin biosynthetic pathway. This strategy alleviated metabolic bottlenecks, which improved glucoraphanin production by 4.74-fold. Our optimized glucoraphanin biosynthetic pathway provides a pathway amenable for high glucoraphanin production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Collin R Barnum
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Benjamin J Endelman
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Izaiah J Ornelas
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Roxanna M Pignolet
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Patrick M Shih
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Feedstocks Division, Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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11
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Singer WM, Shea Z, Yu D, Huang H, Mian MAR, Shang C, Rosso ML, Song QJ, Zhang B. Genome-Wide Association Study and Genomic Selection for Proteinogenic Methionine in Soybean Seeds. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:859109. [PMID: 35557723 PMCID: PMC9088226 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.859109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] seeds have an amino acid profile that provides excellent viability as a food and feed protein source. However, low concentrations of an essential amino acid, methionine, limit the nutritional utility of soybean protein. The objectives of this study were to identify genomic associations and evaluate the potential for genomic selection (GS) for methionine content in soybean seeds. We performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) that utilized 311 soybean accessions from maturity groups IV and V grown in three locations in 2018 and 2019. A total of 35,570 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were used to identify genomic associations with proteinogenic methionine content that was quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Across four environments, 23 novel SNPs were identified as being associated with methionine content. The strongest associations were found on chromosomes 3 (ss715586112, ss715586120, ss715586126, ss715586203, and ss715586204), 8 (ss715599541 and ss715599547) and 16 (ss715625009). Several gene models were recognized within proximity to these SNPs, such as a leucine-rich repeat protein kinase and a serine/threonine protein kinase. Identification of these linked SNPs should help soybean breeders to improve protein quality in soybean seeds. GS was evaluated using k-fold cross validation within each environment with two SNP sets, the complete 35,570 set and a subset of 248 SNPs determined to be associated with methionine through GWAS. Average prediction accuracy (r 2) was highest using the SNP subset ranging from 0.45 to 0.62, which was a significant improvement from the complete set accuracy that ranged from 0.03 to 0.27. This indicated that GS utilizing a significant subset of SNPs may be a viable tool for soybean breeders seeking to improve methionine content.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M. Singer
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Zachary Shea
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Dajun Yu
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Haibo Huang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - M. A. Rouf Mian
- Soybean and Nitrogen Fixation Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Chao Shang
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Maria L. Rosso
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Qijan J. Song
- Soybean Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Beltsville, MD, United States
| | - Bo Zhang
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
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12
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Ren W, Zeng Z, Wang S, Zhang J, Fang J, Wan L. Global Survey, Expressions and Association Analysis of CBLL Genes in Peanut. Front Genet 2022; 13:821163. [PMID: 35356435 PMCID: PMC8959419 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.821163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystathionine γ-synthase (CGS), methionine γ-lyase (MGL), cystathionine β-lyase (CBL) and cystathionine γ-lyase (CGL) share the Cys_Met_Meta_PP domain and play important roles in plant stress response and development. In this study, we defined the genes containing the Cys_Met_Meta_PP domain (PF01053.20) as CBL-like genes (CBLL). Twenty-nine CBLL genes were identified in the peanut genome, including 12 from cultivated peanut and 17 from wild species. These genes were distributed unevenly at the ends of different chromosomes. Evolution, gene structure, and motif analysis revealed that CBLL proteins were composed of five different evolutionary branches. Chromosome distribution pattern and synteny analysis strongly indicated that whole-genome duplication (allopolyploidization) contributed to the expansion of CBLL genes. Comparative genomics analysis showed that there were three common collinear CBLL gene pairs among peanut, Arabidopsis, grape, and soybean, but no collinear CBLL gene pairs between peanut and rice. The prediction results of cis-acting elements showed that AhCBLLs, AdCBLLs, and AiCBLLs contained different proportions of plant growth, abiotic stress, plant hormones, and light response elements. Spatial expression profiles revealed that almost all AhCBLLs had significantly higher expression in pods and seeds. All AhCBLLs could respond to heat stress, and some of them could be rapidly induced by cold, salt, submergence, heat and drought stress. Furthermore, one polymorphic site in AiCBLL7 was identified by association analysis which was closely associated with pod length (PL), pod width (PW), hundred pod weight (HPW) and hundred seed weight (HSW). The results of this study provide a foundation for further research on the function of the CBLL gene family in peanut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weifang Ren
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China.,Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops in China, Nanchang, China.,College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Zhaocong Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China.,Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops in China, Nanchang, China.,College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Sijian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China.,Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops in China, Nanchang, China.,College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | | | - Jiahai Fang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China.,Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops in China, Nanchang, China.,College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Liyun Wan
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China.,Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops in China, Nanchang, China.,College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
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13
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Mondal S, Pramanik K, Panda D, Dutta D, Karmakar S, Bose B. Sulfur in Seeds: An Overview. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11030450. [PMID: 35161431 PMCID: PMC8838887 DOI: 10.3390/plants11030450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Sulfur is a growth-limiting and secondary macronutrient as well as an indispensable component for several cellular components of crop plants. Over the years various scientists have conducted several experiments on sulfur metabolism based on different aspects of plants. Sulfur metabolism in seeds has immense importance in terms of the different sulfur-containing seed storage proteins, the significance of transporters in seeds, the role of sulfur during the time of seed germination, etc. The present review article is based on an overview of sulfur metabolism in seeds, in respect to source to sink relationships, S transporters present in the seeds, S-regulated seed storage proteins and the importance of sulfur at the time of seed germination. Sulfur is an essential component and a decidable factor for seed yield and the quality of seeds in terms of oil content in oilseeds, storage of qualitative proteins in legumes and has a significant role in carbohydrate metabolism in cereals. In conclusion, a few future perspectives towards a more comprehensive knowledge on S metabolism/mechanism during seed development, storage and germination have also been stated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sananda Mondal
- Department of Crop Physiology, Institute of Agriculture, Visva-Bharati University, Sriniketan 731236, India;
| | - Kalipada Pramanik
- Department of Agronomy, Institute of Agriculture, Visva-Bharati University, Sriniketan 731236, India;
| | - Debasish Panda
- Department of Crop Physiology, Institute of Agriculture, Visva-Bharati University, Sriniketan 731236, India;
| | - Debjani Dutta
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur 741252, India; (D.D.); (S.K.)
| | - Snehashis Karmakar
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur 741252, India; (D.D.); (S.K.)
| | - Bandana Bose
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India;
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14
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Mishra M, Rathore RS, Singla‐Pareek SL, Pareek A. High lysine and high protein‐containing salinity‐tolerant rice grains (
Oryza sativa cv
IR64). Food Energy Secur 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/fes3.343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Manjari Mishra
- Stress Physiology and Molecular Biology Laboratory School of Life Sciences Jawaharlal Nehru University New Delhi India
| | - Ray Singh Rathore
- Plant Stress Biology Laboratory International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology New Delhi India
| | - Sneh L Singla‐Pareek
- Plant Stress Biology Laboratory International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology New Delhi India
| | - Ashwani Pareek
- Stress Physiology and Molecular Biology Laboratory School of Life Sciences Jawaharlal Nehru University New Delhi India
- National Agri‐Food Biotechnology Institute Punjab India
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15
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Ng MS, Ku YS, Yung WS, Cheng SS, Man CK, Yang L, Song S, Chung G, Lam HM. MATE-Type Proteins Are Responsible for Isoflavone Transportation and Accumulation in Soybean Seeds. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12017. [PMID: 34769445 PMCID: PMC8585119 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222112017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Soybeans are nutritionally important as human food and animal feed. Apart from the macronutrients such as proteins and oils, soybeans are also high in health-beneficial secondary metabolites and are uniquely enriched in isoflavones among food crops. Isoflavone biosynthesis has been relatively well characterized, but the mechanism of their transportation in soybean cells is largely unknown. Using the yeast model, we showed that GmMATE1 and GmMATE2 promoted the accumulation of isoflavones, mainly in the aglycone forms. Using the tobacco BrightYellow-2 (BY-2) cell model, GmMATE1 and GmMATE2 were found to be localized in the vacuolar membrane. Such subcellular localization supports the notion that GmMATE1 and GmMATE2 function by compartmentalizing isoflavones in the vacuole. Expression analyses showed that GmMATE1 was mainly expressed in the developing soybean pod. Soybean mutants defective in GmMATE1 had significantly reduced total seed isoflavone contents, whereas the overexpression of GmMATE1 in transgenic soybean promoted the accumulation of seed isoflavones. Our results showed that GmMATE1, and possibly also GmMATE2, are bona fide isoflavone transporters that promote the accumulation of isoflavones in soybean seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Sin Ng
- Centre for Soybean Research of the State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (M.-S.N.); (W.-S.Y.); (S.-S.C.); (C.-K.M.); (L.Y.)
| | - Yee-Shan Ku
- Centre for Soybean Research of the State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (M.-S.N.); (W.-S.Y.); (S.-S.C.); (C.-K.M.); (L.Y.)
| | - Wai-Shing Yung
- Centre for Soybean Research of the State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (M.-S.N.); (W.-S.Y.); (S.-S.C.); (C.-K.M.); (L.Y.)
| | - Sau-Shan Cheng
- Centre for Soybean Research of the State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (M.-S.N.); (W.-S.Y.); (S.-S.C.); (C.-K.M.); (L.Y.)
| | - Chun-Kuen Man
- Centre for Soybean Research of the State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (M.-S.N.); (W.-S.Y.); (S.-S.C.); (C.-K.M.); (L.Y.)
| | - Liu Yang
- Centre for Soybean Research of the State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (M.-S.N.); (W.-S.Y.); (S.-S.C.); (C.-K.M.); (L.Y.)
| | - Shikui Song
- Institute of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China;
| | - Gyuhwa Chung
- Department of Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Yeosu 59626, Korea;
| | - Hon-Ming Lam
- Centre for Soybean Research of the State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (M.-S.N.); (W.-S.Y.); (S.-S.C.); (C.-K.M.); (L.Y.)
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16
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Shahzad R, Jamil S, Ahmad S, Nisar A, Khan S, Amina Z, Kanwal S, Aslam HMU, Gill RA, Zhou W. Biofortification of Cereals and Pulses Using New Breeding Techniques: Current and Future Perspectives. Front Nutr 2021; 8:721728. [PMID: 34692743 PMCID: PMC8528959 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.721728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cereals and pulses are consumed as a staple food in low-income countries for the fulfillment of daily dietary requirements and as a source of micronutrients. However, they are failing to offer balanced nutrition due to deficiencies of some essential compounds, macronutrients, and micronutrients, i.e., cereals are deficient in iron, zinc, some essential amino acids, and quality proteins. Meanwhile, the pulses are rich in anti-nutrient compounds that restrict the bioavailability of micronutrients. As a result, the population is suffering from malnutrition and resultantly different diseases, i.e., anemia, beriberi, pellagra, night blindness, rickets, and scurvy are common in the society. These facts highlight the need for the biofortification of cereals and pulses for the provision of balanced diets to masses and reduction of malnutrition. Biofortification of crops may be achieved through conventional approaches or new breeding techniques (NBTs). Conventional approaches for biofortification cover mineral fertilization through foliar or soil application, microbe-mediated enhanced uptake of nutrients, and conventional crossing of plants to obtain the desired combination of genes for balanced nutrient uptake and bioavailability. Whereas, NBTs rely on gene silencing, gene editing, overexpression, and gene transfer from other species for the acquisition of balanced nutritional profiles in mutant plants. Thus, we have highlighted the significance of conventional and NBTs for the biofortification of cereals and pulses. Current and future perspectives and opportunities are also discussed. Further, the regulatory aspects of newly developed biofortified transgenic and/or non-transgenic crop varieties via NBTs are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahil Shahzad
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute, Ayub Agricultural Research Institute, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Shakra Jamil
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute, Ayub Agricultural Research Institute, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Shakeel Ahmad
- Maize Research Station, Ayub Agricultural Research Institute, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Amina Nisar
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Sipper Khan
- Tropics and Subtropics Group, Institute of Agricultural Engineering, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Zarmaha Amina
- Tropics and Subtropics Group, Institute of Agricultural Engineering, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Shamsa Kanwal
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute, Ayub Agricultural Research Institute, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Rafaqat Ali Gill
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Weijun Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Spectroscopy Sensing, The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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17
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Cabanos C, Matsuoka Y, Maruyama N. Soybean proteins/peptides: A review on their importance, biosynthesis, vacuolar sorting, and accumulation in seeds. Peptides 2021; 143:170598. [PMID: 34153351 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2021.170598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Soybean is one of the most important sources of plant protein and is known for its wide range of agricultural, food, and industrial applications as well as health benefits. Interest in soybean proteins has been steadily growing as progressively more applications and benefits are discovered. This review article is focused on the major seed storage proteins of soybean, their three-dimensional structures, their nutritional importance and bioactive peptides, cellular synthesis, and accumulation in seeds. This will also summarize past efforts in the recombinant production of foreign proteins or bioactive peptides in soybean seed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cerrone Cabanos
- Laboratory of Food Quality Design and Development, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Yuki Matsuoka
- Laboratory of Food Quality Design and Development, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Maruyama
- Laboratory of Food Quality Design and Development, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan.
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18
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Wang X, Li MW, Wong FL, Luk CY, Chung CYL, Yung WS, Wang Z, Xie M, Song S, Chung G, Chan TF, Lam HM. Increased copy number of gibberellin 2-oxidase 8 genes reduced trailing growth and shoot length during soybean domestication. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 107:1739-1755. [PMID: 34245624 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Copy number variations (CNVs) play important roles in crop domestication. However, there is only very limited information on the involvement of CNVs in soybean domestication. Trailing growth and long shoots are soybean adaptations for natural habitats but cause lodging that hampers yield in cultivation. Previous studies have focused on Dt1/2 affecting the indeterminate/determinate growth habit, whereas the possible role of the gibberellin pathway remained unclear. In the present study, quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping of a recombinant inbred population of 460 lines revealed a trailing-growth-and-shoot-length QTL. A CNV region within this QTL was identified, featuring the apical bud-expressed gibberellin 2-oxidase 8A/B, the copy numbers of which were positively correlated with expression levels and negatively with trailing growth and shoot length, and their effects were demonstrated by transgenic soybean and Arabidopsis thaliana. Based on the fixation index, this CNV region underwent intense selection during the initial domestication process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- School of Life Sciences and the Centre for Soybean Research of the State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Man-Wah Li
- School of Life Sciences and the Centre for Soybean Research of the State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Fuk-Ling Wong
- School of Life Sciences and the Centre for Soybean Research of the State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ching-Yee Luk
- School of Life Sciences and the Centre for Soybean Research of the State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Claire Yik-Lok Chung
- School of Life Sciences and the Centre for Soybean Research of the State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wai-Shing Yung
- School of Life Sciences and the Centre for Soybean Research of the State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhili Wang
- School of Life Sciences and the Centre for Soybean Research of the State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Min Xie
- School of Life Sciences and the Centre for Soybean Research of the State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shikui Song
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Gyuhwa Chung
- Department of Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, South Korea
| | - Ting-Fung Chan
- School of Life Sciences and the Centre for Soybean Research of the State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Hon-Ming Lam
- School of Life Sciences and the Centre for Soybean Research of the State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518000, China
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19
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The SV, Snyder R, Tegeder M. Targeting Nitrogen Metabolism and Transport Processes to Improve Plant Nitrogen Use Efficiency. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 11:628366. [PMID: 33732269 PMCID: PMC7957077 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.628366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In agricultural cropping systems, relatively large amounts of nitrogen (N) are applied for plant growth and development, and to achieve high yields. However, with increasing N application, plant N use efficiency generally decreases, which results in losses of N into the environment and subsequently detrimental consequences for both ecosystems and human health. A strategy for reducing N input and environmental losses while maintaining or increasing plant performance is the development of crops that effectively obtain, distribute, and utilize the available N. Generally, N is acquired from the soil in the inorganic forms of nitrate or ammonium and assimilated in roots or leaves as amino acids. The amino acids may be used within the source organs, but they are also the principal N compounds transported from source to sink in support of metabolism and growth. N uptake, synthesis of amino acids, and their partitioning within sources and toward sinks, as well as N utilization within sinks represent potential bottlenecks in the effective use of N for vegetative and reproductive growth. This review addresses recent discoveries in N metabolism and transport and their relevance for improving N use efficiency under high and low N conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mechthild Tegeder
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
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20
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Barnum CR, Endelman BJ, Shih PM. Utilizing Plant Synthetic Biology to Improve Human Health and Wellness. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:691462. [PMID: 34504505 PMCID: PMC8421571 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.691462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Plants offer a vast source of bioactive chemicals with the potential to improve human health through the prevention and treatment of disease. However, many potential therapeutics are produced in small amounts or in species that are difficult to cultivate. The rapidly evolving field of plant synthetic biology provides tools to capitalize on the inventive chemistry of plants by transferring metabolic pathways for therapeutics into far more tenable plants, increasing our ability to produce complex pharmaceuticals in well-studied plant systems. Plant synthetic biology also provides methods to enhance the ability to fortify crops with nutrients and nutraceuticals. In this review, we discuss (1) the potential of plant synthetic biology to improve human health by generating plants that produce pharmaceuticals, nutrients, and nutraceuticals and (2) the technological challenges hindering our ability to generate plants producing health-promoting small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Collin R. Barnum
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Benjamin J. Endelman
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Patrick M. Shih
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Berkeley, CA, United States
- Feedstocks Division, Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, United States
- Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Patrick M. Shih,
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21
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Kim WS, Sun-Hyung J, Oehrle NW, Jez JM, Krishnan HB. Overexpression of ATP sulfurylase improves the sulfur amino acid content, enhances the accumulation of Bowman-Birk protease inhibitor and suppresses the accumulation of the β-subunit of β-conglycinin in soybean seeds. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14989. [PMID: 32929147 PMCID: PMC7490426 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72134-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
ATP sulfurylase, an enzyme which catalyzes the conversion of sulfate to adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate (APS), plays a significant role in controlling sulfur metabolism in plants. In this study, we have expressed soybean plastid ATP sulfurylase isoform 1 in transgenic soybean without its transit peptide under the control of the 35S CaMV promoter. Subcellular fractionation and immunoblot analysis revealed that ATP sulfurylase isoform 1 was predominantly expressed in the cell cytoplasm. Compared with that of untransformed plants, the ATP sulfurylase activity was about 2.5-fold higher in developing seeds. High-resolution 2-D gel electrophoresis and immunoblot analyses revealed that transgenic soybean seeds overexpressing ATP sulfurylase accumulated very low levels of the β-subunit of β-conglycinin. In contrast, the accumulation of the cysteine-rich Bowman-Birk protease inhibitor was several fold higher in transgenic soybean plants when compared to the non-transgenic wild-type seeds. The overall protein content of the transgenic seeds was lowered by about 3% when compared to the wild-type seeds. Metabolite profiling by LC-MS and GC-MS quantified 124 seed metabolites out of which 84 were present in higher amounts and 40 were present in lower amounts in ATP sulfurylase overexpressing seeds compared to the wild-type seeds. Sulfate, cysteine, and some sulfur-containing secondary metabolites accumulated in higher amounts in ATP sulfurylase transgenic seeds. Additionally, ATP sulfurylase overexpressing seeds contained significantly higher amounts of phospholipids, lysophospholipids, diacylglycerols, sterols, and sulfolipids. Importantly, over expression of ATP sulfurylase resulted in 37-52% and 15-19% increases in the protein-bound cysteine and methionine content of transgenic seeds, respectively. Our results demonstrate that manipulating the expression levels of key sulfur assimilatory enzymes could be exploited to improve the nutritive value of soybean seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Seok Kim
- Plant Science Division, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Jeong Sun-Hyung
- Plant Genetics Research, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, University of Missouri, 108 Curtis Hall, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Nathan W Oehrle
- Plant Genetics Research, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, University of Missouri, 108 Curtis Hall, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Joseph M Jez
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Hari B Krishnan
- Plant Science Division, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.
- Plant Genetics Research, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, University of Missouri, 108 Curtis Hall, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.
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22
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Girija A, Shotan D, Hacham Y, Amir R. The Level of Methionine Residues in Storage Proteins Is the Main Limiting Factor of Protein-Bound-Methionine Accumulation in Arabidopsis Seeds. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:1136. [PMID: 32849697 PMCID: PMC7419676 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.01136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The low level of methionine, an essential sulfur-containing amino acid, limits the nutritional quality of seeds. Two main factors can control the level of protein-bound methionine: the level of free methionine that limits protein accumulation and the methionine residues inside the storage proteins. To reveal the main limiting factor, we generated transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana seed-specific plants expressing the methionine-rich sunflower seed storage (SSA) protein (A1/A2). The contents of protein-bound methionine in the water-soluble protein fraction that includes the SSA in A1/A2 were 5.3- and 10.5-fold, respectively, compared to control, an empty vector (EV). This suggests that free methionine can support this accumulation. To elucidate if the level of free methionine could be increased further in the protein-bound methionine, these lines were crossed with previously characterized plants having higher levels of free methionine in seeds (called SSE). The progenies of the crosses (A1S, A2S) exhibited the highest level of protein-bound methionine, but this level did not differ significantly from A2, suggesting that all the methionine residues of A2 were filled with methionine. It also suggests that the content of methionine residues in the storage proteins is the main limiting factor. The results also proposed that the storage proteins can change their content in response to high levels of free methionine or SSA. This was assumed since the water-soluble protein fraction was highest in A1S/A2S as well as in SSE compared to EV and A1/A2. By using these seeds, we also aimed at gaining more knowledge about the link between high free methionine and the levels of metabolites that usually accumulate during abiotic stresses. This putative connection was derived from a previous analysis of SSE. The results of metabolic profiling showed that the levels of 29 and 20 out of the 56 metabolites were significantly higher in SSE and A1, respectively, that had higher level of free methionine, compared A1S/A2S, which had lower free methionine levels. This suggests a strong link between high free methionine and the accumulation of stress-associated metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiswarya Girija
- Department of Plant Science, MIGAL—Galilee Research Center, Kiryat Shmona, Israel
| | - David Shotan
- Department of Plant Science, MIGAL—Galilee Research Center, Kiryat Shmona, Israel
- Department of Biotechnology, Tel-Hai College, Upper Galilee, Israel
| | - Yael Hacham
- Department of Plant Science, MIGAL—Galilee Research Center, Kiryat Shmona, Israel
- Department of Biotechnology, Tel-Hai College, Upper Galilee, Israel
| | - Rachel Amir
- Department of Plant Science, MIGAL—Galilee Research Center, Kiryat Shmona, Israel
- Department of Biotechnology, Tel-Hai College, Upper Galilee, Israel
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23
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Whitcomb SJ, Rakpenthai A, Brückner F, Fischer A, Parmar S, Erban A, Kopka J, Hawkesford MJ, Hoefgen R. Cysteine and Methionine Biosynthetic Enzymes Have Distinct Effects on Seed Nutritional Quality and on Molecular Phenotypes Associated With Accumulation of a Methionine-Rich Seed Storage Protein in Rice. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:1118. [PMID: 32793268 PMCID: PMC7387578 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.01118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Staple crops in human and livestock diets suffer from deficiencies in certain "essential" amino acids including methionine. With the goal of increasing methionine in rice seed, we generated a pair of "Push × Pull" double transgenic lines, each containing a methionine-dense seed storage protein (2S albumin from sunflower, HaSSA) and an exogenous enzyme for either methionine (feedback desensitized cystathionine gamma synthase from Arabidopsis, AtD-CGS) or cysteine (serine acetyltransferase from E. coli, EcSAT) biosynthesis. In both double transgenic lines, the total seed methionine content was approximately 50% higher than in their untransformed parental line, Oryza sativa ssp. japonica cv. Taipei 309. HaSSA-containing rice seeds were reported to display an altered seed protein profile, speculatively due to insufficient sulfur amino acid content. However, here we present data suggesting that this may result from an overloaded protein folding machinery in the endoplasmic reticulum rather than primarily from redistribution of limited methionine from endogenous seed proteins to HaSSA. We hypothesize that HaSSA-associated endoplasmic reticulum stress results in redox perturbations that negatively impact sulfate reduction to cysteine, and we speculate that this is mitigated by EcSAT-associated increased sulfur import into the seed, which facilitates additional synthesis of cysteine and glutathione. The data presented here reveal challenges associated with increasing the methionine content in rice seed, including what may be relatively low protein folding capacity in the endoplasmic reticulum and an insufficient pool of sulfate available for additional cysteine and methionine synthesis. We propose that future approaches to further improve the methionine content in rice should focus on increasing seed sulfur loading and avoiding the accumulation of unfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum. Oryza sativa ssp. japonica: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:60471378-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J. Whitcomb
- Laboratory of Amino Acid and Sulfur Metabolism, Department of Molecular Physiology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Apidet Rakpenthai
- Laboratory of Amino Acid and Sulfur Metabolism, Department of Molecular Physiology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Franziska Brückner
- Laboratory of Amino Acid and Sulfur Metabolism, Department of Molecular Physiology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Axel Fischer
- Bioinformatics Infrastructure Group, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Saroj Parmar
- Plant Sciences Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander Erban
- Applied Metabolome Analysis Infrastructure Group, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Joachim Kopka
- Applied Metabolome Analysis Infrastructure Group, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam, Germany
| | | | - Rainer Hoefgen
- Laboratory of Amino Acid and Sulfur Metabolism, Department of Molecular Physiology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam, Germany
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GmNMHC5, A Neoteric Positive Transcription Factor of Flowering and Maturity in Soybean. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9060792. [PMID: 32630379 PMCID: PMC7356762 DOI: 10.3390/plants9060792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) is an important oil and food crop. Its growth and development is regulated by complex genetic networks, and there are still many genes with unknown functions in regulation pathways. In this study, GmNMHC5, a member of the MADS-box protein family, was found to promote flowering and maturity in the soybean. Gene expression profiling in transgenic plants confirmed that the 35S:GmNMHC5 T3 generation had early flowering and precocity. We used CRISPR-Cas9 to edit GmNMHC5 and found that late flowering and maturity occurred in Gmnmhc5 lines with stable inheritance. Remarkably, in the 35S:GmNMHC5 plants, the expression of flowering inhibitors GmFT1a and GmFT4 was inhibited. In addition, overexpression of GmNMHC5 in ft-10 (a late flowering Arabidopsis thaliana mutant lacking Flowering Locus T (FT) function) rescued the extremely late-flowering phenotype of the mutant A. thaliana. These results suggest that GmNMHC5 is a positive transcription factor of flowering and maturity in the soybean, which has a close relationship with FT homologs in the flowering regulation pathway. This discovery provides new ideas for the improvement of the flowering regulation network, and can also provide guidance for future breeding work.
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25
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Min CW, Park J, Bae JW, Agrawal GK, Rakwal R, Kim Y, Yang P, Kim ST, Gupta R. In-Depth Investigation of Low-Abundance Proteins in Matured and Filling Stages Seeds of Glycine max Employing a Combination of Protamine Sulfate Precipitation and TMT-Based Quantitative Proteomic Analysis. Cells 2020; 9:E1517. [PMID: 32580392 PMCID: PMC7349688 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the significant technical advancements in mass spectrometry-based proteomics and bioinformatics resources, dynamic resolution of soybean seed proteome is still limited because of the high abundance of seed storage proteins (SSPs). These SSPs occupy a large proportion of the total seed protein and hinder the identification of low-abundance proteins. Here, we report a TMT-based quantitative proteome analysis of matured and filling stages seeds of high-protein (Saedanbaek) and low-protein (Daewon) soybean cultivars by application of a two-way pre-fractionation both at the levels of proteins (by PS) and peptides (by basic pH reverse phase chromatography). Interestingly, this approach led to the identification of more than 5900 proteins which is the highest number of proteins reported to date from soybean seeds. Comparative protein profiles of Saedanbaek and Daewon led to the identification of 2200 and 924 differential proteins in mature and filling stages seeds, respectively. Functional annotation of the differential proteins revealed enrichment of proteins related to major metabolism including amino acid, major carbohydrate, and lipid metabolism. In parallel, analysis of free amino acids and fatty acids in the filling stages showed higher contents of all the amino acids in the Saedanbaek while the fatty acids contents were found to be higher in the Daewon. Taken together, these results provide new insights into proteome changes during filling stages in soybean seeds. Moreover, results reported here also provide a framework for systemic and large-scale dissection of seed proteome for the seeds rich in SSPs by two-way pre-fractionation combined with TMT-based quantitative proteome analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheol Woo Min
- Department of Plant Bioscience, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Korea;
| | - Joonho Park
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea; (J.P.); (Y.K.)
| | - Jin Woo Bae
- National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Korea;
| | - Ganesh Kumar Agrawal
- Research Laboratory for Biotechnology and Biochemistry (RLABB), GPO 13265, Kathmandu 44600, Nepal; (G.K.A.); (R.R.)
- GRADE (Global Research Arch for Developing Education) Academy Private Limited, Adarsh Nagar-13, Birgunj 44300, Nepal
| | - Randeep Rakwal
- Research Laboratory for Biotechnology and Biochemistry (RLABB), GPO 13265, Kathmandu 44600, Nepal; (G.K.A.); (R.R.)
- GRADE (Global Research Arch for Developing Education) Academy Private Limited, Adarsh Nagar-13, Birgunj 44300, Nepal
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1Tennodai, Tsukuba 3058574, Japan
| | - Youngsoo Kim
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea; (J.P.); (Y.K.)
| | - Pingfang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China;
| | - Sun Tae Kim
- Department of Plant Bioscience, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Korea;
| | - Ravi Gupta
- Department of Plant Bioscience, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Korea;
- Department of Botany, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
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26
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Wang J, Kuang H, Zhang Z, Yang Y, Yan L, Zhang M, Song S, Guan Y. Generation of seed lipoxygenase-free soybean using CRISPR-Cas9. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cj.2019.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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27
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Liu S, Liao LL, Nie MM, Peng WT, Zhang MS, Lei JN, Zhong YJ, Liao H, Chen ZC. A VIT-like transporter facilitates iron transport into nodule symbiosomes for nitrogen fixation in soybean. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 226:1413-1428. [PMID: 32119117 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Effective legume-rhizobia symbiosis depends on efficient nutrient exchange. Rhizobia need to synthesize iron-containing proteins for symbiotic nitrogen fixation (SNF) in nodules, which depends on host plant-mediated iron uptake into the symbiosome. We functionally investigated a pair of vacuolar iron transporter like (VTL) genes, GmVTL1a/b, in soybean (Glycine max) and evaluated their contributions to SNF, including investigations of gene expression patterns, subcellular localization, and mutant phenotypes. Though both GmVTL1a/b genes were specifically expressed in the fixation zone of the nodule, GmVTL1a was the lone member to be localized at the tonoplast of tobacco protoplasts, and shown to facilitate ferrous iron transport in yeast. GmVTL1a targets the symbiosome in infected cells, as verified by in situ immunostaining. Two vtl1 knockout mutants had lower iron concentrations in nodule cell sap and peribacteroid units than in wild-type plants, suggesting that GmVTL1 knockout inhibited iron import into symbiosomes. Furthermore, GmVTL1 knockout minimally affected soybean growth under nonsymbiotic conditions, but dramatically impaired nodule development and SNF activity under nitrogen-limited and rhizobia-inoculation conditions, which eventually led to growth retardation. Taken together, these results demonstrate that GmVTL1a is indispensable for SNF in nodules as a transporter of ferrous iron from the infected root cell cytosol to the symbiosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Liu
- Root Biology Center, College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Li Li Liao
- Root Biology Center, College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Miao Miao Nie
- Root Biology Center, College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Wen Ting Peng
- Root Biology Center, College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Meng Shi Zhang
- Root Biology Center, College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Jia Ning Lei
- Vector-borne Virus Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Yong Jia Zhong
- Root Biology Center, College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Hong Liao
- Root Biology Center, College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Zhi Chang Chen
- Root Biology Center, College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
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28
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Yang C, Huang Y, Lv W, Zhang Y, Bhat JA, Kong J, Xing H, Zhao J, Zhao T. GmNAC8 acts as a positive regulator in soybean drought stress. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 293:110442. [PMID: 32081255 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
NAC proteins represent one of the largest transcription factor (TF) families involved in the regulation of plant development and the response to abiotic stress. In the present study, we elucidated the detailed role of GmNAC8 in the regulation of drought stress tolerance in soybean. The GmNAC8 protein was localized in the nucleus, and expression of the GmNAC8 gene was significantly induced in response to drought, abscisic acid (ABA), ethylene (ETH) and salicylic acid (SA) treatments. Thus, we generated GmNAC8 overexpression (OE1 and OE2) and GmNAC8 knockout (KO1 and KO2) lines to determine the role of GmNAC8 in drought stress tolerance. Our results revealed that, compared with the wild type (WT) plant, GmNAC8 overexpression and GmNAC8 knockout lines exhibited significantly higher and lower drought tolerance, respectively. Furthermore, the SOD activity and proline content were significantly higher in the GmNAC8 overexpression lines and significantly lower in the GmNAC8 knockout lines than in the WT plants under drought stress. In addition, GmNAC8 protein was found to physically interact with the drought-induced protein GmDi19-3 in the nucleus. Moreover, the GmDi19-3 expression pattern showed the same trend as the GmNAC8 gene did under drought and hormone (ABA, ETH and SA) treatments, and GmDi19-3 overexpression lines (GmDi19-3-OE9, GmDi19-3-OE10 and GmDi19-3-OE31) showed enhanced drought tolerance compared to that of the WT plants. Hence, the above results indicated that GmNAC8 acts as a positive regulator of drought tolerance in soybean and inferred that GmNAC8 probably functions by interacting with another positive regulatory protein, GmDi19-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengfeng Yang
- MOA Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Soybean (General), National Center for Soybean Improvement, State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yanzhong Huang
- MOA Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Soybean (General), National Center for Soybean Improvement, State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Wenhuan Lv
- MOA Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Soybean (General), National Center for Soybean Improvement, State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yingying Zhang
- MOA Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Soybean (General), National Center for Soybean Improvement, State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Javaid Akhter Bhat
- MOA Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Soybean (General), National Center for Soybean Improvement, State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jiejie Kong
- MOA Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Soybean (General), National Center for Soybean Improvement, State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Han Xing
- MOA Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Soybean (General), National Center for Soybean Improvement, State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jinming Zhao
- MOA Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Soybean (General), National Center for Soybean Improvement, State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Tuanjie Zhao
- MOA Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Soybean (General), National Center for Soybean Improvement, State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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29
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Bai M, Yuan J, Kuang H, Gong P, Li S, Zhang Z, Liu B, Sun J, Yang M, Yang L, Wang D, Song S, Guan Y. Generation of a multiplex mutagenesis population via pooled CRISPR-Cas9 in soya bean. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2020; 18:721-731. [PMID: 31452351 PMCID: PMC7004907 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The output of genetic mutant screenings in soya bean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] has been limited by its paleopolypoid genome. CRISPR-Cas9 can generate multiplex mutants in crops with complex genomes. Nevertheless, the transformation efficiency of soya bean remains low and, hence, remains the major obstacle in the application of CRISPR-Cas9 as a mutant screening tool. Here, we report a pooled CRISPR-Cas9 platform to generate soya bean multiplex mutagenesis populations. We optimized the key steps in the screening protocol, including vector construction, sgRNA assessment, pooled transformation, sgRNA identification and gene editing verification. We constructed 70 CRISPR-Cas9 vectors to target 102 candidate genes and their paralogs which were subjected to pooled transformation in 16 batches. A population consisting of 407 T0 lines was obtained containing all sgRNAs at an average mutagenesis frequency of 59.2%, including 35.6% lines carrying multiplex mutations. The mutation frequency in the T1 progeny could be increased further despite obtaining a transgenic chimera. In this population, we characterized gmric1/gmric2 double mutants with increased nodule numbers and gmrdn1-1/1-2/1-3 triple mutant lines with decreased nodulation. Our study provides an advanced strategy for the generation of a targeted multiplex mutant population to overcome the gene redundancy problem in soya bean as well as in other major crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyan Bai
- College of Resources and EnvironmentFujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems BiologyFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Juehui Yuan
- College of Resources and EnvironmentFujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems BiologyFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Huaqin Kuang
- FAFU‐UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and MetabolomicsHaixia Institute of Science and TechnologyFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Pingping Gong
- FAFU‐UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and MetabolomicsHaixia Institute of Science and TechnologyFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Suning Li
- FAFU‐UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and MetabolomicsHaixia Institute of Science and TechnologyFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
- College of Life SciencesFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Zhihui Zhang
- College of Resources and EnvironmentFujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems BiologyFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
- FAFU‐UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and MetabolomicsHaixia Institute of Science and TechnologyFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Bo Liu
- College of Resources and EnvironmentFujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems BiologyFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
- FAFU‐UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and MetabolomicsHaixia Institute of Science and TechnologyFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Jiafeng Sun
- College of Resources and EnvironmentFujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems BiologyFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
- FAFU‐UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and MetabolomicsHaixia Institute of Science and TechnologyFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Maoxiang Yang
- College of Resources and EnvironmentFujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems BiologyFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
- FAFU‐UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and MetabolomicsHaixia Institute of Science and TechnologyFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Lan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Gene Engineering in Jiangxi ProvinceCollege of Life ScienceNanchang UniversityJiangxiChina
| | - Dong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Gene Engineering in Jiangxi ProvinceCollege of Life ScienceNanchang UniversityJiangxiChina
| | - Shikui Song
- FAFU‐UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and MetabolomicsHaixia Institute of Science and TechnologyFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Yuefeng Guan
- FAFU‐UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and MetabolomicsHaixia Institute of Science and TechnologyFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
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30
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Yang Q, Zhao D, Liu Q. Connections Between Amino Acid Metabolisms in Plants: Lysine as an Example. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:928. [PMID: 32636870 PMCID: PMC7317030 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Extensive efforts have been made to fortify essential amino acids and boost nutrition in plants, but unintended effects on growth and physiology are also observed. Understanding how different amino acid metabolisms are connected with other biological pathways is therefore important. In addition to protein synthesis, amino acid metabolism is also tightly linked to energy and carbohydrate metabolism, the carbon-nitrogen budget, hormone and secondary metabolism, stress responses, and so on. Here, we update the currently available information on the connections between amino acid metabolisms, which tend to be overlooked in higher plants. Particular emphasis was placed on the connections between lysine metabolism and other pathways, such as tryptophan metabolism, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, abiotic and biotic stress responses, starch metabolism, and the unfolded protein response. Interestingly, regulation of lysine metabolism was found to differ between plant species, as is the case between dicots and monocots. Determining the metabolic connection between amino acid metabolisms will help improve our understanding of the metabolic flux, supporting studies on crop nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Dongsheng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Qiaoquan Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Qiaoquan Liu,
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Amir R, Cohen H, Hacham Y. Revisiting the attempts to fortify methionine content in plant seeds. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:4105-4114. [PMID: 30911752 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The sulfur-containing amino acid methionine belongs to the group of essential amino acids, meaning that humans and animals must consume it in their diets. However, plant seeds have low levels of methionine, limiting their nutritional potential. For this reason, efforts have been made over the years to increase methionine levels in seeds. Here, we summarize these efforts and focus particularly on those utilizing diverse genetic and molecular tools. Four main approaches are described: (i) expression of methionine-rich storage proteins in a seed-specific manner to incorporate more soluble methionine into the protein fraction; (ii) reduction of methionine-poor storage proteins inside the seeds to reinforce the accumulation of methionine-rich proteins; (iii) silencing methionine catabolic enzymes; and (iv) up-regulation of key biosynthetic enzymes participating in methionine synthesis. We focus on the biosynthetic genes that operate de novo in seeds and that belong to the sulfur assimilation and aspartate family pathways, as well as genes from the methionine-specific pathway. We also include those enzymes that operate in non-seed tissues that contribute to the accumulation of methionine in seeds, such as S-methylmethionine enzymes. Finally, we discuss the biotechnological potential of these manipulations to increase methionine content in plant seeds and their effect on seed germination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Amir
- Laboratory of Plant Science, Migal - Galilee Technology Center, Kiryat Shmona, Israel
- Tel-Hai College, Upper Galilee, Israel
| | - Hagai Cohen
- Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yael Hacham
- Laboratory of Plant Science, Migal - Galilee Technology Center, Kiryat Shmona, Israel
- Tel-Hai College, Upper Galilee, Israel
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Huang Y, Xuan H, Yang C, Guo N, Wang H, Zhao J, Xing H. GmHsp90A2 is involved in soybean heat stress as a positive regulator. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 285:26-33. [PMID: 31203891 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Heat shock protein 90 s (Hsp90s), one of the most conserved and abundant molecular chaperones, is an essential component of the protective stress response. A previous study reported at least 12 genes in the GmHsp90s family in soybean and that GmHsp90A2 overexpression enhanced thermotolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana. Here, we investigate the roles of GmHsp90A2 in soybean by utilizing stable transgenic soybean lines overexpressing GmHsp90A2 and mutant lines generated by the CRISPR/Cas9 system. The results showed that compared with wild-type plants (WT) and empty vector control plants (VC), T3 transgenic soybean plants overexpressing GmHsp90A2 exhibited increased tolerance to heat stress through higher chlorophyll and lower malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in plants. Conversely, reduced chlorophyll and increased MDA contents in T2 homozygous GmHsp90A2-knockout mutants indicated decreased tolerance to heat stress. GmHsp90A2 was found to interact with GmHsp90A1 in yeast two-hybrid assays. Furthermore, subcellular localization analyses revealed that GmHsp90A2 was localized to the cytoplasm and cell membrane; as shown by bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) assays, GmHsp90A2 interacted with GmHsp90A1 in the nucleus and cytoplasm and cell membrane. Hence, we conclude that GmHsp90A1 is able to bind to GmHsp90A2 to form a complex and that this complex enters the nucleus. In summary, GmHsp90A2 might respond to heat stress and positively regulate thermotolerance by interacting with GmHsp90A1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanzhong Huang
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics and Breeding for Soybean, Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Huidong Xuan
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics and Breeding for Soybean, Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Chengfeng Yang
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics and Breeding for Soybean, Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Na Guo
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics and Breeding for Soybean, Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Haitang Wang
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics and Breeding for Soybean, Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jinming Zhao
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics and Breeding for Soybean, Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Han Xing
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics and Breeding for Soybean, Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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Matityahu I, Godo I, Hacham Y, Amir R. The level of threonine in tobacco seeds is limited by substrate availability, while the level of methionine is limited also by the activity of cystathionine γ-synthase. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 283:195-201. [PMID: 31128689 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Methionine and threonine are two essential amino acids whose low levels limit the nutritional quality of seeds. The current objective was to define factors that regulate and might increase their levels in seeds. Feeding experiments carried out on receptacles of developing tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) capsules showed that 1 mM of S-methylmethionine increased the level of methionine to contents similar to 2.5 mM of homoserine, an intermediate metabolite of the aspartate family of amino acids. The latter also increased the level of threonine. Based on these findings, we generated tobacco seeds that expressed a combination of bacterial feedback-insensitive aspartate kinase (bAK), which was previously reported to have a high level of threonine/methionine, and feedback-insensitive cystathionine γ-synthase (CGS), the regulatory enzyme of the methionine biosynthesis pathway. Plants expressing this latter gene previously showed having higher levels of methionine. The results of total amino acids analysis showed that the level of threonine was highest in the bAK line, which has moderate levels of methionine and lysine, while the highest level of methionine was found in seeds expressing both heterologous genes. The results suggest that the level of threonine in tobacco seeds is limited by the substrate, while that of methionine is limited also by the activity of CGS.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Matityahu
- Laboratory of Plant Science, Migal - Galilee Technology Center, P.O. Box 831, Kiryat Shmona 12100, Israel
| | - I Godo
- Laboratory of Plant Science, Migal - Galilee Technology Center, P.O. Box 831, Kiryat Shmona 12100, Israel
| | - Y Hacham
- Laboratory of Plant Science, Migal - Galilee Technology Center, P.O. Box 831, Kiryat Shmona 12100, Israel; Tel-Hai College, Upper Galilee 11016, Israel
| | - R Amir
- Laboratory of Plant Science, Migal - Galilee Technology Center, P.O. Box 831, Kiryat Shmona 12100, Israel; Tel-Hai College, Upper Galilee 11016, Israel.
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34
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Zhao M, Wang W, Wei L, Chen P, Yuan F, Wang Z, Ying X. Molecular evolution and expression divergence of three key Met biosynthetic genes in plants: CGS, HMT and MMT. PeerJ 2018; 6:e6023. [PMID: 30533310 PMCID: PMC6284425 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Methionine (Met) is an essential sulfur-containing amino acid in animals. Cereal and legume crops with limiting levels of Met represent the major food and feed sources for animals. In plants, cystathionine gamma-synthase (CGS), methionine methyltransferase (MMT) and homocysteine methyltransferase (HMT) are committing enzymes synergistically synthesizing Met through the aspartate (Asp) family pathway and the S-methylmethionine (SMM) cycle. The biological functions of CGS, MMT and HMT genes have been respectively studied, whereas their evolution patterns and their contribution to the evolution of Met biosynthetic pathway in plants are unknown. In the present study, to reveal their evolution patterns and contribution, the evolutionary relationship of CGS, MMT and HMT gene families were reconstructed. The results showed that MMTs began in the ancestor of the land plants and kept conserved during evolution, while the CGSs and HMTs had diverged. The CGS genes were divided into two branches in the angiosperms, Class 1 and Class 2, of which Class 2 only contained the grasses. However, the HMT genes diverged into Class 1 and Class 2 in all of the seed plants. Further, the gene structure analysis revealed that the CGSs, MMTs and HMTs were relatively conserved except for the CGSs in Class 2. According to the expression of CGS, HMT and MMT genes in soybeans, as well as in the database of soybean, rice and Arabidopsis, the expression patterns of the MMTs were shown to be consistently higher in leaves than in seeds. However, the expression of CGSs and HMTs had diverged, either expressed higher in leaves or seeds, or showing fluctuated expression. Additionally, the functions of HMT genes had diverged into the repair of S-adenosylmethionine and SMM catabolism during the evolution. The results indicated that the CGS and HMT genes have experienced partial subfunctionalization. Finally, given the evolution and expression of the CGS, HMT and MMT gene families, we built the evolutionary model of the Met biosynthetic pathways in plants. The model proposed that the Asp family pathway existed in all the plant lineages, while the SMM cycle began in the ancestor of land plants and then began to diverge in the ancestor of seed plants. The model suggested that the evolution of Met biosynthetic pathway is basically consistent with that of plants, which might be vital to the growth and development of different botanical lineages during evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Zhao
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenyi Wang
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lei Wei
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Peng Chen
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fengjie Yuan
- Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhao Wang
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiangxian Ying
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
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35
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Amir R, Galili G, Cohen H. The metabolic roles of free amino acids during seed development. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 275:11-18. [PMID: 30107877 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Amino acids play vital roles in the central metabolism of seeds. They are primarily utilized for the synthesis of seed-storage proteins, but also serve as precursors for the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites and as a source of energy. Here, we aimed at describing the knowledge accumulated in recent years describing the changes occurring in the contents of free amino acids (FAAs) during seed development. Since several essential amino acids are found in low levels in seeds (e.g., Lys, Met, Thr, Val, Leu, Ile and His), or play unique functional roles in seed development (e.g., Pro and the non-proteinogenic γ-aminobutyrate [GABA]), we also briefly describe studies carried out in order to alter their levels in seeds and determine the effects of the manipulation on seed biology. The lion share of these studies highlights strong positive correlations between the biosynthetic pathways of FAAs, meaning that when the levels of a certain amino acid change in seeds, the contents of other FAAs tend to elevate as well. These observations infer a tight regulatory network operating in the biosynthesis of FAAs during seed development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Amir
- Laboratory of Plant Science, Migal - Galilee Technology Center, Kiryat Shmona 12100, Israel; Tel-Hai College, Upper Galilee 11016, Israel.
| | - Gad Galili
- Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Hagai Cohen
- Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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Liang J, Jiao Y, Luan Y, Sun S, Wu C, Wu H, Zhang M, Zhang H, Zheng X, Zhang Z. A 2-year field trial reveals no significant effects of GM high-methionine soybean on the rhizosphere bacterial communities. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 34:113. [PMID: 29987404 PMCID: PMC6096554 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-018-2495-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Genetically modified (GM) crops have brought various economic benefits but may also have adversely affected soil microorganisms. To examine whether transgenic high-methionine soybean ZD91 alters the bacterial community structure in the rhizosphere, we performed a 2-year follow-up study using the transgenic high-methionine soybean cultivar ZD91 and wild type cultivar ZD. The community composition and the relative abundance of bacteria in rhizosphere soil were determined by sequencing of the 16S rRNA amplicon. Our results indicated that transgenic soybean ZD91 had no significantly effects on rhizosphere bacterial communities. Instead, the plant growth stage and year appeared to have a stronger effect on bacterial communities. Our findings therefore provided reliable scientific evidence for potential commercial cultivation of cultivar ZD91.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingang Liang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- Development Center of Science and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Jiao
- Development Center of Science and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Luan
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shi Sun
- The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement (NFCRI), MOA Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing), Institute of Crop Science, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Cunxiang Wu
- The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement (NFCRI), MOA Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing), Institute of Crop Science, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiying Wu
- Nanchong Academy of Agricultural Science, Nanchong, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingrong Zhang
- Nanchong Academy of Agricultural Science, Nanchong, People's Republic of China
| | - Haifeng Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaobo Zheng
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengguang Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.
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37
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Krishnan HB, Jez JM. Review: The promise and limits for enhancing sulfur-containing amino acid content of soybean seed. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 272:14-21. [PMID: 29807584 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Soybeans are an excellent source of protein in monogastric diets and rations with ∼75% of soybeans produced worldwide used primarily for animal feed. Even though soybeans are protein-rich and have a well-balanced amino acid profile, the nutritive quality of this important crop could be further improved by elevating the concentrations of certain amino acids. The levels of the sulfur-containing amino acids cysteine and methionine in soybean seed proteins are inadequate for optimal growth and development of monogastric animals, which necessitates dietary supplementation. Subsequently, concerted efforts have been made to increase the concentrations of cysteine and methionine in soybean seeds by both classical breeding and genetic engineering; however, these efforts have met with only limited success. In this review, we discuss the strengths and weakness of different approaches in elevating the sulfur amino acid content of soybeans. Manipulation of enzymes involved in the sulfur assimilatory pathway appears to be a viable avenue for improving sulfur amino acid content. This approach requires a through biochemical characterization of sulfur assimilatory enzymes in soybean seeds. We highlight recent studies targeting key sulfur assimilatory enzymes and the manipulation of sulfur metabolism in transgenic soybeans to improve the nutritive value of soybean proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hari B Krishnan
- Plant Genetics Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
| | - Joseph M Jez
- Department of Biology,Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
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Garg M, Sharma N, Sharma S, Kapoor P, Kumar A, Chunduri V, Arora P. Biofortified Crops Generated by Breeding, Agronomy, and Transgenic Approaches Are Improving Lives of Millions of People around the World. Front Nutr 2018; 5:12. [PMID: 29492405 PMCID: PMC5817065 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2018.00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofortification is an upcoming, promising, cost-effective, and sustainable technique of delivering micronutrients to a population that has limited access to diverse diets and other micronutrient interventions. Unfortunately, major food crops are poor sources of micronutrients required for normal human growth. The manuscript deals in all aspects of crop biofortification which includes-breeding, agronomy, and genetic modification. It tries to summarize all the biofortification research that has been conducted on different crops. Success stories of biofortification include lysine and tryptophan rich quality protein maize (World food prize 2000), Vitamin A rich orange sweet potato (World food prize 2016); generated by crop breeding, oleic acid, and stearidonic acid soybean enrichment; through genetic transformation and selenium, iodine, and zinc supplementation. The biofortified food crops, especially cereals, legumes, vegetables, and fruits, are providing sufficient levels of micronutrients to targeted populations. Although a greater emphasis is being laid on transgenic research, the success rate and acceptability of breeding is much higher. Besides the challenges biofortified crops hold a bright future to address the malnutrition challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Garg
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Natasha Sharma
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Saloni Sharma
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Payal Kapoor
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Aman Kumar
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | | | - Priya Arora
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali, Punjab, India
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Cai Y, Chen L, Liu X, Guo C, Sun S, Wu C, Jiang B, Han T, Hou W. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated targeted mutagenesis of GmFT2a delays flowering time in soya bean. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2018; 16:176-185. [PMID: 28509421 PMCID: PMC5785355 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Flowering is an indication of the transition from vegetative growth to reproductive growth and has considerable effects on the life cycle of soya bean (Glycine max). In this study, we employed the CRISPR/Cas9 system to specifically induce targeted mutagenesis of GmFT2a, an integrator in the photoperiod flowering pathway in soya bean. The soya bean cultivar Jack was transformed with three sgRNA/Cas9 vectors targeting different sites of endogenous GmFT2a via Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. Site-directed mutations were observed at all targeted sites by DNA sequencing analysis. T1-generation soya bean plants homozygous for null alleles of GmFT2a frameshift mutated by a 1-bp insertion or short deletion exhibited late flowering under natural conditions (summer) in Beijing, China (N39°58', E116°20'). We also found that the targeted mutagenesis was stably heritable in the following T2 generation, and the homozygous GmFT2a mutants exhibited late flowering under both long-day and short-day conditions. We identified some 'transgene-clean' soya bean plants that were homozygous for null alleles of endogenous GmFT2a and without any transgenic element from the T1 and T2 generations. These 'transgene-clean' mutants of GmFT2a may provide materials for more in-depth research of GmFT2a functions and the molecular mechanism of photoperiod responses in soya bean. They will also contribute to soya bean breeding and regional introduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yupeng Cai
- National Center for Transgenic Research in PlantsInstitute of Crop SciencesChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing)Institute of Crop SciencesChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Li Chen
- National Center for Transgenic Research in PlantsInstitute of Crop SciencesChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing)Institute of Crop SciencesChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Xiujie Liu
- National Center for Transgenic Research in PlantsInstitute of Crop SciencesChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing)Institute of Crop SciencesChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Chen Guo
- National Center for Transgenic Research in PlantsInstitute of Crop SciencesChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing)Institute of Crop SciencesChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Shi Sun
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing)Institute of Crop SciencesChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Cunxiang Wu
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing)Institute of Crop SciencesChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Bingjun Jiang
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing)Institute of Crop SciencesChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Tianfu Han
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing)Institute of Crop SciencesChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Wensheng Hou
- National Center for Transgenic Research in PlantsInstitute of Crop SciencesChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing)Institute of Crop SciencesChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
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40
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Planta J, Xiang X, Leustek T, Messing J. Engineering sulfur storage in maize seed proteins without apparent yield loss. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:11386-11391. [PMID: 29073061 PMCID: PMC5664557 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1714805114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfur assimilation may limit the pool of methionine and cysteine available for incorporation into zeins, the major seed storage proteins in maize. This hypothesis was tested by producing transgenic maize with deregulated sulfate reduction capacity achieved through leaf-specific expression of the Escherichia coli enzyme 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate reductase (EcPAPR) that resulted in higher methionine accumulation in seeds. The transgenic kernels have higher expression of the methionine-rich 10-kDa δ-zein and total protein sulfur without reduction of other zeins. This overall increase in the expression of the S-rich zeins describes a facet of regulation of these proteins under enhanced sulfur assimilation. Transgenic line PE5 accumulates 57.6% more kernel methionine than the high-methionine inbred line B101. In feeding trials with chicks, PE5 maize promotes significant weight gain compared with nontransgenic kernels. Therefore, increased source strength can improve the nutritional value of maize without apparent yield loss and may significantly reduce the cost of feed supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Planta
- Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854
| | - Xiaoli Xiang
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901
- Institute of Biotechnology and Nuclear Technology, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610061, China
| | - Thomas Leustek
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901
| | - Joachim Messing
- Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854;
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Elucidating the Effects of Higher Expression Level of Cystathionine γ-Synthase on Methionine Contents in Transgenic Arabidopsis, Soybean and Tobacco Seeds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-56526-2_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/10/2023]
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42
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Cohen H, Amir R. Dose-dependent effects of higher methionine levels on the transcriptome and metabolome of transgenic Arabidopsis seeds. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2017; 36:719-730. [PMID: 27271687 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-016-2003-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Higher methionine levels in transgenic Arabidopsis seeds trigger the accumulation of stress-related transcripts and primary metabolites. These responses depend on the levels of methionine within seeds. Methionine, a sulfur-containing amino acid, is a key metabolite in plant cells. To reveal the regulatory role of the Arabidopsis thaliana CYSTATHIONINE γ-SYNTHASE (AtCGS), methionine main regulatory enzyme, in the synthesis of methionine in seeds, we generated transgenic RNAi seeds with targeted repression of AtCGS during late developmental stages of seeds. Unexpectedly, these seeds accumulated 2.5-fold more methionine than wild-type seeds. To study the nature of these seeds, transcriptomic and primary metabolite profiling were employed using Affymetrix ATH1 microarray and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses, respectively. The results were compared to transgenic Arabidopsis seeds expressing a feedback-insensitive form of AtCGS (named SSE-AtD-CGS) that were previously showed to accumulate up to sixfold more soluble methionine than wild-type seeds. Statistical assessments showed that the nature of transcriptomic and metabolic changes that occurred in RNAi::AtCGS seeds were relatively similar, but to lesser extents, to those previously reported for SSE-AtD-CGS seeds, and linked to the induction of global transcriptomic and metabolic responses associated with stronger desiccation stress. As transgenic seeds obtained by both manipulations exhibited higher, but different methionine levels, the data strongly suggest that these changes depend on the absolute amounts of methionine within seeds and much less to the expression level of AtCGS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hagai Cohen
- Laboratory of Plant Science, Migal Galilee Technology Center, 12100, Kiryat Shmona, Israel
- Faculty of Biology, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, 32000, Haifa, Israel
| | - Rachel Amir
- Laboratory of Plant Science, Migal Galilee Technology Center, 12100, Kiryat Shmona, Israel.
- Tel-Hai College, 11016, Upper Galilee, Israel.
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Cohen H, Salmon A, Tietel Z, Hacham Y, Amir R. The relative contribution of genes operating in the S-methylmethionine cycle to methionine metabolism in Arabidopsis seeds. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2017; 36:731-743. [PMID: 28289884 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-017-2124-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Enzymes operating in the S -methylmethionine cycle make a differential contribution to methionine synthesis in seeds. In addition, mutual effects exist between the S -methylmethionine cycle and the aspartate family pathway in seeds. Methionine, a sulfur-containing amino acid, is a key metabolite in plant cells. The previous lines of evidence proposed that the S-methylmethionine (SMM) cycle contributes to methionine synthesis in seeds where methionine that is produced in non-seed tissues is converted to SMM and then transported via the phloem into the seeds. However, the relative regulatory roles of the S-methyltransferases operating within this cycle in seeds are yet to be fully understood. In the current study, we generated transgenic Arabidopsis seeds with altered expression of three HOMOCYSTEINE S-METHYLTRANSFERASEs (HMTs) and METHIONINE S-METHYLTRANSFERASE (MMT), and profiled them for transcript and metabolic changes. The results revealed that AtHMT1 and AtHMT3, but not AtHMT2 and AtMMT, are the predominant enzymes operating in seeds as altered expression of these two genes affected the levels of methionine and SMM in transgenic seeds. Their manipulations resulted in adapted expression level of genes participating in methionine synthesis through the SMM and aspartate family pathways. Taken together, our findings provide new insights into the regulatory roles of the SMM cycle and the mutual effects existing between the two methionine biosynthesis pathways, highlighting the complexity of the metabolism of methionine and SMM in seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hagai Cohen
- Laboratory of Plant Science, Migal Galilee Technology Center, 12100, Kiryat Shmona, Israel
- Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 32000, Haifa, Israel
| | - Asaf Salmon
- Laboratory of Plant Science, Migal Galilee Technology Center, 12100, Kiryat Shmona, Israel
- Tel-Hai College, 11016, Upper Galilee, Israel
| | - Zipora Tietel
- Gilat Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Negev, Israel
| | - Yael Hacham
- Laboratory of Plant Science, Migal Galilee Technology Center, 12100, Kiryat Shmona, Israel
| | - Rachel Amir
- Laboratory of Plant Science, Migal Galilee Technology Center, 12100, Kiryat Shmona, Israel.
- Tel-Hai College, 11016, Upper Galilee, Israel.
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Kumar P, Jander G. Concurrent Overexpression of Arabidopsis thaliana Cystathionine γ-Synthase and Silencing of Endogenous Methionine γ-Lyase Enhance Tuber Methionine Content in Solanum tuberosum. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:2737-2742. [PMID: 28294619 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b00272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Potatoes (Solanum tuberosum) are deficient in methionine, an essential amino acid in human and animal diets. Higher methionine levels increase the nutritional quality and promote the typically pleasant aroma associated with baked and fried potatoes. Several attempts have been made to elevate tuber methionine levels by genetic engineering of methionine biosynthesis and catabolism. Overexpressing Arabidopsis thaliana cystathionine γ-synthase (AtCGS) in S. tuberosum up-regulates a rate-limiting step of methionine biosynthesis and increases tuber methionine levels. Alternatively, silencing S. tuberosum methionine γ-lyase (StMGL), which causes decreased degradation of methionine into 2-ketobutyrate, also increases methionine levels. Concurrently enhancing biosynthesis and reducing degradation were predicted to provide further increases in tuber methionine content. Here we report that S. tuberosum cv. Désirée plants with AtCGS overexpression and StMGL silenced by RNA interference are morphologically normal and accumulate higher free methionine levels than either single-transgenic line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavan Kumar
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research , 533 Tower Road, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Georg Jander
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research , 533 Tower Road, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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Hacham Y, Hershenhorn J, Dor E, Amir R. Primary metabolic profiling of Egyptian broomrape (Phelipanche aegyptiaca) compared to its host tomato roots. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 205:11-19. [PMID: 27589222 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2016.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Broomrape (Phelipanche aegyptiaca) is a root holoparasitic plant considered among the most destructive agricultural weeds worldwide. In order to acquire more knowledge about the metabolism of broomrape and its interaction with its tomato host, we performed primary metabolic profiling using GCMS analysis for the early developmental stage of the parasite and of infected and non-infected roots. The analysis revealed that out of 59 metabolites detected, the levels of 37 significantly increased in the parasite while the levels of 10 significantly decreased compared to the infected roots. In addition, the analysis showed that the levels of total protein in the albumin fraction, reducing sugars (representing starch) and total phenols increased by 9.8-, 4.6- and 3.3-fold, respectively, in the parasite compared to the roots. These changes suggest that P. aegyptiaca has its own metabolism that differs significantly in its regulation from those found in their host. In addition, the results have shown that the levels of most of the metabolites in the infected roots were similar to levels detected in the non-infected roots, except for seven metabolites whose levels increased in the infected versus the non-infected roots. This suggests that the parasite did not significantly affect the host primary metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael Hacham
- Migal Galilee Technology Center, Kiryat Shmona, 11016 Israel.
| | - Joseph Hershenhorn
- Weed Research Dept, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, ARO, P.O. Box 1020, Ramat-Yishay, Israel.
| | - Evgenia Dor
- Weed Research Dept, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, ARO, P.O. Box 1020, Ramat-Yishay, Israel.
| | - Rachel Amir
- Migal Galilee Technology Center, Kiryat Shmona, 11016 Israel; Tel-Hai College, Upper Galilee 12100, Israel.
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Silva LRC, Angilelli KG, Cremasco H, Romagnoli ÉS, Galão OF, Borsato D, Moraes LAC, Mandarino JMG. Application of self-organising maps towards segmentation of soybean samples by determination of amino acids concentration. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2016; 106:264-8. [PMID: 27213953 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Soybeans are widely used both for human nutrition and animal feed, since they are an important source of protein, and they also provide components such as phytosterols, isoflavones, and amino acids. In this study, were determined the concentrations of the amino acids lysine, histidine, arginine, asparagine, glutamic acid, glycine, alanine, valine, isoleucine, leucine, tyrosine, phenylalanine present in 14 samples of conventional soybeans and 6 transgenic, cultivated in two cities of the state of Paraná, Londrina and Ponta Grossa. The results were tabulated and presented to a self-organising map for segmentation according planting regions and conventional or transgenic varieties. A network with 7000 training epochs and a 10 × 10 topology was used, and it proved appropriate in the segmentation of the samples using the data analysed. The weight maps provided by the network, showed that all the amino acids were important in targeting the samples, especially isoleucine. Three clusters were formed, one with only Ponta Grossa samples (including transgenic (PGT) and common (PGC)), a second group with Londrina transgenic (LT) samples and the third with Londrina common (LC) samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lívia Ramazzoti Chanan Silva
- State University of Londrina, Chemistry Department, Fuels Analyses and Research Laboratory, P.O.Box 10.001, 86.057-970, Londrina, Parana, Brazil
| | - Karina Gomes Angilelli
- State University of Londrina, Chemistry Department, Fuels Analyses and Research Laboratory, P.O.Box 10.001, 86.057-970, Londrina, Parana, Brazil
| | - Hágata Cremasco
- State University of Londrina, Chemistry Department, Fuels Analyses and Research Laboratory, P.O.Box 10.001, 86.057-970, Londrina, Parana, Brazil
| | - Érica Signori Romagnoli
- State University of Londrina, Chemistry Department, Fuels Analyses and Research Laboratory, P.O.Box 10.001, 86.057-970, Londrina, Parana, Brazil
| | - Olívio Fernandes Galão
- State University of Londrina, Chemistry Department, Fuels Analyses and Research Laboratory, P.O.Box 10.001, 86.057-970, Londrina, Parana, Brazil
| | - Dionisio Borsato
- State University of Londrina, Chemistry Department, Fuels Analyses and Research Laboratory, P.O.Box 10.001, 86.057-970, Londrina, Parana, Brazil.
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Koprivova A, Kopriva S. Sulfur metabolism and its manipulation in crops. J Genet Genomics 2016; 43:623-629. [PMID: 27582269 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Koprivova
- Botanical Institute and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, Zülpicher Str. 47b, 50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Stanislav Kopriva
- Botanical Institute and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, Zülpicher Str. 47b, 50674 Cologne, Germany.
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Cohen H, Shir OM, Yu Y, Hou W, Sun S, Han T, Amir R. Genetic background and environmental conditions drive metabolic variation in wild type and transgenic soybean (Glycine max) seeds. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2016; 39:1805-17. [PMID: 27038216 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The metabolic profiles and composition of storage reserves of agricultural crop seeds are strongly regulated by heritable and environmental factors. Yet, very little is known about the genetic and environmental determinants of adaptive metabolic variation amongst wild type as well as transgenic seed populations derived from the same genetic background, grown under natural field conditions. The goal of the current study was to investigate the effects of natural environmental conditions on wild type and transgenic soybean seeds expressing a feedback-insensitive form of cystathionine γ-synthase, a methionine main regulatory enzyme. The seeds were grown in four geographically distinct habitats in China and then assayed for primary metabolic profiles using gas chromatography mass spectrometry, morphological traits and storage reserve accumulation. The analyses revealed changes in the levels of primary metabolites which evidently exhibited high correlation to methionine regardless of changes in environmental conditions. The environment, however, constituted a major determinant of metabolic profiles amongst seeds, as much more metabolites were observed to be affected by this variable, particularly along the north-to-south latitudinal gradient. The observations suggest that metabolic variation amongst seeds grown under natural field conditions depends upon the complex relationships existing amongst their genetic background and the environmental conditions characterizing their cultivation areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hagai Cohen
- Faculty of Biology, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 32000, Israel
- Migal Galilee Technology Center, Kiryat Shmona, 12100, Israel
| | - Ofer M Shir
- Migal Galilee Technology Center, Kiryat Shmona, 12100, Israel
- Tel-Hai College, Upper Galilee, 11016, Israel
| | - Yang Yu
- MOA Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology, Institute of Crop Science, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Wensheng Hou
- MOA Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology, Institute of Crop Science, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Shi Sun
- MOA Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology, Institute of Crop Science, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Tianfu Han
- MOA Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology, Institute of Crop Science, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Rachel Amir
- Migal Galilee Technology Center, Kiryat Shmona, 12100, Israel
- Tel-Hai College, Upper Galilee, 11016, Israel
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Galili G, Amir R, Fernie AR. The Regulation of Essential Amino Acid Synthesis and Accumulation in Plants. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 67:153-78. [PMID: 26735064 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-043015-112213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Although amino acids are critical for all forms of life, only proteogenic amino acids that humans and animals cannot synthesize de novo and therefore must acquire in their diets are classified as essential. Nine amino acids-lysine, methionine, threonine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, valine, isoleucine, leucine, and histidine-fit this definition. Despite their nutritional importance, several of these amino acids are present in limiting quantities in many of the world's major crops. In recent years, a combination of reverse genetic and biochemical approaches has been used to define the genes encoding the enzymes responsible for synthesizing, degrading, and regulating these amino acids. In this review, we describe recent advances in our understanding of the metabolism of the essential amino acids, discuss approaches for enhancing their levels in plants, and appraise efforts toward their biofortification in crop plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gad Galili
- Department of Plant Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel;
| | - Rachel Amir
- Laboratory of Plant Science, MIGAL-Galilee Research Institute, Kiryat Shmona 11016, Israel;
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany;
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Cohen H, Pajak A, Pandurangan S, Amir R, Marsolais F. Higher endogenous methionine in transgenic Arabidopsis seeds affects the composition of storage proteins and lipids. Amino Acids 2016; 48:1413-22. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-016-2193-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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