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Cheng DX, Wang XH, Wang CL, Li XY, Ye ZL, Li WF. Cambium Reactivation Is Closely Related to the Cell-Cycle Gene Configuration in Larix kaempferi. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3578. [PMID: 38612390 PMCID: PMC11011626 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Dormancy release and reactivation in temperate trees are mainly controlled by temperature and are affected by age, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are still unclear. In this study, we explored the effects of low temperatures in winter and warm temperatures in spring on dormancy release and reactivation in Larix kaempferi. Further, we established the relationships between cell-cycle genes and cambium cell division. The results showed that chilling accelerated L. kaempferi bud break overall, and the longer the duration of chilling is, the shorter the bud break time is. After dormancy release, warm temperatures induced cell-cycle gene expression; when the configuration value of the cell-cycle genes reached 4.97, the cambium cells divided and L. kaempferi reactivated. This study helps to predict the impact of climate change on wood production and provides technical support for seedling cultivation in greenhouses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Wan-Feng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China; (D.-X.C.); (X.-H.W.); (C.-L.W.); (X.-Y.L.); (Z.-L.Y.)
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2
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Burian M, Podgórska A, Kryzheuskaya K, Gieczewska K, Sliwinska E, Szal B. Ammonium treatment inhibits cell cycle activity and induces nuclei endopolyploidization in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANTA 2024; 259:94. [PMID: 38509428 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-024-04372-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION This study determined the effect of ammonium supply on the cell division process and showed that ammonium-dependent elevated reactive oxygen species production could mediate the downregulation of the cell cycle-related gene expression. Plants grown under high-ammonium conditions show stunted growth and other toxicity symptoms, including oxidative stress. However, how ammonium regulates the development of plants remains unknown. Growth is defined as an increase in cell volume or proliferation. In the present study, ammonium-related changes in cell cycle activity were analyzed in seedlings, apical buds, and young leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana plants. In all experimental ammonium treatments, the genes responsible for regulating cell cycle progression, such as cyclin-dependent kinases and cyclins, were downregulated in the studied tissues. Thus, ammonium nutrition could be considered to reduce cell proliferation; however, the cause of this phenomenon may be secondary. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are produced in large amounts in response to ammonium nutrition, can act as intermediates in this process. Indeed, high ROS levels resulting from H2O2 treatment or reduced ROS production in rbohc mutants, similar to ammonium-triggered ROS, correlated with altered cell cycle-related gene expression. It can be concluded that the characteristic ammonium growth suppression may be executed by enhanced ROS metabolism to inhibit cell cycle activity. This study provides a base for future research in determining the mechanism behind ammonium-induced dwarfism in plants, and strategies to mitigate such stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Burian
- Department of Plant Bioenergetics, Institute of Experimental Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Podgórska
- Department of Plant Bioenergetics, Institute of Experimental Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katsiaryna Kryzheuskaya
- Department of Plant Bioenergetics, Institute of Experimental Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Gieczewska
- Department of Plant Anatomy and Cytology, Institute of Experimental Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Elwira Sliwinska
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Cytometry, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Kaliskiego 7, 85-796, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Bożena Szal
- Department of Plant Bioenergetics, Institute of Experimental Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland.
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3
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Williamson D, Tasker-Brown W, Murray JAH, Jones AR, Band LR. Modelling how plant cell-cycle progression leads to cell size regulation. PLoS Comput Biol 2023; 19:e1011503. [PMID: 37862377 PMCID: PMC10653611 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1011503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Populations of cells typically maintain a consistent size, despite cell division rarely being precisely symmetrical. Therefore, cells must possess a mechanism of "size control", whereby the cell volume at birth affects cell-cycle progression. While size control mechanisms have been elucidated in a number of other organisms, it is not yet clear how this mechanism functions in plants. Here, we present a mathematical model of the key interactions in the plant cell cycle. Model simulations reveal that the network of interactions exhibits limit-cycle solutions, with biological switches underpinning both the G1/S and G2/M cell-cycle transitions. Embedding this network model within growing cells, we test hypotheses as to how cell-cycle progression can depend on cell size. We investigate two different mechanisms at both the G1/S and G2/M transitions: (i) differential expression of cell-cycle activator and inhibitor proteins (with synthesis of inhibitor proteins being independent of cell size), and (ii) equal inheritance of inhibitor proteins after cell division. The model demonstrates that both these mechanisms can lead to larger daughter cells progressing through the cell cycle more rapidly, and can thus contribute to cell-size control. To test how these features enable size homeostasis over multiple generations, we then simulated these mechanisms in a cell-population model with multiple rounds of cell division. These simulations suggested that integration of size-control mechanisms at both G1/S and G2/M provides long-term cell-size homeostasis. We concluded that while both size independence and equal inheritance of inhibitor proteins can reduce variations in cell size across individual cell-cycle phases, combining size-control mechanisms at both G1/S and G2/M is essential to maintain size homeostasis over multiple generations. Thus, our study reveals how features of the cell-cycle network enable cell-cycle progression to depend on cell size, and provides a mechanistic understanding of how plant cell populations maintain consistent size over generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Williamson
- Centre for Mathematical Medicine and Biology, School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - William Tasker-Brown
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Sir Martin Evans Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - James A. H. Murray
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Sir Martin Evans Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Angharad R. Jones
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Sir Martin Evans Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Leah R. Band
- Centre for Mathematical Medicine and Biology, School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, United Kingdom
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4
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Son S, Im JH, Ko J, Han K. SNF1-related protein kinase 1 represses Arabidopsis growth through post-translational modification of E2Fa in response to energy stress. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 237:823-839. [PMID: 36478538 PMCID: PMC10107498 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Cellular sugar starvation and/or energy deprivation serves as an important signaling cue for the live cells to trigger the necessary stress adaptation response. When exposed to cellular energy stress (ES) conditions, the plants reconfigure metabolic pathways and rebalance energy status while restricting vegetative organ growth. Despite the vital importance of this ES-induced growth restriction, the regulatory mechanism underlying the response remains largely elusive in plants. Using plant cell- and whole plant-based functional analyses coupled with extended genetic validation, we show that cellular ES-activated SNF1-related protein kinase 1 (SnRK1.1) directly interacts with and phosphorylates E2Fa transcription factor, a critical cell cycle regulator. Phosphorylation of E2Fa by SnRK1.1 leads to its proteasome-mediated protein degradation, resulting in S-phase repression and organ growth restriction. Our findings show that ES-dependently activated SnRK1.1 adjusts cell proliferation and vegetative growth for plants to cope with constantly fluctuating environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungmin Son
- Department of Life SciencesKorea University145 Anamro, Sungbuk‐guSeoul02841Korea
- National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development AdministrationJeonju54874Korea
| | - Jong Hee Im
- Department of Life SciencesKorea University145 Anamro, Sungbuk‐guSeoul02841Korea
- Department of HorticultureMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI48824USA
| | - Jae‐Heung Ko
- Department of Plant & Environmental New Resources, College of Life Science and Graduate School of BiotechnologyKyung Hee UniversityYongin‐siGyeonggi‐do17104Korea
| | - Kyung‐Hwan Han
- Department of HorticultureMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI48824USA
- Department of ForestryMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI48824USA
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5
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Jahed KR, Hirst PM. Fruit growth and development in apple: a molecular, genomics and epigenetics perspective. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1122397. [PMID: 37123845 PMCID: PMC10130390 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1122397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Fruit growth and development are physiological processes controlled by several internal and external factors. This complex regulatory mechanism comprises a series of events occurring in a chronological order over a growing season. Understanding the underlying mechanism of fruit development events, however, requires consideration of the events occurring prior to fruit development such as flowering, pollination, fertilization, and fruit set. Such events are interrelated and occur in a sequential order. Recent advances in high-throughput sequencing technology in conjunction with improved statistical and computational methods have empowered science to identify some of the major molecular components and mechanisms involved in the regulation of fruit growth and have supplied encouraging successes in associating genotypic differentiation with phenotypic observations. As a result, multiple approaches have been developed to dissect such complex regulatory machinery and understand the genetic basis controlling these processes. These methods include transcriptomic analysis, quantitative trait loci (QTLs) mapping, whole-genome approach, and epigenetics analyses. This review offers a comprehensive overview of the molecular, genomic and epigenetics perspective of apple fruit growth and development that defines the final fruit size and provides a detailed analysis of the mechanisms by which fruit growth and development are controlled. Though the main emphasis of this article is on the molecular, genomic and epigenetics aspects of fruit growth and development, we will also deliver a brief overview on events occurring prior to fruit growth.
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6
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George S, Blum HR, Torres‐Zelada EF, Estep GN, Hegazy YA, Speer GM, Weake VM. The interaction between the Dbf4 ortholog Chiffon and Gcn5 is conserved in Dipteran insect species. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 31:734-746. [PMID: 35789507 PMCID: PMC9796610 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Chiffon is the sole Drosophila ortholog of Dbf4, the regulatory subunit for the cell-cycle kinase Cdc7 that initiates DNA replication. In Drosophila, the chiffon gene encodes two polypeptides with independent activities. Chiffon-A contains the conserved Dbf4 motifs and interacts with Cdc7 to form the Dbf4-dependent Kinase (DDK) complex, which is essential for a specialized form of DNA replication. In contrast, Chiffon-B binds the histone acetyltransferase Gcn5 to form the Chiffon histone acetyltransferase (CHAT) complex, which is necessary for histone H3 acetylation and viability. Previous studies have shown that the Chiffon-B region is only present within insects. However, it was unclear how widely the interaction between Chiffon-B and Gcn5 was conserved among insect species. To examine this, we performed yeast two-hybrid assays using Chiffon-B and Gcn5 from a variety of insect species and found that Chiffon-B and Gcn5 interact in Diptera species such as Australian sheep blowfly and yellow fever mosquito. Protein domain analysis identified that Chiffon-B has features of acidic transcriptional activators such as Gal4 or VP16. We propose that the CHAT complex plays a critical role in a biological process that is unique to Dipterans and could therefore be a potential target for pest control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smitha George
- Department of BiochemistryPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndianaUSA
- Present address:
Van Andel InstituteGrand RapidsMichiganUSA
| | - Hannah R. Blum
- Department of BiochemistryPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndianaUSA
| | | | - Grace N. Estep
- Department of BiochemistryPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndianaUSA
| | | | - Gina M. Speer
- Department of BiochemistryPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndianaUSA
| | - Vikki M. Weake
- Department of BiochemistryPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndianaUSA
- Purdue University Center for Cancer ResearchPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndianaUSA
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7
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Gutierrez C. A Journey to the Core of the Plant Cell Cycle. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:8154. [PMID: 35897730 PMCID: PMC9330084 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Production of new cells as a result of progression through the cell division cycle is a fundamental biological process for the perpetuation of both unicellular and multicellular organisms. In the case of plants, their developmental strategies and their largely sessile nature has imposed a series of evolutionary trends. Studies of the plant cell division cycle began with cytological and physiological approaches in the 1950s and 1960s. The decade of 1990 marked a turn point with the increasing development of novel cellular and molecular protocols combined with advances in genetics and, later, genomics, leading to an exponential growth of the field. In this article, I review the current status of plant cell cycle studies but also discuss early studies and the relevance of a multidisciplinary background as a source of innovative questions and answers. In addition to advances in a deeper understanding of the plant cell cycle machinery, current studies focus on the intimate interaction of cell cycle components with almost every aspect of plant biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crisanto Gutierrez
- Centro de Biologia Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Nicolas Cabrera 1, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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8
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Liu W, Zhang Y, Fang X, Tran S, Zhai N, Yang Z, Guo F, Chen L, Yu J, Ison MS, Zhang T, Sun L, Bian H, Zhang Y, Yang L, Xu L. Transcriptional landscapes of de novo root regeneration from detached Arabidopsis leaves revealed by time-lapse and single-cell RNA sequencing analyses. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2022; 3:100306. [PMID: 35605192 PMCID: PMC9284295 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2022.100306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Detached Arabidopsis thaliana leaves can regenerate adventitious roots, providing a platform for studying de novo root regeneration (DNRR). However, the comprehensive transcriptional framework of DNRR remains elusive. Here, we provide a high-resolution landscape of transcriptome reprogramming from wound response to root organogenesis in DNRR and show key factors involved in DNRR. Time-lapse RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) of the entire leaf within 12 h of leaf detachment revealed rapid activation of jasmonate, ethylene, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) pathways in response to wounding. Genetic analyses confirmed that ethylene and ROS may serve as wound signals to promote DNRR. Next, time-lapse RNA-seq within 5 d of leaf detachment revealed the activation of genes involved in organogenesis, wound-induced regeneration, and resource allocation in the wounded region of detached leaves during adventitious rooting. Genetic studies showed that BLADE-ON-PETIOLE1/2, which control aboveground organs, PLETHORA3/5/7, which control root organogenesis, and ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR115, which controls wound-induced regeneration, are involved in DNRR. Furthermore, single-cell RNA-seq data revealed gene expression patterns in the wounded region of detached leaves during adventitious rooting. Overall, our study not only provides transcriptome tools but also reveals key factors involved in DNRR from detached Arabidopsis leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yuyun Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xing Fang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Sorrel Tran
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Ning Zhai
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhengfei Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, China; College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Fu Guo
- Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Yazhou Bay Science and Technology City, Sanya 572025, China
| | - Lyuqin Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jie Yu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Madalene S Ison
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Teng Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Lijun Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Hongwu Bian
- Institute of Genetic and Regenerative Biology, Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yijing Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, China; State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China.
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - Lin Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, China.
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9
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The B-Type Cyclin CYCB1-1 Regulates Embryonic Development and Seed Size in Maize. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23115907. [PMID: 35682593 PMCID: PMC9180882 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23115907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Progress through the cell cycle is a critical process during plant embryo and seed development and its progression is regulated by cyclins. Despite extensive study of cyclins in other systems, their role in embryo and seed development of maize is unclear. In this study, we demonstrate that ZmCYCB1-1 overexpression significantly accelerated embryo growth and increased seed size. In situ hybridization and toluidine blue staining indicated that ZmCYCB1-1 was highly expressed in the plumule of embryos, and the cells of the plumule were smaller, denser, and more regularly arranged in ZmCYCB1-1 overexpression plants. Overexpression of ZmCYCB1-1 in maize also resulted in an increased ear length and enhanced kernel weight by increasing kernel width. Transcriptome analysis indicated that the overexpression of ZmCYCB1-1 affected several different metabolic pathways, including photosynthesis in embryos and leaves, and lipid metabolism in leaves. Conversely, knocking out ZmCYCB1-1 resulted in plants with slow growth. Our results suggest that ZmCYCB1-1 regulates embryo growth and seed size, making it an ideal target for efforts aimed at maize yield improvement.
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Zhao P, Wang F, Deng Y, Zhong F, Tian P, Lin D, Deng J, Zhang Y, Huang T. Sly-miR159 regulates fruit morphology by modulating GA biosynthesis in tomato. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2022; 20:833-845. [PMID: 34882929 PMCID: PMC9055814 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Fruit morphology is an important agronomical trait of many crops. Here, we identify Sly-miR159 as an important regulator of fruit morphology in tomato, a model species of fleshy-fruit development. We show that Sly-miR159 functions through its target SlGAMYB2 to control fruit growth. Suppression of Sly-miR159 and overexpression of SlGAMYB2 result in larger fruits with a reduced length/width ratio, while loss of function of SlGAMYB2 leads to the formation of smaller and more elongated fruits. Gibberellin (GA) is a major phytohormone that regulates fruit development in tomato. We show the Sly-miR159-SlGAMYB2 pathway controls fruit morphology by modulating GA biosynthesis. In particular, we demonstrate that Sly-miR159 promotes GA biosynthesis largely through the direct repression of the GA biosynthetic gene SlGA3ox2 by SlGAMYB2. Together, our findings reveal the action of Sly-miR159 on GA biosynthesis as a previously unidentified mechanism that controls fruit morphology in tomato. Modulating this pathway may have potential applications in tomato breeding for manipulating fruit growth and facilitating the process of fruit improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panpan Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant EpigeneticsCollege of Life Sciences and OceanographyShenzhen UniversityShenzhenGuangdongChina
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and GuangdongCollege of Optoelectronic EngineeringShenzhen UniversityShenzhenGuangdongChina
| | - Fengpan Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant EpigeneticsCollege of Life Sciences and OceanographyShenzhen UniversityShenzhenGuangdongChina
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and GuangdongCollege of Optoelectronic EngineeringShenzhen UniversityShenzhenGuangdongChina
| | - Yinjiao Deng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant EpigeneticsCollege of Life Sciences and OceanographyShenzhen UniversityShenzhenGuangdongChina
| | - Fanjia Zhong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant EpigeneticsCollege of Life Sciences and OceanographyShenzhen UniversityShenzhenGuangdongChina
| | - Peng Tian
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant EpigeneticsCollege of Life Sciences and OceanographyShenzhen UniversityShenzhenGuangdongChina
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and GuangdongCollege of Optoelectronic EngineeringShenzhen UniversityShenzhenGuangdongChina
| | - Dongbo Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant EpigeneticsCollege of Life Sciences and OceanographyShenzhen UniversityShenzhenGuangdongChina
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and GuangdongCollege of Optoelectronic EngineeringShenzhen UniversityShenzhenGuangdongChina
| | - Juhui Deng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant EpigeneticsCollege of Life Sciences and OceanographyShenzhen UniversityShenzhenGuangdongChina
| | - Yongxia Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant EpigeneticsCollege of Life Sciences and OceanographyShenzhen UniversityShenzhenGuangdongChina
| | - Tengbo Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant EpigeneticsCollege of Life Sciences and OceanographyShenzhen UniversityShenzhenGuangdongChina
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11
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Yan R, Song S, Li H, Sun H. Functional analysis of the eTM-miR171-SCL6 module regulating somatic embryogenesis in Lilium pumilum DC. Fisch. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:uhac045. [PMID: 35184179 PMCID: PMC9171120 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhac045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Somatic embryogenesis (SE) is of great significance in Lilium bulb production, germplasm preservation and genetic improvement. miRNAs are important regulators of plant growth and development at the transcriptional level. Previous research by our group has shown that lpu-miR171 and its target gene SCARECROW-LIKE 6 (SCL6) play an important regulatory role in lily SE, and we predicted and identified that endogenous target mimics (eTMs) can regulate lpu-miR171. However, the associated mechanism and internal regulatory network are not yet clear. In the present study, lpu-miR171 was used as an entry point to explore the regulatory network between its upstream eTMs and its downstream target gene LpSCL6, as well as to identify the mechanism of this regulatory network in Lilium SE. Tobacco transient transformation confirmed that miRNA171 significantly inhibited the expression of LpSCL6. On this basis, the Lilium stable genetic transformation system was used to demonstrate that silencing lpu-miR171a and lpu-miR171b and overexpressing LpSCL6-II and LpSCL6-I promoted starch accumulation in calli and the expression of key cell cycle genes, thus providing energy to meet preconditions for SE and accelerate the formation and development of Lilium somatic embryos. LpSCL6-II and LpSCL6-I are nuclear proteins with self-activation activity in yeast cells. In addition, we confirmed in Lilium that lpu-eTM171 is the eTM of lpu-miR171 that binds lpu-miR171 to prevent cleavage of the target gene LpSCL6, thereby promoting SE. Therefore, the present study established a new mechanism whereby the eTM-miR171-SCL6 module regulates SE in Lilium pumilum DC. Fisch. and provided new insights clarifying the mechanism of SE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Yan
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Education Ministry, College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design and Application Technology, Shenyang 110866, China
- School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China
| | - Shengli Song
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Education Ministry, College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design and Application Technology, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Hongyu Li
- College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Shenyang University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Hongmei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Education Ministry, College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design and Application Technology, Shenyang 110866, China
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12
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Li WF, Kang Y, Zhang Y, Zang QL, Qi LW. Concerted control of the LaRAV1-LaCDKB1;3 module by temperature during dormancy release and reactivation of larch. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 41:1918-1937. [PMID: 33847364 PMCID: PMC8498939 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpab052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Dormancy release and reactivation of temperate-zone trees involve the temperature-modulated expression of cell-cycle genes. However, information on the detailed regulatory mechanism is limited. Here, we compared the transcriptomes of the stems of active and dormant larch trees, emphasizing the expression patterns of cell-cycle genes and transcription factors and assessed their relationships and responses to temperatures. Twelve cell-cycle genes and 31 transcription factors were strongly expressed in the active stage. Promoter analysis suggested that these 12 genes might be regulated by transcription factors from 10 families. Altogether, 73 cases of regulation between 16 transcription factors and 12 cell-cycle genes were predicted, while the regulatory interactions between LaMYB20 and LaCYCB1;1, and LaRAV1 and LaCDKB1;3 were confirmed by yeast one-hybrid and dual-luciferase assays. Last, we found that LaRAV1 and LaCDKB1;3 had almost the same expression patterns during dormancy release and reactivation induced naturally or artificially by temperature, indicating that the LaRAV1-LaCDKB1;3 module functions in the temperature-modulated dormancy release and reactivation of larch trees. These results provide new insights into the link between temperature and cell-cycle gene expression, helping to understand the temperature control of tree growth and development in the context of climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Feng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, No. 1, Dongxiaofu, Xiangshan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100091, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanhui Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, No. 1, Dongxiaofu, Xiangshan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100091, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, No. 1, Dongxiaofu, Xiangshan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100091, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiao-Lu Zang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, No. 1, Dongxiaofu, Xiangshan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100091, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Wang Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, No. 1, Dongxiaofu, Xiangshan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100091, People's Republic of China
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13
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Over-Expression of the Cell-Cycle Gene LaCDKB1;2 Promotes Cell Proliferation and the Formation of Normal Cotyledonary Embryos during Larix kaempferi Somatic Embryogenesis. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12091435. [PMID: 34573419 PMCID: PMC8468589 DOI: 10.3390/genes12091435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Somatic embryogenesis is an effective tool for the production of forest tree seedlings with desirable characteristics; however, the low initiation frequency and productivity of high-quality mature somatic embryos are still limiting factors for Larix kaempferi (Japanese larch). Here, we analyzed the expression pattern of L. kaempferi cyclin-dependent kinase B 1;2 (LaCDKB1;2) during somatic embryogenesis in L. kaempferi and its relationship with the cell proliferation rate. We also analyzed the effect of LaCDKB1;2 over-expression on somatic embryo quality. The results revealed a positive correlation between LaCDKB1;2 expression and the cell proliferation rate during the proliferation stage. After LaCDKB1;2 over-expression, the proliferation rate of cultures increased, and the number of somatic embryos in transgenic cultures was 2.69 times that in non-transformed cultures. Notably, the number of normal cotyledonary embryos in transgenic cultures was 3 times that in non-transformed cultures, indicating that LaCDKB1;2 not only increases the proliferation of cultures and the number of somatic embryos but also improves the quality of somatic embryos. These results provide insight into the regulatory mechanisms of somatic embryogenesis as well as new Larix breeding material.
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14
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Limits and Constraints on Mechanisms of Cell-Cycle Regulation Imposed by Cell Size-Homeostasis Measurements. Cell Rep 2021; 32:107992. [PMID: 32783950 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
High-throughput imaging has led to an explosion of observations about cell-size homeostasis across the kingdoms of life. Among bacteria, "adder" behavior-in which a constant size increment appears to be added during each cell cycle-is ubiquitous, while various eukaryotes show other size-homeostasis behaviors. Since interactions between cell-cycle progression and growth ultimately determine such behaviors, we developed a general model of cell-cycle regulation. Our analyses reveal a range of scenarios that are plausible but fail to regulate cell size, indicating that mechanisms of cell-cycle regulation are stringently limited by size-control requirements, and possibly why certain cell-cycle features are strongly conserved. Cell-cycle features can play unintuitive roles in altering size-homeostasis behaviors: noisy regulator production can enhance adder behavior, while Whi5-like inhibitor dilutors respond sensitively to perturbations to G2/M control and noisy G1/S checkpoints. Our model thus provides holistic insights into the mechanistic implications of size-homeostasis experimental measurements.
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15
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Kopertekh L, Reichardt S. At-CycD2 Enhances Accumulation of Above-Ground Biomass and Recombinant Proteins in Transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:712438. [PMID: 34567027 PMCID: PMC8460762 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.712438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana holds great potential for recombinant protein manufacturing due to its advantages in terms of speed and yield compared to stably transformed plants. To continue improving the quantity of recombinant proteins the plant host will need to be modified at both plant and cellular levels. In attempt to increase leaf mass fraction, we transformed N. benthamiana with the At-CycD2 gene, a positive regulator of the cell cycle. Phenotypic characterization of the T1 progeny plants revealed their accelerated above-ground biomass accumulation and enhanced rate of leaf initiation. In comparison to non-transgenic control the best performing line At-CycD2-15 provided 143 and 140% higher leaf and stem biomass fractions, respectively. The leaf area enlargement of the At-CycD2-15 genotype was associated with the increase of epidermal cell number compensated by slightly reduced cell size. The production capacity of the At-CycD2-15 transgenic line was superior to that of the non-transgenic N. benthamiana. The accumulation of transiently expressed GFP and scFv-TM43-E10 proteins per unit biomass was increased by 138.5 and 156.7%, respectively, compared to the wild type. With these results we demonstrate the potential of cell cycle regulator gene At-CycD2 to modulate both plant phenotype and intracellular environment of N. benthamiana for enhanced recombinant protein yield.
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16
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Bertels J, Huybrechts M, Hendrix S, Bervoets L, Cuypers A, Beemster GTS. Cadmium inhibits cell cycle progression and specifically accumulates in the maize leaf meristem. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:6418-6428. [PMID: 32822498 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that cadmium (Cd) pollution inhibits plant growth, but how this metal impacts leaf growth processes at the cellular and molecular level is still largely unknown. In the current study, we show that Cd specifically accumulates in the meristematic tissue of the growing maize leaf, while Cd concentration in the elongation zone rapidly declines as the deposition rates diminish and cell volumes increase due to cell expansion. A kinematic analysis shows that, at the cellular level, a lower number of meristematic cells together with a significantly longer cell cycle duration explain the inhibition of leaf growth by Cd. Flow cytometry analysis suggests an inhibition of the G1/S transition, resulting in a lower proportion of cells in the S phase and reduced endoreduplication in expanding cells under Cd stress. Lower cell cycle activity is also reflected by lower expression levels of key cell cycle genes (putative wee1, cyclin-B2-4, and minichromosome maintenance4). Cell elongation rates are also inhibited by Cd, which is possibly linked to the inhibited endoreduplication. Taken together, our results complement studies on Cd-induced growth inhibition in roots and link inhibited cell cycle progression to Cd deposition in the leaf meristem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Bertels
- Laboratory for Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research (IMPRES), University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Michiel Huybrechts
- Centre for Environmental Sciences (CMK), Hasselt University, Agoralaan Building D, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Sophie Hendrix
- Centre for Environmental Sciences (CMK), Hasselt University, Agoralaan Building D, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Lieven Bervoets
- Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research (SPHERE), University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Ann Cuypers
- Centre for Environmental Sciences (CMK), Hasselt University, Agoralaan Building D, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Gerrit T S Beemster
- Laboratory for Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research (IMPRES), University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan, Antwerpen, Belgium
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17
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Inoculation of maize seeds with Pseudomonas putida leads to enhanced seedling growth in combination with modified regulation of miRNAs and antioxidant enzymes. Symbiosis 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13199-020-00703-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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18
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Zluhan-Martínez E, Pérez-Koldenkova V, Ponce-Castañeda MV, Sánchez MDLP, García-Ponce B, Miguel-Hernández S, Álvarez-Buylla ER, Garay-Arroyo A. Beyond What Your Retina Can See: Similarities of Retinoblastoma Function between Plants and Animals, from Developmental Processes to Epigenetic Regulation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4925. [PMID: 32664691 PMCID: PMC7404004 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21144925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The Retinoblastoma protein (pRb) is a key cell cycle regulator conserved in a wide variety of organisms. Experimental analysis of pRb's functions in animals and plants has revealed that this protein participates in cell proliferation and differentiation processes. In addition, pRb in animals and its orthologs in plants (RBR), are part of highly conserved protein complexes which suggest the possibility that analogies exist not only between functions carried out by pRb orthologs themselves, but also in the structure and roles of the protein networks where these proteins are involved. Here, we present examples of pRb/RBR participation in cell cycle control, cell differentiation, and in the regulation of epigenetic changes and chromatin remodeling machinery, highlighting the similarities that exist between the composition of such networks in plants and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estephania Zluhan-Martínez
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Epigenética, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, 3er Circuito Ext. Junto a J. Botánico, Ciudad Universitaria, UNAM 04510, Mexico; (E.Z.-M.); (M.d.l.P.S.); (B.G.-P.)
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 3000, Coyoacán 04510, Mexico
| | - Vadim Pérez-Koldenkova
- Laboratorio Nacional de Microscopía Avanzada, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Av. Cuauhtémoc, 330. Col. Doctores, Alc. Cuauhtémoc 06720, Mexico;
| | - Martha Verónica Ponce-Castañeda
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Centro Médico Nacional SXXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City 06720, Mexico;
| | - María de la Paz Sánchez
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Epigenética, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, 3er Circuito Ext. Junto a J. Botánico, Ciudad Universitaria, UNAM 04510, Mexico; (E.Z.-M.); (M.d.l.P.S.); (B.G.-P.)
| | - Berenice García-Ponce
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Epigenética, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, 3er Circuito Ext. Junto a J. Botánico, Ciudad Universitaria, UNAM 04510, Mexico; (E.Z.-M.); (M.d.l.P.S.); (B.G.-P.)
| | - Sergio Miguel-Hernández
- Laboratorio de Citopatología Ambiental, Departamento de Morfología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Campus Zacatenco, Calle Wilfrido Massieu Esquina Cda, Manuel Stampa 07738, Mexico;
| | - Elena R. Álvarez-Buylla
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Epigenética, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, 3er Circuito Ext. Junto a J. Botánico, Ciudad Universitaria, UNAM 04510, Mexico; (E.Z.-M.); (M.d.l.P.S.); (B.G.-P.)
| | - Adriana Garay-Arroyo
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Epigenética, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, 3er Circuito Ext. Junto a J. Botánico, Ciudad Universitaria, UNAM 04510, Mexico; (E.Z.-M.); (M.d.l.P.S.); (B.G.-P.)
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19
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Price DC, Goodenough UW, Roth R, Lee JH, Kariyawasam T, Mutwil M, Ferrari C, Facchinelli F, Ball SG, Cenci U, Chan CX, Wagner NE, Yoon HS, Weber APM, Bhattacharya D. Analysis of an improved Cyanophora paradoxa genome assembly. DNA Res 2020; 26:287-299. [PMID: 31098614 PMCID: PMC6704402 DOI: 10.1093/dnares/dsz009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucophyta are members of the Archaeplastida, the founding group of photosynthetic eukaryotes that also includes red algae (Rhodophyta), green algae, and plants (Viridiplantae). Here we present a high-quality assembly, built using long-read sequences, of the ca. 100 Mb nuclear genome of the model glaucophyte Cyanophora paradoxa. We also conducted a quick-freeze deep-etch electron microscopy (QFDEEM) analysis of C. paradoxa cells to investigate glaucophyte morphology in comparison to other organisms. Using the genome data, we generated a resolved 115-taxon eukaryotic tree of life that includes a well-supported, monophyletic Archaeplastida. Analysis of muroplast peptidoglycan (PG) ultrastructure using QFDEEM shows that PG is most dense at the cleavage-furrow. Analysis of the chlamydial contribution to glaucophytes and other Archaeplastida shows that these foreign sequences likely played a key role in anaerobic glycolysis in primordial algae to alleviate ATP starvation under night-time hypoxia. The robust genome assembly of C. paradoxa significantly advances knowledge about this model species and provides a reference for exploring the panoply of traits associated with the anciently diverged glaucophyte lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana C Price
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | | | - Robyn Roth
- Washington University Center for Cellular Imaging, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jae-Hyeok Lee
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Marek Mutwil
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam, Germany.,School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Camilla Ferrari
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Fabio Facchinelli
- Institute for Plant Biochemistry, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich-Heine-University, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Steven G Ball
- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, UMR 8576 CNRS-USTL, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France
| | - Ugo Cenci
- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, UMR 8576 CNRS-USTL, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France
| | - Cheong Xin Chan
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience and School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Nicole E Wagner
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rutgers, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Hwan Su Yoon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Andreas P M Weber
- Institute for Plant Biochemistry, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich-Heine-University, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Debashish Bhattacharya
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rutgers, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
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20
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Pradillo M, Evans D, Graumann K. The nuclear envelope in higher plant mitosis and meiosis. Nucleus 2019; 10:55-66. [PMID: 30879391 PMCID: PMC6527396 DOI: 10.1080/19491034.2019.1587277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitosis and meiosis in higher plants involve significant reconfiguration of the nuclear envelope and the proteins that interact with it. The dynamic series of events involves a range of interactions, movement, breakdown, and reformation of this complex system. Recently, progress has been made in identifying and characterizing the protein and membrane interactome that performs these complex tasks, including constituents of the nuclear envelope, the cytoskeleton, nucleoskeleton, and chromatin. This review will present the current understanding of these interactions and advances in knowledge of the processes for the breakdown and reformation of the nuclear envelope during cell divisions in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Pradillo
- Departamento de Genética, Fisiología y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Evans
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
| | - Katja Graumann
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
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21
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Kamal KY, van Loon JJ, Medina FJ, Herranz R. Differential transcriptional profile through cell cycle progression in Arabidopsis cultures under simulated microgravity. Genomics 2019; 111:1956-1965. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2019.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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22
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Jing C, Li P, Zhang J, Wang R, Wu G, Li M, Xie L, Qing L. The Malvastrum Yellow Vein Virus C4 Protein Promotes Disease Symptom Development and Enhances Virus Accumulation in Plants. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2425. [PMID: 31708897 PMCID: PMC6823909 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The begomovirus C4 protein is required for disease symptom development during virus infection in host plants. It can reprogram the cell cycle process for more efficient virus accumulation. In this study, we showed that the Malvastrum yellow vein virus (MaYVV) C4 protein could cause leaf up-ward curling and flower malformation, and increase virus accumulation in plants using PVX-based transient expression technology. We also demonstrated that, in the presence of its cognate betasatellite DNA (MaYVB), a mutant MaYVV, defective in producing the C4 protein (MaYVVΔC4), caused and alleviated infection in Nicotiana benthamiana. Transgenic plants expressing the MaYVV C4 protein showed upward leaf curling and uneven leaf lamina growth. Microscopic analysis showed that the epidermal cells of the C4 transgenic leaves were much smaller than those in the wild type (WT) leaves, and the mesophyll cells size and arrangement of transgenic plants was significantly altered. Inoculation of C4 transgenic plants with MaYVV or MaYVVΔC4 alone or associated with MaYVB showed that the transgenic C4 protein could promote viral and betasatellite accumulation and rescue the accumulation defect of MaYVVΔC4. Other transient expression assays also confirmed that the MaYVV C4 protein could suppress silencing of a GFP gene. In summary, our results indicate that the MaYVV C4 protein is a determinant of disease symptom and viral DNA accumulation. This protein can also function as a suppressor of RNA silencing and alter cell division and expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenchen Jing
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Disease Biology, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Pengbai Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Disease Biology, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiayuan Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Disease Biology, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Disease Biology, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Gentu Wu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Disease Biology, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Mingjun Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Disease Biology, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Xie
- Analysis Center of Agrobiology and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ling Qing
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Disease Biology, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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23
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Ambroise V, Legay S, Guerriero G, Hausman JF, Cuypers A, Sergeant K. Selection of Appropriate Reference Genes for Gene Expression Analysis under Abiotic Stresses in Salix viminalis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20174210. [PMID: 31466254 PMCID: PMC6747362 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20174210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Salix viminalis is a fast growing willow species with potential as a plant used for biomass feedstock or for phytoremediation. However, few reference genes (RGs) for quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) are available in S. viminalis, thereby limiting gene expression studies. Here, we investigated the expression stability of 14 candidate reference genes (RGs) across various organs exposed to five abiotic stresses (cold, heat, drought, salt, and poly-metals). Four RGs ranking algorithms, namely geNormPLUS, BestKeeper, NormFinder, and GrayNorm were applied to analyze the qPCR data and the outputs were merged into consensus lists with RankAggreg, a rank aggregation algorithm. In addition, the optimal RG combinations were determined with geNormPLUS and GrayNorm. The genes that were the most stable in the roots were TIP41 and CDC2. In the leaves, TIP41 was the most stable, followed by EF1b and ARI8, depending on the condition tested. Conversely, GAPDH and β-TUB, two genes commonly used for qPCR data normalization were the least stable across all organs. Nevertheless, both geNormPLUS and GrayNorm recommended the use of a combination of genes rather than a single one. These results are valuable for research of transcriptomic responses in different S. viminalis organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Ambroise
- Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST) 5 Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch/Alzette, Luxembourg
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Agoralaan Building D, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Sylvain Legay
- Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST) 5 Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch/Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Gea Guerriero
- Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST) 5 Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch/Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Jean-Francois Hausman
- Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST) 5 Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch/Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Ann Cuypers
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Agoralaan Building D, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Kjell Sergeant
- Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST) 5 Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch/Alzette, Luxembourg.
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24
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Siciliano I, Lentz Grønlund A, Ševčíková H, Spadafora ND, Rafiei G, Francis D, Herbert RJ, Bitonti MB, Rogers HJ, Lipavská H. Expression of Arabidopsis WEE1 in tobacco induces unexpected morphological and developmental changes. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8695. [PMID: 31213651 PMCID: PMC6581958 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45015-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
WEE1 regulates the cell cycle by inactivating cyclin dependent protein kinases (CDKs) via phosphorylation. In yeast and animal cells, CDC25 phosphatase dephosphorylates the CDK releasing cells into mitosis, but in plants, its role is less clear. Expression of fission yeast CDC25 (Spcdc25) in tobacco results in small cell size, premature flowering and increased shoot morphogenetic capacity in culture. When Arath;WEE1 is over-expressed in Arabidopsis, root apical meristem cell size increases, and morphogenetic capacity of cultured hypocotyls is reduced. However expression of Arath;WEE1 in tobacco plants resulted in precocious flowering and increased shoot morphogenesis of stem explants, and in BY2 cultures cell size was reduced. This phenotype is similar to expression of Spcdc25 and is consistent with a dominant negative effect on WEE1 action. Consistent with this putative mechanism, WEE1 protein levels fell and CDKB levels rose prematurely, coinciding with early mitosis. The phenotype is not due to sense-mediated silencing of WEE1, as overall levels of WEE1 transcript were not reduced in BY2 lines expressing Arath;WEE1. However the pattern of native WEE1 transcript accumulation through the cell cycle was altered by Arath;WEE1 expression, suggesting feedback inhibition of native WEE1 transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilario Siciliano
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Sir Martin Evans Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
- School of Science and the Environment, University of Worcester, Henwick Grove, Worcester, WR2 6AJ, UK
| | - Anne Lentz Grønlund
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Sir Martin Evans Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Hana Ševčíková
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Charles University, Faculty of Science, Viničná 5, 128 43, Praha 2, Czech Republic
| | - Natasha D Spadafora
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Sir Martin Evans Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
- School of Science and the Environment, University of Worcester, Henwick Grove, Worcester, WR2 6AJ, UK
| | - Golnaz Rafiei
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Sir Martin Evans Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Dennis Francis
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Sir Martin Evans Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Robert J Herbert
- School of Science and the Environment, University of Worcester, Henwick Grove, Worcester, WR2 6AJ, UK
| | - M Beatrice Bitonti
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Hilary J Rogers
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Sir Martin Evans Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK.
| | - Helena Lipavská
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Charles University, Faculty of Science, Viničná 5, 128 43, Praha 2, Czech Republic
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Carotenuto G, Sciascia I, Oddi L, Volpe V, Genre A. Size matters: three methods for estimating nuclear size in mycorrhizal roots of Medicago truncatula by image analysis. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 156:265-273. [PMID: 31054574 DOI: 10.1046/j.1469-8137.2002.00508.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The intracellular accommodation of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi involves a profound molecular reprogramming of the host cell architecture and metabolism, based on the activation of a symbiotic signaling pathway. In analogy with other plant biotrophs, AM fungi are reported to trigger cell cycle reactivation in their host tissues, possibly in support of the enhanced metabolic demand required for the symbiosis. RESULTS We here compare the efficiency of three Fiji/ImageJ image analysis plugins in localizing and quantifying the increase in nuclear size - a hallmark of recursive events of endoreduplication - in M. truncatula roots colonized by the AM fungus Gigaspora margarita. All three approaches proved to be versatile and upgradeable, allowing the investigation of nuclear changes in a complex tissue; 3D Object Counter provided more detailed information than both TrackMate and Round Surface Detector plugins. On this base we challenged 3D Object Counter with two case studies: verifying the lack of endoreduplication-triggering responses in Medicago truncatula mutants with a known non-symbiotic phenotype; and analysing the correlation in space and time between the induction of cortical cell division and endoreduplication upon AM colonization. Both case studies revealed important biological aspects. Mutant phenotype analyses have demonstrated that the knock-out mutation of different key genes in the symbiotic signaling pathway block AM-associated endoreduplication. Furthermore, our data show that cell divisions occur during initial stages of root colonization and are followed by recursive activation of the endocycle in preparation for arbuscule accommodation. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, our results indicate 3D Object Counter as the best performing Fiji/ImageJ image analysis script in plant root thick sections and its application highlighted endoreduplication as a major feature of the AM pre-penetration response in root cortical cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gennaro Carotenuto
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Ivan Sciascia
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Ludovica Oddi
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Veronica Volpe
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Andrea Genre
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, 10125, Torino, Italy.
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26
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Carotenuto G, Sciascia I, Oddi L, Volpe V, Genre A. Size matters: three methods for estimating nuclear size in mycorrhizal roots of Medicago truncatula by image analysis. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:180. [PMID: 31054574 PMCID: PMC6500585 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-1791-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The intracellular accommodation of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi involves a profound molecular reprogramming of the host cell architecture and metabolism, based on the activation of a symbiotic signaling pathway. In analogy with other plant biotrophs, AM fungi are reported to trigger cell cycle reactivation in their host tissues, possibly in support of the enhanced metabolic demand required for the symbiosis. RESULTS We here compare the efficiency of three Fiji/ImageJ image analysis plugins in localizing and quantifying the increase in nuclear size - a hallmark of recursive events of endoreduplication - in M. truncatula roots colonized by the AM fungus Gigaspora margarita. All three approaches proved to be versatile and upgradeable, allowing the investigation of nuclear changes in a complex tissue; 3D Object Counter provided more detailed information than both TrackMate and Round Surface Detector plugins. On this base we challenged 3D Object Counter with two case studies: verifying the lack of endoreduplication-triggering responses in Medicago truncatula mutants with a known non-symbiotic phenotype; and analysing the correlation in space and time between the induction of cortical cell division and endoreduplication upon AM colonization. Both case studies revealed important biological aspects. Mutant phenotype analyses have demonstrated that the knock-out mutation of different key genes in the symbiotic signaling pathway block AM-associated endoreduplication. Furthermore, our data show that cell divisions occur during initial stages of root colonization and are followed by recursive activation of the endocycle in preparation for arbuscule accommodation. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, our results indicate 3D Object Counter as the best performing Fiji/ImageJ image analysis script in plant root thick sections and its application highlighted endoreduplication as a major feature of the AM pre-penetration response in root cortical cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gennaro Carotenuto
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Ivan Sciascia
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Ludovica Oddi
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Veronica Volpe
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Andrea Genre
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, 10125, Torino, Italy.
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Olszak M, Truman W, Stefanowicz K, Sliwinska E, Ito M, Walerowski P, Rolfe S, Malinowski R. Transcriptional profiling identifies critical steps of cell cycle reprogramming necessary for Plasmodiophora brassicae-driven gall formation in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 97:715-729. [PMID: 30431210 PMCID: PMC6850046 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodiophora brassicae is a soil-borne biotroph whose life cycle involves reprogramming host developmental processes leading to the formation of galls on its underground parts. Formation of such structures involves modification of the host cell cycle leading initially to hyperplasia, increasing the number of cells to be invaded, followed by overgrowth of cells colonised by the pathogen. Here we show that P. brassicae infection stimulates formation of the E2Fa/RBR1 complex and upregulation of MYB3R1, MYB3R4 and A- and B-type cyclin expression. These factors were previously described as important regulators of the G2-M cell cycle checkpoint. As a consequence of this manipulation, a large population of host hypocotyl cells are delayed in cell cycle exit and maintained in the proliferative state. We also report that, during further maturation of galls, enlargement of host cells invaded by the pathogen involves endoreduplication leading to increased ploidy levels. This study characterises two aspects of the cell cycle reprogramming efforts of P. brassicae: systemic, related to the disturbance of host hypocotyl developmental programs by preventing cell cycle exit; and local, related to the stimulation of cell enlargement via increased endocycle activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Olszak
- Department of Integrative Plant BiologyInstitute of Plant Genetics of the Polish Academy of Sciencesul. Strzeszyńska 3460‐479PoznańPoland
| | - William Truman
- Department of Integrative Plant BiologyInstitute of Plant Genetics of the Polish Academy of Sciencesul. Strzeszyńska 3460‐479PoznańPoland
| | - Karolina Stefanowicz
- Department of Integrative Plant BiologyInstitute of Plant Genetics of the Polish Academy of Sciencesul. Strzeszyńska 3460‐479PoznańPoland
| | - Elwira Sliwinska
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and CytometryDepartment of Plant Genetics, Physiology and BiotechnologyUTP University of Science and TechnologyKaliskiego Ave. 785‐789BydgoszczPoland
| | - Masaki Ito
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural SciencesNagoya UniversityChikusaNagoya464‐8601Japan
| | - Piotr Walerowski
- Department of Integrative Plant BiologyInstitute of Plant Genetics of the Polish Academy of Sciencesul. Strzeszyńska 3460‐479PoznańPoland
| | - Stephen Rolfe
- Department of Animal and Plant SciencesUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldS10 2TNUK
| | - Robert Malinowski
- Department of Integrative Plant BiologyInstitute of Plant Genetics of the Polish Academy of Sciencesul. Strzeszyńska 3460‐479PoznańPoland
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Mohammadi F, Ghanati F, Sharifi M, Chashmi NA. On the mechanism of the cell cycle control of suspension-cultured tobacco cells after exposure to static magnetic field. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 277:139-144. [PMID: 30466579 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
One of the main sites of the magnetic fields influence on living cells is the cell cycle. The intensity of this influence however, varies depending on the cell type and the duration of the treatment. Suspension of cultured tobacco cells (Nicotiana tabacum cv. Barley 21) were synchronized via sucrose starvation at their stationary growth phase. The cells were then exposed to 0.2 m T SMF up to 24 h. The progression of different cell cycle phases was monitored through flow cytometry in a time course manner. Expression of cell cycle controlling genes and amounts of certain signaling molecules were measured as well. Exposure to SMF delayed G1.S transition which was accompanied by decrease of cyclin-dependent kinases A (CDK A) and D-type cyclin, but an increase in the adenylyl cyclase (AC), transcription factor E2F, retinoblastoma protein (Rbp), and CDK-inhibitor protein 21 (p21) transcript accumulation. Exposure to SMF also increased the contents of nitric oxide (NO), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and salicylic acid (SA), compared to the control group. The results suggest a signaling pathway triggered by SMF starting from accumulation of NO and H2O2 followed by downstream events including the increase of cyclic nucleotides and subsequent decrease of both CDKA and CycD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzaneh Mohammadi
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Biological Science, Tarbiat Modares University (TMU), POB141115-154, Tehran, Iran
| | - Faezeh Ghanati
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Biological Science, Tarbiat Modares University (TMU), POB141115-154, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohsen Sharifi
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Biological Science, Tarbiat Modares University (TMU), POB141115-154, Tehran, Iran
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Zeng Z, Huang H, Han N, Huang CY, Langridge P, Bian H, Zhu M. Endopolyploidy levels in barley vary in different root types and significantly decrease under phosphorus deficiency. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2017; 118:11-21. [PMID: 28601019 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Increased endopolyploidy is important for plant growth and development as well as for adaptation to environmental stresses. However, little is known about the role of reduced endopolyploidy, especially in root systems. In this report, endopolyploidy variations were examined in different types of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) roots, and the effects of phosphorus (P) deficiency and salinity (NaCl) stress on root endopolyploidy were also studied. The results showed that the endopolyploidy levels were lower in lateral roots than in either primary or nodal roots. The lower endopolyploidy in lateral roots was attributed to cortical cells. P deficiency reduced the endopolyploidy levels in lateral roots and mature zone of primary roots. By contrast, salinity had no effects on the endopolyploidy levels in either lateral or primary roots, but had a minor effect on nodal roots. Transcript analysis of cell cycle-related genes showed that multiple cell cycle-related genes were more highly expressed in lateral roots than in primary roots, suggesting their roles in lowering endopolyploidy. P deficiency reduced HvCCS52A1 transcripts in the mature zone of primary roots, but had little effect on the transcripts of 12 cell cycle-related genes in lateral roots, suggesting that endopolyploidy regulation differs between lateral roots and primary roots. Our results revealed that endopolyploidy reduction in root systems could be an integrated part of endopolyploidy plasticity in barley growth and development as well as in adaptation to a low P environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanghui Zeng
- Institute of Genetic and Regenerative Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China; Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Huahong Huang
- Nurturing Station for the State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Lin'an, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, China
| | - Ning Han
- Institute of Genetic and Regenerative Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Chun Y Huang
- Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Peter Langridge
- Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Hongwu Bian
- Institute of Genetic and Regenerative Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China.
| | - Muyuan Zhu
- Institute of Genetic and Regenerative Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
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30
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Wildermuth MC, Steinwand MA, McRae AG, Jaenisch J, Chandran D. Adapted Biotroph Manipulation of Plant Cell Ploidy. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2017; 55:537-564. [PMID: 28617655 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-080516-035458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Diverse plant biotrophs that establish a sustained site of nutrient acquisition induce localized host endoreduplication. Endoreduplication is a process by which cells successively replicate their genomes without mitosis, resulting in an increase in nuclear DNA ploidy. Elevated ploidy is associated with enhanced cell size, metabolic capacity, and the capacity to differentiate. Localized host endoreduplication induced by adapted plant biotrophs promotes biotroph colonization, development, and/or proliferation. When induced host endoreduplication is limited, biotroph growth and/or development are compromised. Herein, we examine a diverse set of plant-biotroph interactions to identify (a) common host components manipulated to promote induced host endoreduplication and (b) biotroph effectors that facilitate this induced host process. Shared mechanisms to promote host endoreduplication and development of nutrient exchange/feeding sites include manipulation centered on endocycle entry at the G2-M transition as well as yet undefined roles for differentiation regulators (e.g., CLE peptides) and pectin/cell wall modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary C Wildermuth
- Department of Plant & Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720;
| | - Michael A Steinwand
- Department of Plant & Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720;
| | - Amanda G McRae
- Department of Plant & Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720;
| | - Johan Jaenisch
- Department of Plant & Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720;
| | - Divya Chandran
- Regional Center for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India 121001
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Abstract
The eukaryotic nucleus is enclosed by the nuclear envelope, which is perforated by the nuclear pores, the gateways of macromolecular exchange between the nucleoplasm and cytoplasm. The nucleoplasm is organized in a complex three-dimensional fashion that changes over time and in response to stimuli. Within the cell, the nucleus must be viewed as an organelle (albeit a gigantic one) that is a recipient of cytoplasmic forces and capable of morphological and positional dynamics. The most dramatic reorganization of this organelle occurs during mitosis and meiosis. Although many of these aspects are less well understood for the nuclei of plants than for those of animals or fungi, several recent discoveries have begun to place our understanding of plant nuclei firmly into this broader cell-biological context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Meier
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210;
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, United Kingdom;
| | | | - David E Evans
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, United Kingdom;
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32
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Brasil JN, Costa CNM, Cabral LM, Ferreira PCG, Hemerly AS. The plant cell cycle: Pre-Replication complex formation and controls. Genet Mol Biol 2017; 40:276-291. [PMID: 28304073 PMCID: PMC5452130 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2016-0118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The multiplication of cells in all living organisms requires a tight regulation of DNA replication. Several mechanisms take place to ensure that the DNA is replicated faithfully and just once per cell cycle in order to originate through mitoses two new daughter cells that contain exactly the same information from the previous one. A key control mechanism that occurs before cells enter S phase is the formation of a pre-replication complex (pre-RC) that is assembled at replication origins by the sequential association of the origin recognition complex, followed by Cdt1, Cdc6 and finally MCMs, licensing DNA to start replication. The identification of pre-RC members in all animal and plant species shows that this complex is conserved in eukaryotes and, more importantly, the differences between kingdoms might reflect their divergence in strategies on cell cycle regulation, as it must be integrated and adapted to the niche, ecosystem, and the organism peculiarities. Here, we provide an overview of the knowledge generated so far on the formation and the developmental controls of the pre-RC mechanism in plants, analyzing some particular aspects in comparison to other eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Nogueira Brasil
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,Centro Universitário Christus, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Carinne N Monteiro Costa
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,Centro de Genômica e Biologia de Sistemas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Luiz Mors Cabral
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niteroi, RJ, Brazil
| | - Paulo C G Ferreira
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Adriana S Hemerly
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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34
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Cell size and growth regulation in the Arabidopsis thaliana apical stem cell niche. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E8238-E8246. [PMID: 27930326 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1616768113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell size and growth kinetics are fundamental cellular properties with important physiological implications. Classical studies on yeast, and recently on bacteria, have identified rules for cell size regulation in single cells, but in the more complex environment of multicellular tissues, data have been lacking. In this study, to characterize cell size and growth regulation in a multicellular context, we developed a 4D imaging pipeline and applied it to track and quantify epidermal cells over 3-4 d in Arabidopsis thaliana shoot apical meristems. We found that a cell size checkpoint is not the trigger for G2/M or cytokinesis, refuting the unexamined assumption that meristematic cells trigger cell cycle phases upon reaching a critical size. Our data also rule out models in which cells undergo G2/M at a fixed time after birth, or by adding a critical size increment between G2/M transitions. Rather, cell size regulation was intermediate between the critical size and critical increment paradigms, meaning that cell size fluctuations decay by ∼75% in one generation compared with 100% (critical size) and 50% (critical increment). Notably, this behavior was independent of local cell-cell contact topologies and of position within the tissue. Cells grew exponentially throughout the first >80% of the cell cycle, but following an asymmetrical division, the small daughter grew at a faster exponential rate than the large daughter, an observation that potentially challenges present models of growth regulation. These growth and division behaviors place strong constraints on quantitative mechanistic descriptions of the cell cycle and growth control.
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35
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Abstract
Chloroplasts evolved from a cyanobacterial endosymbiont. It is believed that the synchronization of endosymbiotic and host cell division, as is commonly seen in existing algae, was a critical step in establishing the permanent organelle. Algal cells typically contain one or only a small number of chloroplasts that divide once per host cell cycle. This division is based partly on the S-phase-specific expression of nucleus-encoded proteins that constitute the chloroplast-division machinery. In this study, using the red alga Cyanidioschyzon merolae, we show that cell-cycle progression is arrested at the prophase when chloroplast division is blocked before the formation of the chloroplast-division machinery by the overexpression of Filamenting temperature-sensitive (Fts) Z2-1 (Fts72-1), but the cell cycle progresses when chloroplast division is blocked during division-site constriction by the overexpression of either FtsZ2-1 or a dominant-negative form of dynamin-related protein 5B (DRP5B). In the cells arrested in the prophase, the increase in the cyclin B level and the migration of cyclin-dependent kinase B (CDKB) were blocked. These results suggest that chloroplast division restricts host cell-cycle progression so that the cell cycle progresses to the metaphase only when chloroplast division has commenced. Thus, chloroplast division and host cell-cycle progression are synchronized by an interactive restriction that takes place between the nucleus and the chloroplast. In addition, we observed a similar pattern of cell-cycle arrest upon the blockage of chloroplast division in the glaucophyte alga Cyanophora paradoxa, raising the possibility that the chloroplast division checkpoint contributed to the establishment of the permanent organelle.
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Mesejo C, Yuste R, Reig C, Martínez-Fuentes A, Iglesias DJ, Muñoz-Fambuena N, Bermejo A, Germanà MA, Primo-Millo E, Agustí M. Gibberellin reactivates and maintains ovary-wall cell division causing fruit set in parthenocarpic Citrus species. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 247:13-24. [PMID: 27095396 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2016.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Citrus is a wide genus in which most of the cultivated species and cultivars are natural parthenocarpic mutants or hybrids (i.e. orange, mandarin, tangerine, grapefruit). The autonomous increase in GA1 ovary concentration during anthesis was suggested as being the stimulus responsible for parthenocarpy in Citrus regardless of the species. To determine the exact GA-role in parthenocarpic fruit set, the following hypothesis was tested: GA triggers and maintains cell division in ovary walls causing fruit set. Obligate and facultative parthenocarpic Citrus species were used as a model system because obligate parthenocarpic Citrus sp (i.e. Citrus unshiu) have higher GA levels and better natural parthenocarpic fruit set compared to other facultative parthenocarpic Citrus (i.e. Citrus clementina). The autonomous activation of GA synthesis in C. unshiu ovary preceded cell division and CYCA1.1 up-regulation (a G2-stage cell cycle regulator) at anthesis setting a high proportion of fruits, whereas C. clementina lacked this GA-biosynthesis and CYCA1.1 up-regulation failing in fruit set. In situ hybridization experiments revealed a tissue-specific expression of GA20ox2 only in the dividing tissues of the pericarp. Furthermore, CYCA1.1 expression correlated endogenous GA1 content with GA3 treatment, which stimulated cell division and ovary growth, mostly in C. clementina. Instead, paclobutrazol (GA biosynthesis inhibitor) negated cell division and reduced fruit set. Results suggest that in parthenocarpic citrus the specific GA synthesis in the ovary walls at anthesis triggers cell division and, thus, the necessary ovary growth rate to set fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Mesejo
- Instituto Agroforestal Mediterráneo, Universitat Politècnica de València, Spain
| | - Roberto Yuste
- Dipartimento Scienze Agrarie e Forestali, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Italy
| | - Carmina Reig
- Instituto Agroforestal Mediterráneo, Universitat Politècnica de València, Spain
| | | | - Domingo J Iglesias
- Centro de Citricultura y Producción Vegetal, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias, Spain
| | | | - Almudena Bermejo
- Centro de Citricultura y Producción Vegetal, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias, Spain
| | - M Antonietta Germanà
- Dipartimento Scienze Agrarie e Forestali, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Italy
| | - Eduardo Primo-Millo
- Centro de Citricultura y Producción Vegetal, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias, Spain
| | - Manuel Agustí
- Instituto Agroforestal Mediterráneo, Universitat Politècnica de València, Spain.
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Chandran D, Wildermuth M. Modulation of Host Endocycle During Plant–Biotroph Interactions. DEVELOPMENTAL SIGNALING IN PLANTS 2016; 40:65-103. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.enz.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Spatial Regulation of Root Growth: Placing the Plant TOR Pathway in a Developmental Perspective. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:19671-97. [PMID: 26295391 PMCID: PMC4581319 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160819671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2015] [Revised: 07/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant cells contain specialized structures, such as a cell wall and a large vacuole, which play a major role in cell growth. Roots follow an organized pattern of development, making them the organs of choice for studying the spatio-temporal regulation of cell proliferation and growth in plants. During root growth, cells originate from the initials surrounding the quiescent center, proliferate in the division zone of the meristem, and then increase in length in the elongation zone, reaching their final size and differentiation stage in the mature zone. Phytohormones, especially auxins and cytokinins, control the dynamic balance between cell division and differentiation and therefore organ size. Plant growth is also regulated by metabolites and nutrients, such as the sugars produced by photosynthesis or nitrate assimilated from the soil. Recent literature has shown that the conserved eukaryotic TOR (target of rapamycin) kinase pathway plays an important role in orchestrating plant growth. We will summarize how the regulation of cell proliferation and cell expansion by phytohormones are at the heart of root growth and then discuss recent data indicating that the TOR pathway integrates hormonal and nutritive signals to orchestrate root growth.
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Saito T, Tuan PA, Katsumi-Horigane A, Bai S, Ito A, Sekiyama Y, Ono H, Moriguchi T. Development of flower buds in the Japanese pear (Pyrus pyrifolia) from late autumn to early spring. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 35:653-62. [PMID: 26063707 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpv043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
We periodically investigated the lateral flower bud morphology of 1-year shoots of 'Kosui' pears (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai) in terms of dormancy progression, using magnetic resonance imaging. The size of flower buds did not change significantly during endodormancy, but rapid enlargement took place at the end of the ecodormancy stage. To gain insight into the physiological status during this period, we analyzed gene expression related to cell cycle-, cell expansion- and water channel-related genes, namely cyclin (CYC), expansin (EXPA), tonoplast intrinsic proteins (TIP) and plasma membrane intrinsic proteins (PIP). Constant but low expression of pear cyclin genes (PpCYCD3s) was observed in the transition phase from endodormancy to ecodormancy. The expression levels of PpCYCD3s were consistent with few changes in flower bud size, but up-regulated before the sprouting stage. In contrast, the expression of pear expansin and water channel-related genes (PpEXPA2, PpPIP2A, PpPIP2B, PpIδTIP1A and PpIδTIP1B) were low until onset of the rapid enlargement stage of flower buds. However, expression of these genes rapidly increased during sprouting along with a gradual increase of free water content in the floral primordia of buds. Taken together, these results suggest that flower bud size tends to stay constant until the endodormancy phase transition. Rapid enlargement of flower buds observed in March is partly due to the enhancement of the cell cycle. Then, sprouting takes place concomitant with the increase in cell expansion and free water movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Saito
- NARO Institute of Fruit Tree Science, 2-1 Fujimoto, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8605, Japan
| | - Pham Anh Tuan
- NARO Institute of Fruit Tree Science, 2-1 Fujimoto, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8605, Japan
| | - Akemi Katsumi-Horigane
- National Food Research Institute, NARO, 2-1-12 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8642, Japan
| | - Songling Bai
- NARO Institute of Fruit Tree Science, 2-1 Fujimoto, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8605, Japan
| | - Akiko Ito
- NARO Institute of Fruit Tree Science, 2-1 Fujimoto, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8605, Japan
| | - Yasuyo Sekiyama
- National Food Research Institute, NARO, 2-1-12 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8642, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ono
- National Food Research Institute, NARO, 2-1-12 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8642, Japan
| | - Takaya Moriguchi
- NARO Institute of Fruit Tree Science, 2-1 Fujimoto, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8605, Japan
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