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Drobnitch ST, Wenz J, Gleason SM, Comas LH. Searching for mechanisms driving root pressure in Zea mays-a transcriptomic approach. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 296:154209. [PMID: 38520968 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2024.154209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
While there are many theories and a variety of innovative datasets contributing to our understanding of the mechanism generating root pressure in vascular plants, we are still unable to produce a specific cellular mechanism for any species. To discover these mechanisms, we used RNA-Seq to explore differentially expressed genes in three different tissues between individual Zea mays plants expressing root pressure and those producing none. Working from the perspective that roots cells are utililizing a combination of osmotic exudation and hydraulic pressure mechanisms to generate positively-pressured flow of water into the xylem from the soil, we hypothesized that differential expression analysis would yield candidate genes coding for membrane transporters, ion channels, ATPases, and hormones with clear relevance to root pressure generation. In basal stem and coarse root tissue, we observed these classes of differentially expressed genes and more, including a strong cytoskeletal remodeling response. Fine roots displayed remarkably little differential expression relevant to root pressure, leading us to conclude that they either do not contribute to root pressure generation or are constitutively expressing root pressure mechanisms regardless of soil water content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Tepler Drobnitch
- Department of Forest and Rangeland Stewardship, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
| | - Joshua Wenz
- Water Management and Systems Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Sean M Gleason
- Water Management and Systems Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Louise H Comas
- Water Management and Systems Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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2
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Li H, Tao H, Xiao Y, Qin L, Lan C, Cheng B, Roberts JA, Zhang X, Lu X. ZmXYL modulates auxin-induced maize growth. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 115:1699-1715. [PMID: 37300848 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Plant architecture, lodging resistance, and yield are closely associated with height. In this paper, we report the identification and characterization of two allelic EMS-induced mutants of Zea mays, xyl-1, and xyl-2 that display dwarf phenotypes. The mutated gene, ZmXYL, encodes an α-xylosidase which functions in releasing xylosyl residue from a β-1,4-linked glucan chain. Total α-xylosidase activity in the two alleles is significantly decreased compared to wild-type plants. Loss-of-function mutants of ZmXYL resulted in a decreased xylose content, an increased XXXG content in xyloglucan (XyG), and a reduced auxin content. We show that auxin has an antagonistic effect with XXXG in promoting cell divisions within mesocotyl tissue. xyl-1 and xyl-2 were less sensitive to IAA compared to B73. Based on our study, a model is proposed that places XXXG, an oligosaccharide derived from XyG and the substrate of ZmXYL, as having a negative impact on auxin homeostasis resulting in the dwarf phenotypes of the xyl mutants. Our results provide a insight into the roles of oligosaccharides released from plant cell walls as signals in mediating plant growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Li
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance, School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Huifang Tao
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance, School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Yao Xiao
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance, School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Li Qin
- Institute of Advanced Agricultural Technology, Qilu Normal University, Jinan, 250200, China
| | - Chen Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Henan Joint International Laboratory for Crop Multi-Omics Research, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Jinming Road, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Beijiu Cheng
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance, School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Jeremy A Roberts
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, School of Biological & Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Xuebin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Henan Joint International Laboratory for Crop Multi-Omics Research, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Jinming Road, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Xiaoduo Lu
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance, School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
- Institute of Advanced Agricultural Technology, Qilu Normal University, Jinan, 250200, China
- Lab of Molecular Breeding by Design in Maize Sanya Institute, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanya, 572000, China
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Zhang N, Julian JD, Yap CE, Swaminathan S, Zabotina OA. The Arabidopsis xylosyltransferases, XXT3, XXT4, and XXT5, are essential to complete the fully xylosylated glucan backbone XXXG-type structure of xyloglucans. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 238:1986-1999. [PMID: 36856333 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Although most xyloglucans (XyGs) biosynthesis enzymes have been identified, the molecular mechanism that defines XyG branching patterns is unclear. Four out of five XyG xylosyltransferases (XXT1, XXT2, XXT4, and XXT5) are known to add the xylosyl residue from UDP-xylose onto a glucan backbone chain; however, the function of XXT3 has yet to be demonstrated. Single xxt3 and triple xxt3xxt4xxt5 mutant Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) plants were generated using CRISPR-Cas9 technology to determine the specific function of XXT3. Combined biochemical, bioinformatic, and morphological data conclusively established for the first time that XXT3, together with XXT4 and XXT5, adds xylosyl residue specifically at the third glucose in the glucan chain to synthesize XXXG-type XyGs. We propose that the specificity of XXT3, XXT4, and XXT5 is directed toward the prior synthesis of the acceptor substrate by the other two enzymes, XXT1 and XXT2. We also conclude that XXT5 plays a dominant role in the synthesis of XXXG-type XyGs, while XXT3 and XXT4 complementarily contribute their activities in a tissue-specific manner. The newly generated xxt3xxt4xxt5 mutant produces only XXGG-type XyGs, which further helps to understand the impact of structurally deficient polysaccharides on plant cell wall organization, growth, and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Zhang
- Roy J Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Jordan D Julian
- Roy J Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Cheng Ern Yap
- Roy J Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Sivakumar Swaminathan
- Roy J Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Olga A Zabotina
- Roy J Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
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Yang S, Xu N, Chen N, Qi J, Salam A, Wu J, Liu Y, Huang L, Liu B, Gan Y. OsUGE1 is directly targeted by OsGRF6 to regulate root hair length in rice. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2023; 136:108. [PMID: 37039968 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-023-04356-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE Root hairs are required for water and nutrient acquisition in plants. Here, we report a novel mechanism that OsUGE1 is negatively controlled by OsGRF6 to regulate root hair elongation in rice. Root hairs are tubular outgrowths generated by the root epidermal cells. They effectively enlarge the soil-root contact area and play essential roles for nutrient and water absorption. Here, in this study, we demonstrated that the Oryza sativa UDP-glucose 4-epimerase 1-like (OsUGE1) negatively regulated root hair elongation and was directly targeted by Oryza sativa growth regulating factor 6 (OsGRF6). Knockout mutants of OsUGE1 using CRISPR-Cas9 technology showed longer root hairs than those of wild type. In contrast, overexpression lines of OsUGE1 displayed shorter root hair compared with those of wild type. GUS staining showed that it could specifically express in root hair. Subcellular localization analysis indicates that OsUGE1 is located in endoplasmic reticulum, nucleus and plasma membrane. More importantly, ChIP-qPCR, Yeast-one-hybrid and BiFC experiments revealed that OsGRF6 could bind to the promoter of OsUGE1. Furthermore, knockout mutants of OsGRF6 showed shorter root hair than those of wild type, and OsGRF6 dominantly expressed in root. In addition, the expression level of OsUGE1 is significantly downregulated in Osgrf6 mutant. Taken together, our study reveals a novel pathway that OsUGE1 is negatively controlled by OsGRF6 to regulate root hair elongation in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaiqi Yang
- Zhejiang Key Lab of Crop Germplasm, Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Nuo Xu
- Zhejiang Key Lab of Crop Germplasm, Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Nana Chen
- Zhejiang Key Lab of Crop Germplasm, Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Jiaxuan Qi
- Zhejiang Key Lab of Crop Germplasm, Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Abdul Salam
- Zhejiang Key Lab of Crop Germplasm, Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Junyu Wu
- Zhejiang Key Lab of Crop Germplasm, Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Yihua Liu
- College of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Linyi University, Linyi, 276000, Shandong, China
| | - Linli Huang
- Zhejiang Key Lab of Crop Germplasm, Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Bohan Liu
- College of Agriculture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Yinbo Gan
- Zhejiang Key Lab of Crop Germplasm, Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000, China.
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Hanlon MT, Vejchasarn P, Fonta JE, Schneider HM, McCouch SR, Brown KM. Genome wide association analysis of root hair traits in rice reveals novel genomic regions controlling epidermal cell differentiation. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:6. [PMID: 36597029 PMCID: PMC9811729 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-04026-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genome wide association (GWA) studies demonstrate linkages between genetic variants and traits of interest. Here, we tested associations between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in rice (Oryza sativa) and two root hair traits, root hair length (RHL) and root hair density (RHD). Root hairs are outgrowths of single cells on the root epidermis that aid in nutrient and water acquisition and have also served as a model system to study cell differentiation and tip growth. Using lines from the Rice Diversity Panel-1, we explored the diversity of root hair length and density across four subpopulations of rice (aus, indica, temperate japonica, and tropical japonica). GWA analysis was completed using the high-density rice array (HDRA) and the rice reference panel (RICE-RP) SNP sets. RESULTS We identified 18 genomic regions related to root hair traits, 14 of which related to RHD and four to RHL. No genomic regions were significantly associated with both traits. Two regions overlapped with previously identified quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with root hair density in rice. We identified candidate genes in these regions and present those with previously published expression data relevant to root hair development. We re-phenotyped a subset of lines with extreme RHD phenotypes and found that the variation in RHD was due to differences in cell differentiation, not cell size, indicating genes in an associated genomic region may influence root hair cell fate. The candidate genes that we identified showed little overlap with previously characterized genes in rice and Arabidopsis. CONCLUSIONS Root hair length and density are quantitative traits with complex and independent genetic control in rice. The genomic regions described here could be used as the basis for QTL development and further analysis of the genetic control of root hair length and density. We present a list of candidate genes involved in root hair formation and growth in rice, many of which have not been previously identified as having a relation to root hair growth. Since little is known about root hair growth in grasses, these provide a guide for further research and crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith T Hanlon
- Department of Plant Science, The Pennsylvania State University, 102 Tyson Building, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
- Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Plant Biology, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Penn State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Phanchita Vejchasarn
- Department of Plant Science, The Pennsylvania State University, 102 Tyson Building, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
- Rice Department, Ministry of Agriculture, Ubon Ratchathani Rice Research Center, Ubon Ratchathani, 34000, Thailand
| | - Jenna E Fonta
- Department of Plant Science, The Pennsylvania State University, 102 Tyson Building, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
- Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Plant Biology, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Penn State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Hannah M Schneider
- Department of Plant Science, The Pennsylvania State University, 102 Tyson Building, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Susan R McCouch
- Section of Plant Breeding and Genetics, School of Integrated Plant Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853-1901, USA
- Biological Statistics and Computational Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853-1901, USA
| | - Kathleen M Brown
- Department of Plant Science, The Pennsylvania State University, 102 Tyson Building, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
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Narawatthana S, Phansenee Y, Thammasamisorn BO, Vejchasarn P. Multi-model genome-wide association studies of leaf anatomical traits and vein architecture in rice. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1107718. [PMID: 37123816 PMCID: PMC10130391 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1107718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Introduction The anatomy of rice leaves is closely related to photosynthesis and grain yield. Therefore, exploring insight into the quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and alleles related to rice flag leaf anatomical and vein traits is vital for rice improvement. Methods Here, we aimed to explore the genetic architecture of eight flag leaf traits using one single-locus model; mixed-linear model (MLM), and two multi-locus models; fixed and random model circulating probability unification (FarmCPU) and Bayesian information and linkage disequilibrium iteratively nested keyway (BLINK). We performed multi-model GWAS using 329 rice accessions of RDP1 with 700K single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) markers. Results The phenotypic correlation results indicated that rice flag leaf thickness was strongly correlated with leaf mesophyll cells layer (ML) and thickness of both major and minor veins. All three models were able to identify several significant loci associated with the traits. MLM identified three non-synonymous SNPs near NARROW LEAF 1 (NAL1) in association with ML and the distance between minor veins (IVD) traits. Discussion Several numbers of significant SNPs associated with known gene function in leaf development and yield traits were detected by multi-model GWAS performed in this study. Our findings indicate that flag leaf traits could be improved via molecular breeding and can be one of the targets in high-yield rice development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supatthra Narawatthana
- Rice Department, Thailand Rice Science Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives (MOAC), Suphan Buri, Thailand
- *Correspondence: Supatthra Narawatthana,
| | - Yotwarit Phansenee
- Ubon Ratchathani Rice Research Center, Rice Department, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives (MOAC), Ubon Ratchathani, Thailand
| | - Bang-On Thammasamisorn
- Rice Department, Thailand Rice Science Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives (MOAC), Suphan Buri, Thailand
| | - Phanchita Vejchasarn
- Ubon Ratchathani Rice Research Center, Rice Department, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives (MOAC), Ubon Ratchathani, Thailand
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Chen L, Luo J, Jin M, Yang N, Liu X, Peng Y, Li W, Phillips A, Cameron B, Bernal JS, Rellán-Álvarez R, Sawers RJH, Liu Q, Yin Y, Ye X, Yan J, Zhang Q, Zhang X, Wu S, Gui S, Wei W, Wang Y, Luo Y, Jiang C, Deng M, Jin M, Jian L, Yu Y, Zhang M, Yang X, Hufford MB, Fernie AR, Warburton ML, Ross-Ibarra J, Yan J. Genome sequencing reveals evidence of adaptive variation in the genus Zea. Nat Genet 2022; 54:1736-1745. [PMID: 36266506 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-022-01184-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Maize is a globally valuable commodity and one of the most extensively studied genetic model organisms. However, we know surprisingly little about the extent and potential utility of the genetic variation found in wild relatives of maize. Here, we characterize a high-density genomic variation map from 744 genomes encompassing maize and all wild taxa of the genus Zea, identifying over 70 million single-nucleotide polymorphisms. The variation map reveals evidence of selection within taxa displaying novel adaptations. We focus on adaptive alleles in highland teosinte and temperate maize, highlighting the key role of flowering-time-related pathways in their adaptation. To show the utility of variants in these data, we generate mutant alleles for two flowering-time candidate genes. This work provides an extensive sampling of the genetic diversity of Zea, resolving questions on evolution and identifying adaptive variants for direct use in modern breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jingyun Luo
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Minliang Jin
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ning Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China. .,Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China.
| | - Xiangguo Liu
- Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Yong Peng
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenqiang Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Alyssa Phillips
- Center for Population Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA.,Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Brenda Cameron
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Julio S Bernal
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Rubén Rellán-Álvarez
- Department of Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Ruairidh J H Sawers
- Department of Plant Science, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA
| | - Qing Liu
- Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Yuejia Yin
- Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Xinnan Ye
- Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Jiali Yan
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoting Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shenshen Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Songtao Gui
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenjie Wei
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuebin Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yun Luo
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chenglin Jiang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Min Deng
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Min Jin
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Liumei Jian
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanhui Yu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Maolin Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaohong Yang
- National Maize Improvement Center of China, Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Matthew B Hufford
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Marilyn L Warburton
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service: Western Regional Plant Introduction Station, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Jeffrey Ross-Ibarra
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, Center for Population Biology, Genome Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
| | - Jianbing Yan
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China. .,Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China.
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Bin Rahman ANMR, Ding W, Zhang J. The absorption of water from humid air by grass embryos during germination. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 189:1435-1449. [PMID: 35512056 PMCID: PMC9237686 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Grass embryos possess structures that do not occur in any other flowering plants. Due to the specific embryo structure and position, grass embryo surfaces may be exposed to surrounding air under partial caryopsis-soil contact conditions, but whether caryopses of the grass family (Poaceae) can sense soil air humidity to initiate successful germination under partial caryopsis-soil contact conditions remain unknown. Here, we found that grass embryos have the unique ability to absorb water from atmospheric water vapor under partial caryopsis-soil contact conditions. To absorb atmospheric moisture, grass embryos developed profuse and highly elongated hairs on the embryo surface. These hairs, classically known as coleorhiza hairs, developed only on the embryo surface exposed to humid air, and submergence of the embryo surface inhibited their development. In addition to humid air-dependent development, almost all other developmental features of coleorhiza hairs were substantially different from root hairs. However, coleorhiza hair development was regulated by ROOTHAIRLESS 1. Besides the genetic control of coleorhiza hair development, we also identified how caryopses manage to keep the hairs turgid in natural open environments as the hairs were highly sensitive to dry air exposure. Moreover, we video-documented the regulation of developmental processes. The unique humid air-dependent coleorhiza hair development and their ability to absorb water from water vapor present in microsites or soil air give grasses advantages in germination and seedling establishment. Ultimately, coleorhiza hairs may have contributed to the ecological success of the grass family.
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Affiliation(s)
- A N M Rubaiyath Bin Rahman
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wona Ding
- College of Science and Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, People’s Republic of China
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Gajek K, Janiak A, Korotko U, Chmielewska B, Marzec M, Szarejko I. Whole Exome Sequencing-Based Identification of a Novel Gene Involved in Root Hair Development in Barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.). Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413411. [PMID: 34948205 PMCID: PMC8709170 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Root hairs play a crucial role in anchoring plants in soil, interaction with microorganisms and nutrient uptake from the rhizosphere. In contrast to Arabidopsis, there is a limited knowledge of root hair morphogenesis in monocots, including barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). We have isolated barley mutant rhp1.e with an abnormal root hair phenotype after chemical mutagenesis of spring cultivar ‘Sebastian’. The development of root hairs was initiated in the mutant but inhibited at the very early stage of tip growth. The length of root hairs reached only 3% of the length of parent cultivar. Using a whole exome sequencing (WES) approach, we identified G1674A mutation in the HORVU1Hr1G077230 gene, located on chromosome 1HL and encoding a cellulose synthase-like C1 protein (HvCSLC1) that might be involved in the xyloglucan (XyG) synthesis in root hairs. The identified mutation led to the retention of the second intron and premature termination of the HvCSLC1 protein. The mutation co-segregated with the abnormal root hair phenotype in the F2 progeny of rhp1.e mutant and its wild-type parent. Additionally, different substitutions in HORVU1Hr1G077230 were found in four other allelic mutants with the same root hair phenotype. Here, we discuss the putative role of HvCSLC1 protein in root hair tube elongation in barley.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Gajek
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia, 40-032 Katowice, Poland; (K.G.); (A.J.); (B.C.); (M.M.)
| | - Agnieszka Janiak
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia, 40-032 Katowice, Poland; (K.G.); (A.J.); (B.C.); (M.M.)
| | - Urszula Korotko
- Centre for Bioinformatics and Data Analysis, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089 Bialystok, Poland;
| | - Beata Chmielewska
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia, 40-032 Katowice, Poland; (K.G.); (A.J.); (B.C.); (M.M.)
| | - Marek Marzec
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia, 40-032 Katowice, Poland; (K.G.); (A.J.); (B.C.); (M.M.)
| | - Iwona Szarejko
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia, 40-032 Katowice, Poland; (K.G.); (A.J.); (B.C.); (M.M.)
- Correspondence:
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10
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Zhong R, Phillips DR, Ye ZH. A Single Xyloglucan Xylosyltransferase Is Sufficient for Generation of the XXXG Xylosylation Pattern of Xyloglucan. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 62:1589-1602. [PMID: 34264339 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcab113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Xyloglucan is the most abundant hemicellulose in the primary cell walls of dicots. Dicot xyloglucan is the XXXG type consisting of repeating units of three consecutive xylosylated Glc residues followed by one unsubstituted Glc. Its xylosylation is catalyzed by xyloglucan 6-xylosyltransferases (XXTs) and there exist five XXTs (AtXXT1-5) in Arabidopsis. While AtXXT1 and AtXXT2 have been shown to add the first two Xyl residues in the XXXG repeat, which XXTs are responsible for the addition of the third Xyl residue remains elusive although AtXXT5 was a proposed candidate. In this report, we generated recombinant proteins of all five Arabidopsis XXTs and one rice XXT (OsXXT1) in the mammalian HEK293 cells and investigated their ability to sequentially xylosylate Glc residues to generate the XXXG xylosylation pattern. We found that like AtXXT1/2, AtXXT4 and OsXXT1 could efficiently xylosylate the cellohexaose (G6) acceptor to produce mono- and di-xylosylated G6, whereas AtXXT5 was only barely capable of adding one Xyl onto G6. When AtXXT1-catalyzed products were used as acceptors, AtXXT1/2/4 and OsXXT1, but not AtXXT5, were able to xylosylate additional Glc residues to generate tri- and tetra-xylosylated G6. Further characterization of the tri- and tetra-xylosylated G6 revealed that they had the sequence of GXXXGG and GXXXXG with three and four consecutive xylosylated Glc residues, respectively. In addition, we have found that although tri-xylosylation occurred on G6, cello-oligomers with a degree of polymerization of 3 to 5 could only be mono- and di-xylosylated. Together, these results indicate that each of AtXXT1/2/4 and OsXXT1 is capable of sequentially adding Xyl onto three contiguous Glc residues to generate the XXXG xylosylation pattern and these findings provide new insight into the biochemical mechanism underlying xyloglucan biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqin Zhong
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Dennis R Phillips
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Zheng-Hua Ye
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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11
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Majda M, Kozlova L, Banasiak A, Derba-Maceluch M, Iashchishyn IA, Morozova-Roche LA, Smith RS, Gorshkova T, Mellerowicz EJ. Elongation of wood fibers combines features of diffuse and tip growth. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 232:673-691. [PMID: 33993523 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Xylem fibers are highly elongated cells that are key constituents of wood, play major physiological roles in plants, comprise an important terrestrial carbon reservoir, and thus have enormous ecological and economic importance. As they develop, from fusiform initials, their bodies remain the same length while their tips elongate and intrude into intercellular spaces. To elucidate mechanisms of tip elongation, we studied the cell wall along the length of isolated, elongating aspen xylem fibers and used computer simulations to predict the forces driving the intercellular space formation required for their growth. We found pectin matrix epitopes (JIM5, LM7) concentrated at the tips where cellulose microfibrils have transverse orientation, and xyloglucan epitopes (CCRC-M89, CCRC-M58) in fiber bodies where microfibrils are disordered. These features are accompanied by changes in cell wall thickness, indicating that while the cell wall elongates strictly at the tips, it is deposited all over fibers. Computer modeling revealed that the intercellular space formation needed for intrusive growth may only require targeted release of cell adhesion, which allows turgor pressure in neighboring fiber cells to 'round' the cells creating spaces. These characteristics show that xylem fibers' elongation involves a distinct mechanism that combines features of both diffuse and tip growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Majda
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, 901 83, Sweden
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney Lane, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Liudmila Kozlova
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, 901 83, Sweden
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan, 420111, Russia
| | - Alicja Banasiak
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, 901 83, Sweden
- Department of Plant Developmental Biology, Institute of Experimental Biology, University of Wrocław, Kanonia 6/8, Wrocław, 50-328, Poland
| | - Marta Derba-Maceluch
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, 901 83, Sweden
| | - Igor A Iashchishyn
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, Umeå, SE-901 87, Sweden
| | | | - Richard S Smith
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney Lane, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Tatyana Gorshkova
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan, 420111, Russia
| | - Ewa J Mellerowicz
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, 901 83, Sweden
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12
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Proofing Direct-Seeded Rice with Better Root Plasticity and Architecture. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22116058. [PMID: 34199720 PMCID: PMC8199995 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22116058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The underground reserve (root) has been an uncharted research territory with its untapped genetic variation yet to be exploited. Identifying ideal traits and breeding new rice varieties with efficient root system architecture (RSA) has great potential to increase resource-use efficiency and grain yield, especially under direct-seeded rice, by adapting to aerobic soil conditions. In this review, we tried to mine the available research information on the direct-seeded rice (DSR) root system to highlight the requirements of different root traits such as root architecture, length, number, density, thickness, diameter, and angle that play a pivotal role in determining the uptake of nutrients and moisture at different stages of plant growth. RSA also faces several stresses, due to excess or deficiency of moisture and nutrients, low or high temperature, or saline conditions. To counteract these hindrances, adaptation in response to stress becomes essential. Candidate genes such as early root growth enhancer PSTOL1, surface rooting QTL qSOR1, deep rooting gene DRO1, and numerous transporters for their respective nutrients and stress-responsive factors have been identified and validated under different circumstances. Identifying the desired QTLs and transporters underlying these traits and then designing an ideal root architecture can help in developing a suitable DSR cultivar and aid in further advancement in this direction.
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13
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Gigli-Bisceglia N, Engelsdorf T, Hamann T. Plant cell wall integrity maintenance in model plants and crop species-relevant cell wall components and underlying guiding principles. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:2049-2077. [PMID: 31781810 PMCID: PMC7256069 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03388-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The walls surrounding the cells of all land-based plants provide mechanical support essential for growth and development as well as protection from adverse environmental conditions like biotic and abiotic stress. Composition and structure of plant cell walls can differ markedly between cell types, developmental stages and species. This implies that wall composition and structure are actively modified during biological processes and in response to specific functional requirements. Despite extensive research in the area, our understanding of the regulatory processes controlling active and adaptive modifications of cell wall composition and structure is still limited. One of these regulatory processes is the cell wall integrity maintenance mechanism, which monitors and maintains the functional integrity of the plant cell wall during development and interaction with environment. It is an important element in plant pathogen interaction and cell wall plasticity, which seems at least partially responsible for the limited success that targeted manipulation of cell wall metabolism has achieved so far. Here, we provide an overview of the cell wall polysaccharides forming the bulk of plant cell walls in both monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants and the effects their impairment can have. We summarize our current knowledge regarding the cell wall integrity maintenance mechanism and discuss that it could be responsible for several of the mutant phenotypes observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Gigli-Bisceglia
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, 6708 PB, The Netherlands
| | - Timo Engelsdorf
- Division of Plant Physiology, Department of Biology, Philipps University of Marburg, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Hamann
- Institute for Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 5 Høgskoleringen, 7491, Trondheim, Norway.
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14
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Liu TY, Ye N, Song T, Cao Y, Gao B, Zhang D, Zhu F, Chen M, Zhang Y, Xu W, Zhang J. Rhizosheath formation and involvement in foxtail millet (Setaria italica) root growth under drought stress. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 61:449-462. [PMID: 30183129 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The rhizosheath, a layer of soil particles that adheres firmly to the root surface by a combination of root hairs and mucilage, may improve tolerance to drought stress. Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv. (foxtail millet), a member of the Poaceae family, is an important food and fodder crop in arid regions and forms a larger rhizosheath under drought conditions. Rhizosheath formation under drought conditions has been studied, but the regulation of root hair growth and rhizosheath size in response to soil moisture remains unclear. To address this question, in this study we monitored root hair growth and rhizosheath development in response to a gradual decline in soil moisture. Here, we determined that a soil moisture level of 10%-14% (w/w) stimulated greater rhizosheath production compared to other soil moisture levels. Root hair density and length also increased at this soil moisture level, which was validated by measurement of the expression of root hair-related genes. These findings contribute to our understanding of rhizosheath formation in response to soil water stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tie-Yuan Liu
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Nenghui Ye
- Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops in China, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Tao Song
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yunying Cao
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- College of Life Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Bei Gao
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Di Zhang
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Fuyuan Zhu
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Moxian Chen
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yingjiao Zhang
- Center for Plant Water-use and Nutrition Regulation and College of Life Sciences, Joint International Research Laboratory of Water and Nutrient in Crop, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Weifeng Xu
- Center for Plant Water-use and Nutrition Regulation and College of Life Sciences, Joint International Research Laboratory of Water and Nutrient in Crop, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
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15
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Gajewska P, Janiak A, Kwasniewski M, Kędziorski P, Szarejko I. Forward Genetics Approach Reveals a Mutation in bHLH Transcription Factor-Encoding Gene as the Best Candidate for the Root Hairless Phenotype in Barley. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1229. [PMID: 30233607 PMCID: PMC6129617 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Root hairs are the part of root architecture contributing significantly to the root surface area. Their role is particularly substantial in maintaining plant growth under stress conditions, however, knowledge on mechanism of root hair differentiation is still limited for majority of crop species, including barley. Here, we report the results of a map-based identification of a candidate gene responsible for the lack of root epidermal cell differentiation, which results in the lack of root hairs in barley. The analysis was based on the root hairless barley mutant rhl1.b, obtained after chemical mutagenesis of spring cultivar 'Karat'. The rhl1 gene was located in chromosome 7HS in our previous studies. Fine mapping allowed to narrow the interval encompassing rhl1 gene to 3.7 cM, which on physical barley map spans a region of 577 kb. Five high confidence genes are located within this region and their sequencing resulted in the identification of A>T mutation in one candidate, HORVU7Hr1G030250 (MLOC_38567), differing the mutant from its parent variety. The mutation, located in the 3' splice-junction site, caused the retention of the last intron, 98 bp long, in mRNA of rhl1.b allele. This resulted in the frameshift, the synthesis of 71 abnormal amino acids and introduction of premature STOP codon in mRNA. The mutation was present in the recombinants from the mapping population (F2rhl1.b × 'Morex') that lacked root hairs. The candidate gene encodes a bHLH transcription factor with LRL domain and may be involved in early stages of root hair cell development. We discuss the possible involvement of HORVU7Hr1G030250 in this process, as the best candidate responsible for early stages of rhizodermis differentiation in barley.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrycja Gajewska
- Department of Genetics, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Janiak
- Department of Genetics, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Miroslaw Kwasniewski
- Department of Genetics, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
- Centre for Bioinformatics and Data Analysis, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Piotr Kędziorski
- Department of Genetics, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Iwona Szarejko
- Department of Genetics, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
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16
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Moon S, Chandran AKN, An G, Lee C, Jung KH. Genome-wide analysis of root hair-preferential genes in rice. RICE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2018; 11:48. [PMID: 30159808 PMCID: PMC6115326 DOI: 10.1186/s12284-018-0241-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Root hairs are valuable in taking up nutrients and water from the rhizosphere and serving as sites of interactions with soil microorganisms. By increasing the external surface area of the roots or interacting with rhizobacteria, root hairs directly and indirectly promote plant growth and yield. Transcriptome data can be used to understand root-hair development in rice. RESULT We performed Agilent 44 K microarray experiments with enriched root-hair samples and identified 409 root hair-preferential genes in rice. The expression patterns of six genes were confirmed using a GUS reporter system and quantitative RT-PCR analysis. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis demonstrated that 13 GO terms, including oxygen transport and cell wall generation, were highly over-represented in those genes. Although comparative analysis between rice and Arabidopsis revealed a large proportion of orthologous pairs, their spatial expression patterns were not conserved. To investigate the molecular network associated with root hair-preferential genes in rice, we analyzed the PPI network as well as coexpression data. Subsequently, we developed a refined network consisting of 24 interactions between 10 genes and 18 of their interactors. CONCLUSION Identification of root hair-preferential genes and in depth analysis of those genes will be a useful reference to accelerate the understanding of root-hair development in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunok Moon
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 17104, Korea
| | - Anil Kumar Nalini Chandran
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 17104, Korea
| | - Gynheung An
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 17104, Korea
| | - Chanhui Lee
- Department of Plant and Environmental New Resources, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 17104, Korea.
| | - Ki-Hong Jung
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 17104, Korea.
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17
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Liu C, Wang B, Li Z, Peng Z, Zhang J. TsNAC1 Is a Key Transcription Factor in Abiotic Stress Resistance and Growth. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 176:742-756. [PMID: 29122985 PMCID: PMC5761785 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.01089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
NAC proteins constitute one of the largest families of plant-specific transcription factors, and a number of these proteins participate in the regulation of plant development and responses to abiotic stress. T. HALOPHILA STRESS RELATED NAC1 (TsNAC1), cloned from the halophyte Thellungiella halophila, is a NAC transcription factor gene, and its overexpression can improve abiotic stress resistance, especially in salt stress tolerance, in both T. halophila and Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and retard the growth of these plants. In this study, the transcriptional activation activity of TsNAC1 and RD26 from Arabidopsis was compared with the target genes' promoter regions of TsNAC1 from T. halophila, and the results showed that the transcriptional activation activity of TsNAC1 was higher in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) and yeast. The target sequence of the promoter from the target genes also was identified, and TsNAC1 was shown to target the positive regulators of ion transportation, such as T. HALOPHILA H+-PPASE1, and the transcription factors MYB HYPOCOTYL ELONGATION-RELATED and HOMEOBOX12 In addition, TsNAC1 negatively regulates the expansion of cells, inhibits LIGHT-DEPENDENT SHORT HYPOCOTYLS1 and UDP-XYLOSYLTRANSFERASE2, and directly controls the expression of MULTICOPY SUPPRESSOR OF IRA14 Based on these results, we propose that TsNAC1 functions as an important upstream regulator of plant abiotic stress responses and vegetative growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, Shandong, China
| | - Baomei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, Shandong, China
| | - Zhaoxia Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, Shandong, China
| | - Zhenghua Peng
- Key Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, Shandong, China
| | - Juren Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, Shandong, China
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18
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Root hair development in grasses and cereals (Poaceae). Curr Opin Genet Dev 2017; 45:76-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2017.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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19
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Kim CM, Han CD, Dolan L. RSL class I genes positively regulate root hair development in Oryza sativa. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 213:314-323. [PMID: 27716929 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Root hairs are filamentous protuberances from superficial cells of plant roots that are critical for nutrient uptake. Genes encoding ROOT HAIR DEFECTIVE-SIX LIKE (RSL) class I basic helix-loop-helix proteins are expressed in future root hair cells (trichoblasts) of the Arabidopsis thaliana root where they positively regulate root hair cell development. We characterized the function of class I genes in Oryza sativa root development. We show that there are three RSL class I genes in O. sativa and that each is expressed in developing root hair cells. Reduction of RSL class I function results in the development of shorter root hairs than in wild-type. Ectopic overexpression results in the development of ectopic root hair cells. These data suggest that expression of individual RSL class I proteins is sufficient for root hair development in the cereal O. sativa (rice). Therefore RSL class I genes have been conserved since O. sativa and A. thaliana last shared a common ancestor. However, given that RSL class I genes are not sufficient for root hair development in A. thaliana, it suggests that there are differences in the mechanisms repressing RSL class I gene activity between members of the Poaceae and Brassicaceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chul Min Kim
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
- Oxford Martin School, Plants for the 21st Century Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Chang-Deok Han
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea
| | - Liam Dolan
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
- Oxford Martin School, Plants for the 21st Century Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
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20
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Lu L, Qiu W, Gao W, Tyerman SD, Shou H, Wang C. OsPAP10c, a novel secreted acid phosphatase in rice, plays an important role in the utilization of external organic phosphorus. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2016; 39:2247-59. [PMID: 27411391 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Under phosphate (Pi ) starvation, plants increase the secretion of purple acid phosphatases (PAPs) into the rhizosphere to scavenge organic phosphorus (P) for plant use. To date, only a few members of the PAP family have been characterized in crops. In this study, we identified a novel secreted PAP in rice, OsPAP10c, and investigated its role in the utilization of external organic P. OsPAP10c belongs to a monocotyledon-specific subclass of Ia group PAPs and is specifically expressed in the epidermis/exodermis cell layers of roots. Both the transcript and protein levels of OsPAP10c are strongly induced by Pi starvation. OsPAP10c overexpression increased acid phosphatase (APase) activity by more than 10-fold in the culture media and almost fivefold in both roots and leaves under Pi -sufficient and Pi -deficient conditions. This increase in APase activity further improved the plant utilization efficiency of external organic P. Moreover, several APase isoforms corresponding to OsPAP10c were identified using in-gel activity assays. Under field conditions with three different Pi supply levels, OsPAP10c-overexpressing plants had significantly higher tiller numbers and shorter plant heights. This study indicates that OsPAP10c encodes a novel secreted APase that plays an important role in the utilization of external organic P in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linghong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Wenmin Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Wenwen Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Stephen D Tyerman
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, PMB1, Glen Osmond, South Australia, 5064, Australia
| | - Huixia Shou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Chuang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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21
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Culbertson AT, Smith AL, Cook MD, Zabotina OA. Truncations of xyloglucan xylosyltransferase 2 provide insights into the roles of the N- and C-terminus. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2016; 128:12-19. [PMID: 27193738 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2016.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Xyloglucan is the most abundant hemicellulose in the primary cell wall of dicotyledonous plants. In Arabidopsis, three xyloglucan xylosyltransferases, XXT1, XXT2, and XXT5, participate in xylosylation of the xyloglucan backbone. Despite the importance of these enzymes, there is a lack of information on their structure and the critical residues required for substrate binding and transferase activity. In this study, the roles of different domains of XX2 in protein expression and catalytic activity were investigated by constructing a series of N- and C-terminal truncations. XXT2 with an N-terminal truncation of 31 amino acids after the predicted transmembrane domain showed the highest protein expression, but truncations of more than 31 residues decreased protein expression and catalytic activity. XXT2 constructs with C-terminal truncations showed increased protein expression but decreased activity, particularly for truncations of 44 or more amino acids. Site-directed mutagenesis was also used to investigate six positively charged residues near the C-terminus and found that four of the mutants showed decreased enzymatic activity. We conclude that the N- and C-termini of XXT2 have important roles in protein folding and enzymatic activity: the stem region (particularly the N-terminus of the catalytic domain) is critical for protein folding and the C-terminus is essential for enzymatic activity but not for protein folding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan T Culbertson
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Adrienne L Smith
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Matthew D Cook
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Olga A Zabotina
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
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Mangano S, Juárez SPD, Estevez JM. ROS Regulation of Polar Growth in Plant Cells. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 171:1593-605. [PMID: 27208283 PMCID: PMC4936551 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.00191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Root hair cells and pollen tubes, like fungal hyphae, possess a typical tip or polar cell expansion with growth limited to the apical dome. Cell expansion needs to be carefully regulated to produce a correct shape and size. Polar cell growth is sustained by oscillatory feedback loops comprising three main components that together play an important role regulating this process. One of the main components are reactive oxygen species (ROS) that, together with calcium ions (Ca(2+)) and pH, sustain polar growth over time. Apoplastic ROS homeostasis controlled by NADPH oxidases as well as by secreted type III peroxidases has a great impact on cell wall properties during cell expansion. Polar growth needs to balance a focused secretion of new materials in an extending but still rigid cell wall in order to contain turgor pressure. In this review, we discuss the gaps in our understanding of how ROS impact on the oscillatory Ca(2+) and pH signatures that, coordinately, allow root hair cells and pollen tubes to expand in a controlled manner to several hundred times their original size toward specific signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvina Mangano
- Fundación Instituto Leloir and Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires CP C1405BWE, Argentina
| | - Silvina Paola Denita Juárez
- Fundación Instituto Leloir and Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires CP C1405BWE, Argentina
| | - José M Estevez
- Fundación Instituto Leloir and Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires CP C1405BWE, Argentina
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Culbertson AT, Tietze AA, Tietze D, Chou YH, Smith AL, Young ZT, Zabotina OA. A homology model of Xyloglucan Xylosyltransferase 2 reveals critical amino acids involved in substrate binding. Glycobiology 2016; 26:961-972. [DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cww050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Pauly M, Keegstra K. Biosynthesis of the Plant Cell Wall Matrix Polysaccharide Xyloglucan. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 67:235-59. [PMID: 26927904 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-043015-112222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Xyloglucan (XyG) is a matrix polysaccharide that is present in the cell walls of all land plants. It consists of a β-1,4-linked glucan backbone that is further substituted with xylosyl residues. These xylosyl residues can be further substituted with other glycosyl and nonglycosyl substituents that vary depending on the plant family and specific tissue. Advances in plant mutant isolation and characterization, functional genomics, and DNA sequencing have led to the identification of nearly all transferases and synthases necessary to synthesize XyG. Thus, in terms of the molecular mechanisms of plant cell wall polysaccharide biosynthesis, XyG is the most well understood. However, much remains to be learned about the molecular mechanisms of polysaccharide assembly and the regulation of these processes. Knowledge of the XyG biosynthetic machinery allows the XyG structure to be tailored in planta to ascertain the functions of this polysaccharide and its substituents in plant growth and interactions with the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Pauly
- Department of Plant Cell Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany;
| | - Kenneth Keegstra
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, DOE Plant Research Laboratory, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
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25
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Xiao G, Qin H, Zhou J, Quan R, Lu X, Huang R, Zhang H. OsERF2 controls rice root growth and hormone responses through tuning expression of key genes involved in hormone signaling and sucrose metabolism. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 90:293-302. [PMID: 26659593 PMCID: PMC4717165 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-015-0416-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Root determines plant distribution, development progresses, stress response, as well as crop qualities and yields, which is under the tight control of genetic programs and environmental stimuli. Ethylene responsive factor proteins (ERFs) play important roles in plant growth and development. Here, the regulatory function of OsERF2 involved in root growth was investigated using the gain-function mutant of OsERF2 (nsf2857) and the artificial microRNA-mediated silenced lines of OsERF2 (Ami-OsERF2). nsf2857 showed short primary roots compared with the wild type (WT), while the primary roots of Ami-OsERF2 lines were longer than those of WT. Consistent with this phenotype, several auxin/cytokinin responsive genes involved in root growth were downregulated in nsf2857, but upregulated in Ami-OsERF2. Then, we found that nsf2857 seedlings exhibited decreased ABA accumulation and sensitivity to ABA and reduced ethylene-mediated root inhibition, while those were the opposite in Ami-ERF2 plants. Moreover, several key genes involved in ABA synthesis were downregulated in nsf2857, but unregulated in Ami-ERF2 lines. In addition, OsERF2 affected the accumulation of sucrose and UDPG by mediating expression of key genes involved in sucrose metabolism. These results indicate that OsERF2 is required for the control of root architecture and ABA- and ethylene-response by tuning expression of series genes involved in sugar metabolism and hormone signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiqing Xiao
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, People's Republic of China
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Qin
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiahao Zhou
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruidang Quan
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangyang Lu
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, People's Republic of China.
| | - Rongfeng Huang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China.
| | - Haiwen Zhang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China.
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Bengough AG, Loades K, McKenzie BM. Root hairs aid soil penetration by anchoring the root surface to pore walls. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:1071-8. [PMID: 26798027 PMCID: PMC4753853 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The physical role of root hairs in anchoring the root tip during soil penetration was examined. Experiments using a hairless maize mutant (Zea mays: rth3-3) and its wild-type counterpart measured the anchorage force between the primary root of maize and the soil to determine whether root hairs enabled seedling roots in artificial biopores to penetrate sandy loam soil (dry bulk density 1.0-1.5g cm(-3)). Time-lapse imaging was used to analyse root and seedling displacements in soil adjacent to a transparent Perspex interface. Peak anchorage forces were up to five times greater (2.5N cf. 0.5N) for wild-type roots than for hairless mutants in 1.2g cm(-3) soil. Root hair anchorage enabled better soil penetration for 1.0 or 1.2g cm(-3) soil, but there was no significant advantage of root hairs in the densest soil (1.5g cm(-3)). The anchorage force was insufficient to allow root penetration of the denser soil, probably because of less root hair penetration into pore walls and, consequently, poorer adhesion between the root hairs and the pore walls. Hairless seedlings took 33h to anchor themselves compared with 16h for wild-type roots in 1.2g cm(-3) soil. Caryopses were often pushed several millimetres out of the soil before the roots became anchored and hairless roots often never became anchored securely.The physical role of root hairs in anchoring the root tip may be important in loose seed beds above more compact soil layers and may also assist root tips to emerge from biopores and penetrate the bulk soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Glyn Bengough
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK School of Science and Engineering, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN, UK
| | - Kenneth Loades
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
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Muszyński A, O'Neill MA, Ramasamy E, Pattathil S, Avci U, Peña MJ, Libault M, Hossain MS, Brechenmacher L, York WS, Barbosa RM, Hahn MG, Stacey G, Carlson RW. Xyloglucan, galactomannan, glucuronoxylan, and rhamnogalacturonan I do not have identical structures in soybean root and root hair cell walls. PLANTA 2015; 242:1123-38. [PMID: 26067758 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-015-2344-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Chemical analyses and glycome profiling demonstrate differences in the structures of the xyloglucan, galactomannan, glucuronoxylan, and rhamnogalacturonan I isolated from soybean ( Glycine max ) roots and root hair cell walls. The root hair is a plant cell that extends only at its tip. All other root cells have the ability to grow in different directions (diffuse growth). Although both growth modes require controlled expansion of the cell wall, the types and structures of polysaccharides in the walls of diffuse and tip-growing cells from the same plant have not been determined. Soybean (Glycine max) is one of the few plants whose root hairs can be isolated in amounts sufficient for cell wall chemical characterization. Here, we describe the structural features of rhamnogalacturonan I, rhamnogalacturonan II, xyloglucan, glucomannan, and 4-O-methyl glucuronoxylan present in the cell walls of soybean root hairs and roots stripped of root hairs. Irrespective of cell type, rhamnogalacturonan II exists as a dimer that is cross-linked by a borate ester. Root hair rhamnogalacturonan I contains more neutral oligosaccharide side chains than its root counterpart. At least 90% of the glucuronic acid is 4-O-methylated in root glucuronoxylan. Only 50% of this glycose is 4-O-methylated in the root hair counterpart. Mono O-acetylated fucose-containing subunits account for at least 60% of the neutral xyloglucan from root and root hair walls. By contrast, a galacturonic acid-containing xyloglucan was detected only in root hair cell walls. Soybean homologs of the Arabidopsis xyloglucan-specific galacturonosyltransferase are highly expressed only in root hairs. A mannose-rich polysaccharide was also detected only in root hair cell walls. Our data demonstrate that the walls of tip-growing root hairs cells have structural features that distinguish them from the walls of other roots cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Muszyński
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Malcolm A O'Neill
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
| | - Easwaran Ramasamy
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Sivakumar Pattathil
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Utku Avci
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Maria J Peña
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Marc Libault
- Divisions of Plant Science and Biochemistry, National Center for Soybean Biotechnology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, 73019, USA
| | - Md Shakhawat Hossain
- Divisions of Plant Science and Biochemistry, National Center for Soybean Biotechnology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Laurent Brechenmacher
- Divisions of Plant Science and Biochemistry, National Center for Soybean Biotechnology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
- Southern Alberta Mass Spectrometry Center, University of Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - William S York
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Rommel M Barbosa
- Instituto de Informática, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, 74001-970, Brazil
| | - Michael G Hahn
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Gary Stacey
- Divisions of Plant Science and Biochemistry, National Center for Soybean Biotechnology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Russell W Carlson
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
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Marzec M, Melzer M, Szarejko I. Root hair development in the grasses: what we already know and what we still need to know. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 168:407-14. [PMID: 25873551 PMCID: PMC4453783 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.00158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
A priority in many crop improvement programs for a long time has been to enhance the tolerance level of plants to both abiotic and biotic stress. Recognition that the root system is the prime determinant of a plant's ability to extract both water and minerals from the soil implies that its architecture is an important variable underlying a cultivar's adaptation. The density and/or length of the root hairs (RHs) that are formed are thought to have a major bearing on the plant's performance under stressful conditions. Any attempt to improve a crop's root system will require a detailed understanding of the processes of RH differentiation. Recent progress in uncovering the molecular basis of root epidermis specialization has been recorded in the grasses. This review seeks to present the current view of RH differentiation in grass species. It combines what has been learned from molecular-based analyses, histological studies, and observation of the phenotypes of both laboratory- and field-grown plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Marzec
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, 40-032 Katowice, Poland (M.Ma., I.S.); andDepartment of Physiology and Cell Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, D-06466 Gatersleben, Germany (M.Me.)
| | - Michael Melzer
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, 40-032 Katowice, Poland (M.Ma., I.S.); andDepartment of Physiology and Cell Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, D-06466 Gatersleben, Germany (M.Me.)
| | - Iwona Szarejko
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, 40-032 Katowice, Poland (M.Ma., I.S.); andDepartment of Physiology and Cell Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, D-06466 Gatersleben, Germany (M.Me.)
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Dardelle F, Le Mauff F, Lehner A, Loutelier-Bourhis C, Bardor M, Rihouey C, Causse M, Lerouge P, Driouich A, Mollet JC. Pollen tube cell walls of wild and domesticated tomatoes contain arabinosylated and fucosylated xyloglucan. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2015; 115:55-66. [PMID: 25434027 PMCID: PMC4284112 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcu218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Revised: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS In flowering plants, fertilization relies on the delivery of the sperm cells carried by the pollen tube to the ovule. During the tip growth of the pollen tube, proper assembly of the cell wall polymers is required to maintain the mechanical properties of the cell wall. Xyloglucan (XyG) is a cell wall polymer known for maintaining the wall integrity and thus allowing cell expansion. In most angiosperms, the XyG of somatic cells is fucosylated, except in the Asterid clade (including the Solanaceae), where the fucosyl residues are replaced by arabinose, presumably due to an adaptive and/or selective diversification. However, it has been shown recently that XyG of Nicotiana alata pollen tubes is mostly fucosylated. The objective of the present work was to determine whether such structural differences between somatic and gametophytic cells are a common feature of Nicotiana and Solanum (more precisely tomato) genera. METHODS XyGs of pollen tubes of domesticated (Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme and var. Saint-Pierre) and wild (S. pimpinellifolium and S. peruvianum) tomatoes and tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) were analysed by immunolabelling, oligosaccharide mass profiling and GC-MS analyses. KEY RESULTS Pollen tubes from all the species were labelled with the mAb CCRC-M1, a monoclonal antibody that recognizes epitopes associated with fucosylated XyG motifs. Analyses of the cell wall did not highlight major structural differences between previously studied N. alata and N. tabacum XyG. In contrast, XyG of tomato pollen tubes contained fucosylated and arabinosylated motifs. The highest levels of fucosylated XyG were found in pollen tubes from the wild species. CONCLUSIONS The results clearly indicate that the male gametophyte (pollen tube) and the sporophyte have structurally different XyG. This suggests that fucosylated XyG may have an important role in the tip growth of pollen tubes, and that they must have a specific set of functional XyG fucosyltransferases, which are yet to be characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavien Dardelle
- Laboratoire de Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale (Glyco-MEV), EA 4358, Normandy University, IRIB, VASI, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France, COBRA, UMR6014 and FR3038, Normandy University, INSA Rouen, CNRS, IRCOF, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France, Laboratoire Polymères, Biopolymères, Surfaces, UMR CNRS 6270, Normandy University, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France and Génétique et Amélioration des Fruits et Légumes, INRA UR1052, 84143 Montfavet Cedex, France
| | - François Le Mauff
- Laboratoire de Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale (Glyco-MEV), EA 4358, Normandy University, IRIB, VASI, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France, COBRA, UMR6014 and FR3038, Normandy University, INSA Rouen, CNRS, IRCOF, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France, Laboratoire Polymères, Biopolymères, Surfaces, UMR CNRS 6270, Normandy University, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France and Génétique et Amélioration des Fruits et Légumes, INRA UR1052, 84143 Montfavet Cedex, France
| | - Arnaud Lehner
- Laboratoire de Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale (Glyco-MEV), EA 4358, Normandy University, IRIB, VASI, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France, COBRA, UMR6014 and FR3038, Normandy University, INSA Rouen, CNRS, IRCOF, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France, Laboratoire Polymères, Biopolymères, Surfaces, UMR CNRS 6270, Normandy University, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France and Génétique et Amélioration des Fruits et Légumes, INRA UR1052, 84143 Montfavet Cedex, France
| | - Corinne Loutelier-Bourhis
- Laboratoire de Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale (Glyco-MEV), EA 4358, Normandy University, IRIB, VASI, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France, COBRA, UMR6014 and FR3038, Normandy University, INSA Rouen, CNRS, IRCOF, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France, Laboratoire Polymères, Biopolymères, Surfaces, UMR CNRS 6270, Normandy University, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France and Génétique et Amélioration des Fruits et Légumes, INRA UR1052, 84143 Montfavet Cedex, France
| | - Muriel Bardor
- Laboratoire de Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale (Glyco-MEV), EA 4358, Normandy University, IRIB, VASI, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France, COBRA, UMR6014 and FR3038, Normandy University, INSA Rouen, CNRS, IRCOF, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France, Laboratoire Polymères, Biopolymères, Surfaces, UMR CNRS 6270, Normandy University, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France and Génétique et Amélioration des Fruits et Légumes, INRA UR1052, 84143 Montfavet Cedex, France
| | - Christophe Rihouey
- Laboratoire de Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale (Glyco-MEV), EA 4358, Normandy University, IRIB, VASI, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France, COBRA, UMR6014 and FR3038, Normandy University, INSA Rouen, CNRS, IRCOF, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France, Laboratoire Polymères, Biopolymères, Surfaces, UMR CNRS 6270, Normandy University, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France and Génétique et Amélioration des Fruits et Légumes, INRA UR1052, 84143 Montfavet Cedex, France
| | - Mathilde Causse
- Laboratoire de Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale (Glyco-MEV), EA 4358, Normandy University, IRIB, VASI, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France, COBRA, UMR6014 and FR3038, Normandy University, INSA Rouen, CNRS, IRCOF, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France, Laboratoire Polymères, Biopolymères, Surfaces, UMR CNRS 6270, Normandy University, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France and Génétique et Amélioration des Fruits et Légumes, INRA UR1052, 84143 Montfavet Cedex, France
| | - Patrice Lerouge
- Laboratoire de Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale (Glyco-MEV), EA 4358, Normandy University, IRIB, VASI, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France, COBRA, UMR6014 and FR3038, Normandy University, INSA Rouen, CNRS, IRCOF, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France, Laboratoire Polymères, Biopolymères, Surfaces, UMR CNRS 6270, Normandy University, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France and Génétique et Amélioration des Fruits et Légumes, INRA UR1052, 84143 Montfavet Cedex, France
| | - Azeddine Driouich
- Laboratoire de Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale (Glyco-MEV), EA 4358, Normandy University, IRIB, VASI, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France, COBRA, UMR6014 and FR3038, Normandy University, INSA Rouen, CNRS, IRCOF, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France, Laboratoire Polymères, Biopolymères, Surfaces, UMR CNRS 6270, Normandy University, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France and Génétique et Amélioration des Fruits et Légumes, INRA UR1052, 84143 Montfavet Cedex, France
| | - Jean-Claude Mollet
- Laboratoire de Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale (Glyco-MEV), EA 4358, Normandy University, IRIB, VASI, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France, COBRA, UMR6014 and FR3038, Normandy University, INSA Rouen, CNRS, IRCOF, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France, Laboratoire Polymères, Biopolymères, Surfaces, UMR CNRS 6270, Normandy University, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France and Génétique et Amélioration des Fruits et Légumes, INRA UR1052, 84143 Montfavet Cedex, France
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Meister R, Rajani MS, Ruzicka D, Schachtman DP. Challenges of modifying root traits in crops for agriculture. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 19:779-88. [PMID: 25239776 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2014.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Revised: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Roots play an essential role in the acquisition of water and minerals from soils. Measuring crop root architecture and assaying for changes in function can be challenging, but examples have emerged showing that modifications to roots result in higher yield and increased stress tolerance. In this review, we focus mainly on the molecular genetic advances that have been made in altering root system architecture and function in crop plants, as well as phenotyping methods. The future for the modification of crop plant roots looks promising based on recent advances, but there are also important challenges ahead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Meister
- Monsanto Company, 700 Chesterfield Parkway, Chesterfield, MO 63017, USA
| | - M S Rajani
- Monsanto Company, 700 Chesterfield Parkway, Chesterfield, MO 63017, USA
| | - Daniel Ruzicka
- Monsanto Company, 700 Chesterfield Parkway, Chesterfield, MO 63017, USA
| | - Daniel P Schachtman
- University of Nebraska Lincoln, Center for Plant Science Innovation, E243 Beadle, Lincoln, NE 68588-0660, USA.
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Structural Diversity and Function of Xyloglucan Sidechain Substituents. PLANTS 2014; 3:526-42. [PMID: 27135518 PMCID: PMC4844278 DOI: 10.3390/plants3040526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Xyloglucan (XyG) is a hemicellulose found in the cell walls of all land plants including early-divergent groups such as liverworts, hornworts and mosses. The basic structure of XyG, a xylosylated glucan, is similar in all of these plants but additional substituents can vary depending on plant family, tissue, and developmental stage. A comprehensive list of known XyG sidechain substituents is assembled including their occurrence within plant families, thereby providing insight into the evolutionary origin of the various sidechains. Recent advances in DNA sequencing have enabled comparative genomics approaches for the identification of XyG biosynthetic enzymes in Arabidopsis thaliana as well as in non-model plant species. Characterization of these biosynthetic genes not only allows the determination of their substrate specificity but also provides insights into the function of the various substituents in plant growth and development.
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