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Charra-Vaskou K, Lintunen A, Améglio T, Badel E, Cochard H, Mayr S, Salmon Y, Suhonen H, van Rooij M, Charrier G. Xylem embolism and bubble formation during freezing suggest complex dynamics of pressure in Betula pendula stems. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:5840-5853. [PMID: 37463327 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Freeze-thaw-induced embolism, a key limiting factor for perennial plants results from the formation of gas bubbles during freezing and their expansion during thawing. However, the ice volumetric increase generates local pressures, which can affect the formation of bubbles. To characterize local dynamics of pressure tension and the physical state of the sap during freeze-thaw cycles, we simultaneously used ultrasonic acoustic emission analysis and synchrotron-based high-resolution computed tomography on the diffuse-porous species Betula pendula. Visualization of individual air-filled vessels and the distribution of gas bubbles in frozen xylem were performed.. Ultrasonic emissions occurred after ice formation, together with bubble formation, whereas the development of embolism took place after thawing. The pictures of frozen tissues indicated that the positive pressure induced by the volumetric increase of ice can provoke inward flow from the cell wall toward the lumen of the vessels. We found no evidence that wider vessels within a tissue were more prone to embolism, although the occurrence of gas bubbles in larger conduits would make them prone to earlier embolism. These results highlight the need to monitor local pressure as well as ice and air distribution during xylem freezing to understand the mechanism leading to frost-induced embolism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Lintunen
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/ Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Finland
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/ Forest Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Thierry Améglio
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, PIAF, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Eric Badel
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, PIAF, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Hervé Cochard
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, PIAF, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Stefan Mayr
- Institute for Botany, University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Yann Salmon
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/ Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Finland
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/ Forest Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Mahaut van Rooij
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, PIAF, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Guillaume Charrier
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, PIAF, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Lamacque L, Sabin F, Améglio T, Herbette S, Charrier G. Detection of acoustic events in lavender for measuring xylem vulnerability to embolism and cellular damage. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:3699-3710. [PMID: 35176148 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Acoustic emission analysis is promising to investigate the physiological events leading to drought-induced injury and mortality. However, their nature and source are not fully understood, making this technique difficult to use as a direct measure of the loss of xylem hydraulic conductance. Acoustic emissions were recorded during severe dehydration in lavender plants (Lavandula angustifolia) and compared with the dynamics of embolism development and cell damage. The timing and characteristics of acoustic signals from two independent recording systems were compared by principal component analysis (PCA). Changes in water potential, branch diameter, loss of hydraulic conductance, and cellular damage were also measured to quantify drought-induced damages. Two distinct phases of acoustic emissions were observed during dehydration: the first one associated with a rapid loss of diameter and a significant increase in loss of xylem conductance (90%), and the second with slower changes in diameter and a significant increase in cellular damage. Based on PCA, a developed algorithm discriminated hydraulic-related acoustic signals from other sources, proposing a reconstruction of hydraulic vulnerability curves. Cellular damage preceded by hydraulic failure seems to lead to a lack of recovery. The second acoustic phase would allow detection of plant mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lia Lamacque
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, PIAF, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Institut Technique Interprofessionnel Plantes à Parfum, Médicinal, Aromatiques et Industrielles, 26740 Montboucher-sur-Jabron, France
- CNRS Aix-Marseille University, France
| | - Florian Sabin
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, PIAF, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Thierry Améglio
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, PIAF, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Stéphane Herbette
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, PIAF, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Guillaume Charrier
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, PIAF, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Charrier G, Nolf M, Leitinger G, Charra-Vaskou K, Losso A, Tappeiner U, Améglio T, Mayr S. Monitoring of Freezing Dynamics in Trees: A Simple Phase Shift Causes Complexity. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 173:2196-2207. [PMID: 28242655 PMCID: PMC5373037 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.01815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
During winter, trees have to cope with harsh conditions, including extreme freeze-thaw stress. This study focused on ice nucleation and propagation, related water shifts and xylem cavitation, as well as cell damage and was based on in situ monitoring of xylem (thermocouples) and surface temperatures (infrared imaging), ultrasonic emissions, and dendrometer analysis. Field experiments during late winter on Picea abies growing at the alpine timberline revealed three distinct freezing patterns: (1) from the top of the tree toward the base, (2) from thin branches toward the main stem's top and base, and (3) from the base toward the top. Infrared imaging showed freezing within branches from their base toward distal parts. Such complex freezing causes dynamic and heterogenous patterns in water potential and probably in cavitation. This study highlights the interaction between environmental conditions upon freezing and thawing and demonstrates the enormous complexity of freezing processes in trees. Diameter shrinkage, which indicated water fluxes within the stem, and acoustic emission analysis, which indicated cavitation events near the ice front upon freezing, were both related to minimum temperature and, upon thawing, related to vapor pressure deficit and soil temperature. These complex patterns, emphasizing the common mechanisms between frost and drought stress, shed new light on winter tree physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Charrier
- Department of Botany and Department of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria (G.C., M.N., G.L., A.L., U.T., S.M.);
- Bordeaux Science Agro, Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin, Ecophysiologie et Génomique Fonctionnelle de la Vigne, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1287, F-33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France (G.C.);
- BIOGECO, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Bordeaux, 33610 Cestas, France (G.C.);
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney, Richmond, New South Wales 2753, Australia (M.N.);
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, PIAF, F-6300 Clermont-Ferrand, France (K.C.-V., T.A.); and
- Institute for Alpine Environment, European Academy Bozen, 39100 Bozen/Bolzano, Italy (U.T.)
| | - Markus Nolf
- Department of Botany and Department of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria (G.C., M.N., G.L., A.L., U.T., S.M.)
- Bordeaux Science Agro, Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin, Ecophysiologie et Génomique Fonctionnelle de la Vigne, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1287, F-33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France (G.C.)
- BIOGECO, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Bordeaux, 33610 Cestas, France (G.C.)
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney, Richmond, New South Wales 2753, Australia (M.N.)
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, PIAF, F-6300 Clermont-Ferrand, France (K.C.-V., T.A.); and
- Institute for Alpine Environment, European Academy Bozen, 39100 Bozen/Bolzano, Italy (U.T.)
| | - Georg Leitinger
- Department of Botany and Department of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria (G.C., M.N., G.L., A.L., U.T., S.M.)
- Bordeaux Science Agro, Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin, Ecophysiologie et Génomique Fonctionnelle de la Vigne, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1287, F-33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France (G.C.)
- BIOGECO, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Bordeaux, 33610 Cestas, France (G.C.)
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney, Richmond, New South Wales 2753, Australia (M.N.)
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, PIAF, F-6300 Clermont-Ferrand, France (K.C.-V., T.A.); and
- Institute for Alpine Environment, European Academy Bozen, 39100 Bozen/Bolzano, Italy (U.T.)
| | - Katline Charra-Vaskou
- Department of Botany and Department of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria (G.C., M.N., G.L., A.L., U.T., S.M.)
- Bordeaux Science Agro, Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin, Ecophysiologie et Génomique Fonctionnelle de la Vigne, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1287, F-33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France (G.C.)
- BIOGECO, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Bordeaux, 33610 Cestas, France (G.C.)
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney, Richmond, New South Wales 2753, Australia (M.N.)
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, PIAF, F-6300 Clermont-Ferrand, France (K.C.-V., T.A.); and
- Institute for Alpine Environment, European Academy Bozen, 39100 Bozen/Bolzano, Italy (U.T.)
| | - Adriano Losso
- Department of Botany and Department of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria (G.C., M.N., G.L., A.L., U.T., S.M.)
- Bordeaux Science Agro, Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin, Ecophysiologie et Génomique Fonctionnelle de la Vigne, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1287, F-33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France (G.C.)
- BIOGECO, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Bordeaux, 33610 Cestas, France (G.C.)
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney, Richmond, New South Wales 2753, Australia (M.N.)
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, PIAF, F-6300 Clermont-Ferrand, France (K.C.-V., T.A.); and
- Institute for Alpine Environment, European Academy Bozen, 39100 Bozen/Bolzano, Italy (U.T.)
| | - Ulrike Tappeiner
- Department of Botany and Department of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria (G.C., M.N., G.L., A.L., U.T., S.M.)
- Bordeaux Science Agro, Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin, Ecophysiologie et Génomique Fonctionnelle de la Vigne, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1287, F-33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France (G.C.)
- BIOGECO, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Bordeaux, 33610 Cestas, France (G.C.)
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney, Richmond, New South Wales 2753, Australia (M.N.)
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, PIAF, F-6300 Clermont-Ferrand, France (K.C.-V., T.A.); and
- Institute for Alpine Environment, European Academy Bozen, 39100 Bozen/Bolzano, Italy (U.T.)
| | - Thierry Améglio
- Department of Botany and Department of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria (G.C., M.N., G.L., A.L., U.T., S.M.)
- Bordeaux Science Agro, Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin, Ecophysiologie et Génomique Fonctionnelle de la Vigne, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1287, F-33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France (G.C.)
- BIOGECO, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Bordeaux, 33610 Cestas, France (G.C.)
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney, Richmond, New South Wales 2753, Australia (M.N.)
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, PIAF, F-6300 Clermont-Ferrand, France (K.C.-V., T.A.); and
- Institute for Alpine Environment, European Academy Bozen, 39100 Bozen/Bolzano, Italy (U.T.)
| | - Stefan Mayr
- Department of Botany and Department of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria (G.C., M.N., G.L., A.L., U.T., S.M.)
- Bordeaux Science Agro, Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin, Ecophysiologie et Génomique Fonctionnelle de la Vigne, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1287, F-33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France (G.C.)
- BIOGECO, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Bordeaux, 33610 Cestas, France (G.C.)
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney, Richmond, New South Wales 2753, Australia (M.N.)
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, PIAF, F-6300 Clermont-Ferrand, France (K.C.-V., T.A.); and
- Institute for Alpine Environment, European Academy Bozen, 39100 Bozen/Bolzano, Italy (U.T.)
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Umebayashi T, Utsumi Y, Koga S, Murata I, Fukuda K. Differences in drought- and freeze-induced embolisms in deciduous ring-porous plant species in Japan. PLANTA 2016; 244:753-760. [PMID: 27376942 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-016-2564-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Deciduous ring-porous species in Japan shed all of their leaves under severe water stress before large vessels in earlywood are embolized, and embolization take place during winter. Water in deciduous ring-porous species is mainly conducted upward via large earlywood vessels of the current year. Water columns in large vessels are vulnerable to drought-induced and freeze stress-induced embolisms. Although a vulnerability curve can be created to estimate the hydraulic capacity of plants, it remains unclear why the loss of conductivity in potted plants of ring-porous species does not reach 100 % under severe drought stress. In this study, two deciduous ring-porous species in Japan (Kalopanax septemlobus and Toxicodendron trichocarpum) were used to explain the species-specific pattern in the water-conducting pathway of the stem. We monitored and visualized the spatial distribution of xylem embolisms in the stem of K. septemlobus saplings under drought stress and freeze stress using compact magnetic resonance imaging and cryo-scanning microscopy. In addition, we evaluated the water ascent in the stems of both species using a dye uptake method. Although embolisms of large vessels were observed under drought stress and in winter, all leaves were dropped to avoid fatal water loss after embolization of some large vessels. In contrast, all large vessels were embolized in winter. Larger-diameter vessels of latewood in T. trichocarpum tended to function in trees growing in the warm temperate zone. Thus, our results suggest that the unclear curve may be derived from a discrepancy between leaf water potential and actual water potential in the xylem under severe drought stress. The frequency of xylem embolisms in deciduous ring-porous species in Japan mainly depends on the number of freeze-thaw cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiro Umebayashi
- Laboratory of Evaluation of Natural Environment, Department of Natural Environmental Studies, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan.
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
| | | | - Shinya Koga
- Kasuya Research Forest, Kyushu University, Sasaguri, Japan
| | - Ikue Murata
- Kasuya Research Forest, Kyushu University, Sasaguri, Japan
| | - Kenji Fukuda
- Laboratory of Evaluation of Natural Environment, Department of Natural Environmental Studies, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Charra-Vaskou K, Badel E, Charrier G, Ponomarenko A, Bonhomme M, Foucat L, Mayr S, Améglio T. Cavitation and water fluxes driven by ice water potential in Juglans regia during freeze-thaw cycles. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:739-50. [PMID: 26585223 PMCID: PMC4737071 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Freeze-thaw cycles induce major hydraulic changes due to liquid-to-ice transition within tree stems. The very low water potential at the ice-liquid interface is crucial as it may cause lysis of living cells as well as water fluxes and embolism in sap conduits, which impacts whole tree-water relations. We investigated water fluxes induced by ice formation during freeze-thaw cycles in Juglans regia L. stems using four non-invasive and complementary approaches: a microdendrometer, magnetic resonance imaging, X-ray microtomography, and ultrasonic acoustic emissions analysis. When the temperature dropped, ice nucleation occurred, probably in the cambium or pith areas, inducing high water potential gradients within the stem. The water was therefore redistributed within the stem toward the ice front. We could thus observe dehydration of the bark's living cells leading to drastic shrinkage of this tissue, as well as high tension within wood conduits reaching the cavitation threshold in sap vessels. Ultrasonic emissions, which were strictly emitted only during freezing, indicated cavitation events (i.e. bubble formation) following ice formation in the xylem sap. However, embolism formation (i.e. bubble expansion) in stems was observed only on thawing via X-ray microtomography for the first time on the same sample. Ultrasonic emissions were detected during freezing and were not directly related to embolism formation. These results provide new insights into the complex process and dynamics of water movements and ice formation during freeze-thaw cycles in tree stems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katline Charra-Vaskou
- INRA, UMR PIAF, F-63100 Clermont-Ferrand, France Clermont Université, Blaise Pascal University, UMR PIAF, F-63100 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Eric Badel
- INRA, UMR PIAF, F-63100 Clermont-Ferrand, France Clermont Université, Blaise Pascal University, UMR PIAF, F-63100 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Guillaume Charrier
- Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Alexandre Ponomarenko
- INRA, UMR PIAF, F-63100 Clermont-Ferrand, France Clermont Université, Blaise Pascal University, UMR PIAF, F-63100 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Marc Bonhomme
- INRA, UMR PIAF, F-63100 Clermont-Ferrand, France Clermont Université, Blaise Pascal University, UMR PIAF, F-63100 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | | | - Stefan Mayr
- Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Thierry Améglio
- INRA, UMR PIAF, F-63100 Clermont-Ferrand, France Clermont Université, Blaise Pascal University, UMR PIAF, F-63100 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Charrier G, Ngao J, Saudreau M, Améglio T. Effects of environmental factors and management practices on microclimate, winter physiology, and frost resistance in trees. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:259. [PMID: 25972877 PMCID: PMC4411886 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Freezing stress is one of the most important limiting factors determining the ecological distribution and production of tree species. Assessment of frost risk is, therefore, critical for forestry, fruit production, and horticulture. Frost risk is substantial when hazard (i.e., exposure to damaging freezing temperatures) intersects with vulnerability (i.e., frost sensitivity). Based on a large number of studies on frost resistance and frost occurrence, we highlight the complex interactive roles of environmental conditions, carbohydrates, and water status in frost risk development. To supersede the classical empirical relations used to model frost hardiness, we propose an integrated ecophysiologically-based framework of frost risk assessment. This framework details the individual or interactive roles of these factors, and how they are distributed in time and space at the individual-tree level (within-crown and across organs). Based on this general framework, we are able to highlight factors by which different environmental conditions (e.g., temperature, light, flood, and drought), and management practices (pruning, thinning, girdling, sheltering, water aspersion, irrigation, and fertilization) influence frost sensitivity and frost exposure of trees.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jérôme Ngao
- INRA, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Marc Saudreau
- INRA, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Thierry Améglio
- INRA, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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