1
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Wang X, Chen M, Li J, Kong M, Tan S. The SCOOP-MIK2 immune pathway modulates Arabidopsis root growth and development by regulating PIN-FORMED abundance and auxin transport. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 120:318-334. [PMID: 39162107 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/21/2024]
Abstract
Plants synthesize hundreds of small secretory peptides, which are perceived by the receptor-like kinase (RLK) family at the cell surface. Various signaling peptide-RLK pairs ensure plant adaptation to distinct environmental conditions. Here, we report that SERINE RICH ENDOGENOUS PEPTIDE (SCOOP) immune peptides modulate root growth and development by regulating PIN-FORMED (PIN)-regulated polar auxin transport in Arabidopsis. The SCOOP4 and SCOOP12 treatments impaired root gravitropic growth, auxin redistribution in response to gravistimulation, and PIN abundance in the PM. Furthermore, genetic and cell biological analyses revealed that these physiological and cellular effects of SCOOP4 and SCOOP12 peptides are mediated by the receptor MALE DISCOVERER1-INTERACTING RECEPTOR LIKE KINASE2 (MIK2) and the downstream mitogen-activated kinase MPK6. Biochemical evidence indicates that MPK6 directly phosphorylates the cytosolic loop of PIN proteins. Our work established a link between the immune signaling peptide SCOOPs and root growth pathways, providing insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying plant root adaptive growth in the defense response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics, Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China
| | - Meng Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics, Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China
| | - Jie Li
- MOE Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics, Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China
| | - Mengjuan Kong
- MOE Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics, Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China
| | - Shutang Tan
- MOE Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics, Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China
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2
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Eckardt NA, Avin-Wittenberg T, Bassham DC, Chen P, Chen Q, Fang J, Genschik P, Ghifari AS, Guercio AM, Gibbs DJ, Heese M, Jarvis RP, Michaeli S, Murcha MW, Mursalimov S, Noir S, Palayam M, Peixoto B, Rodriguez PL, Schaller A, Schnittger A, Serino G, Shabek N, Stintzi A, Theodoulou FL, Üstün S, van Wijk KJ, Wei N, Xie Q, Yu F, Zhang H. The lowdown on breakdown: Open questions in plant proteolysis. THE PLANT CELL 2024; 36:2931-2975. [PMID: 38980154 PMCID: PMC11371169 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koae193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Proteolysis, including post-translational proteolytic processing as well as protein degradation and amino acid recycling, is an essential component of the growth and development of living organisms. In this article, experts in plant proteolysis pose and discuss compelling open questions in their areas of research. Topics covered include the role of proteolysis in the cell cycle, DNA damage response, mitochondrial function, the generation of N-terminal signals (degrons) that mark many proteins for degradation (N-terminal acetylation, the Arg/N-degron pathway, and the chloroplast N-degron pathway), developmental and metabolic signaling (photomorphogenesis, abscisic acid and strigolactone signaling, sugar metabolism, and postharvest regulation), plant responses to environmental signals (endoplasmic-reticulum-associated degradation, chloroplast-associated degradation, drought tolerance, and the growth-defense trade-off), and the functional diversification of peptidases. We hope these thought-provoking discussions help to stimulate further research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tamar Avin-Wittenberg
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Diane C Bassham
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Poyu Chen
- School of Biological Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Qian Chen
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory for Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jun Fang
- Section of Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Pascal Genschik
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 12, rue du Général Zimmer, Strasbourg 67084, France
| | - Abi S Ghifari
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Angelica M Guercio
- Department of Plant Biology, College of Biological Sciences, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Daniel J Gibbs
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston B1 2RU, UK
| | - Maren Heese
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Hamburg, Ohnhorststr. 18, Hamburg 22609, Germany
| | - R Paul Jarvis
- Section of Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Simon Michaeli
- Department of Postharvest Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel
| | - Monika W Murcha
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Sergey Mursalimov
- Department of Postharvest Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel
| | - Sandra Noir
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 12, rue du Général Zimmer, Strasbourg 67084, France
| | - Malathy Palayam
- Department of Plant Biology, College of Biological Sciences, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Bruno Peixoto
- Section of Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Pedro L Rodriguez
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas-Universidad Politecnica de Valencia, Valencia ES-46022, Spain
| | - Andreas Schaller
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Institute of Biology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart 70599, Germany
| | - Arp Schnittger
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Hamburg, Ohnhorststr. 18, Hamburg 22609, Germany
| | - Giovanna Serino
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Sapienza Universita’ di Roma, p.le A. Moro 5, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Nitzan Shabek
- Department of Plant Biology, College of Biological Sciences, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Annick Stintzi
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Institute of Biology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart 70599, Germany
| | | | - Suayib Üstün
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr-University of Bochum, Bochum 44780, Germany
| | - Klaas J van Wijk
- Section of Plant Biology, School of Integrative Plant Sciences (SIPS), Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Ning Wei
- School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Qi Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, the Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Feifei Yu
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Hongtao Zhang
- Plant Sciences and the Bioeconomy, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, UK
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3
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Srivastava V, Patra K, Pai H, Aguilar-Pontes MV, Berasategui A, Kamble A, Di Pietro A, Redkar A. Molecular Dialogue During Host Manipulation by the Vascular Wilt Fungus Fusarium oxysporum. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2024; 62:97-126. [PMID: 38885471 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-021722-034823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Vascular wilt fungi are a group of hemibiotrophic phytopathogens that infect diverse crop plants. These pathogens have adapted to thrive in the nutrient-deprived niche of the plant xylem. Identification and functional characterization of effectors and their role in the establishment of compatibility across multiple hosts, suppression of plant defense, host reprogramming, and interaction with surrounding microbes have been studied mainly in model vascular wilt pathogens Fusarium oxysporum and Verticillium dahliae. Comparative analysis of genomes from fungal isolates has accelerated our understanding of genome compartmentalization and its role in effector evolution. Also, advances in recent years have shed light on the cross talk of root-infecting fungi across multiple scales from the cellular to the ecosystem level, covering their interaction with the plant microbiome as well as their interkingdom signaling. This review elaborates on our current understanding of the cross talk between vascular wilt fungi and the host plant, which eventually leads to a specialized lifestyle in the xylem. We particularly focus on recent findings in F. oxysporum, including multihost associations, and how they have contributed to understanding the biology of fungal adaptation to the xylem. In addition, we discuss emerging research areas and highlight open questions and future challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidha Srivastava
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (NCBS-TIFR), Bengaluru, India;
| | - Kuntal Patra
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (NCBS-TIFR), Bengaluru, India;
| | - Hsuan Pai
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | | | - Aileen Berasategui
- Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Avinash Kamble
- Department of Botany, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
| | | | - Amey Redkar
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (NCBS-TIFR), Bengaluru, India;
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4
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Yu X, Huang Z, Cheng Y, Hu K, Zhou Y, Yao H, Shen J, Huang Y, Zhuang X, Cai Y. Comparative Genomics Screens Identify a Novel Small Secretory Peptide, SlSolP12, which Activates Both Local and Systemic Immune Response in Tomatoes and Exhibits Broad-Spectrum Activity. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:18507-18519. [PMID: 39113497 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c03633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/22/2024]
Abstract
Small secreted peptides (SSPs) are essential for defense mechanisms in plant-microbe interactions, acting as danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Despite the first discovery of SSPs over three decades ago, only a limited number of SSP families, particularly within Solanaceae plants, have been identified due to inefficient approaches. This study employed comparative genomics screens with Solanaceae proteomes (tomato, tobacco, and pepper) to discover a novel SSP family, SolP. Bioinformatics analysis suggests that SolP may serve as an endogenous signal initiating the plant PTI response. Interestingly, SolP family members from tomato, tobacco, and pepper share an identical sequence (VTSNALALVNRFAD), named SlSolP12 (also referred to as NtSolP15 or CaSolP1). Biochemical and phenotypic analyses revealed that synthetic SlSolP12 peptide triggers multiple defense responses: ROS burst, MAPK activation, callose deposition, stomatal closure, and expression of immune defense genes. Furthermore, SlSolP12 enhances systemic resistance against Botrytis cinerea infection in tomato plants and interferes with classical peptides, flg22 and Systemin, which modulate the immune response. Remarkably, SolP12 activates ROS in diverse plant species, such as Arabidopsis thaliana, soybean, and rice, showing a broad spectrum of biological activities. This study provides valuable approaches for identifying endogenous SSPs and highlights SlSolP12 as a novel DAMP that could serve as a useful target for crop protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaosong Yu
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan 625000, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhongchao Huang
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan 625000, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuanyuan Cheng
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan 625000, Sichuan, China
| | - Keyi Hu
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan 625000, Sichuan, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Chengdu Lusyno Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Chengdu 610000, Sichuan, China
| | - Huipeng Yao
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan 625000, Sichuan, China
| | - Jinbo Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yan Huang
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan 625000, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaohong Zhuang
- Centre for Cell & Developmental Biology, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Yi Cai
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan 625000, Sichuan, China
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5
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Snoeck S, Lee HK, Schmid MW, Bender KW, Neeracher MJ, Fernández-Fernández AD, Santiago J, Zipfel C. Leveraging coevolutionary insights and AI-based structural modeling to unravel receptor-peptide ligand-binding mechanisms. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2400862121. [PMID: 39106311 PMCID: PMC11331138 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2400862121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Secreted signaling peptides are central regulators of growth, development, and stress responses, but specific steps in the evolution of these peptides and their receptors are not well understood. Also, the molecular mechanisms of peptide-receptor binding are only known for a few examples, primarily owing to the limited availability of protein structural determination capabilities to few laboratories worldwide. Plants have evolved a multitude of secreted signaling peptides and corresponding transmembrane receptors. Stress-responsive SERINE RICH ENDOGENOUS PEPTIDES (SCOOPs) were recently identified. Bioactive SCOOPs are proteolytically processed by subtilases and are perceived by the leucine-rich repeat receptor kinase MALE DISCOVERER 1-INTERACTING RECEPTOR-LIKE KINASE 2 (MIK2) in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. How SCOOPs and MIK2 have (co)evolved, and how SCOOPs bind to MIK2 are unknown. Using in silico analysis of 350 plant genomes and subsequent functional testing, we revealed the conservation of MIK2 as SCOOP receptor within the plant order Brassicales. We then leveraged AI-based structural modeling and comparative genomics to identify two conserved putative SCOOP-MIK2 binding pockets across Brassicales MIK2 homologues predicted to interact with the "SxS" motif of otherwise sequence-divergent SCOOPs. Mutagenesis of both predicted binding pockets compromised SCOOP binding to MIK2, SCOOP-induced complex formation between MIK2 and its coreceptor BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE 1-ASSOCIATED KINASE 1, and SCOOP-induced reactive oxygen species production, thus, confirming our in silico predictions. Collectively, in addition to revealing the elusive SCOOP-MIK2 binding mechanism, our analytic pipeline combining phylogenomics, AI-based structural predictions, and experimental biochemical and physiological validation provides a blueprint for the elucidation of peptide ligand-receptor perception mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Snoeck
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology (IPMB), Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zurich8008, Switzerland
| | - Hyun Kyung Lee
- The Plant Signaling Mechanisms Laboratory, Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne1015, Switzerland
| | | | - Kyle W. Bender
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology (IPMB), Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zurich8008, Switzerland
| | - Matthias J. Neeracher
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology (IPMB), Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zurich8008, Switzerland
| | - Alvaro D. Fernández-Fernández
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology (IPMB), Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zurich8008, Switzerland
| | - Julia Santiago
- The Plant Signaling Mechanisms Laboratory, Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne1015, Switzerland
| | - Cyril Zipfel
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology (IPMB), Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zurich8008, Switzerland
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, NorwichNR4 7UH, United Kingdom
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6
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Del Corpo D, Coculo D, Greco M, De Lorenzo G, Lionetti V. Pull the fuzes: Processing protein precursors to generate apoplastic danger signals for triggering plant immunity. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2024; 5:100931. [PMID: 38689495 PMCID: PMC11371470 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2024.100931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
The apoplast is one of the first cellular compartments outside the plasma membrane encountered by phytopathogenic microbes in the early stages of plant tissue invasion. Plants have developed sophisticated surveillance mechanisms to sense danger events at the cell surface and promptly activate immunity. However, a fine tuning of the activation of immune pathways is necessary to mount a robust and effective defense response. Several endogenous proteins and enzymes are synthesized as inactive precursors, and their post-translational processing has emerged as a critical mechanism for triggering alarms in the apoplast. In this review, we focus on the precursors of phytocytokines, cell wall remodeling enzymes, and proteases. The physiological events that convert inactive precursors into immunomodulatory active peptides or enzymes are described. This review also explores the functional synergies among phytocytokines, cell wall damage-associated molecular patterns, and remodeling, highlighting their roles in boosting extracellular immunity and reinforcing defenses against pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Del Corpo
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Charles Darwin," Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniele Coculo
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Charles Darwin," Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Greco
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Charles Darwin," Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia De Lorenzo
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Charles Darwin," Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Lionetti
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Charles Darwin," Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
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7
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Farvardin A, González-Hernández AI, Llorens E, Camañes G, Scalschi L, Vicedo B. The Dual Role of Antimicrobial Proteins and Peptides: Exploring Their Direct Impact and Plant Defense-Enhancing Abilities. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:2059. [PMID: 39124177 PMCID: PMC11314357 DOI: 10.3390/plants13152059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
Plants face numerous environmental stresses that hinder their growth and productivity, including biotic agents, such as herbivores and parasitic microorganisms, as well as abiotic factors, such as cold, drought, salinity, and high temperature. To counter these challenges, plants have developed a range of defense strategies. Among these, plant antimicrobial proteins and peptides (APPs) have emerged as a promising solution. Due to their broad-spectrum activity, structural stability, and diverse mechanisms of action, APPs serve as powerful tools to complement and enhance conventional agricultural methods, significantly boosting plant defense and productivity. This review focuses on different studies on APPs, emphasizing their crucial role in combating plant pathogens and enhancing plant resilience against both biotic and abiotic stresses. Beginning with in vitro studies, we explore how APPs combat various plant pathogens. We then delve into the defense mechanisms triggered by APPs against biotic stress, showcasing their effectiveness against bacterial and fungal diseases. Additionally, we highlight the role of APPs in mitigating the abiotic challenges associated with climatic change. Finally, we discuss the current applications of APPs in agriculture, emphasizing their potential for sustainable agricultural practices and the need for future research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atefeh Farvardin
- Biochemistry and Biotechnology Group, Department of Biology, Biochemistry and Natural Sciences, Universitat Jaume I, 12071 Castellón de la Plana, Spain; (A.F.); (G.C.); (B.V.)
| | | | - Eugenio Llorens
- Biochemistry and Biotechnology Group, Department of Biology, Biochemistry and Natural Sciences, Universitat Jaume I, 12071 Castellón de la Plana, Spain; (A.F.); (G.C.); (B.V.)
| | - Gemma Camañes
- Biochemistry and Biotechnology Group, Department of Biology, Biochemistry and Natural Sciences, Universitat Jaume I, 12071 Castellón de la Plana, Spain; (A.F.); (G.C.); (B.V.)
| | - Loredana Scalschi
- Biochemistry and Biotechnology Group, Department of Biology, Biochemistry and Natural Sciences, Universitat Jaume I, 12071 Castellón de la Plana, Spain; (A.F.); (G.C.); (B.V.)
| | - Begonya Vicedo
- Biochemistry and Biotechnology Group, Department of Biology, Biochemistry and Natural Sciences, Universitat Jaume I, 12071 Castellón de la Plana, Spain; (A.F.); (G.C.); (B.V.)
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8
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Amokrane L, Pokotylo I, Acket S, Ducloy A, Troncoso-Ponce A, Cacas JL, Ruelland E. Phospholipid Signaling in Crop Plants: A Field to Explore. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1532. [PMID: 38891340 PMCID: PMC11174929 DOI: 10.3390/plants13111532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
In plant models such as Arabidopsis thaliana, phosphatidic acid (PA), a key molecule of lipid signaling, was shown not only to be involved in stress responses, but also in plant development and nutrition. In this article, we highlight lipid signaling existing in crop species. Based on open access databases, we update the list of sequences encoding phospholipases D, phosphoinositide-dependent phospholipases C, and diacylglycerol-kinases, enzymes that lead to the production of PA. We show that structural features of these enzymes from model plants are conserved in equivalent proteins from selected crop species. We then present an in-depth discussion of the structural characteristics of these proteins before focusing on PA binding proteins. For the purpose of this article, we consider RESPIRATORY BURST OXIDASE HOMOLOGUEs (RBOHs), the most documented PA target proteins. Finally, we present pioneering experiments that show, by different approaches such as monitoring of gene expression, use of pharmacological agents, ectopic over-expression of genes, and the creation of silenced mutants, that lipid signaling plays major roles in crop species. Finally, we present major open questions that require attention since we have only a perception of the peak of the iceberg when it comes to the exciting field of phospholipid signaling in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Amokrane
- Unité Génie Enzymatique & Cellulaire, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, UMR CNRS 7025, 60200 Compiègne, France; (L.A.); (I.P.); (S.A.); (A.T.-P.)
| | - Igor Pokotylo
- Unité Génie Enzymatique & Cellulaire, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, UMR CNRS 7025, 60200 Compiègne, France; (L.A.); (I.P.); (S.A.); (A.T.-P.)
- INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institute Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), University Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France (J.-L.C.)
| | - Sébastien Acket
- Unité Génie Enzymatique & Cellulaire, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, UMR CNRS 7025, 60200 Compiègne, France; (L.A.); (I.P.); (S.A.); (A.T.-P.)
| | - Amélie Ducloy
- INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institute Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), University Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France (J.-L.C.)
| | - Adrian Troncoso-Ponce
- Unité Génie Enzymatique & Cellulaire, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, UMR CNRS 7025, 60200 Compiègne, France; (L.A.); (I.P.); (S.A.); (A.T.-P.)
| | - Jean-Luc Cacas
- INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institute Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), University Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France (J.-L.C.)
| | - Eric Ruelland
- Unité Génie Enzymatique & Cellulaire, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, UMR CNRS 7025, 60200 Compiègne, France; (L.A.); (I.P.); (S.A.); (A.T.-P.)
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9
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Molina A, Jordá L, Torres MÁ, Martín-Dacal M, Berlanga DJ, Fernández-Calvo P, Gómez-Rubio E, Martín-Santamaría S. Plant cell wall-mediated disease resistance: Current understanding and future perspectives. MOLECULAR PLANT 2024; 17:699-724. [PMID: 38594902 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2024.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Beyond their function as structural barriers, plant cell walls are essential elements for the adaptation of plants to environmental conditions. Cell walls are dynamic structures whose composition and integrity can be altered in response to environmental challenges and developmental cues. These wall changes are perceived by plant sensors/receptors to trigger adaptative responses during development and upon stress perception. Plant cell wall damage caused by pathogen infection, wounding, or other stresses leads to the release of wall molecules, such as carbohydrates (glycans), that function as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). DAMPs are perceived by the extracellular ectodomains (ECDs) of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) to activate pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) and disease resistance. Similarly, glycans released from the walls and extracellular layers of microorganisms interacting with plants are recognized as microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) by specific ECD-PRRs triggering PTI responses. The number of oligosaccharides DAMPs/MAMPs identified that are perceived by plants has increased in recent years. However, the structural mechanisms underlying glycan recognition by plant PRRs remain limited. Currently, this knowledge is mainly focused on receptors of the LysM-PRR family, which are involved in the perception of various molecules, such as chitooligosaccharides from fungi and lipo-chitooligosaccharides (i.e., Nod/MYC factors from bacteria and mycorrhiza, respectively) that trigger differential physiological responses. Nevertheless, additional families of plant PRRs have recently been implicated in oligosaccharide/polysaccharide recognition. These include receptor kinases (RKs) with leucine-rich repeat and Malectin domains in their ECDs (LRR-MAL RKs), Catharanthus roseus RECEPTOR-LIKE KINASE 1-LIKE group (CrRLK1L) with Malectin-like domains in their ECDs, as well as wall-associated kinases, lectin-RKs, and LRR-extensins. The characterization of structural basis of glycans recognition by these new plant receptors will shed light on their similarities with those of mammalians involved in glycan perception. The gained knowledge holds the potential to facilitate the development of sustainable, glycan-based crop protection solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Molina
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain; Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaría y de Biosistemas, UPM, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Lucía Jordá
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain; Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaría y de Biosistemas, UPM, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Miguel Ángel Torres
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain; Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaría y de Biosistemas, UPM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marina Martín-Dacal
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain; Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaría y de Biosistemas, UPM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Diego José Berlanga
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain; Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaría y de Biosistemas, UPM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Fernández-Calvo
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
| | - Elena Gómez-Rubio
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sonsoles Martín-Santamaría
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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10
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Harris FM, Mou Z. Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns and Systemic Signaling. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2024; 114:308-327. [PMID: 37665354 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-03-23-0104-rvw] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Cellular damage inflicted by wounding, pathogen infection, and herbivory releases a variety of host-derived metabolites, degraded structural components, and peptides into the extracellular space that act as alarm signals when perceived by adjacent cells. These so-called damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) function through plasma membrane localized pattern recognition receptors to regulate wound and immune responses. In plants, DAMPs act as elicitors themselves, often inducing immune outputs such as calcium influx, reactive oxygen species generation, defense gene expression, and phytohormone signaling. Consequently, DAMP perception results in a priming effect that enhances resistance against subsequent pathogen infections. Alongside their established function in local tissues, recent evidence supports a critical role of DAMP signaling in generation and/or amplification of mobile signals that induce systemic immune priming. Here, we summarize the identity, signaling, and synergy of proposed and established plant DAMPs, with a focus on those with published roles in systemic signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona M Harris
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, P.O. Box 110700, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - Zhonglin Mou
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, P.O. Box 110700, Gainesville, FL 32611
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11
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Tran Van Canh L, Aubourg S. Bioinformatics Methods for Prediction of Gene Families Encoding Extracellular Peptides. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2731:3-21. [PMID: 38019422 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3511-7_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Genes encoding small secreted peptides are widely distributed among plant genomes but their detection and annotation remains challenging. The bioinformatics protocol described here aims to identify as exhaustively as possible secreted peptide precursors belonging to a family of interest. First, homology searches are performed at the protein and genome levels. Next, multiple sequence alignments and predictions of a secretion signal are used to define a set of homologous proteins sharing features of secreted peptide precursors. These protein sequences are then used as input of motif detection and profile-based tools to build representative matrices and profiles that are used iteratively as guides to scan again the proteome and genome until family completion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loup Tran Van Canh
- Institut Agro, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, Université d'Angers, Angers, France
| | - Sébastien Aubourg
- Institut Agro, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, Université d'Angers, Angers, France
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12
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Leicher H, Stegmann M. A Seedling Growth Inhibition Assay to Measure Phytocytokine Activity. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2731:105-113. [PMID: 38019429 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3511-7_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
The study of immunomodulatory peptides, both of exogenous and endogenous origin, attracted increasing attention over the last years. Numerous methods are widely used to study the sensitivity of plants to peptide elicitation, ranging from measuring early to late induced responses. Seedling growth inhibition is a prominent and easy-to-measure output induced by prolonged peptide treatment. Here, we describe a robust Arabidopsis thaliana seedling growth inhibition experiment that can be used to measure the direct growth-inhibitory effect of peptides, exemplified by RAPID ALKALINIZATION FACTOR 23 (RALF23) treatment. We also show how the assay can be used to assess the modulatory effect of peptide co-treatment on microbe-associated molecular pattern (MAMP)-triggered seedling growth inhibition, exemplified by GOLVEN 2 (GLV2)`s effect on flagellin (flg22)-induced seedling growth inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henriette Leicher
- Phytopathology, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Martin Stegmann
- Phytopathology, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany.
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13
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Rhodes J, Zipfel C. Identification of Bioactive Phytocytokines Using Transcriptomic Data and Plant Bioassays. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2731:23-35. [PMID: 38019423 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3511-7_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Plant genomes contain thousands of short open reading frames that encode putative peptides. Some of these peptides play important signaling roles in response to environmental stress. Here we describe a pipeline used to identify the CTNIP/SMALL PHYTOCYTOKINES REGULATING DEFENSE AND WATER LOSS (SCREW) family of phytocytokines, based upon their transcriptional upregulation during biotic stress. Moreover, we describe approaches to assay their activity in planta by measuring increases in cytoplasmic calcium concentration, reactive oxygen species production, and mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Rhodes
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.
| | - Cyril Zipfel
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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14
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A large family of stress-regulated SCOOP peptides and their processing by subtilases. NATURE PLANTS 2023; 9:1954-1955. [PMID: 38066293 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-023-01584-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
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15
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Yang H, Kim X, Skłenar J, Aubourg S, Sancho-Andrés G, Stahl E, Guillou MC, Gigli-Bisceglia N, Tran Van Canh L, Bender KW, Stintzi A, Reymond P, Sánchez-Rodríguez C, Testerink C, Renou JP, Menke FLH, Schaller A, Rhodes J, Zipfel C. Subtilase-mediated biogenesis of the expanded family of SERINE RICH ENDOGENOUS PEPTIDES. NATURE PLANTS 2023; 9:2085-2094. [PMID: 38049516 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-023-01583-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
Plant signalling peptides are typically released from larger precursors by proteolytic cleavage to regulate plant growth, development and stress responses. Recent studies reported the characterization of a divergent family of Brassicaceae-specific peptides, SERINE RICH ENDOGENOUS PEPTIDES (SCOOPs), and their perception by the leucine-rich repeat receptor kinase MALE DISCOVERER 1-INTERACTING RECEPTOR-LIKE KINASE 2 (MIK2). Here, we reveal that the SCOOP family is highly expanded, containing at least 50 members in the Columbia-0 reference Arabidopsis thaliana genome. Notably, perception of these peptides is strictly MIK2-dependent. How bioactive SCOOP peptides are produced, and to what extent their perception is responsible for the multiple physiological roles associated with MIK2 are currently unclear. Using N-terminomics, we validate the N-terminal cleavage site of representative PROSCOOPs. The cleavage sites are determined by conserved motifs upstream of the minimal SCOOP bioactive epitope. We identified subtilases necessary and sufficient to process PROSCOOP peptides at conserved cleavage motifs. Mutation of these subtilases, or their recognition motifs, suppressed PROSCOOP cleavage and associated overexpression phenotypes. Furthermore, we show that higher-order mutants of these subtilases show phenotypes reminiscent of mik2 null mutant plants, consistent with impaired PROSCOOP biogenesis, and demonstrating biological relevance of SCOOP perception by MIK2. Together, this work provides insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the functions of the recently identified SCOOP peptides and their receptor MIK2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanjie Yang
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xeniya Kim
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jan Skłenar
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Sébastien Aubourg
- Université Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, Angers, France
| | | | - Elia Stahl
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Nora Gigli-Bisceglia
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Plant Stress Resilience, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Loup Tran Van Canh
- Université Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, Angers, France
| | - Kyle W Bender
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Annick Stintzi
- Institute of Biology, Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Philippe Reymond
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Christa Testerink
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jean-Pierre Renou
- Université Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, Angers, France
| | - Frank L H Menke
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Andreas Schaller
- Institute of Biology, Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jack Rhodes
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK.
| | - Cyril Zipfel
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK.
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16
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Nietzschmann L, Smolka U, Perino EHB, Gorzolka K, Stamm G, Marillonnet S, Bürstenbinder K, Rosahl S. The secreted PAMP-induced peptide StPIP1_1 activates immune responses in potato. Sci Rep 2023; 13:20534. [PMID: 37996470 PMCID: PMC10667265 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47648-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Treatment of potato plants with the pathogen-associated molecular pattern Pep-13 leads to the activation of more than 1200 genes. One of these, StPIP1_1, encodes a protein of 76 amino acids with sequence homology to PAMP-induced secreted peptides (PIPs) from Arabidopsis thaliana. Expression of StPIP1_1 is also induced in response to infection with Phytophthora infestans, the causal agent of late blight disease. Apoplastic localization of StPIP1_1-mCherry fusion proteins is dependent on the presence of the predicted signal peptide. A synthetic peptide corresponding to the last 13 amino acids of StPIP1_1 elicits the expression of the StPIP1_1 gene itself, as well as that of pathogenesis related genes. The oxidative burst induced by exogenously applied StPIP1_1 peptide in potato leaf disks is dependent on functional StSERK3A/B, suggesting that StPIP1_1 perception occurs via a receptor complex involving the co-receptor StSERK3A/B. Moreover, StPIP1_1 induces expression of FRK1 in Arabidopsis in an RLK7-dependent manner. Expression of an RLK from potato with high sequence homology to AtRLK7 is induced by StPIP1_1, by Pep-13 and in response to infection with P. infestans. These observations are consistent with the hypothesis that, upon secretion, StPIP1_1 acts as an endogenous peptide required for amplification of the defense response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Nietzschmann
- Department Biochemistry of Plant Interactions, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Ulrike Smolka
- Department Biochemistry of Plant Interactions, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Elvio Henrique Benatto Perino
- Department Biochemistry of Plant Interactions, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Karin Gorzolka
- Department Biochemistry of Plant Interactions, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Gina Stamm
- Department Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Sylvestre Marillonnet
- Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Katharina Bürstenbinder
- Department Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Sabine Rosahl
- Department Biochemistry of Plant Interactions, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany.
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17
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Koenig M, Moser D, Leusner J, Depotter JRL, Doehlemann G, Misas Villamil J. Maize Phytocytokines Modulate Pro-Survival Host Responses and Pathogen Resistance. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2023; 36:592-604. [PMID: 37102770 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-01-23-0005-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Phytocytokines are signaling peptides that alert plant cells of danger. However, the downstream responses triggered by phytocytokines and their effect on plant survival are still largely unknown. Here, we have identified three biologically active maize orthologues of phytocytokines previously described in other plants. The maize phytocytokines show common features with microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs), including the induction of immune-related genes and activation of papain-like cysteine proteases. In contrast to MAMPs, phytocytokines do not promote cell death in the presence of wounding. In infection assays with two fungal pathogens, we found that phytocytokines affect the development of disease symptoms, likely due to the activation of phytohormonal pathways. Collectively, our results show that phytocytokines and MAMPs trigger unique and antagonistic features of immunity. We propose a model in which phytocytokines activate immune responses partially similar to MAMPs but, in contrast to microbial signals, they act as danger and survival molecules to the surrounding cells. Future studies will focus on the components determining the divergence of signaling outputs upon phytocytokine activation. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurice Koenig
- Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Daniel Moser
- Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Julian Leusner
- Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Gunther Doehlemann
- Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Johana Misas Villamil
- Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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18
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Feng YZ, Zhu QF, Xue J, Chen P, Yu Y. Shining in the dark: the big world of small peptides in plants. ABIOTECH 2023; 4:238-256. [PMID: 37970469 PMCID: PMC10638237 DOI: 10.1007/s42994-023-00100-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
Small peptides represent a subset of dark matter in plant proteomes. Through differential expression patterns and modes of action, small peptides act as important regulators of plant growth and development. Over the past 20 years, many small peptides have been identified due to technical advances in genome sequencing, bioinformatics, and chemical biology. In this article, we summarize the classification of plant small peptides and experimental strategies used to identify them as well as their potential use in agronomic breeding. We review the biological functions and molecular mechanisms of small peptides in plants, discuss current problems in small peptide research and highlight future research directions in this field. Our review provides crucial insight into small peptides in plants and will contribute to a better understanding of their potential roles in biotechnology and agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Zhao Feng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Resources Preservation and Utilization, Key Laboratory of South China Modern Biological Seed Industry, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agro-Biological Gene Research Center, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640 China
| | - Qing-Feng Zhu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Resources Preservation and Utilization, Key Laboratory of South China Modern Biological Seed Industry, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agro-Biological Gene Research Center, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640 China
| | - Jiao Xue
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Resources Preservation and Utilization, Key Laboratory of South China Modern Biological Seed Industry, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agro-Biological Gene Research Center, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640 China
| | - Pei Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Resources Preservation and Utilization, Key Laboratory of South China Modern Biological Seed Industry, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agro-Biological Gene Research Center, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640 China
| | - Yang Yu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Resources Preservation and Utilization, Key Laboratory of South China Modern Biological Seed Industry, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agro-Biological Gene Research Center, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640 China
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19
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Kimura S, Vaattovaara A, Ohshita T, Yokoyama K, Yoshida K, Hui A, Kaya H, Ozawa A, Kobayashi M, Mori IC, Ogata Y, Ishino Y, Sugano SS, Nagano M, Fukao Y. Zinc deficiency-induced defensin-like proteins are involved in the inhibition of root growth in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 115:1071-1083. [PMID: 37177878 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The depletion of cellular zinc (Zn) adversely affects plant growth. Plants have adaptation mechanisms for Zn-deficient conditions, inhibiting growth through the action of transcription factors and metal transporters. We previously identified three defensin-like (DEFL) proteins (DEFL203, DEFL206 and DEFL208) that were induced in Arabidopsis thaliana roots under Zn-depleted conditions. DEFLs are small cysteine-rich peptides involved in defense responses, development and excess metal stress in plants. However, the functions of DEFLs in the Zn-deficiency response are largely unknown. Here, phylogenetic tree analysis revealed that seven DEFLs (DEFL202-DEFL208) were categorized into one subgroup. Among the seven DEFLs, the transcripts of five (not DEFL204 and DEFL205) were upregulated by Zn deficiency, consistent with the presence of cis-elements for basic-region leucine-zipper 19 (bZIP19) or bZIP23 in their promoter regions. Microscopic observation of GFP-tagged DEFL203 showed that DEFL203-sGFP was localized to the apoplast and plasma membrane. Whereas a single mutation of the DEFL202 or DEFL203 genes only slightly affected root growth, defl202 defl203 double mutants showed enhanced root growth under all growth conditions. We also showed that the size of the root meristem was increased in the double mutants compared with the wild type. Our results suggest that DEFL202 and DEFL203 are redundantly involved in the inhibition of root growth under Zn-deficient conditions through a reduction in root meristem length and cell number.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachie Kimura
- Ritsumeikan Global Innovation Research Organization, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Aleksia Vaattovaara
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Tomoya Ohshita
- Graduate School of Life Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Kotomi Yokoyama
- Graduate School of Life Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Kota Yoshida
- Graduate School of Life Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Agnes Hui
- Graduate School of Life Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Kaya
- Department of Food Production Science, Ehime University, Ehime, 790-8566, Japan
| | - Ai Ozawa
- Graduate School of Life Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Mami Kobayashi
- Graduate School of Life Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Izumi C Mori
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Okayama, 710-0046, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Ogata
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, 599-8531, Japan
| | - Yoko Ishino
- Graduate School of Innovation and Technology Management, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, 755-8611, Japan
| | - Shigeo S Sugano
- Ritsumeikan Global Innovation Research Organization, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Ibaraki, 305-8566, Japan
| | - Minoru Nagano
- Graduate School of Life Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Fukao
- Graduate School of Life Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
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20
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Bender KW, Zipfel C. Paradigms of receptor kinase signaling in plants. Biochem J 2023; 480:835-854. [PMID: 37326386 PMCID: PMC10317173 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20220372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Plant receptor kinases (RKs) function as key plasma-membrane localized receptors in the perception of molecular ligands regulating development and environmental response. Through the perception of diverse ligands, RKs regulate various aspects throughout the plant life cycle from fertilization to seed set. Thirty years of research on plant RKs has generated a wealth of knowledge on how RKs perceive ligands and activate downstream signaling. In the present review, we synthesize this body of knowledge into five central paradigms of plant RK signaling: (1) RKs are encoded by expanded gene families, largely conserved throughout land plant evolution; (2) RKs perceive many different kinds of ligands through a range of ectodomain architectures; (3) RK complexes are typically activated by co-receptor recruitment; (4) post-translational modifications fulfill central roles in both the activation and attenuation of RK-mediated signaling; and, (5) RKs activate a common set of downstream signaling processes through receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases (RLCKs). For each of these paradigms, we discuss key illustrative examples and also highlight known exceptions. We conclude by presenting five critical gaps in our understanding of RK function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle W. Bender
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Zürich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zürich, 8008 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Cyril Zipfel
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Zürich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zürich, 8008 Zürich, Switzerland
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, NR4 7UH Norwich, U.K
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21
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Furumizu C, Aalen RB. Peptide signaling through leucine-rich repeat receptor kinases: insight into land plant evolution. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 238:977-982. [PMID: 36811171 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Multicellular organisms need mechanisms for communication between cells so that they can fulfill their purpose in the organism as a whole. Over the last two decades, several small post-translationally modified peptides (PTMPs) have been identified as components of cell-to-cell signaling modules in flowering plants. Such peptides most often influence growth and development of organs not universally conserved among land plants. PTMPs have been matched to subfamily XI leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinases with > 20 repeats. Phylogenetic analyses, facilitated by recently published genomic sequences of non-flowering plants, have identified seven clades of such receptors with a history back to the common ancestor of bryophytes and vascular plants. This raises a number of questions: When did peptide signaling arise during land plant evolution? Have orthologous peptide-receptor pairs preserved their biological functions? Has peptide signaling contributed to major innovations, such as stomata, vasculature, roots, seeds, and flowers? Using genomic, genetic, biochemical, and structural data and non-angiosperm model species, it is now possible to address these questions. The vast number of peptides that have not yet found their partners suggests furthermore that we have far more to learn about peptide signaling in the coming decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihiro Furumizu
- Natural Science Center for Basic Research and Development, Hiroshima University, 1-4-2 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-8527, Japan
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-8530, Japan
| | - Reidunn Birgitta Aalen
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1066, Blindern, Oslo, 0316, Norway
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22
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Pastor-Fernández J, Sánchez-Bel P, Flors V, Cerezo M, Pastor V. Small Signals Lead to Big Changes: The Potential of Peptide-Induced Resistance in Plants. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:265. [PMID: 36836379 PMCID: PMC9965805 DOI: 10.3390/jof9020265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The plant immunity system is being revisited more and more and new elements and roles are attributed to participating in the response to biotic stress. The new terminology is also applied in an attempt to identify different players in the whole scenario of immunity: Phytocytokines are one of those elements that are gaining more attention due to the characteristics of processing and perception, showing they are part of a big family of compounds that can amplify the immune response. This review aims to highlight the latest findings on the role of phytocytokines in the whole immune response to biotic stress, including basal and adaptive immunity, and expose the complexity of their action in plant perception and signaling events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Pastor-Fernández
- Department of Biology, Biochemistry and Natural Sciences, School of Technology and Experimental Sciences, Universitat Jaume I, 12006 Castelló de la Plana, Spain
- Department of Plant Molecular Genetics, National Centre for Biotechnology, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB-CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Paloma Sánchez-Bel
- Department of Biology, Biochemistry and Natural Sciences, School of Technology and Experimental Sciences, Universitat Jaume I, 12006 Castelló de la Plana, Spain
| | - Víctor Flors
- Department of Biology, Biochemistry and Natural Sciences, School of Technology and Experimental Sciences, Universitat Jaume I, 12006 Castelló de la Plana, Spain
| | - Miguel Cerezo
- Department of Biology, Biochemistry and Natural Sciences, School of Technology and Experimental Sciences, Universitat Jaume I, 12006 Castelló de la Plana, Spain
| | - Victoria Pastor
- Department of Biology, Biochemistry and Natural Sciences, School of Technology and Experimental Sciences, Universitat Jaume I, 12006 Castelló de la Plana, Spain
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23
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Vuong UT, Iswanto ABB, Nguyen Q, Kang H, Lee J, Moon J, Kim SH. Engineering plant immune circuit: walking to the bright future with a novel toolbox. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2023; 21:17-45. [PMID: 36036862 PMCID: PMC9829404 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plant pathogens destroy crops and cause severe yield losses, leading to an insufficient food supply to sustain the human population. Apart from relying on natural plant immune systems to combat biological agents or waiting for the appropriate evolutionary steps to occur over time, researchers are currently seeking new breakthrough methods to boost disease resistance in plants through genetic engineering. Here, we summarize the past two decades of research in disease resistance engineering against an assortment of pathogens through modifying the plant immune components (internal and external) with several biotechnological techniques. We also discuss potential strategies and provide perspectives on engineering plant immune systems for enhanced pathogen resistance and plant fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uyen Thi Vuong
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research CenterGyeongsang National UniversityJinjuRepublic of Korea
| | - Arya Bagus Boedi Iswanto
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research CenterGyeongsang National UniversityJinjuRepublic of Korea
| | - Quang‐Minh Nguyen
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research CenterGyeongsang National UniversityJinjuRepublic of Korea
| | - Hobin Kang
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research CenterGyeongsang National UniversityJinjuRepublic of Korea
| | - Jihyun Lee
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research CenterGyeongsang National UniversityJinjuRepublic of Korea
| | - Jiyun Moon
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research CenterGyeongsang National UniversityJinjuRepublic of Korea
| | - Sang Hee Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research CenterGyeongsang National UniversityJinjuRepublic of Korea
- Division of Life ScienceGyeongsang National UniversityJinjuRepublic of Korea
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24
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Zhang J, Li Y, Bao Q, Wang H, Hou S. Plant elicitor peptide 1 fortifies root cell walls and triggers a systemic root-to-shoot immune signaling in Arabidopsis. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2022; 17:2034270. [PMID: 35164659 PMCID: PMC9176251 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2022.2034270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Plant immunity is initiated by cell surface-localized receptors upon perception of pathogen-derived microbe or pathogen-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs/PAMPs), damage/danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), and phytocytokines. Different patterns activate highly overlapping immune signaling at the early stage but divergent physiological responses at the late stage. Here, we indicate that plant elicitor peptide 1 (Pep1), a well-known DAMP, induces lignin and callose depositions, two types of late immune responses for strengthening the plant cell wall. Pep1-induced lignin and callose depositions in Arabidopsis root rely on early signaling components for Pep1 perception and signaling propagation. The phytohormone jasmonic acid and ethylene differently regulate the Pep1-regulated cell wall consolidation. Pep1 application in root also triggers a systemic immune signaling in shoot, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) is essential for the signaling communication between root and shoot. Collectively, the study reveals that Pep1 strengthens cell walls in root and triggers a systemic immune signaling from root to shoot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- School of Municipal & Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan, China
| | - Yuxi Li
- College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Binzhou University, Binzhou, China
| | - Qixin Bao
- School of Municipal & Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan, China
| | - Hongbo Wang
- School of Municipal & Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan, China
| | - Shuguo Hou
- School of Municipal & Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan, China
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25
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Guillou MC, Balliau T, Vergne E, Canut H, Chourré J, Herrera-León C, Ramos-Martín F, Ahmadi-Afzadi M, D’Amelio N, Ruelland E, Zivy M, Renou JP, Jamet E, Aubourg S. The PROSCOOP10 Gene Encodes Two Extracellular Hydroxylated Peptides and Impacts Flowering Time in Arabidopsis. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:3554. [PMID: 36559666 PMCID: PMC9784617 DOI: 10.3390/plants11243554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The Arabidopsis PROSCOOP genes belong to a family predicted to encode secreted pro-peptides, which undergo maturation steps to produce peptides named SCOOP. Some of them are involved in defence signalling through their perception by a receptor complex including MIK2, BAK1 and BKK1. Here, we focused on the PROSCOOP10 gene, which is highly and constitutively expressed in aerial organs. The MS/MS analyses of leaf apoplastic fluids allowed the identification of two distinct peptides (named SCOOP10#1 and SCOOP10#2) covering two different regions of PROSCOOP10. They both possess the canonical S-X-S family motif and have hydroxylated prolines. This identification in apoplastic fluids confirms the biological reality of SCOOP peptides for the first time. NMR and molecular dynamics studies showed that the SCOOP10 peptides, although largely unstructured in solution, tend to assume a hairpin-like fold, exposing the two serine residues previously identified as essential for the peptide activity. Furthermore, PROSCOOP10 mutations led to an early-flowering phenotype and increased expression of the floral integrators SOC1 and LEAFY, consistent with the de-regulated transcription of PROSCOOP10 in several other mutants displaying early- or late-flowering phenotypes. These results suggest a role for PROSCOOP10 in flowering time, highlighting the functional diversity within the PROSCOOP family.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thierry Balliau
- AgroParisTech, GQE—Le Moulon, PAPPSO, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, CNRS, F-91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Emilie Vergne
- Institut Agro, SFR QUASAV, IRHS, Université Angers, INRAE, F-49000 Angers, France
| | - Hervé Canut
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, UPS, Toulouse INP, CNRS, F-31320 Auzeville-Tolosane, France
| | - Josiane Chourré
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, UPS, Toulouse INP, CNRS, F-31320 Auzeville-Tolosane, France
| | - Claudia Herrera-León
- Unité de Génie Enzymatique et Cellulaire UMR 7025 CNRS, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, F-80039 Amiens, France
| | - Francisco Ramos-Martín
- Unité de Génie Enzymatique et Cellulaire UMR 7025 CNRS, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, F-80039 Amiens, France
| | - Masoud Ahmadi-Afzadi
- Institut Agro, SFR QUASAV, IRHS, Université Angers, INRAE, F-49000 Angers, France
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Science and High Technology and Environmental Sciences, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman 117-76315, Iran
| | - Nicola D’Amelio
- Unité de Génie Enzymatique et Cellulaire UMR 7025 CNRS, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, F-80039 Amiens, France
| | - Eric Ruelland
- Unité de Génie Enzymatique et Cellulaire UMR 7025 CNRS, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, F-60203 Compiègne, France
| | - Michel Zivy
- AgroParisTech, GQE—Le Moulon, PAPPSO, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, CNRS, F-91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Renou
- Institut Agro, SFR QUASAV, IRHS, Université Angers, INRAE, F-49000 Angers, France
| | - Elisabeth Jamet
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, UPS, Toulouse INP, CNRS, F-31320 Auzeville-Tolosane, France
| | - Sébastien Aubourg
- Institut Agro, SFR QUASAV, IRHS, Université Angers, INRAE, F-49000 Angers, France
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26
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Kalachova T, Škrabálková E, Pateyron S, Soubigou-Taconnat L, Djafi N, Collin S, Sekereš J, Burketová L, Potocký M, Pejchar P, Ruelland E. DIACYLGLYCEROL KINASE 5 participates in flagellin-induced signaling in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 190:1978-1996. [PMID: 35900211 PMCID: PMC9614507 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Flagellin perception is a keystone of pattern-triggered immunity in plants. The recognition of this protein by a plasma membrane (PM) receptor complex is the beginning of a signaling cascade that includes protein phosphorylation and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In both Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) seedlings and suspension cells, we found that treatment with flg22, a peptide corresponding to the most conserved domain of bacterial flagellin, caused a rapid and transient decrease in the level of phosphatidylinositol (PI) 4,5-bisphosphate along with a parallel increase in phosphatidic acid (PA). In suspension cells, inhibitors of either phosphoinositide-dependent phospholipases C (PLC) or diacylglycerol kinases (DGKs) inhibited flg22-triggered PA production and the oxidative burst. In response to flg22, receptor-like kinase-deficient fls2, bak1, and bik1 mutants (FLAGELLIN SENSITIVE 2, BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE 1-associated kinase 1, and BOTRYTIS-INDUCED KINASE 1, respectively) produced less PA than wild-type (WT) plants, whereas this response did not differ in NADPH oxidase-deficient rbohD (RESPIRATORY BURST OXIDASE HOMOLOG D) plants. Among the DGK-deficient lines tested, the dgk5.1 mutant produced less PA and less ROS after flg22 treatment compared with WT seedlings. In response to flg22, dgk5.1 plants showed lower callose accumulation and impaired resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 hrcC-. Transcriptomics revealed that the basal expression of defense-related genes was altered in dgk5.1 seedlings compared with the WT. A GFP-DGK5 fusion protein localized to the PM, where RBOHD and PLC2 (proteins involved in plant immunity) are also located. The role of DGK5 and its enzymatic activity in flagellin signaling and fine-tuning of early immune responses in plant-microbe interactions is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetiana Kalachova
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 16502 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Eliška Škrabálková
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 16502 Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Charles University, Viničná 5, Prague 12844, Czech Republic
| | - Stéphanie Pateyron
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris Saclay IPS2, CNRS, INRA, Université Paris-Sud, Université Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Bâtiment 630, 91405 Orsay, France
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay IPS2, Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Bâtiment 630, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Ludivine Soubigou-Taconnat
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris Saclay IPS2, CNRS, INRA, Université Paris-Sud, Université Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Bâtiment 630, 91405 Orsay, France
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay IPS2, Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Bâtiment 630, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Nabila Djafi
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire des Plantes, Sorbonne Université, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Sylvie Collin
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire des Plantes, Sorbonne Université, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Juraj Sekereš
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 16502 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Burketová
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 16502 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Potocký
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 16502 Prague, Czech Republic
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27
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Wang L, Calabria J, Chen HW, Somssich M. The Arabidopsis thaliana-Fusarium oxysporum strain 5176 pathosystem: an overview. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:6052-6067. [PMID: 35709954 PMCID: PMC9578349 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium oxysporum is a soil-borne fungal pathogen of several major food crops. Research on understanding the molecular details of fungal infection and the plant's defense mechanisms against this pathogen has long focused mainly on the tomato-infecting F. oxysporum strains and their specific host plant. However, in recent years, the Arabidopsis thaliana-Fusarium oxysporum strain 5176 (Fo5176) pathosystem has additionally been established to study this plant-pathogen interaction with all the molecular biology, genetic, and genomic tools available for the A. thaliana model system. Work on this system has since produced several new insights, especially with regards to the role of phytohormones involved in the plant's defense response, and the receptor proteins and peptide ligands involved in pathogen detection. Furthermore, work with the pathogenic strain Fo5176 and the related endophytic strain Fo47 has demonstrated the suitability of this system for comparative studies of the plant's specific responses to general microbe- or pathogen-associated molecular patterns. In this review, we highlight the advantages of this specific pathosystem, summarize the advances made in studying the molecular details of this plant-fungus interaction, and point out open questions that remain to be answered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Wang
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Jacob Calabria
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Hsiang-Wen Chen
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
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28
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Guillou MC, Vergne E, Aligon S, Pelletier S, Simonneau F, Rolland A, Chabout S, Mouille G, Gully K, Grappin P, Montrichard F, Aubourg S, Renou JP. The peptide SCOOP12 acts on reactive oxygen species homeostasis to modulate cell division and elongation in Arabidopsis primary root. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:6115-6132. [PMID: 35639812 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Small secreted peptides have been described as key contributors to complex signalling networks that control plant development and stress responses. The Brassicaceae-specific PROSCOOP family encodes precursors of Serine riCh endOgenOus Peptides (SCOOPs). In Arabidopsis SCOOP12 has been shown to promote the defence response against pathogens and to be involved in root development. Here, we explore its role as a moderator of Arabidopsis primary root development. We show that the PROSCOOP12 null mutation leads to longer primary roots through the development of longer differentiated cells while PROSCOOP12 overexpression induces dramatic plant growth impairments. In comparison, the exogenous application of synthetic SCOOP12 peptide shortens roots through meristem size and cell length reductions. Moreover, superoxide anion (O2·-) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production in root tips vary according to SCOOP12 abundance. By using reactive oxygen species scavengers that suppress the proscoop12 phenotype, we showed that root growth regulation by SCOOP12 is associated with reactive oxygen species metabolism. Furthermore, our results suggest that peroxidases act as potential SCOOP12 downstream targets to regulate H2O2 production, which in turn triggers cell wall modifications in root. Finally, a massive transcriptional reprogramming, including the induction of genes from numerous other pathways, including ethylene, salicylic acid, and glucosinolates biosynthesis, was observed, emphasizing its dual role in defence and development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emilie Vergne
- Univ Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, Angers, France
| | - Sophie Aligon
- Univ Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, Angers, France
| | - Sandra Pelletier
- Univ Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, Angers, France
| | | | - Aurélia Rolland
- Univ Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, Angers, France
| | - Salem Chabout
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), Versailles, France
| | - Gregory Mouille
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), Versailles, France
| | - Kay Gully
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Grappin
- Univ Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, Angers, France
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29
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Pastor-Fernández J, Sánchez-Bel P, Gamir J, Pastor V, Sanmartín N, Cerezo M, Andrés-Moreno S, Flors V. Tomato Systemin induces resistance against Plectosphaerella cucumerina in Arabidopsis through the induction of phenolic compounds and priming of tryptophan derivatives. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 321:111321. [PMID: 35696921 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2022.111321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Phytocytokines are endogenous danger peptides that are actively released after a pest or pathogen attack, triggering an amplification of plant immune responses. Here, we found that Systemin, a peptide from tomato, has a substantial impact at the molecular level in Arabidopsis plants that leads to induced resistance against Plectosphaerella cucumerina. Using transcriptional and metabolomics approaches, and loss-of-function mutants to analyse the molecular mechanisms underlying induced resistance against the necrotroph, we decipher the enhanced molecular responses in Systemin-treated plants following infection. Some protein complexes involved in the response to other damage signals, including the BAK1-BIK1 protein complex and heterotrimeric G proteins, as well as MPK activation, were among the early signalling events triggered by Systemin in Arabidopsis upon infection. Non-targeted analysis of the late responses underlying Systemin-Induced Resistance1 (Sys-IR) showed that phenolic and indolic compounds were the most representative groups in the Systemin metabolic fingerprint. Lack of flavonoids resulted in the impairment of Sys-IR. On the other hand, some indolic compounds showed a priming profile and were also essential for functional Sys-IR. Evidence presented here shows that plants can sense heterologous peptides from other species as danger signals driving the participation of common protein cascades activated in the PTI and promoting enhanced resistance against necrotrophic fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Pastor-Fernández
- Metabolic Integration and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Section, Unidad Asociada al Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (EEZ-CSIC)-Department of Biology, Biochemistry and Natural Sciences, Universitat Jaume I, Avd Vicente Sos Baynat s/n, 12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - P Sánchez-Bel
- Metabolic Integration and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Section, Unidad Asociada al Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (EEZ-CSIC)-Department of Biology, Biochemistry and Natural Sciences, Universitat Jaume I, Avd Vicente Sos Baynat s/n, 12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - J Gamir
- Metabolic Integration and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Section, Unidad Asociada al Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (EEZ-CSIC)-Department of Biology, Biochemistry and Natural Sciences, Universitat Jaume I, Avd Vicente Sos Baynat s/n, 12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - V Pastor
- Metabolic Integration and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Section, Unidad Asociada al Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (EEZ-CSIC)-Department of Biology, Biochemistry and Natural Sciences, Universitat Jaume I, Avd Vicente Sos Baynat s/n, 12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - N Sanmartín
- Metabolic Integration and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Section, Unidad Asociada al Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (EEZ-CSIC)-Department of Biology, Biochemistry and Natural Sciences, Universitat Jaume I, Avd Vicente Sos Baynat s/n, 12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - M Cerezo
- Metabolic Integration and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Section, Unidad Asociada al Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (EEZ-CSIC)-Department of Biology, Biochemistry and Natural Sciences, Universitat Jaume I, Avd Vicente Sos Baynat s/n, 12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - S Andrés-Moreno
- Metabolic Integration and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Section, Unidad Asociada al Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (EEZ-CSIC)-Department of Biology, Biochemistry and Natural Sciences, Universitat Jaume I, Avd Vicente Sos Baynat s/n, 12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - V Flors
- Metabolic Integration and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Section, Unidad Asociada al Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (EEZ-CSIC)-Department of Biology, Biochemistry and Natural Sciences, Universitat Jaume I, Avd Vicente Sos Baynat s/n, 12071 Castellón, Spain.
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30
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Rzemieniewski J, Stegmann M. Regulation of pattern-triggered immunity and growth by phytocytokines. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 68:102230. [PMID: 35588597 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2022.102230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Endogenous signalling peptides play diverse roles during plant growth, development and stress responses. Research in recent years has unravelled peptides with previously known growth-regulatory function as immune-modulatory agents that fine-tune pattern-triggered immunity (PTI). Moreover, peptides that are long known as endogenous danger signals were recently implicated in growth and development. In analogy to metazoan systems these peptides are referred to as phytocytokines. In this review we will highlight recent progress made on our understanding of phytocytokines simultaneously regulating growth and PTI which shows the complex interplay of peptide signalling pathways regulating multiple aspects of a plant's life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Rzemieniewski
- Phytopathology, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Martin Stegmann
- Phytopathology, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany.
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31
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Rhodes J, Roman AO, Bjornson M, Brandt B, Derbyshire P, Wyler M, Schmid MW, Menke FLH, Santiago J, Zipfel C. Perception of a conserved family of plant signalling peptides by the receptor kinase HSL3. eLife 2022; 11:74687. [PMID: 35617122 PMCID: PMC9191895 DOI: 10.7554/elife.74687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant genomes encode hundreds of secreted peptides; however, relatively few have been characterised. We report here an uncharacterised, stress-induced family of plant signalling peptides, which we call CTNIPs. Based on the role of the common co-receptor BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE 1-ASSOCIATED KINASE 1 (BAK1) in CTNIP-induced responses, we identified in Arabidopsis thaliana the orphan receptor kinase HAESA-LIKE 3 (HSL3) as the CTNIP receptor via a proteomics approach. CTNIP binding, ligand-triggered complex formation with BAK1, and induced downstream responses all involve HSL3. Notably, the HSL3-CTNIP signalling module is evolutionarily conserved amongst most extant angiosperms. The identification of this novel signalling module will further shed light on the diverse functions played by plant signalling peptides and will provide insights into receptor-ligand co-evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Rhodes
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Andra-Octavia Roman
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marta Bjornson
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin Brandt
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | - Julia Santiago
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Cyril Zipfel
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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32
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Stegmann M, Zecua-Ramirez P, Ludwig C, Lee HS, Peterson B, Nimchuk ZL, Belkhadir Y, Hückelhoven R. RGI-GOLVEN signaling promotes cell surface immune receptor abundance to regulate plant immunity. EMBO Rep 2022; 23:e53281. [PMID: 35229426 PMCID: PMC9066070 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202153281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant immune responses must be tightly controlled for proper allocation of resources for growth and development. In plants, endogenous signaling peptides regulate developmental and growth‐related processes. Recent research indicates that some of these peptides also have regulatory functions in the control of plant immune responses. This classifies these peptides as phytocytokines as they show analogies with metazoan cytokines. However, the mechanistic basis for phytocytokine‐mediated regulation of plant immunity remains largely elusive. Here, we identify GOLVEN2 (GLV2) peptides as phytocytokines in Arabidopsis thaliana. GLV2 signaling enhances sensitivity of plants to elicitation with immunogenic bacterial elicitors and contributes to resistance against virulent bacterial pathogens. GLV2 is perceived by ROOT MERISTEM GROWTH FACTOR 1 INSENSITIVE (RGI) receptors. RGI mutants show reduced elicitor sensitivity and enhanced susceptibility to bacterial infection. RGI3 forms ligand‐induced complexes with the pattern recognition receptor (PRR) FLAGELLIN SENSITIVE 2 (FLS2), suggesting that RGIs are part of PRR signaling platforms. GLV2‐RGI signaling promotes PRR abundance independent of transcriptional regulation and controls plant immunity via a previously undescribed mechanism of phytocytokine activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Stegmann
- Phytopathology, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Patricia Zecua-Ramirez
- Phytopathology, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Christina Ludwig
- Bavarian Center for Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry (BayBioMS), Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Ho-Seok Lee
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Brenda Peterson
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Zachary L Nimchuk
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Youssef Belkhadir
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Ralph Hückelhoven
- Phytopathology, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
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Stegmann M, Zecua-Ramirez P, Ludwig C, Lee HS, Peterson B, Nimchuk ZL, Belkhadir Y, Hückelhoven R. RGI-GOLVEN signaling promotes cell surface immune receptor abundance to regulate plant immunity. EMBO Rep 2022; 23:e53281. [PMID: 35229426 DOI: 10.1101/2021.01.29.428839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant immune responses must be tightly controlled for proper allocation of resources for growth and development. In plants, endogenous signaling peptides regulate developmental and growth-related processes. Recent research indicates that some of these peptides also have regulatory functions in the control of plant immune responses. This classifies these peptides as phytocytokines as they show analogies with metazoan cytokines. However, the mechanistic basis for phytocytokine-mediated regulation of plant immunity remains largely elusive. Here, we identify GOLVEN2 (GLV2) peptides as phytocytokines in Arabidopsis thaliana. GLV2 signaling enhances sensitivity of plants to elicitation with immunogenic bacterial elicitors and contributes to resistance against virulent bacterial pathogens. GLV2 is perceived by ROOT MERISTEM GROWTH FACTOR 1 INSENSITIVE (RGI) receptors. RGI mutants show reduced elicitor sensitivity and enhanced susceptibility to bacterial infection. RGI3 forms ligand-induced complexes with the pattern recognition receptor (PRR) FLAGELLIN SENSITIVE 2 (FLS2), suggesting that RGIs are part of PRR signaling platforms. GLV2-RGI signaling promotes PRR abundance independent of transcriptional regulation and controls plant immunity via a previously undescribed mechanism of phytocytokine activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Stegmann
- Phytopathology, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Patricia Zecua-Ramirez
- Phytopathology, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Christina Ludwig
- Bavarian Center for Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry (BayBioMS), Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Ho-Seok Lee
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Brenda Peterson
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Zachary L Nimchuk
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Youssef Belkhadir
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Ralph Hückelhoven
- Phytopathology, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
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Knowing me, knowing you: Self and non-self recognition in plant immunity. Essays Biochem 2022; 66:447-458. [PMID: 35383834 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20210095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Perception of non-self molecules known as microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) by host pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) activates plant pattern-triggered immunity (PTI). Pathogen infections often trigger the release of modified-self molecules, termed damage- or danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), which modulate MAMP-triggered signaling to shape the frontline of plant immune responses against infections. In the context of advances in identifying MAMPs and DAMPs, cognate receptors, and their signaling, here, we focus on the most recent breakthroughs in understanding the perception and role of non-self and modified-self patterns. We highlight the commonalities and differences of MAMPs from diverse microbes, insects, and parasitic plants, as well as the production and perception of DAMPs upon infections. We discuss the interplay between MAMPs and DAMPs for emerging themes of the mutual potentiation and attenuation of PTI signaling upon MAMP and DAMP perception during infections.
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35
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Chen MM, Yang SR, Wang J, Fang YL, Peng YL, Fan J. Fungal oxysterol-binding protein-related proteins promote pathogen virulence and activate plant immunity. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:2125-2141. [PMID: 34864987 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Oxysterol-binding protein-related proteins (ORPs) are a conserved class of lipid transfer proteins that are closely involved in multiple cellular processes in eukaryotes, but their roles in plant-pathogen interactions are mostly unknown. We show that transient expression of ORPs of Magnaporthe oryzae (MoORPs) in Nicotiana benthamina plants triggered oxidative bursts and cell death; treatment of tobacco Bright Yellow-2 suspension cells with recombinant MoORPs elicited the production of reactive oxygen species. Despite ORPs being normally described as intracellular proteins, we detected MoORPs in fungal culture filtrates and intercellular fluids from barley plants infected with the fungus. More importantly, infiltration of Arabidopsis plants with recombinant Arabidopsis or fungal ORPs activated oxidative bursts, callose deposition, and PR1 gene expression, and enhanced plant disease resistance, implying that ORPs may function as endogenous and exogenous danger signals triggering plant innate immunity. Extracellular application of fungal ORPs exerted an opposite impact on salicylic acid and jasmonic acid/ethylene signaling pathways. Brassinosteroid Insensitive 1-associated Kinase 1 was dispensable for the ORP-activated defense. Besides, simultaneous knockout of MoORP1 and MoORP3 abolished fungal colony radial growth and conidiation, whereas double knockout of MoORP1 and MoORP2 compromised fungal virulence on barley and rice plants. These observations collectively highlight the multifaceted role of MoORPs in the modulation of plant innate immunity and promotion of fungal development and virulence in M. oryzae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Meng Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Si-Ru Yang
- Department of Plant Pathology, MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ya-Li Fang
- Department of Plant Pathology, MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - You-Liang Peng
- Department of Plant Pathology, MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Fan
- Department of Plant Pathology, MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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36
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Stahl E, Fernandez Martin A, Glauser G, Guillou MC, Aubourg S, Renou JP, Reymond P. The MIK2/SCOOP Signaling System Contributes to Arabidopsis Resistance Against Herbivory by Modulating Jasmonate and Indole Glucosinolate Biosynthesis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:852808. [PMID: 35401621 PMCID: PMC8984487 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.852808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Initiation of plant immune signaling requires recognition of conserved molecular patterns from microbes and herbivores by plasma membrane-localized pattern recognition receptors. Additionally, plants produce and secrete numerous small peptide hormones, termed phytocytokines, which act as secondary danger signals to modulate immunity. In Arabidopsis, the Brassicae-specific SERINE RICH ENDOGENOUS PEPTIDE (SCOOP) family consists of 14 members that are perceived by the leucine-rich repeat receptor kinase MALE DISCOVERER 1-INTERACTING RECEPTOR LIKE KINASE 2 (MIK2). Recognition of SCOOP peptides elicits generic early signaling responses but knowledge on how and if SCOOPs modulate specific downstream immune defenses is limited. We report here that depletion of MIK2 or the single PROSCOOP12 precursor results in decreased Arabidopsis resistance against the generalist herbivore Spodoptera littoralis but not the specialist Pieris brassicae. Increased performance of S. littoralis on mik2-1 and proscoop12 is accompanied by a diminished accumulation of jasmonic acid, jasmonate-isoleucine and indolic glucosinolates. Additionally, we show transcriptional activation of the PROSCOOP gene family in response to insect herbivory. Our data therefore indicate that perception of endogenous SCOOP peptides by MIK2 modulates the jasmonate pathway and thereby contributes to enhanced defense against a generalist herbivore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elia Stahl
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Gaétan Glauser
- Neuchâtel Platform of Analytical Chemistry, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Marie-Charlotte Guillou
- Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, UMR 1345, INRAE, Agrocampus-Ouest, Université d’Angers, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Sébastien Aubourg
- Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, UMR 1345, INRAE, Agrocampus-Ouest, Université d’Angers, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Renou
- Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, UMR 1345, INRAE, Agrocampus-Ouest, Université d’Angers, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Philippe Reymond
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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37
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Phosphatidic Acid in Plant Hormonal Signaling: From Target Proteins to Membrane Conformations. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063227. [PMID: 35328648 PMCID: PMC8954910 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells sense a variety of extracellular signals balancing their metabolism and physiology according to changing growth conditions. Plasma membranes are the outermost informational barriers that render cells sensitive to regulatory inputs. Membranes are composed of different types of lipids that play not only structural but also informational roles. Hormones and other regulators are sensed by specific receptors leading to the activation of lipid metabolizing enzymes. These enzymes generate lipid second messengers. Among them, phosphatidic acid (PA) is a well-known intracellular messenger that regulates various cellular processes. This lipid affects the functional properties of cell membranes and binds to specific target proteins leading to either genomic (affecting transcriptome) or non-genomic responses. The subsequent biochemical, cellular and physiological reactions regulate plant growth, development and stress tolerance. In the present review, we focus on primary (genome-independent) signaling events triggered by rapid PA accumulation in plant cells and describe the functional role of PA in mediating response to hormones and hormone-like regulators. The contributions of individual lipid signaling enzymes to the formation of PA by specific stimuli are also discussed. We provide an overview of the current state of knowledge and future perspectives needed to decipher the mode of action of PA in the regulation of cell functions.
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38
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Gigli-Bisceglia N, Testerink C. Fighting salt or enemies: shared perception and signaling strategies. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 64:102120. [PMID: 34856479 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2021.102120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Plants react to a myriad of biotic and abiotic environmental signals through specific cellular mechanisms required for survival under stress. Although pathogen perception has been widely studied and characterized, salt stress perception and signaling remain largely elusive. Recent observations, obtained in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, show that perception of specific features of pathogens also allows plants to mount salt stress resilience pathways, highlighting the possibility that salt sensing and pathogen perception mechanisms partially overlap. We discuss these overlapping strategies and examine the emerging role of A. thaliana cell wall and plasma membrane components in activating both salt- and pathogen-induced responses, as part of exquisite mechanisms underlying perception of damage and danger. This knowledge helps understanding the complexity of plant responses to pathogens and salinity, leading to new hypotheses that could explain why plants evolved similar strategies to respond to these, at first sight, very different types of stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Gigli-Bisceglia
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, 6708 PB, the Netherlands.
| | - Christa Testerink
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, 6708 PB, the Netherlands.
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39
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Wu D, Wang L, Zhang Y, Bai L, Yu F. Emerging roles of pathogen-secreted host mimics in plant disease development. Trends Parasitol 2021; 37:1082-1095. [PMID: 34627670 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2021.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Plant pathogens and parasites use multiple virulence factors to successfully infect plants. While most plant-pathogen interaction studies focus on pathogen effectors and their functions in suppressing plant immunity or interfering with normal cellular processes, other virulence factors likely also contribute. Here we highlight another important strategy used by pathogens to promote virulence: secretion of mimics of host molecules, including peptides, phytohormones, and small RNAs, which play diverse roles in plant development and stress responses. Pathogen-secreted mimics hijack the host endogenous signaling pathways, thereby modulating host cellular functions to the benefit of the pathogen and promoting infection. Understanding the mechanisms of pathogen-secreted host mimics will expand our knowledge of host-pathogen coevolution and interactions, while providing new targets for plant disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dousheng Wu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Lifeng Wang
- Hunan Weed Science Key Laboratory, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, 410125, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Lianyang Bai
- Hunan Weed Science Key Laboratory, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, 410125, China.
| | - Feng Yu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China.
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40
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Yamaguchi K, Kawasaki T. Pathogen- and plant-derived peptides trigger plant immunity. Peptides 2021; 144:170611. [PMID: 34303752 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2021.170611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Plants are constantly exposed to pathogens in their immediate environment. Plants sense the invasion of pathogens by recognizing the components including peptide fragments derived from pathogens, known as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Plants also produce immunogenic peptides called phytocytokines that regulate immune responses. These molecules are recognized by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) at plasma membrane. Activated PRRs induce a variety of immune responses including production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), induction of Ca2+ influx and activation of mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPKs). Pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) wards off microbes and pests. In this review, we summarize recent our advances in understanding how the peptide fragments are generated and perceived by plant PRRs at cell surface, and the activated PRRs transduce the downstream immune signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Yamaguchi
- Department of Advanced Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kindai University, Nakamachi, Nara 631-8505, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Kawasaki
- Department of Advanced Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kindai University, Nakamachi, Nara 631-8505, Japan; Agricultural Technology and Innovation Research Institute, Kindai University, Nakamachi, Nara 631-8505, Japan.
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41
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Hou S, Liu D, Huang S, Luo D, Liu Z, Xiang Q, Wang P, Mu R, Han Z, Chen S, Chai J, Shan L, He P. The Arabidopsis MIK2 receptor elicits immunity by sensing a conserved signature from phytocytokines and microbes. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5494. [PMID: 34535661 PMCID: PMC8448819 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25580-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Sessile plants encode a large number of small peptides and cell surface-resident receptor kinases, most of which have unknown functions. Here, we report that the Arabidopsis receptor kinase MALE DISCOVERER 1-INTERACTING RECEPTOR-LIKE KINASE 2 (MIK2) recognizes the conserved signature motif of SERINE-RICH ENDOGENOUS PEPTIDEs (SCOOPs) from Brassicaceae plants as well as proteins present in fungal Fusarium spp. and bacterial Comamonadaceae, and elicits various immune responses. SCOOP signature peptides trigger immune responses and altered root development in a MIK2-dependent manner with a sub-nanomolar sensitivity. SCOOP12 directly binds to the extracellular leucine-rich repeat domain of MIK2 in vivo and in vitro, indicating that MIK2 is the receptor of SCOOP peptides. Perception of SCOOP peptides induces the association of MIK2 and the coreceptors SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS RECEPTOR KINASE 3 (SERK3) and SERK4 and relays the signaling through the cytosolic receptor-like kinases BOTRYTIS-INDUCED KINASE 1 (BIK1) and AVRPPHB SUSCEPTIBLE1 (PBS1)-LIKE 1 (PBL1). Our study identifies a plant receptor that bears a dual role in sensing the conserved peptide motif from phytocytokines and microbial proteins via a convergent signaling relay to ensure a robust immune response. Peptide signals generated during plant microbe interactions can trigger immune responses in plants. Here the authors show that SCOOP12, a member of a family of peptides present in Brassicaceae plants, and SCOOP12-like motifs in Fusarium fungi, can trigger immune responses following perception by the MIK2 receptor kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuguo Hou
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan, China.
| | - Derui Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Shijia Huang
- Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Dexian Luo
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Zunyong Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Qingyuan Xiang
- Department of Biology, Genetics Institute, Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Ruimin Mu
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan, China
| | - Zhifu Han
- Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Sixue Chen
- Department of Biology, Genetics Institute, Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jijie Chai
- Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Libo Shan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
| | - Ping He
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
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42
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Hou S, Liu D, He P. Phytocytokines function as immunological modulators of plant immunity. STRESS BIOLOGY 2021; 1:8. [PMID: 34806087 PMCID: PMC8591736 DOI: 10.1007/s44154-021-00009-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Plant plasma membrane-resident immune receptors regulate plant immunity by recognizing microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs), damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), and phytocytokines. Phytocytokines are plant endogenous peptides, which are usually produced in the cytosol and released into the apoplast when plant encounters pathogen infections. Phytocytokines regulate plant immunity through activating an overlapping signaling pathway with MAMPs/DAMPs with some unique features. Here, we highlight the current understanding of phytocytokine production, perception and functions in plant immunity, and discuss how plants and pathogens manipulate phytocytokine signaling for their own benefits during the plant-pathogen warfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuguo Hou
- School of Municipal & Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan, 250100 China
| | - Derui Liu
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843 USA
| | - Ping He
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843 USA
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43
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Tanaka K, Heil M. Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs) in Plant Innate Immunity: Applying the Danger Model and Evolutionary Perspectives. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2021; 59:53-75. [PMID: 33900789 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-082718-100146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Danger signals trigger immune responses upon perception by a complex surveillance system. Such signals can originate from the infectious nonself or the damaged self, the latter termed damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Here, we apply Matzinger's danger model to plant innate immunity to discuss the adaptive advantages of DAMPs and their integration into preexisting signaling pathways. Constitutive DAMPs (cDAMPs), e.g., extracellular ATP, histones, and self-DNA, fulfill primary, conserved functions and adopt a signaling role only when cellular damage causes their fragmentation or localization to aberrant compartments. By contrast, immunomodulatory peptides (also known as phytocytokines) exclusively function as signals and, upon damage, are activated as inducible DAMPs (iDAMPs). Dynamic coevolutionary processes between the signals and their emerging receptors and shared co-receptors have likely linked danger recognition to preexisting, conserved downstream pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiwamu Tanaka
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99163, USA;
| | - Martin Heil
- Departamento de Ingeniería Genética, CINVESTAV, 36821 Irapuato, Guanajuato, México
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Malabarba J, Meents AK, Reichelt M, Scholz SS, Peiter E, Rachowka J, Konopka-Postupolska D, Wilkins KA, Davies JM, Oelmüller R, Mithöfer A. ANNEXIN1 mediates calcium-dependent systemic defense in Arabidopsis plants upon herbivory and wounding. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 231:243-254. [PMID: 33586181 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Cellular calcium (Ca) transients are endogenous signals involved in local and systemic signaling and defense activation upon environmental stress, including wounding and herbivory. Still, not all Ca2+ channels contributing to the signaling have been identified, nor are their modes of action fully known. Plant annexins are proteins capable of binding to anionic phospholipids and can exhibit Ca channel-like activity. Arabidopsis ANNEXIN1 (ANN1) is suggested to contribute to Ca transport. Here, we report that wounding and simulated-herbivory-induced cytosolic free Ca elevation was impaired in systemic leaves in ann1 loss-of-function plants. We provide evidence for a role of ANN1 in local and systemic defense of plants attacked by herbivorous Spodoptera littoralis larvae. Bioassays identified ANN1 as a positive defense regulator. Spodoptera littoralis feeding on ann1 gained significantly more weight than larvae feeding on wild-type, whereas those feeding on ANN1-overexpressing lines gained less weight. Herbivory and wounding both induced defense-related responses on treated leaves, such as jasmonate accumulation and defense gene expression. These responses remained local and were strongly reduced in systemic leaves in ann1 plants. Our results indicate that ANN1 plays an important role in activation of systemic rather than local defense in plants attacked by herbivorous insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaiana Malabarba
- Research Group Plant Defense Physiology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, 07745, Germany
- Postgraduate Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, Biotechnology Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, 90040-060, Brazil
| | - Anja K Meents
- Research Group Plant Defense Physiology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, 07745, Germany
- Plant Physiology, Matthias-Schleiden-Institute for Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, 07743, Germany
| | - Michael Reichelt
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Sandra S Scholz
- Plant Physiology, Matthias-Schleiden-Institute for Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, 07743, Germany
| | - Edgar Peiter
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences III, Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), 06120, Germany
| | - Julia Rachowka
- Plant Protein Phosphorylation Laboratory, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, 02-106, Poland
| | - Dorota Konopka-Postupolska
- Plant Protein Phosphorylation Laboratory, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, 02-106, Poland
| | - Katie A Wilkins
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB24 6DG, UK
| | - Julia M Davies
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB24 6DG, UK
| | - Ralf Oelmüller
- Plant Physiology, Matthias-Schleiden-Institute for Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, 07743, Germany
| | - Axel Mithöfer
- Research Group Plant Defense Physiology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, 07745, Germany
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Receptor kinases in plant responses to herbivory. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2021; 70:143-150. [PMID: 34023544 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2021.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Plants have the ability to detect and respond to biotic stresses. They contain pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that specifically recognize conserved molecules from their enemies and activate immune responses. In this review, I discuss recent efforts to discover PRRs for herbivory-associated cues that originate from oral secretions, eggs, damaged plant cells or secondary endogenous signals. Although several potential PRRs have been identified and shown to confer resistance to insects, proof of direct binding to a ligand is scarce and there are still many uncharacterized ligand-receptor pairs. However, several studies suggest that, like for microbial pathogens, plants use similar PRR complexes to detect herbivory.
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Wen Q, Sun M, Kong X, Yang Y, Zhang Q, Huang G, Lu W, Li W, Meng Y, Shan W. The novel peptide NbPPI1 identified from Nicotiana benthamiana triggers immune responses and enhances resistance against Phytophthora pathogens. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 63:961-976. [PMID: 33205861 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In plants, recognition of small secreted peptides, such as damage/danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), regulates diverse processes, including stress and immune responses. Here, we identified an SGPS (Ser-Gly-Pro-Ser) motif-containing peptide, Nicotiana tabacum NtPROPPI, and its two homologs in Nicotiana benthamiana, NbPROPPI1 and NbPROPPI2. Phytophthora parasitica infection and salicylic acid (SA) treatment induced NbPROPPI1/2 expression. Moreover, SignalP predicted that the 89-amino acid NtPROPPI includes a 24-amino acid N-terminal signal peptide and NbPROPPI1/2-GFP fusion proteins were mainly localized to the periplasm. Transient expression of NbPROPPI1/2 inhibited P. parasitica colonization, and NbPROPPI1/2 knockdown rendered plants more susceptible to P. parasitica. An eight-amino-acid segment in the NbPROPPI1 C-terminus was essential for its immune function and a synthetic 20-residue peptide, NbPPI1, derived from the C-terminus of NbPROPPI1 provoked significant immune responses in N. benthamiana. These responses led to enhanced accumulation of reactive oxygen species, activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases, and up-regulation of the defense genes Flg22-induced receptor-like kinase (FRK) and WRKY DNA-binding protein 33 (WRKY33). The NbPPI1-induced defense responses require Brassinosteroid insensitive 1-associated receptor kinase 1 (BAK1). These results suggest that NbPPI1 functions as a DAMP in N. benthamiana; this novel DAMP provides a potentially useful target for improving plant resistance to Pytophthora pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qujiang Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Manli Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Xianglan Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Yang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Guiyan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Wenqin Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Wanyue Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Yuling Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Weixing Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
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Rhodes J, Yang H, Moussu S, Boutrot F, Santiago J, Zipfel C. Perception of a divergent family of phytocytokines by the Arabidopsis receptor kinase MIK2. Nat Commun 2021; 12:705. [PMID: 33514716 PMCID: PMC7846792 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-20932-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant genomes encode hundreds of receptor kinases and peptides, but the number of known plant receptor-ligand pairs is limited. We report that the Arabidopsis leucine-rich repeat receptor kinase LRR-RK MALE DISCOVERER 1-INTERACTING RECEPTOR LIKE KINASE 2 (MIK2) is the receptor for the SERINE RICH ENDOGENOUS PEPTIDE (SCOOP) phytocytokines. MIK2 is necessary and sufficient for immune responses triggered by multiple SCOOP peptides, suggesting that MIK2 is the receptor for this divergent family of peptides. Accordingly, the SCOOP12 peptide directly binds MIK2 and triggers complex formation between MIK2 and the BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE 1-ASSOCIATED KINASE 1 (BAK1) co-receptor. MIK2 is required for resistance to the important root pathogen Fusarium oxysporum. Notably, we reveal that Fusarium proteomes encode SCOOP-like sequences, and corresponding synthetic peptides induce MIK2-dependent immune responses. These results suggest that MIK2 may recognise Fusarium-derived SCOOP-like sequences to induce immunity against Fusarium. The definition of SCOOPs as MIK2 ligands will help to unravel the multiple roles played by MIK2 during plant growth, development and stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Rhodes
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Huanjie Yang
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Steven Moussu
- The Plant Signaling Mechanisms Laboratory, Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Freddy Boutrot
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
- Anova-Plus, Évry, Évry-Courcouronnes, France
| | - Julia Santiago
- The Plant Signaling Mechanisms Laboratory, Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Cyril Zipfel
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK.
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Leontovyčová H, Kalachova T, Janda M. Disrupted actin: a novel player in pathogen attack sensing? THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 227:1605-1609. [PMID: 32259281 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The actin cytoskeleton is widely involved in plant immune responses. The majority of studies show that chemical disruption of the actin cytoskeleton increases plant susceptibility to pathogen infection. Similarly, several pathogens have adopted this as a virulence strategy and produce effectors that affect cytoskeleton integrity. Such effectors either exhibit actin-depolymerizing activity themselves or prevent actin polymerization. Is it thus possible for plants to recognize the actin's status and launch a counterattack? Recently we showed that chemical depolymerization of actin filaments can trigger resistance to further infection via the specific activation of salicylic acid (SA) signalling. This is accompanied by several defence-related, but SA-independent, effects (e.g. callose deposition, gene expression), relying on vesicular trafficking and phospholipid metabolism. These data suggest that the role of actin in plant-pathogen interactions is more complex than previously believed. It raises the question of whether plants have evolved a mechanism of sensing pathological actin disruption that eventually triggers defence responses. If so, what is the molecular basis of it? Otherwise, why does actin depolymerization specifically influence SA content but not any other phytohormone? Here we propose an updated model of actin's role in plant-microbe interactions and suggest some future directions of research to be conducted in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Leontovyčová
- Laboratory of Pathological Plant Physiology, Institute of Experimental Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojova 263, 165 02, Prague 6, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technicka 5, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Hlavova 2030/8, 128 44, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Tetiana Kalachova
- Laboratory of Pathological Plant Physiology, Institute of Experimental Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojova 263, 165 02, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Janda
- Laboratory of Pathological Plant Physiology, Institute of Experimental Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojova 263, 165 02, Prague 6, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technicka 5, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Biology, Biocenter, Department Genetics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich (LMU), Grosshaderner Str. 2-4, D-82152, Martinsried, Germany
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Li Q, Wang C, Mou Z. Perception of Damaged Self in Plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 182:1545-1565. [PMID: 31907298 PMCID: PMC7140957 DOI: 10.1104/pp.19.01242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Plants use specific receptor proteins on the cell surface to detect host-derived danger signals released in response to attacks by pathogens or herbivores and activate immune responses against them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Li
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611
| | - Chenggang Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611
| | - Zhonglin Mou
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611
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50
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Chen YL, Fan KT, Hung SC, Chen YR. The role of peptides cleaved from protein precursors in eliciting plant stress reactions. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 225:2267-2282. [PMID: 31595506 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
As sessile organisms, plants are exposed to diverse abiotic and biotic stresses, and thus have developed complex signaling mechanisms that orchestrate multiple stress responses. Plant peptides have recently emerged as key signaling molecules of stress responses, not only to mechanical wounding and pathogen infection but also to nutrient imbalance, drought and high salinity. The currently identified stress-related signaling peptides in plants are derived from proteolytic processing of protein precursors. Here, we review these protein-derived peptides and the evidence for their functions in stress signaling. We recommend potential research directions that could clarify their roles in stress biology, and propose possible crosstalk with regard to the physiological outcome. The stress-centric perspective allows us to highlight the crucial roles of peptides in regulating the dynamics of stress physiology. Inspired by historic and recent findings, we review how peptides initiate complex molecular interactions to coordinate biotic and abiotic stress responses in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Lan Chen
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Ting Fan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Chi Hung
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Yet-Ran Chen
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
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