1
|
Zhao R, Han HZ, Li SH, Zhang LH, Wang F, Zhang N. Functional identification of AaMYB113 and AaMYB114 from Aeonium arboreum 'Halloween' in model plants. Gene 2024; 927:148699. [PMID: 38880185 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2024.148699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Aeonium arboreum 'Halloween', a popular indoor ornamental succulent in China, changes its leaf colour to red on light exposure. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms is still vague. Comparative analysis of transcriptome data from 'Halloween' leaves treated under dark and light conditions revealed two R2R3-MYB transcription factors, AaMYB113 and AaMYB114, that may mediate anthocyanin accumulation. In this study, we cloned the AaMYB113 and AaMYB114 genes, encoding proteins of 279 and 248 amino acids, respectively. Transcriptional activity analysis revealed that AaMYB113 exhibits strong transcriptional activity, in contrast to AaMYB114, which demonstrates minimal activity. Transient expression studies in tobacco leaves demonstrated that AaMYB113 induced red pigmentation, whereas AaMYB114 did not. Subsequent stable overexpression in Arabidopsis thaliana confirmed that AaMYB113, but not AaMYB114, could similarly turn Arabidopsis leaves red. Further stable transformation of AaMYB113 in tobacco affected multiple floral components, including leaves, petals, calyx, flower tubes, and filaments, turning them red. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) assay in leaves of AaMYB113 stably transformed tobacco and Arabidopsis revealed upregulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis-related structural genes and TT8-like transcription factors. Moreover, the dual luciferase analysis confirmed that AaMYB113 can activate the promoters of 'Halloween' anthocyanin synthesis structural genes, AaCHS, AaCHI, AaF3H, AaDFR and AaANS. The above results indicate that AaMYB113 can promote anthocyanin synthesis, while AaMYB114 does not have this function. This study contributes significantly to the limited body of research on the molecular mechanisms of anthocyanin synthesis in succulents, advancing our understanding of how these pathways are regulated in 'Halloween' succulents and potentially other species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rong Zhao
- College of Materials and Biology, Suqian University, Suqian, Jiangsu 223800, China
| | - Hao-Zhang Han
- College of Materials and Biology, Suqian University, Suqian, Jiangsu 223800, China.
| | - Su-Hua Li
- College of Materials and Biology, Suqian University, Suqian, Jiangsu 223800, China
| | - Li-Hua Zhang
- College of Materials and Biology, Suqian University, Suqian, Jiangsu 223800, China
| | - Fang Wang
- College of Materials and Biology, Suqian University, Suqian, Jiangsu 223800, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- College of Materials and Biology, Suqian University, Suqian, Jiangsu 223800, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sun Y, Yang X, Wu R, Lv S, Li Y, Jia H, Yang Y, Li B, Chen W, Allan AC, Jiang G, Shi YN, Chen K. DNA methylation controlling abscisic acid catabolism responds to light to mediate strawberry fruit ripening. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 66:1718-1734. [PMID: 38896078 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Phytohormones, epigenetic regulation and environmental factors regulate fruit ripening but their interplay during strawberry fruit ripening remains to be determined. In this study, bagged strawberry fruit exhibited delayed ripening compared with fruit grown in normal light, correlating with reduced abscisic acid (ABA) accumulation. Transcription of the key ABA catabolism gene, ABA 8'-hydroxylase FaCYP707A4, was induced in bagged fruit. With light exclusion whole genome DNA methylation levels were up-regulated, corresponding to a delayed ripening process, while DNA methylation levels in the promoter of FaCYP707A4 were suppressed, correlating with increases in transcript and decreased ABA content. Experiments indicated FaCRY1, a blue light receptor repressed in bagged fruit and FaAGO4, a key protein involved in RNA-directed DNA methylation, could bind to the promoter of FaCYP707A4. The interaction between FaCRY1 and FaAGO4, and an increased enrichment of FaAGO4 directed to the FaCYP707A4 promoter in fruit grown under light suggests FaCRY1 may influence FaAGO4 to modulate the DNA methylation status of the FaCYP707A4 promoter. Furthermore, transient overexpression of FaCRY1, or an increase in FaCRY1 transcription by blue light treatment, increases the methylation level of the FaCYP707A4 promoter, while transient RNA interference of FaCRY1 displayed opposite phenotypes. These findings reveal a mechanism by which DNA methylation influences ABA catabolism, and participates in light-mediated strawberry ripening.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunfan Sun
- College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xiaofang Yang
- Institute of Horticulture, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Rongrong Wu
- College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Shouzheng Lv
- College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yunduan Li
- College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Haoran Jia
- College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yuying Yang
- College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Baijun Li
- College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Wenbo Chen
- College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Andrew C Allan
- New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Private Bag 92169, Auckland, New Zealand
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Guihua Jiang
- Institute of Horticulture, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Yan-Na Shi
- College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Kunsong Chen
- College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yang G, Xue Z, Lin-Wang K, Chen G, Zhao Y, Chang Y, Xu S, Sun M, Xue C, Li J, Allan AC, Espley RV, Wu J. An 'activator-repressor' loop controls the anthocyanin biosynthesis in red-skinned pear. MOLECULAR HORTICULTURE 2024; 4:26. [PMID: 38945997 PMCID: PMC11215833 DOI: 10.1186/s43897-024-00102-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
The color of red-skinned pear (Pyrus spp.) is primarily attributed to accumulation of anthocyanins, which provide nutritional benefits for human health and are closely associated with the commercial value of fruits. Here, we reported the functional characterization of a R2R3-MYB repressor PyMYB107, which forms an 'activator-repressor' loop to control anthocyanin accumulation in the red-skinned pear. PyMYB107 overexpression inhibited anthocyanin biosynthesis in both pear calli and fruits, while virus-induced gene silencing of PyMYB107 increased anthocyanin accumulation in pear fruits. Furthermore, ectopic expression of PyMYB107 decreased anthocyanin accumulation in tomato, strawberry and tobacco. PyMYB107 can competitively bind to PybHLH3 with PyMYB10/MYB114, thereby suppressing the transcriptional activation of key anthocyanin biosynthesis genes, PyANS and PyUFGT. Site-directed mutagenesis showed that mutations within the R3 domain and EAR motif of PyMYB107 eliminated its repressive activity. Additionally, PyMYB107 exhibited a comparable expression pattern to PyMYB10/MYB114 and was transcriptionally activated by them. Our finding advanced comprehension of the repression mechanism underlying anthocyanin accumulation, providing valuable molecular insights into improving quality of pear fruits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guangyan Yang
- College of Horticulture, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory, Nanjing, 210014, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhaolong Xue
- College of Horticulture, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory, Nanjing, 210014, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kui Lin-Wang
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Auckland, 1025, New Zealand
| | - Guosong Chen
- College of Horticulture, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory, Nanjing, 210014, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yongqi Zhao
- College of Horticulture, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory, Nanjing, 210014, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yaojun Chang
- College of Horticulture, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Shaozhuo Xu
- College of Horticulture, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Manyi Sun
- College of Horticulture, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory, Nanjing, 210014, Jiangsu, China
| | - Cheng Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Jiaming Li
- College of Horticulture, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory, Nanjing, 210014, Jiangsu, China
| | - Andrew C Allan
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Auckland, 1025, New Zealand
| | - Richard V Espley
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Auckland, 1025, New Zealand
| | - Jun Wu
- College of Horticulture, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
- Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory, Nanjing, 210014, Jiangsu, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wang B, Wen X, Fu B, Wei Y, Song X, Li S, Wang L, Wu Y, Hong Y, Dai S. Genome-Wide Analysis of MYB Gene Family in Chrysanthemum ×morifolium Provides Insights into Flower Color Regulation. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1221. [PMID: 38732436 PMCID: PMC11085527 DOI: 10.3390/plants13091221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
MYBs constitute the second largest transcription factor (TF) superfamily in flowering plants with substantial structural and functional diversity, which have been brought into focus because they affect flower colors by regulating anthocyanin biosynthesis. Up to now, the genomic data of several Chrysanthemum species have been released, which provides us with abundant genomic resources for revealing the evolution of the MYB gene family in Chrysanthemum species. In the present study, comparative analyses of the MYB gene family in six representative species, including C. lavandulifolium, C. seticuspe, C. ×morifolium, Helianthus annuus, Lactuca sativa, and Arabidopsis thaliana, were performed. A total of 1104 MYBs, which were classified into four subfamilies and 35 lineages, were identified in the three Chrysanthemum species (C. lavandulifolium, C. seticuspe, and C. ×morifolium). We found that whole-genome duplication and tandem duplication are the main duplication mechanisms that drove the occurrence of duplicates in CmMYBs (particularly in the R2R3-MYB subfamily) during the evolution of the cultivated chrysanthemums. Sequence structure and selective pressure analyses of the MYB gene family revealed that some of R2R3-MYBs were subjected to positive selection, which are mostly located on the distal telomere segments of the chromosomes and contain motifs 7 and 8. In addition, the gene expression analysis of CmMYBs in different organs and at various capitulum developmental stages of C. ×morifolium indicated that CmMYBS2, CmMYB96, and CmMYB109 might be the negative regulators for anthocyanin biosynthesis. Our results provide the phylogenetic context for research on the genetic and functional evolution of the MYB gene family in Chrysanthemum species and deepen our understanding of the regulatory mechanism of MYB TFs on the flower color of C. ×morifolium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bohao Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory for Genetics and Breeding of Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; (B.W.)
| | - Xiaohui Wen
- Zhejiang Institute of Landscape Plants and Flowers, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 311251, China
| | - Boxiao Fu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory for Genetics and Breeding of Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; (B.W.)
| | - Yuanyuan Wei
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory for Genetics and Breeding of Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; (B.W.)
| | - Xiang Song
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory for Genetics and Breeding of Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; (B.W.)
| | - Shuangda Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory for Genetics and Breeding of Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; (B.W.)
| | - Luyao Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory for Genetics and Breeding of Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; (B.W.)
| | - Yanbin Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory for Genetics and Breeding of Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; (B.W.)
| | - Yan Hong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory for Genetics and Breeding of Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; (B.W.)
| | - Silan Dai
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory for Genetics and Breeding of Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; (B.W.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Liu XF, Teng R, Xiang L, Li F, Chen K. Sucrose-delaying flower color fading associated with delaying anthocyanin accumulation decrease in cut chrysanthemum. PeerJ 2023; 11:e16520. [PMID: 38099310 PMCID: PMC10720401 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
As fresh ornamental crops, vase life and post-harvested quality of cut flowers have attracted much attention. Flower color fading is the prominent defect in red and purple cut flowers, especially in cut chrysanthemum which have a relative long vase life. Here, the effect of sucrose on change in anthocyanin contents during the vase life of 'Dante Purple' cut chrysanthemum was studied. Results showed that 500 mM sucrose as holding solution could significantly delay the decrease in anthocyanin content and maintain the ornamental value for as long as 38 vase days. Moreover, the sucrose also increased the flower diameter, soluble sugar contents and total antioxidant capacity, while decreasing the malondialdehyde contents. Further studies suggested that the transcript levels of anthocyanin biosynthetic genes and transcription factors, CmMYB6 and CmMYB#7, had continuously decreased during the vase life. The changes in these genes expression patterns was retarded by the sucrose treatment, except for CmMYB#7 which is a repressor of anthocyanin biosynthesis gene expression. The decline in relative expression of CmMYB#7 was accelerated by sucrose. These results have supplied clues to study the mechanism whereby sucrose serves as a signal molecule to regulate anthocyanin biosynthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-fen Liu
- Zhejiang University, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, China
- Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ruping Teng
- Zhejiang University, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, China
- Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lili Xiang
- Zhejiang University, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, China
- Hunan Agricultural University, College of Horticulture, Changsha, China
| | - Fang Li
- Zhejiang University, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, China
- Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kunsong Chen
- Zhejiang University, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, China
- Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Partap M, Verma V, Thakur M, Bhargava B. Designing of future ornamental crops: a biotechnological driven perspective. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2023; 10:uhad192. [PMID: 38023473 PMCID: PMC10681008 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhad192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
With a basis in human appreciation of beauty and aesthetic values, the new era of ornamental crops is based on implementing innovative technologies and transforming symbols into tangible assets. Recent advances in plant biotechnology have attracted considerable scientific and industrial interest, particularly in terms of modifying desired plant traits and developing future ornamental crops. By utilizing omics approaches, genomic data, genetic engineering, and gene editing tools, scientists have successively explored the underlying molecular mechanism and potential gene(s) behind trait regulation such as floral induction, plant architecture, stress resistance, plasticity, adaptation, and phytoremediation in ornamental crop species. These signs of progress lay a theoretical and practical foundation for designing and enhancing the efficiency of ornamental plants for a wide range of applications. In this review, we briefly summarized the existing literature and advances in biotechnological approaches for the improvement of vital traits in ornamental plants. The future ornamental plants, such as light-emitting plants, biotic/abiotic stress detectors, and pollution abatement, and the introduction of new ornamental varieties via domestication of wild species are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahinder Partap
- Floriculture Laboratory, Agrotechnology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (IHBT), Post Box No. 6, 176 061 (HP) Palampur, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vipasha Verma
- Floriculture Laboratory, Agrotechnology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (IHBT), Post Box No. 6, 176 061 (HP) Palampur, India
| | - Meenakshi Thakur
- Floriculture Laboratory, Agrotechnology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (IHBT), Post Box No. 6, 176 061 (HP) Palampur, India
| | - Bhavya Bhargava
- Floriculture Laboratory, Agrotechnology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (IHBT), Post Box No. 6, 176 061 (HP) Palampur, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wang Y, Zhou LJ, Song A, Wang Y, Geng Z, Zhao K, Jiang J, Chen S, Chen F. Comparative transcriptome analysis and flavonoid profiling of floral mutants reveals CmMYB11 regulating flavonoid biosynthesis in chrysanthemum. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 336:111837. [PMID: 37611834 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2023.111837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoids, of which the major groups are flavones, flavonols, and anthocyanins, confer a variety of colors on plants. Bud sports with variation of floral colors occur occasionally during chrysanthemum cultivation. Although it has been reported that methylation at the promoter of CmMYB6 was related to anthocyanin contents, the regulatory networks of flavonoid biosynthesis still remain largely unknown in mutation of chrysanthemum. We compared phenotypes, pigment composition and transcriptomes in two chrysanthemum cultivars, 'Anastasia Dark Green' and 'Anastasia Pink', and regenerated bud sports of these cultivars with altered floral colors. Increased anthocyanins turned the 'Anastasia Dark Green' mutant red, while decreased anthocyanins turned the 'Anastasia Pink' mutant white. Moreover, total flavonoids were reduced in both mutants. Multiple flavonoid biosynthetic genes and regulatory genes encoding MYBs and bHLHs transcription factors were differentially expressed in pairwise comparisons of transcriptomes in 'Anastasia Dark Green' or 'Anastasia Pink' and their mutants at different flowering stages. Among these regulatory genes, the expression patterns of CmMYB6 and CmbHLH2 correlated to changes of anthocyanin contents, and down-regulation of CmMYB11 correlated to decreased total flavonoid contents in two mutants. CmMYB11 was shown to directly activate the promoter activities of CmCHS2, CmCHI, CmDFR, CmANS, CmFNS, and CmFLS. Furthermore, overexpression of CmMYB11 increased both flavonols and anthocyanins in tobacco petals. Our work provides new insights into regulatory networks involved in flavonoid biosynthesis and coloration in chrysanthemum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiguang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, China
| | - Li-Jie Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, China
| | - Aiping Song
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, China
| | - Yuxi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, China
| | - Zhiqiang Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, China
| | - Kunkun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, China
| | - Jiafu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, China
| | - Sumei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, China
| | - Fadi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wang Y, Wang Y, Zhou LJ, Peng J, Chen C, Liu S, Song A, Jiang J, Chen S, Chen F. CmNAC25 targets CmMYB6 to positively regulate anthocyanin biosynthesis during the post-flowering stage in chrysanthemum. BMC Biol 2023; 21:211. [PMID: 37807042 PMCID: PMC10561465 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-023-01719-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anthocyanin is a class of important secondary metabolites that determines colorful petals in chrysanthemum, a famous cut flower. 'Arctic Queen' is a white chrysanthemum cultivar that does not accumulate anthocyanin during the flowering stage. During the post-flowering stage, the petals of 'Arctic Queen' accumulate anthocyanin and turn red. However, the molecular mechanism underlying this flower color change remains unclear. RESULTS In this study, by using transcriptome analysis, we identified CmNAC25 as a candidate gene promoting anthocyanin accumulation in the post-flowering stage of 'Arctic Queen'. CmNAC25 is directly bound to the promoter of CmMYB6, a core member of the MBW protein complex that promotes anthocyanin biosynthesis in chrysanthemum, to activate its expression. CmNAC25 also directly activates the promoter of CmDFR, which encodes the key enzyme in anthocyanin biosynthesis. CmNAC25 was highly expressed during the post-flowering stage, while the expression level of CmMYB#7, a known R3 MYB transcription factor interfering with the formation of the CmMYB6-CmbHLH2 complex, significantly decreased. Genetic transformation of both chrysanthemum and Nicotiana tabacum verified that CmNAC25 was a positive regulator of anthocyanin biosynthesis. Another two cultivars that turned red during the post-flowering stages also demonstrated a similar mechanism. CONCLUSIONS Altogether, our data revealed that CmNAC25 positively regulates anthocyanin biosynthesis in chrysanthemum petals during the post-flowering stages by directly activating CmMYB6 and CmDFR. Our results thus revealed a crucial role of CmNAC25 in regulating flower color change during petal senescence and provided a target gene for molecular design breeding of flower color in chrysanthemum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuxi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yiguang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Li-Jie Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jialin Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Chuwen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Shenhui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Aiping Song
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jiafu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Sumei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Fadi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhang Z, Tao L, Gao L, Gao Y, Suo J, Yu W, Hu Y, Wei C, Farag MA, Wu J, Song L. Transcription factors TgbHLH95 and TgbZIP44 cotarget terpene biosynthesis gene TgGPPS in Torreya grandis nuts. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 193:1161-1176. [PMID: 37399247 PMCID: PMC10517253 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Terpenes are volatile compounds responsible for aroma and the postharvest quality of commercially important xiangfei (Torreya grandis) nuts, and there is interest in understanding the regulation of their biosynthesis. Here, a transcriptomics analysis of xiangfei nuts after harvest identified 156 genes associated with the terpenoid metabolic pathway. A geranyl diphosphate (GPP) synthase (TgGPPS) involved in production of the monoterpene precursor GPP was targeted for functional characterization, and its transcript levels positively correlated with terpene levels. Furthermore, transient overexpression of TgGPPS in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) leaves or tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruit led to monoterpene accumulation. Analysis of differentially expressed transcription factors identified one basic helix-loop-helix protein (TgbHLH95) and one basic leucine zipper protein (TgbZIP44) as potential TgGPPS regulators. TgbHLH95 showed significant transactivation of the TgGPPS promoter, and its transient overexpression in tobacco leaves led to monoterpene accumulation, whereas TgbZIP44 directly bound to an ACGT-containing element in the TgGPPS promoter, as determined by yeast 1-hybrid test and electrophoretic mobility shift assay. Bimolecular fluorescence complementation, firefly luciferase complementation imaging, co-immunoprecipitation, and GST pull-down assays confirmed a direct protein-protein interaction between TgbHLH95 and TgbZIP44 in vivo and in vitro, and in combination these proteins induced the TgGPPS promoter up to 4.7-fold in transactivation assays. These results indicate that a TgbHLH95/TgbZIP44 complex activates the TgGPPS promoter and upregulates terpene biosynthesis in xiangfei nuts after harvest, thereby contributing to its aroma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zuying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’an, 311300 Zhejiang Province, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Forest Aromatic Plants-based Healthcare Functions, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’an, 311300 Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Liu Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’an, 311300 Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Lingling Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’an, 311300 Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yadi Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’an, 311300 Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jinwei Suo
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’an, 311300 Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Weiyu Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’an, 311300 Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yuanyuan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’an, 311300 Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Chunyan Wei
- Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Horticulture, Desheng Middle Road No. 298, Hangzhou, 310021 Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Mohamed A Farag
- Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr el Aini st., Cairo 11562, Egypt
| | - Jiasheng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’an, 311300 Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Lili Song
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’an, 311300 Zhejiang Province, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Forest Aromatic Plants-based Healthcare Functions, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’an, 311300 Zhejiang Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Fu M, Guo J, Tang K, Jiang S, Luo S, Luo W, Khan I, Li G. Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of Purple and Green Flowering Chinese Cabbage and Functional Analyses of BrMYB114 Gene. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13951. [PMID: 37762252 PMCID: PMC10531404 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241813951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Flowering Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa var. parachinensis) is one of the most popular vegetables in the south of China. As an antioxidant, anthocyanin is an important quality trait in vegetables, and the gene related to anthocyanin biosynthesis in purple flowering Chinese cabbage is also important. In this study, two flowering Chinese cabbage with extreme colors in the stem were used as materials for transcriptome analysis. RNA-seq analysis showed that 6811 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, including 295 transcription factors. Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, flavone and flavanol biosynthesis, and flavonoid biosynthesis pathways were found to be significantly enriched in the purple flowering Chinese cabbage. A total of 25 DEGs associated with anthocyanin biosynthesis were found at a higher expression in purple flowering Chinese cabbage than in green flowering Chinese cabbage. Bioinformatics analysis shows that BrMYB114 is a candidate gene for the regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis, and heterologous expression analysis of BrMYB114 in Nicotiana benthamiana indicates that BrMYB114 functions in anthocyanin biosynthesis. Therefore, our findings provide vital evidence for elucidating the molecular mechanism in the purple stem in flowering Chinese cabbage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mei Fu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for New Technology Research of Vegetables, Vegetable Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510642, China; (M.F.); (J.G.); (K.T.); (S.J.); (S.L.); (W.L.)
| | - Juxian Guo
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for New Technology Research of Vegetables, Vegetable Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510642, China; (M.F.); (J.G.); (K.T.); (S.J.); (S.L.); (W.L.)
| | - Kang Tang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for New Technology Research of Vegetables, Vegetable Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510642, China; (M.F.); (J.G.); (K.T.); (S.J.); (S.L.); (W.L.)
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Shizheng Jiang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for New Technology Research of Vegetables, Vegetable Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510642, China; (M.F.); (J.G.); (K.T.); (S.J.); (S.L.); (W.L.)
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Shanwei Luo
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for New Technology Research of Vegetables, Vegetable Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510642, China; (M.F.); (J.G.); (K.T.); (S.J.); (S.L.); (W.L.)
| | - Wenlong Luo
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for New Technology Research of Vegetables, Vegetable Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510642, China; (M.F.); (J.G.); (K.T.); (S.J.); (S.L.); (W.L.)
| | - Imran Khan
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for New Technology Research of Vegetables, Vegetable Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510642, China; (M.F.); (J.G.); (K.T.); (S.J.); (S.L.); (W.L.)
| | - Guihua Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for New Technology Research of Vegetables, Vegetable Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510642, China; (M.F.); (J.G.); (K.T.); (S.J.); (S.L.); (W.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Bi M, Liang R, Wang J, Qu Y, Liu X, Cao Y, He G, Yang Y, Yang P, Xu L, Ming J. Multifaceted roles of LhWRKY44 in promoting anthocyanin accumulation in Asiatic hybrid lilies ( Lilium spp.). HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2023; 10:uhad167. [PMID: 37779886 PMCID: PMC10535013 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhad167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
The Asiatic hybrid lily (Lilium spp.) is a horticultural crop with high commercial value and diverse anthocyanin pigmentation patterns. However, the regulatory mechanism underlying lily flower color has been largely unexplored. Here, we identified a WRKY transcription factor from lily tepals, LhWRKY44, whose expression was closely associated with anthocyanin accumulation. Functional verification indicated that LhWRKY44 positively regulated anthocyanin accumulation. LhWRKY44 physically interacted with LhMYBSPLATTER and directly bound to the LhMYBSPLATTER promoter, which enhanced the effect of the LhMYBSPLATTER-LhbHLH2 MBW complex activator on anthocyanin accumulation. Moreover, EMSA and dual-luciferase assays revealed that LhWRKY44 activated and bound to the promoters of gene LhF3H and the intracellular anthocyanin-related glutathione S-transferase gene LhGST. Interestingly, our further results showed that LhWRKY44 participated in light and drought-induced anthocyanin accumulation, and improved the drought tolerance in lily via activating stress-related genes. These results generated a multifaceted regulatory mechanism for the LhWRKY44-meditaed enhancement by the environmental signal pathway of anthocyanin accumulation and expanded our understanding of the WRKY-mediated transcriptional regulatory hierarchy modulating anthocyanin accumulation in Asiatic hybrid lilies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Rui Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030031, China
| | - Jiawen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yuxiao Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
- College of Landscape architecture and Forestry, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Yuwei Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
- College of Chemistry and Life Science, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, 341000, China
| | - Guoren He
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Science, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Yue Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Panpan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Leifeng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jun Ming
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wang F, Chen J, Tang R, Wang R, Ahmad S, Liu Z, Peng D. Research Progress on Anthocyanin-Mediated Regulation of 'Black' Phenotypes of Plant Organs. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:7242-7256. [PMID: 37754242 PMCID: PMC10527681 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45090458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The color pattern is one of the most important characteristics of plants. Black stands out among the vibrant colors due to its rare and distinctive nature. While some plant organs appear black, they are, in fact, dark purple. Anthocyanins are the key compounds responsible for the diverse hues in plant organs. Cyanidin plays an important role in the deposition of black pigments in various plant organs, such as flower, leaf, and fruit. A number of structural genes and transcription factors are involved in the metabolism of anthocyanins in black organs. It has been shown that the high expression of R2R3-MYB transcription factors, such as PeMYB7, PeMYB11, and CsMYB90, regulates black pigmentation in plants. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the anthocyanin pathways that are involved in the regulation of black pigments in plant organs, including flower, leaf, and fruit. It is a great starting point for further investigation into the molecular regulation mechanism of plant color and the development of novel cultivars with black plant organs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Zhongjian Liu
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization, College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (F.W.); (J.C.); (R.T.); (R.W.); (S.A.)
| | - Donghui Peng
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization, College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (F.W.); (J.C.); (R.T.); (R.W.); (S.A.)
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Yao G, Gou S, Zhong T, Wei S, An X, Sun H, Sun C, Hu K, Zhang H. Persulfidation of transcription factor MYB10 inhibits anthocyanin synthesis in red-skinned pear. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 192:2185-2202. [PMID: 36797801 PMCID: PMC10315305 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a gaseous signaling molecule that delays color change during fruit ripening. Whether H2S affects anthocyanin biosynthesis in red-skinned pears (Pyrus L.) remains unclear. Here, we found that H2S substantially inhibits anthocyanin accumulation in red-skinned pears and the expression of several genes encoding transcription factors is affected in response to H2S signaling. For example, PyMYB10 and PyMYB73 were down-regulated, whereas PyMYB114 and PyMYB6 were up-regulated. Bioinformatics analysis showed that PyMYB73 and PyMYB6, each containing an EAR motif, may negatively regulate anthocyanin accumulation. Transient expression analysis showed that PyMYB73 substantially promotes anthocyanin biosynthesis by co-transforming with PyMYB10/PyMYB114 + PybHLH3; however, PyMYB6 inhibited anthocyanin biosynthesis in strawberry (Fragaria vesca) receptacles and pear fruits, and PyMYB73 interacted with PyMYB10 and PyMYB6 but not PyMYB114 or PybHLH3. Further investigation showed that Cys194 and Cys218 of PyMYB10 were modified by persulfidation and that PyMYB10Cys218Ala substantially increased anthocyanin accumulation by a transient transformation system. Co-transformation of PyMYB10Cys218Ala + PyMYB73/PyMYB6 also promoted anthocyanin accumulation in pear fruits. Yeast two-hybrid assays showed that the mutation of PyMYB10 did not affect the interaction between PyMYB10 and PyMYB73, but it inhibited interaction with PyMYB6. Moreover, H2S weakened the interaction between PyMYB10 and PyMYB73 but enhanced the interaction with PyMYB6. Thus, we provided a model in which PyMYB10 undergoes persulfidation at Cys218, enhancing the interaction with PyMYB6 and reducing the interaction with PyMYB73. These subsequently results in lower expression of the anthocyanin biosynthesis-related genes Pyrus dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (PyDFR), Pyrus anthocyanidin synthase (PyANS), Pyrus UDP-glucose: flavonoid 3-glucosyl transferase (PyUFGT) and Pyrus glutathione S-transferase (PyGST), thereby inhibiting anthocyanin accumulation in red-skinned pears. Our findings provided a molecular mechanism for H2S-mediated anthocyanin biosynthesis in red-skinned pears.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gaifang Yao
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Shasha Gou
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Tingying Zhong
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Shuwei Wei
- Shandong Institute of Pomology, Tai’an 271000, China
| | - Xin An
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Hongye Sun
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Chen Sun
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Kangdi Hu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Cerqueira JVA, de Andrade MT, Rafael DD, Zhu F, Martins SVC, Nunes-Nesi A, Benedito V, Fernie AR, Zsögön A. Anthocyanins and reactive oxygen species: a team of rivals regulating plant development? PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 112:213-223. [PMID: 37351824 PMCID: PMC10352431 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-023-01362-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Anthocyanins are a family of water-soluble vacuolar pigments present in almost all flowering plants. The chemistry, biosynthesis and functions of these flavonoids have been intensively studied, in part due to their benefit for human health. Given that they are efficient antioxidants, intense research has been devoted to studying their possible roles against damage caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, the redox homeostasis established between antioxidants and ROS is important for plant growth and development. On the one hand, high levels of ROS can damage DNA, proteins, and lipids, on the other, they are also required for cell signaling, plant development and stress responses. Thus, a balance is needed in which antioxidants can remove excessive ROS, while not precluding ROS from triggering important cellular signaling cascades. In this article, we discuss how anthocyanins and ROS interact and how a deeper understanding of the balance between them could help improve plant productivity, nutritional value, and resistance to stress, while simultaneously maintaining proper cellular function and plant growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- João Victor A Cerqueira
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Moab T de Andrade
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Diego D Rafael
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Feng Zhu
- Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, National R&D Center for Citrus Preservation, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Samuel V C Martins
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Adriano Nunes-Nesi
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Vagner Benedito
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Agustin Zsögön
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
- Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Mackon E, Mackon GCJDE, Guo Y, Ma Y, Yao Y, Liu P. Development and Application of CRISPR/Cas9 to Improve Anthocyanin Pigmentation in Plants: Opportunities and Perspectives. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2023:111746. [PMID: 37230190 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2023.111746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Since its discovery in 2012, the novel technology of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9) has greatly contributed to revolutionizing molecular biology. It has been demonstrated to be an effective approach for identifying gene function and improving some important traits. Anthocyanins are secondary metabolites responsible for a wide spectrum of aesthetic coloration in various plant organs and are beneficial for health. As such, increasing anthocyanin content in plants, especially the edible tissue and organs, is always a main goal for plant breeding. Recently, CRISPR/Cas9 technology has been highly desired to enhance the amount of anthocyanin in vegetables, fruits, cereals, and other attractive plants with more precision. Here we reviewed the recent knowledge concerning CRISPR/Cas9-mediated anthocyanin enhancement in plants. In addition, we addressed the future avenues of promising potential target genes that could be helpful for achieving the same goal using CRISPR/Cas9 in several plants. Thus, molecular biologists, genetic engineers, agricultural scientists, plant geneticists, and physiologists may benefit from CRISPR technology to boost the biosynthesis and accumulation of anthocyanins in fresh fruits, vegetables, grains, roots, and ornamental plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Enerand Mackon
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University.
| | | | - Yongqiang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, P.R. China.
| | - Yafei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, P.R. China.
| | - Yuhang Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, P.R. China.
| | - Piqing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, P.R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Wei W, Yang YY, Lakshmanan P, Kuang JF, Lu WJ, Pang XQ, Chen JY, Shan W. Proteasomal degradation of MaMYB60 mediated by the E3 ligase MaBAH1 causes high temperature-induced repression of chlorophyll catabolism and green ripening in banana. THE PLANT CELL 2023; 35:1408-1428. [PMID: 36748200 PMCID: PMC10118274 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koad030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Banana (Musa acuminata) fruits ripening at 30 °C or above fail to develop yellow peels; this phenomenon, called green ripening, greatly reduces their marketability. The regulatory mechanism underpinning high temperature-induced green ripening remains unknown. Here we decoded a transcriptional and post-translational regulatory module that causes green ripening in banana. Banana fruits ripening at 30 °C showed greatly reduced expression of 5 chlorophyll catabolic genes (CCGs), MaNYC1 (NONYELLOW COLORING 1), MaPPH (PHEOPHYTINASE), MaTIC55 (TRANSLOCON AT THE INNER ENVELOPE MEMBRANE OF CHLOROPLASTS 55), MaSGR1 (STAY-GREEN 1), and MaSGR2 (STAY-GREEN 2), compared to those ripening at 20 °C. We identified a MYB transcription factor, MaMYB60, that activated the expression of all 5 CCGs by directly binding to their promoters during banana ripening at 20 °C, while showing a weaker activation at 30 °C. At high temperatures, MaMYB60 was degraded. We discovered a RING-type E3 ligase MaBAH1 (benzoic acid hypersensitive 1) that ubiquitinated MaMYB60 during green ripening and targeted it for proteasomal degradation. MaBAH1 thus facilitated MaMYB60 degradation and attenuated MaMYB60-induced transactivation of CCGs and chlorophyll degradation. By contrast, MaMYB60 upregulation increased CCG expression, accelerated chlorophyll degradation, and mitigated green ripening. Collectively, our findings unravel a dynamic, temperature-responsive MaBAH1-MaMYB60-CCG module that regulates chlorophyll catabolism, and the molecular mechanism underpinning green ripening in banana. This study also advances our understanding of plant responses to high-temperature stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wei
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables/Engineering Research Center of Southern Horticultural Products Preservation, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Ying-ying Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables/Engineering Research Center of Southern Horticultural Products Preservation, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Prakash Lakshmanan
- Sugarcane Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biotechnology and Genetic Improvement (Guangxi), Ministry of Agriculture/Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Genetic Improvement, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530007, China
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Agriculture Green Development in Yangtze River Basin, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4067, Australia
| | - Jian-fei Kuang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables/Engineering Research Center of Southern Horticultural Products Preservation, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Wang-jin Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables/Engineering Research Center of Southern Horticultural Products Preservation, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xue-qun Pang
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jian-ye Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables/Engineering Research Center of Southern Horticultural Products Preservation, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Wei Shan
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables/Engineering Research Center of Southern Horticultural Products Preservation, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Ai P, Xue J, Shi Z, Liu Y, Li Z, Li T, Zhao W, Khan MA, Kang D, Wang K, Wang Z. Genome-wide characterization and expression analysis of MYB transcription factors in Chrysanthemum nankingense. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:140. [PMID: 36915063 PMCID: PMC10012607 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04137-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chrysanthemum is a popular ornamental plant worldwide. MYB (v-myb avian myeloblastosis viral oncogene homolog) transcription factors play an important role in everything from stress resistance to plant growth and development. However, the MYB family of chrysanthemums has not been the subject of a detailed bioinformatics and expression investigation. RESULTS In this study, we examined 324 CnMYB transcription factors from Chrysanthemum nankingense genome data, which contained 122 Cn1R-MYB, 183 CnR2R3-MYB, 12 Cn3R-MYB, 2 Cn4R-MYB, and 5 atypical CnMYB. The protein motifs and classification of CnMYB transcription factors were analyzed. Among them, motifs 1, 2, 3, and 4 were found to encode the MYB DNA-binding domain in R2R3-MYB proteins, while in other-MYB proteins, the motifs 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 encode the MYB DNA-binding domain. Among all CnMYBs, 44 genes were selected due to the presence of CpG islands, while methylation is detected in three genes, including CnMYB9, CnMYB152, and CnMYB219. We analyzed the expression levels of each CnMYB gene in ray floret, disc floret, flower bud, leaf, stem, and root tissues. Based on phylogenetic analysis and gene expression analysis, three genes appeared likely to control cellulose and lignin synthesis in stem tissue, and 16 genes appeared likely to regulate flowering time, anther, pollen development, and flower color. Fifty-one candidate genes that may be involved in stress response were identified through phylogenetic, stress-responseve motif of promoter, and qRT-PCR analyses. According to genes expression levels under stress conditions, six CnMYB genes (CnMYB9, CnMYB172, CnMYB186, CnMYB199, CnMYB219, and CnMYB152) were identified as key stress-responsive genes. CONCLUSIONS This research provides useful information for further functional analysis of the CnMYB gene family in chrysanthemums, as well as offers candidate genes for further study of cellulose and lignin synthesis, flowering traits, salt and drought stress mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Penghui Ai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Plant Germplasm Resources and Genetic Laboratory, Kaifeng Key Laboratory of Chrysanthemum Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Jinming Road, Kaifeng, 475004, Henan, China
| | - Jundong Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Plant Germplasm Resources and Genetic Laboratory, Kaifeng Key Laboratory of Chrysanthemum Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Jinming Road, Kaifeng, 475004, Henan, China
| | - Zhongya Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Plant Germplasm Resources and Genetic Laboratory, Kaifeng Key Laboratory of Chrysanthemum Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Jinming Road, Kaifeng, 475004, Henan, China
| | - Yuru Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Plant Germplasm Resources and Genetic Laboratory, Kaifeng Key Laboratory of Chrysanthemum Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Jinming Road, Kaifeng, 475004, Henan, China
| | - Zhongai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Plant Germplasm Resources and Genetic Laboratory, Kaifeng Key Laboratory of Chrysanthemum Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Jinming Road, Kaifeng, 475004, Henan, China
| | - Tong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Plant Germplasm Resources and Genetic Laboratory, Kaifeng Key Laboratory of Chrysanthemum Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Jinming Road, Kaifeng, 475004, Henan, China
| | - Wenqian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Plant Germplasm Resources and Genetic Laboratory, Kaifeng Key Laboratory of Chrysanthemum Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Jinming Road, Kaifeng, 475004, Henan, China
| | - Muhammad Ayoub Khan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Plant Germplasm Resources and Genetic Laboratory, Kaifeng Key Laboratory of Chrysanthemum Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Jinming Road, Kaifeng, 475004, Henan, China
| | - Dongru Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Plant Germplasm Resources and Genetic Laboratory, Kaifeng Key Laboratory of Chrysanthemum Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Jinming Road, Kaifeng, 475004, Henan, China
| | - Kangxiang Wang
- Technology&Media University of Henan Kaifeng, Jinming Road, Kaifeng, 475004, Henan, China
| | - Zicheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Plant Germplasm Resources and Genetic Laboratory, Kaifeng Key Laboratory of Chrysanthemum Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Jinming Road, Kaifeng, 475004, Henan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Paulsmeyer MN, Juvik JA. R3-MYB repressor Mybr97 is a candidate gene associated with the Anthocyanin3 locus and enhanced anthocyanin accumulation in maize. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2023; 136:55. [PMID: 36913001 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-023-04275-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Anthocyanin3 inhibits the anthocyanin and monolignol pathways in maize. Transposon-tagging, RNA-sequencing, and GST-pulldown assays determine Anthocyanin3 may be R3-MYB repressor gene Mybr97. Anthocyanins are colorful molecules receiving recent attention due to their numerous health benefits and applications as natural colorants and nutraceuticals. Purple corn is being investigated as a more economical source of anthocyanins. Anthocyanin3 (A3) is a known recessive intensifier of anthocyanin pigmentation in maize. In this study, anthocyanin content was elevated 100-fold in recessive a3 plants. Two approaches were used to discover candidates involved with the a3 intense purple plant phenotype. First, a large-scale transposon-tagging population was created with a Dissociation (Ds) insertion in the nearby Anthocyanin1 gene. A de novo a3-m1::Ds mutant was generated, and the transposon insertion was found to be located in the promoter of Mybr97, which has homology to R3-MYB repressor CAPRICE in Arabidopsis. Second, a bulked segregant RNA-sequencing population found expression differences between pools of green A3 plants and purple a3 plants. All characterized anthocyanin biosynthetic genes were upregulated in a3 plants along with several genes of the monolignol pathway. Mybr97 was highly downregulated in a3 plants, suggesting its role as a negative regulator of the anthocyanin pathway. Photosynthesis-related gene expression was reduced in a3 plants through an unknown mechanism. Numerous transcription factors and biosynthetic genes were also upregulated and need further investigation. Mybr97 may inhibit anthocyanin synthesis by associating with basic helix-loop helix transcription factors like Booster1. Overall, Mybr97 is the most likely candidate gene for the A3 locus. A3 has a profound effect on the maize plant and has many favorable implications for crop protection, human health, and natural colorant production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael N Paulsmeyer
- Vegetable Crops Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Department of Horticulture, University of Wisconsin at Madison, 1575 Linden Dr., Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - John A Juvik
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1201 W. Gregory Dr., Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Luan Y, Chen Z, Tang Y, Sun J, Meng J, Tao J, Zhao D. Tree peony PsMYB44 negatively regulates petal blotch distribution by inhibiting dihydroflavonol-4-reductase gene expression. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2023; 131:323-334. [PMID: 36534917 PMCID: PMC9992934 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcac155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The tree peony (Paeonia suffruticosa Andr.) has been widely cultivated as a field plant, and petal blotch is one of its important traits, which not only promotes proliferation but also confers high ornamental value. However, the regulatory network controlling blotch formation remains elusive owing to the functional differences and limited conservation of transcriptional regulators in dicots. METHODS We performed phylogenetic analysis to identify MYB44-like transcription factors in P. suffruticosa blotched cultivar 'High noon' petals. A candidate MYB44-like transcription factor, PsMYB44, was analysed via expression pattern analysis, subcellular localization, target gene identification, gene silencing in P. suffruticosa petals and heterologous overexpression in tobacco. KEY RESULTS A blotch formation-related MYB44-like transcription factor, PsMYB44, was cloned. The C-terminal of the PsMYB44 amino acid sequence had a complete C2 motif that affects anthocyanin biosynthesis, and PsMYB44 was clustered in the MYB44-like transcriptional repressor branch. PsMYB44 was located in the nucleus, and its spatial and temporal expression patterns were negatively correlated with blotch formation. Furthermore, a yeast one-hybrid assay showed that PsMYB44 could target the promoter of the late anthocyanin biosynthesis-related dihydroflavonol-4-reductase (DFR) gene, and a dual-luciferase assay demonstrated that PsMYB44 could repress PsDFR promoter activity. On the one hand, overexpression of PsMYB44 significantly faded the red colour of tobacco flowers and decreased the anthocyanin content by 42.3 % by downregulating the expression level of the tobacco NtDFR gene. On the other hand, PsMYB44-silenced P. suffruticosa petals had a redder blotch colour, which was attributed to the fact that silencing PsMYB44 redirected metabolic flux to the anthocyanin biosynthesis branch, thereby promoting more anthocyanin accumulation in the petal base. CONCLUSION These results demonstrated that PsMYB44 negatively regulated the biosynthesis of anthocyanin by directly binding to the PsDFR promoter and subsequently inhibiting blotch formation, which helped to elucidate the molecular regulatory network of anthocyanin-mediated blotch formation in plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Luan
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Zijie Chen
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yuhan Tang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Jing Sun
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Jiasong Meng
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Jun Tao
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Daqiu Zhao
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Kim E, Hyun TK. PlgMYBR1, an R2R3-MYB transcription factor, plays as a negative regulator of anthocyanin biosynthesis in Platycodon grandiflorus. 3 Biotech 2023; 13:75. [PMID: 36748016 PMCID: PMC9898487 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-023-03490-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Floral color plays a major role in pollinator specificity, and changes in color may result in pollinator shifts and pollinator-mediated speciation. In the purple flowers of Platycodon grandiflorus, anthocyanins are the major pigment metabolites, whereas white flowers result due to the absence of anthocyanins. The lack of anthocyanins may be due to the inhibition of the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway. However, the molecular mechanism of anthocyanin biosynthesis in P. grandiflorus is not fully understood. Hence, we identified R2R3-MYB transcription factor, PlgMYBR1, as a negative regulator for anthocyanin biosynthesis using sequence homology and tissue-specific expression pattern analyses. A heterologous co-expression assay suggested that PlgMYBR1 inhibited the function of AtPAP1 (Arabidopsis thaliana production of anthocyanin pigment 1), indicating that PlgMYBR1 plays as a repressor of anthocyanin biosynthesis in P. grandiflorus. Our results provide a foundation for future efforts to understand the anthocyanin biosynthesis in P. grandiflorus and, thereby, to improve flower color through genetic engineering. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-023-03490-6.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eunhui Kim
- Department of Industrial Plant Science and Technology, College of Agricultural, Life and Environmental Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644 Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Kyung Hyun
- Department of Industrial Plant Science and Technology, College of Agricultural, Life and Environmental Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644 Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Ahmad N, Zhang K, Ma J, Yuan M, Zhao S, Wang M, Deng L, Ren L, Gangurde SS, Pan J, Ma C, Li C, Guo B, Wang X, Li A, Zhao C. Transcriptional networks orchestrating red and pink testa color in peanut. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:44. [PMID: 36658483 PMCID: PMC9850581 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04041-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Testa color is an important trait of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) which is closely related with the nutritional and commercial value. Pink and red are main color of peanut testa. However, the genetic mechanism of testa color regulation in peanut is not fully understood. To elucidate a clear picture of peanut testa regulatory model, samples of pink cultivar (Y9102), red cultivar (ZH12), and two RNA pools (bulk red and bulk pink) constructed from F4 lines of Y9102 x ZH12 were compared through a bulk RNA-seq approach. RESULTS A total of 2992 differential expressed genes (DEGs) were identified among which 317 and 1334 were up-regulated and 225 and 1116 were down-regulated in the bulk red-vs-bulk pink RNA pools and Y9102-vs-ZH12, respectively. KEGG analysis indicates that these genes were divided into significantly enriched metabolic pathways including phenylpropanoid, flavonoid/anthocyanin, isoflavonoid and lignin biosynthetic pathways. Notably, the expression of the anthocyanin upstream regulatory genes PAL, CHS, and CHI was upregulated in pink and red testa peanuts, indicating that their regulation may occur before to the advent of testa pigmentation. However, the differential expression of down-stream regulatory genes including F3H, DFR, and ANS revealed that deepening of testa color not only depends on their gene expression bias, but also linked with FLS inhibition. In addition, the down-regulation of HCT, IFS, HID, 7-IOMT, and I2'H genes provided an alternative mechanism for promoting anthocyanin accumulation via perturbation of lignin and isoflavone pathways. Furthermore, the co-expression module of MYB, bHLH, and WRKY transcription factors also suggested a fascinating transcriptional activation complex, where MYB-bHLH could utilize WRKY as a co-option during the testa color regulation by augmenting anthocyanin biosynthesis in peanut. CONCLUSIONS These findings reveal candidate functional genes and potential strategies for the manipulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis to improve peanut varieties with desirable testa color.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naveed Ahmad
- Institute of crop germplasm resources (Institute of Biotechnology), Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Ecology and Physiology, Jinan, 250100, People's Republic of China
- Joint Center for Single Cell Biology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Kun Zhang
- Institute of crop germplasm resources (Institute of Biotechnology), Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Ecology and Physiology, Jinan, 250100, People's Republic of China
- College of Agricultural Science and Technology, Shandong Agriculture and Engineering University, Jinan, 250100, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Ma
- Institute of crop germplasm resources (Institute of Biotechnology), Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Ecology and Physiology, Jinan, 250100, People's Republic of China
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Mei Yuan
- Shandong Peanut Research Institute, Qingdao, 266199, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuzhen Zhao
- Institute of crop germplasm resources (Institute of Biotechnology), Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Ecology and Physiology, Jinan, 250100, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingqing Wang
- Shandong Peanut Research Institute, Qingdao, 266199, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Deng
- Kaifeng Academy of Agriculture and Forestry, Kaifeng, 475008, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Ren
- Kaifeng Academy of Agriculture and Forestry, Kaifeng, 475008, People's Republic of China
| | - Sunil S Gangurde
- Crop Protection and Management Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Tifton, GA, 31793, USA
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA, 31793, USA
| | - Jiaowen Pan
- Institute of crop germplasm resources (Institute of Biotechnology), Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Ecology and Physiology, Jinan, 250100, People's Republic of China
| | - Changle Ma
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Changsheng Li
- Institute of crop germplasm resources (Institute of Biotechnology), Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Ecology and Physiology, Jinan, 250100, People's Republic of China
| | - Baozhu Guo
- Crop Protection and Management Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Tifton, GA, 31793, USA
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA, 31793, USA
| | - Xingjun Wang
- Institute of crop germplasm resources (Institute of Biotechnology), Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Ecology and Physiology, Jinan, 250100, People's Republic of China
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Aiqin Li
- Institute of crop germplasm resources (Institute of Biotechnology), Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Ecology and Physiology, Jinan, 250100, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chuanzhi Zhao
- Institute of crop germplasm resources (Institute of Biotechnology), Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Ecology and Physiology, Jinan, 250100, People's Republic of China.
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Xie T, Zan X, Chen X, Zhu H, Rong H, Wang Y, Jiang J. An R3-MYB repressor, BnCPC forms a feedback regulation with MBW complex to modulate anthocyanin biosynthesis in Brassica napus. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2022; 15:133. [PMID: 36447291 PMCID: PMC9706894 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-022-02227-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anthocyanins are metabolites of phenylpropanoid pathway, and involves in diverse processes of plant development and adaptation, which are regulated by the MYB-bHLH-WD40 (MBW) protein complexes. Many R2R3-MYB activators have been well characterized, but the MYB repressors in anthocyanin biosynthesis were recognized recently, which are also important in modulating phenylpropanoid metabolism in plants. The regulatory mechanism of anthocyanin biosynthesis in oil crop Brassica napus remains to be revealed. RESULTS In this study, we identified an anthocyanin repressor BnCPC in B. napus. BnCPC encoded a typical R3-MYB protein containing a conserved [D/E]Lx2[R/K]x3Lx6Lx3R motif for interaction with bHLH proteins. Overexpression of BnCPC in B. napus inhibited anthocyanin accumulation, especially under anthocyanin inducible conditions. Protein-protein interaction and dual-luciferase assays confirmed that BnCPC could compete with BnPAP1 to interact with bHLHs (BnTT8 and BnEGL3), and repress the expression of anthocyanin biosynthetic genes (e.g., BnDFR) that activated by MBW complexes. Moreover, we found BnCPC inhibited the MBW complex-induced BnCPC activity. CONCLUSIONS Overall, this research demonstrated that BnCPC repressed anthocyanin biosynthesis by affecting the formation of MBW complex, and formed a feedback loop to regulate anthocyanin accumulation in B. napus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Xie
- grid.268415.cJiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009 China ,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou, 225009 China
| | - Xiongyun Zan
- grid.268415.cJiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009 China
| | - Xin Chen
- grid.268415.cJiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009 China
| | - Haotian Zhu
- grid.268415.cJiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009 China
| | - Hao Rong
- grid.263761.70000 0001 0198 0694School of Biological and Food Engineering, Suzhou University, Suzhou, 234000 China
| | - Youping Wang
- grid.268415.cJiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009 China
| | - Jinjin Jiang
- grid.268415.cJiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009 China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis Induced by MYB Transcription Factors in Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911701. [PMID: 36233003 PMCID: PMC9570290 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthocyanins act as polyphenolic pigment that is ubiquitously found in plants. Anthocyanins play a role not only in health-promoting as an antioxidant, but also in protection against all kinds of abiotic and biotic stresses. Most recent studies have found that MYB transcription factors (MYB TFs) could positively or negatively regulate anthocyanin biosynthesis. Understanding the roles of MYB TFs is essential in elucidating how MYB TFs regulate the accumulation of anthocyanin. In the review, we summarized the signaling pathways medicated by MYB TFs during anthocyanin biosynthesis including jasmonic acid (JA) signaling pathway, cytokinins (CKs) signaling pathway, temperature-induced, light signal, 26S proteasome pathway, NAC TFs, and bHLH TFs. Moreover, structural and regulator genes induced by MYB TFs, target genes bound and activated or suppressed by MYB TFs, and crosstalk between MYB TFs and other proteins, were found to be vitally important in the regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis. In this study, we focus on the recent knowledge concerning the regulator signaling and mechanism of MYB TFs on anthocyanin biosynthesis, covering the signaling pathway, genes expression, and target genes and protein expression.
Collapse
|
24
|
Shao D, Liang Q, Wang X, Zhu QH, Liu F, Li Y, Zhang X, Yang Y, Sun J, Xue F. Comparative Metabolome and Transcriptome Analysis of Anthocyanin Biosynthesis in White and Pink Petals of Cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.). Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231710137. [PMID: 36077538 PMCID: PMC9456042 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231710137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is one of the important fiber crops. Cotton flowers usually appear white (or cream-colored) without colored spots at the petal base, and turn pink on the next day after flowering. In this study, using a mutant showing pink petals with crimson spots at their base, we conducted comparative metabolome and transcriptome analyses to investigate the molecular mechanism of coloration in cotton flowers. Metabolic profiling showed that cyanidin-3-O-glucoside and glycosidic derivatives of pelargonidins and peonidins are the main pigments responsible for the coloration of the pink petals of the mutant. A total of 2443 genes differentially expressed (DEGs) between the white and pink petals were identified by RNA-sequencing. Many DEGs are structural genes and regulatory genes of the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway. Among them, MYB21, UGT88F3, GSTF12, and VPS32.3 showed significant association with the accumulation of cyanidin-3-O-glucoside in the pink petals. Taken together, our study preliminarily revealed the metabolites responsible for the pink petals and the key genes regulating the biosynthesis and accumulation of anthocyanins in the pink petals. The results provide new insights into the biochemical and molecular mechanism underlying anthocyanin biosynthesis in upland cotton.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dongnan Shao
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-Agriculture, College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Qian Liang
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-Agriculture, College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-Agriculture, College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Qian-Hao Zhu
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, GPO Box 1700, Canberra 2601, Australia
| | - Feng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-Agriculture, College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Yanjun Li
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-Agriculture, College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-Agriculture, College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Yonglin Yang
- Cotton Research Institute, Shihezi Academy of Agriculture Science, Shihezi 832000, China
| | - Jie Sun
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-Agriculture, College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
- Correspondence: (J.S.); (F.X.)
| | - Fei Xue
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-Agriculture, College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
- Correspondence: (J.S.); (F.X.)
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
He J, Xu Y, Huang D, Fu J, Liu Z, Wang L, Zhang Y, Xu R, Li L, Deng X, Xu Q. TRIPTYCHON-LIKE regulates aspects of both fruit flavor and color in citrus. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:3610-3624. [PMID: 35263759 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Deciphering the genetic basis of organoleptic traits is critical for improving the quality of fruits, which greatly shapes their appeal to consumers. Here, we characterize the citrus R3-MYB transcription factor TRIPTYCHON-LIKE (CitTRL), which is closely associated with the levels of citric acid, proanthocyanidins (PAs), and anthocyanins. Overexpression of CitTRL lowered acidity levels and PA contents in citrus calli as well as anthocyanin and PA contents in Arabidopsis leaves and seeds. CitTRL interacts with the two basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) proteins CitbHLH1 and ANTHOCYANIN 1 (CitAN1) to regulate fruit quality. We show that CitTRL competes with the R2R3-MYB CitRuby1 for binding to CitbHLH1 or CitAN1, thereby repressing their activation of anthocyanin structural genes. CitTRL also competes with a second R2R3-MYB, CitPH4, for binding to CitAN1, thus altering the expression of the vacuolar proton-pump gene PH5 and Leucoanthocyanidin reductase, responsible for vacuolar acidification and proanthocyanidins biosynthesis, respectively. Moreover, CitPH4 activates CitTRL transcription, thus forming an activator-repressor loop to prevent the overaccumulation of citric acid and PAs. Overall, this study demonstrates that CitTRL acts as a repressor of the accumulation of citric acid, PAs, and anthocyanins by a cross-regulation mechanism. Our results provide an opportunity to simultaneously manipulate these key traits as a means to produce citrus fruits that are both visually and organoleptically appealing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxian He
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yuantao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ding Huang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jialing Fu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ziang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Lun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Rangwei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Li Li
- Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Xiuxin Deng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Qiang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Kim J, Kim DH, Lee JY, Lim SH. The R3-Type MYB Transcription Factor BrMYBL2.1 Negatively Regulates Anthocyanin Biosynthesis in Chinese Cabbage ( Brassica rapa L.) by Repressing MYB-bHLH-WD40 Complex Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063382. [PMID: 35328800 PMCID: PMC8949199 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa L.) leaves are purple in color due to anthocyanin accumulation and have nutritional and aesthetic value, as well as antioxidant properties. Here, we identified the R3 MYB transcription factor BrMYBL2.1 as a key negative regulator of anthocyanin biosynthesis. A Chinese cabbage cultivar with green leaves harbored a functional BrMYBL2.1 protein, designated BrMYBL2.1-G, with transcriptional repressor activity of anthocyanin biosynthetic genes. By contrast, BrMYBL2.1 from a Chinese cabbage cultivar with purple leaves carried a poly(A) insertion in the third exon of the gene, resulting in the insertion of multiple lysine residues in the predicted protein, designated BrMYBL2.1-P. Although both BrMYBL2.1 variants localized to the nucleus, only BrMYBL2.1-G interacted with its cognate partner BrTT8. Transient infiltration assays in tobacco leaves revealed that BrMYBL2.1-G, but not BrMYBL2.1-P, actively represses pigment accumulation by inhibiting the transcription of anthocyanin biosynthetic genes. Transient promoter activation assay in Arabidopsis protoplasts verified that BrMYBL2.1-G, but not BrMYBL2.1-P, can repress transcriptional activation of BrCHS and BrDFR, which was activated by co-expression with BrPAP1 and BrTT8. We determined that BrMYBL2.1-P may be more prone to degradation than BrMYBL2.1-G via ubiquitination. Taken together, these results demonstrate that BrMYBL2.1-G blocks the activity of the MBW complex and thus represses anthocyanin biosynthesis, whereas the variant BrMYBL2.1-P from purple Chinese cabbage cannot, thus leading to higher anthocyanin accumulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- JiYeon Kim
- Division of Horticultural Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Hankyong National University, Anseong 17579, Korea; (J.K.); (D.-H.K.)
- Research Institute of International Technology and Information, Hankyong National University, Anseong 17579, Korea
| | - Da-Hye Kim
- Division of Horticultural Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Hankyong National University, Anseong 17579, Korea; (J.K.); (D.-H.K.)
- Research Institute of International Technology and Information, Hankyong National University, Anseong 17579, Korea
| | - Jong-Yeol Lee
- National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54874, Korea
- Correspondence: (J.-Y.L.); (S.-H.L.); Tel.: +82-31-670-5105 (S.-H.L.)
| | - Sun-Hyung Lim
- Division of Horticultural Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Hankyong National University, Anseong 17579, Korea; (J.K.); (D.-H.K.)
- Research Institute of International Technology and Information, Hankyong National University, Anseong 17579, Korea
- Correspondence: (J.-Y.L.); (S.-H.L.); Tel.: +82-31-670-5105 (S.-H.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Zhao J, Chen L, Ma A, Wang D, Lu H, Chen L, Wang H, Qin Y, Hu G. R3-MYB transcription factor LcMYBx from Litchi chinensis negatively regulates anthocyanin biosynthesis by ectopic expression in tobacco. Gene 2022; 812:146105. [PMID: 34896231 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2021.146105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Anthocyanin accumulation is one of the remarkable physiological changes during fruit ripening. In plants, anthocyanin synthesis is regulated by MYB activators, but the MYB repressors has been recognized recently. Here, we isolated a repressor of anthocyanin synthesis, LcMYBx, from Litchi chinensis Sonn. LcMYBx encoded a typical R3-MYB protein and contained a conserved [D/E]Lx2[R/K]x3Lx6Lx3R motif for interacting with bHLH proteins. Overexpression of LcMYBx in tobacco suppressed anthocyanin accumulation resulting in faded petals from pale-pink to almost white. Gene expression analysis showed the strong down-regulation of endogenous anthocyanin structural and regulatory genes by LcMYBx overexpression. Yeast two-hybrid and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays indicated that LcMYBx could interact with the transcription factors LcbHLH1 and LcbHLH3. Transient promoter activation assays showed that LcMYBx could inhibit the activation capacity of LcMYB1-LcbHLH3 complex for LcDFR gene. These results suggest that LcMYBx competed with LcMYB1 to LcbHLHs, thus preventing the activation of LcDFR by LcMYB1-LcbHLHs complex and negatively controlling anthocyanin biosynthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jietang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources/Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (South China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangdong Litchi Engineering Research Center, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Linhuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources/Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (South China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangdong Litchi Engineering Research Center, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Anna Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources/Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (South China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangdong Litchi Engineering Research Center, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dan Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources/Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (South China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangdong Litchi Engineering Research Center, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hanle Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources/Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (South China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangdong Litchi Engineering Research Center, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lei Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources/Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (South China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangdong Litchi Engineering Research Center, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huicong Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources/Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (South China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangdong Litchi Engineering Research Center, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yonghua Qin
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources/Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (South China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangdong Litchi Engineering Research Center, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guibing Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources/Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (South China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangdong Litchi Engineering Research Center, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Liu Y, Li G, Zhang S, Zhang S, Zhang H, Sun R, Li F. Comprehensive Transcriptome–Metabolome Analysis and Evaluation of the Dark_Pur Gene from Brassica juncea That Controls the Differential Regulation of Anthocyanins in Brassica rapa. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13020283. [PMID: 35205328 PMCID: PMC8871995 DOI: 10.3390/genes13020283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa) is a major vegetable crop in China. The accumulation of anthocyanins improves the quality and flavor of Brassica crops and is beneficial for human health. There has been great research interest in breeding purple Chinese cabbage, for which it is necessary to study the key genes and mechanisms of anthocyanin accumulation. Through distant hybridization between purple mustard (Brassica. juncea) and green Chinese cabbage (B. rapa), purple Chinese cabbage plants were obtained. Furthermore, the Dark_Pur gene was cloned in the purple Chinese cabbage plants, which came from purple mustard and may be responsible for the purple phenotype in purple Chinese cabbage plants. Through particle bombardment of isolated microspores from Chinese cabbage to transform the Dark_Pur gene, the transformed purple Chinese cabbage plant was obtained, thus verifying the function of the Dark_Pur gene. To further study the Dark_Pur gene regulatory mechanism of anthocyanin accumulation in Chinese cabbage, the purple/green Chinese cabbage lines and purple/green mustard lines were subjected to transcriptome–metabolome analysis. Three stages (cotyledon, seedling, and large-leaf stages) of the purple/green Chinese cabbage lines and purple/green mustard lines were selected for analysis. The results indicated that the expression level of the transcription factor genes BraA09g028560.3C, BraA03g019460.3C, and BraA07g035710.3C may be induced by the Dark_Pur gene and they play an important role in purple Chinese cabbage, and BjuB010898 and BjuO006089 may be responsible for anthocyanin accumulation in mustard. Studying the structural genes of the purple Chinese cabbage showed that PAL, C4H, 4CL, CHS, CHI, F3H, F3'H, FLS, DFR, ANS, and UGT were up-regulated in three growth periods. There were 22 and 10 differentially expressed metabolites (DEMs) in seedling and large-leaf stages between purple/green Chinese cabbage, respectively, and 12 and 14 differentially expressed metabolites (DEMs) in seedling and large-leaf stages between purple/green mustard, respectively, which may indicate that the Dark_Pur gene from purple mustard greatly regulates anthocyanin accumulation in purple Chinese cabbage. This study provides a foundation for further elucidating anthocyanin regulation.
Collapse
|
29
|
Wang N, Shu X, Zhang F, Zhuang W, Wang T, Wang Z. Comparative Transcriptome Analysis Identifies Key Regulatory Genes Involved in Anthocyanin Metabolism During Flower Development in Lycoris radiata. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:761862. [PMID: 34975946 PMCID: PMC8715008 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.761862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Lycoris is used as a garden flower due to the colorful and its special flowers. Floral coloration of Lycoris is a vital trait that is mainly regulated via the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway. In this study, we performed a comparative transcriptome analysis of Lycoris radiata petals at four different flower development stages. A total of 38,798 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified by RNA sequencing, and the correlation between the expression level of the DEGs and the anthocyanin content was explored. The identified DEGs are significantly categorized into 'flavonoid biosynthesis,' 'phenylpropanoid biosynthesis,' 'Tropane, piperidine and pyridine alkaloid biosynthesis,' 'terpenoid backbone biosynthesis' and 'plant hormone signal transduction' by Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis. The candidate genes involved in anthocyanin accumulation in L. radiata petals during flower development stages were also identified, which included 56 structural genes (especially LrDFR1 and LrFLS) as well as 27 key transcription factor DEGs (such as C3H, GATA, MYB, and NAC). In addition, a key structural gene namely LrDFR1 of anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway was identified as a hub gene in anthocyanin metabolism network. During flower development stages, the expression level of LrDFR1 was positively correlated with the anthocyanin content. Subcellular localization revealed that LrDFR1 is majorly localized in the nucleus, cytoplasm and cell membrane. Overexpression of LrDFR1 increased the anthocyanin accumulation in tobacco leaves and Lycoris petals, suggesting that LrDFR1 acts as a positively regulator of anthocyanin biosynthesis. Our results provide new insights for elucidating the function of anthocyanins in L. radiata petal coloring during flower development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ning Wang
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaochun Shu
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Fengjiao Zhang
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Weibing Zhuang
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhong Wang
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Xiang L, Liu X, Shi Y, Li Y, Li W, Li F, Chen K. Comparative Transcriptome Analysis Revealed Two Alternative Splicing bHLHs Account for Flower Color Alteration in Chrysanthemum. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12769. [PMID: 34884575 PMCID: PMC8657904 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
'Jimba' is a white chrysanthemum cultivar, which occasionally and spontaneously produces red flower petals under natural cultivation due to cyanidin-based anthocyanin accumulation. To investigate the underlying mechanism of this process, a comparative transcriptome was analyzed between white and turning red 'Jimba'. The structural and regulatory genes of anthocyanin pathway were significantly up-regulated in turning red 'Jimba'. Among them, two alternative splicings, CmbHLH2 and CmbHLH2.1, showed the most significantly up-regulated in turning red tissue. Transiently over-expressed 35S::CmMYB6-CmbHLH2 strongly induced anthocyanin accumulation in 'Jimba' flower petals, while moderate amount of anthocyanin was detected when over-expressed 35S::CmMYB6-CmbHLH2.1. Both CmbHLH2 and CmbHLH2.1 could interact with CmMYB6 to activate CmDFR promoter according to Yeast two-hybrid and dual-luciferase assay. Moreover, CmMYB6-CmbHLH2 but not CmMYB6-CmbHLH2.1 could activate the CmbHLH2 promoter to provide positive feedback loop regulation. Taken together, it suggested that both CmbHLH2 and CmbHLH2.1 involved in regulation flower color alteration in turning red 'Jimba', and CmbHLH2 played a predominant role in this process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lili Xiang
- College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (L.X.); (X.L.); (Y.S.); (Y.L.); (K.C.)
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiaofen Liu
- College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (L.X.); (X.L.); (Y.S.); (Y.L.); (K.C.)
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yanna Shi
- College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (L.X.); (X.L.); (Y.S.); (Y.L.); (K.C.)
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yajing Li
- College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (L.X.); (X.L.); (Y.S.); (Y.L.); (K.C.)
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Weidong Li
- Hunan Horticultural Research Institute, Changsha 410125, China;
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Comprehensive Utilization of Landscape Flowers, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Fang Li
- College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (L.X.); (X.L.); (Y.S.); (Y.L.); (K.C.)
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Kunsong Chen
- College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (L.X.); (X.L.); (Y.S.); (Y.L.); (K.C.)
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Li LX, Wei ZZ, Zhou ZL, Zhao DL, Tang J, Yang F, Li YH, Chen XY, Han Z, Yao GF, Hu KD, Zhang H. A single amino acid mutant in the EAR motif of IbMYB44.2 reduced the inhibition of anthocyanin accumulation in the purple-fleshed sweetpotato. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 167:410-419. [PMID: 34411780 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Purple-fleshed sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas(L.)Lam.) is rich in anthocyanins. R2R3-type MYB transcription factors(TFs)with EAR motifs inhibiting anthocyanin biosynthesis have been reported, and there is still a lack of information on how mutations in the EAR motifs of MYBs affect anthocyanin accumulation. In this study, we obtained three IbMYB44 TFs by bioinformatics. Among these TFs, IbMYB44.1, IbMYB44.3 with a complete EAR motif and IbMYB44.2 with a single amino acid mutant in the EAR motif caused an amino acid substitution from leucine to valine. RT-qPCR analysis showed that IbMYB44s was expressed at lower levels in the purple-fleshed sweetpotato than in nonpurple-fleshed sweetpotato (P < 0.01). Transient expression assays showed that the inhibitory effect of IbMYB44.1/3 was stronger than IbMYB44.2 in tobacco leaves and red-skinned pears. RT-qPCR analysis further proved that IbMYB44.1/3 significantly inhibited the expression of anthocyanin biosynthesis-related genes compared with IbMYB44.2 in tobacco leaves and red-skinned pears. A dual luciferase reporter assay showed that IbMYB44s cannot directly activate the IbANS promoter, and the result was also verified by yeast one-hybrid (Y1H) experiments. Moreover, we identified the interaction of IbMYB340 with IbMYB44.1, IbMYB44.2 and IbMYB44.3 via yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) assays. Thus, IbMYB44.1/3 could interact with IbMYB340 to negatively regulate anthocyanin biosynthesis. This study enriched the regulatory network of anthocyanins and also provided a theoretical basis for a single amino acid mutant from leucine to valine in the EAR motif of IbMYB44.2 affecting anthocyanin biosynthesis in the purple-fleshed sweetpotato.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Xia Li
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, 230009, PR China
| | - Zeng-Zheng Wei
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, 230009, PR China
| | - Zhi-Lin Zhou
- Xuzhou Institute of Agricultural Sciences of the Xuhuai District of Jiangsu Province, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221131, PR China
| | - Dong-Lan Zhao
- Xuzhou Institute of Agricultural Sciences of the Xuhuai District of Jiangsu Province, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221131, PR China
| | - Jun Tang
- Xuzhou Institute of Agricultural Sciences of the Xuhuai District of Jiangsu Province, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221131, PR China
| | - Feng Yang
- Xuzhou Institute of Agricultural Sciences of the Xuhuai District of Jiangsu Province, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221131, PR China
| | - Yan-Hong Li
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, 230009, PR China
| | - Xiao-Yan Chen
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, 230009, PR China
| | - Zhuo Han
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, 230009, PR China
| | - Gai-Fang Yao
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, 230009, PR China.
| | - Kang-Di Hu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, 230009, PR China.
| | - Hua Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, 230009, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Khusnutdinov E, Sukhareva A, Panfilova M, Mikhaylova E. Anthocyanin Biosynthesis Genes as Model Genes for Genome Editing in Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8752. [PMID: 34445458 PMCID: PMC8395717 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
CRISPR/Cas, one of the most rapidly developing technologies in the world, has been applied successfully in plant science. To test new nucleases, gRNA expression systems and other inventions in this field, several plant genes with visible phenotypic effects have been constantly used as targets. Anthocyanin pigmentation is one of the most easily identified traits, that does not require any additional treatment. It is also associated with stress resistance, therefore plants with edited anthocyanin genes might be of interest for agriculture. Phenotypic effect of CRISPR/Cas editing of PAP1 and its homologs, DFR, F3H and F3'H genes have been confirmed in several distinct plant species. DFR appears to be a key structural gene of anthocyanin biosynthesis, controlled by various transcription factors. There are still many promising potential model genes that have not been edited yet. Some of them, such as Delila, MYB60, HAT1, UGT79B2, UGT79B3 and miR156, have been shown to regulate drought tolerance in addition to anthocyanin biosynthesis. Genes, also involved in trichome development, such as TTG1, GLABRA2, MYBL2 and CPC, can provide increased visibility. In this review successful events of CRISPR/Cas editing of anthocyanin genes are summarized, and new model genes are proposed. It can be useful for molecular biologists and genetic engineers, crop scientists, plant genetics and physiologists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Elena Mikhaylova
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Ufa Federal Research Center RAS, Prospekt Oktyabrya 71, 450054 Ufa, Russia; (E.K.); (A.S.); (M.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Transcriptome and Metabolome Analysis Unveil Anthocyanin Metabolism in Pink and Red Testa of Peanut ( Arachis hypogaea L.). Int J Genomics 2021; 2021:5883901. [PMID: 34395608 PMCID: PMC8363441 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5883901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is an important source of oil and food around the world, and the testa color affects its appearance and commercial value. However, few studies focused on the mechanism of pigment formation in peanut testa. In this study, cultivars Shanhua 15 with pink testa and Zhonghua 12 with red testa were used as materials to perform the combined analysis of transcriptome and metabolome. A total of 198 flavonoid metabolites were detected, among which petunidin 3-O-glucoside and cyanidin O-acetylhexoside in Zhonghua12 were 15.23 and 14.72 times higher than those of Shanhua 15 at the R7 stage, revealing the anthocyanins underlying the red testa. Transcriptome analysis showed that there were 6059 and 3153 differentially expressed genes between Shanhua 15 and Zhonghua 12 in different growth periods, respectively. These differentially expressed genes were significantly enriched in the flavonoid biosynthesis, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, and metabolic pathways. Integrated analysis of transcriptome and metabolome indicated CHS gene (arahy.CM90T6), F3'H genes (arahy. 8F7PE4 and arahy. K8H9R8), and DFR genes (arahy. LDV9QN and arahy. X8EVF3) may be the key functional genes controlling the formation of pink and red testa in peanut. Transcription factors MYB (arahy.A2IWKV, arahy.US2SKM, arahy.SJGE27, arahy.H8DJRL, and arahy.PR7AYB), bHLH (arahy.26781N, arahy.HM1IVV, and arahy.MP3D3D), and WD40 (arahy.L6JJW9) in the biosynthetic pathway of anthocyanin were significantly upregulated in Zhonghua 12 which may be the key regulatory genes in testa pigment formation. This is a comprehensive analysis on flavonoid metabolites and related genes expression in peanut testa, providing reference for revealing the regulatory mechanism of pigment accumulation in peanut testa.
Collapse
|
34
|
A comprehensive review on innovative and advanced stabilization approaches of anthocyanin by modifying structure and controlling environmental factors. Food Chem 2021; 366:130611. [PMID: 34388403 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Anthocyanins are pigments abundant in fruits and vegetables, and commonly applied in foods due to attractive colour and health-promoting benefits. However, instability of anthocyanins leads to their easy degradation, reduced bioactivity, and colour fading in food processing, limiting their application and causing economic losses. Stability of anthocyanins depends on their own structures and environmental factors. For structural factors, modification including copigmentation, acylation and biosynthesis is a potential solution to increase anthocyanin stability due to forming stable structures. With regard to environmental factors, encapsulation such as microencapsulation, liposome and nanoparticles has been shown effectively to enhance the stability. We proposed the potential challenges and perspectives for the diversification of anthocyanin-rich products for food application, particularly, introduction of hazards, technical limitations, interaction with other ingredients in food system and exploration of pyranoanthocyanins. The integrated strategies are warranted for improving anthocyanin stabilization for promoting their further application in food industry.
Collapse
|
35
|
Fu H, Zeng T, Zhao Y, Luo T, Deng H, Meng C, Luo J, Wang C. Identification of Chlorophyll Metabolism- and Photosynthesis-Related Genes Regulating Green Flower Color in Chrysanthemum by Integrative Transcriptome and Weighted Correlation Network Analyses. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12030449. [PMID: 33801035 PMCID: PMC8004015 DOI: 10.3390/genes12030449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Green chrysanthemums are difficult to breed but have high commercial value. The molecular basis for the green petal color in chrysanthemum is not fully understood. This was investigated in the present study by RNA sequencing analysis of white and green ray florets collected at three stages of flower development from the F1 progeny of the cross between Chrysanthemum × morifolium “Lüdingdang” with green-petaled flowers and Chrysanthemum vistitum with white-petaled flowers. The chlorophyll content was higher and chloroplast degradation was slower in green pools than in white pools at each developmental stage. Transcriptome analysis revealed that genes that were differentially expressed between the two pools were enriched in pathways related to chlorophyll metabolism and photosynthesis. We identified the transcription factor genes CmCOLa, CmCOLb, CmERF, and CmbHLH as regulators of the green flower color in chrysanthemum by differential expression analysis and weighted gene co-expression network analysis. These findings can guide future efforts to improve the color palette of chrysanthemum flowers through genetic engineering.
Collapse
|
36
|
Feng X, Zhang Y, Wang H, Tian Z, Xin S, Zhu P. The dihydroflavonol 4-reductase BoDFR1 drives anthocyanin accumulation in pink-leaved ornamental kale. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2021; 134:159-169. [PMID: 33011819 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-020-03688-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Overexpression and virus-induced gene silencing verified BoDFR1 conferred the anthocyanin accumulation in pink-leaved ornamental kale. Leaf color is an essential trait in the important horticultural biennial plant ornamental kale (Brassica oleracea var. acephala). The identity of the gene conferring this striking trait and its mode of inheritance are topics of debate. Based on an analysis of F1, F2, BC1P1, and BC1P2 ornamental kale populations derived from a cross between a pink-leaved P28 and white-leaved D10 line, we determined that the pink leaf trait is controlled by a semi-dominant gene. We cloned two genes potentially involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis in ornamental kale: Bo9g058630 and Bo6g100940. Based on their variation in sequence, we speculated that Bo9g058630, encoding the kale dihydroflavonol-4 reductase (BoDFR1) enzyme, plays a critical role in the development of the pink leaf trait. Indeed, an InDel marker specific for BoDFR1 completely co-segregated with the pink leaf trait in our F2 population. We then generated the 35Spro: DFR-GUS overexpression vector, which we transformed into D10. Overexpression of BoDFR1 indeed restored some anthocyanin accumulation in this white-leaved parental line. In addition, we targeted BoDFR1 in P28 using virus-induced gene silencing. Again, silencing of BoDFR1 resulted in a substantial decrease in anthocyanin accumulation. This work lays the foundation for further exploration of the mechanism underlying anthocyanin accumulation in pink-leaved ornamental kale.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Feng
- College of Forestry, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Forest Tree Genetics, Breeding and Cultivation of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuting Zhang
- College of Forestry, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Forest Tree Genetics, Breeding and Cultivation of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
| | - Huan Wang
- College of Forestry, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhendong Tian
- College of Forestry, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Siyao Xin
- College of Forestry, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Pengfang Zhu
- College of Forestry, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China.
- Key Laboratory of Forest Tree Genetics, Breeding and Cultivation of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Lu C, Li Y, Cui Y, Ren J, Qi F, Qu J, Huang H, Dai S. Isolation and Functional Analysis of Genes Involved in Polyacylated Anthocyanin Biosynthesis in Blue Senecio cruentus. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:640746. [PMID: 33692819 PMCID: PMC7937962 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.640746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Polyacylated anthocyanins with multiple glycosyl and aromatic acyl groups tend to make flowers display bright and stable blue colours. However, there are few studies on the isolation and functional characterization of genes involved in the polyacylated anthocyanin biosynthesis mechanism, which limits the molecular breeding of truly blue flowers. Senecio cruentus is an important potted ornamental plant, and its blue flowers contain 3',7-polyacylated delphinidin-type anthocyanins that are not reported in any other plants, suggesting that it harbours abundant gene resources for the molecular breeding of blue flowers. In this study, using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) analysis of blue, carmine and white colours of cineraria cultivars "Venezia" (named VeB, VeC, and VeW, respectively), we found that 3',7-polyacylated anthocyanin, cinerarin, was the main pigment component that determined the blue colour of ray florets of cineraria. Based on the transcriptome sequencing and differential gene expression (DEG) analysis combined with RT- and qRT-PCR, we found two genes encoding uridine diphosphate glycosyltransferase, named ScUGT1 and ScUGT4; two genes encoding acyl-glucoside-dependent glucosyltransferases which belong to glycoside hydrolase family 1 (GH1), named ScAGGT11 and ScAGGT12; one gene encoding serine carboxypeptidase-like acyltransferase ScSCPL2; and two MYB transcriptional factor genes ScMYB2 and ScMYB4, that were specifically highly expressed in the ray florets of VeB, which indicated that these genes may be involved in cinerarin biosynthesis. The function of ScSCPL2 was analysed by virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) in cineraria leaves combined with HPLC-MS/MS. ScSCPL2 mainly participated in the 3' and 7-position acylation of cinerarin. These results will provide new insight into the molecular basis of the polyacylated anthocyanin biosynthesis mechanism in higher plants and are of great significance for blue flower molecular breeding of ornamental plants.
Collapse
|
38
|
Lim SH, Kim DH, Jung JA, Lee JY. Alternative Splicing of the Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factor Gene CmbHLH2 Affects Anthocyanin Biosynthesis in Ray Florets of Chrysanthemum ( Chrysanthemum morifolium). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:669315. [PMID: 34177983 PMCID: PMC8222801 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.669315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Chrysanthemum is an important ornamental crop worldwide. Some white-flowered chrysanthemum cultivars produce red ray florets under natural cultivation conditions, but little is known about how this occurs. We compared the expression of anthocyanin biosynthetic and transcription factor genes between white ray florets and those that turned red based on cultivation conditions to comprehend the underlying mechanism. Significant differences in the expression of CmbHLH2 were detected between the florets of different colors. CmbHLH2 generated two alternatively spliced transcripts, designated CmbHLH2Full and CmbHLH2Short . Compared with CmbHLH2Full , CmbHLH2Short encoded a truncated protein with only a partial MYB-interaction region and no other domains normally present in the full-length protein. Unlike the full-length form, the splicing variant protein CmbHLH2Short localized to the cytoplasm and the nucleus and could not interact with CmMYB6. Additionally, CmbHLH2Short failed to activate anthocyanin biosynthetic genes and induce pigment accumulation in transiently transfected tobacco leaves, whereas CmbHLH2Full promoted both processes when simultaneously expressed with CmMYB6. Co-expressing CmbHLH2Full and CmMYB6 also enhanced the promoter activities of CmCHS and CmDFR. Notably, the Arabidopsis tt8-1 mutant, which lacks red pigmentation in the leaves and seeds, could be complemented by the heterologous expression of CmbHLH2Full, which restored red pigmentation and resulted in red pigmentation in high anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin contents in the leaves and seeds, respectively, whereas expression of CmbHLH2Short did not. Together, these results indicate that CmbHLH2 and CmMYB6 interaction plays a key role in the anthocyanin pigmentation changes of ray florets in chrysanthemum. Our findings highlight alternative splicing as a potential approach to modulate anthocyanin biosynthesis in specific tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Hyung Lim
- Division of Horticultural Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Hankyong National University, Anseong, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Sun-Hyung Lim,
| | - Da-Hye Kim
- Division of Horticultural Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Hankyong National University, Anseong, South Korea
- National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Jae-A. Jung
- Floriculture Research Division, National Institute of Horticultural & Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, South Korea
| | - Jong-Yeol Lee
- National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju, South Korea
- Jong-Yeol Lee,
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Deng J, Li J, Su M, Lin Z, Chen L, Yang P. A bHLH gene NnTT8 of Nelumbo nucifera regulates anthocyanin biosynthesis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 158:518-523. [PMID: 33272791 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Lotus is an important aquatic ornamental plant, whose flower color is one of the key horticultural traits that determines its ornamental value. Previous studies revealed that anthocyanins largely determined the red color of lotus flower, which are also the main component that has beneficial effects on human health. However, the regulation mechanism of flower pigmentation in lotus flower remains unclear. In the present study, in order to further understand the regulatory mechanism underlying the anthocyanin biosynthesis, a bHLH gene NnTT8 was characterized to be phylogenetically close to AtTT8 and the bHLH proteins from other plant species that have been indicated to be involved in the positive regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis. Complementation analysis in Arabidopsis tt8 mutant showed that NnTT8 could function similarly to AtTT8 in regulating anthocyanin and proanthocyanin biosynthesis. An MYB transcription factor capable of interacting with NnTT8 was also characterized from lotus. The identification of a bHLH transcription factor playing regulatory roles in anthocyanin biosynthesis is crucial, as it might help to obtain more in-depth insight into the coloration of lotus and help in breeding high anthocyanin content lotus variety that can be explored for lotus flower beverages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China; Research Center of Buckwheat Industry Technology, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, 550001, China.
| | - Juanjuan Li
- Hubei Province Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, College of Life Science and Technology, Hubei Engineering University, Xiaogan, Hubei, 432000, China.
| | - Mengyue Su
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China.
| | - Zhongyuan Lin
- Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, 350108, China.
| | - Lei Chen
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, PR China.
| | - Pingfang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Dong Q, Zhao H, Huang Y, Chen Y, Wan M, Zeng Z, Yao P, Li C, Wang X, Chen H, Wu Q. FtMYB18 acts as a negative regulator of anthocyanin/proanthocyanidin biosynthesis in Tartary buckwheat. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 104:309-325. [PMID: 32833148 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-020-01044-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE FtMYB18 plays a role in the repression of anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins accumulation by strongly down-regulating the CHS and DFR genes in Tartary buckwheat, and the C5 motif plays an important role in this process. Anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins (PAs) are important flavonoids in Tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum Gaertn.), which provides various vibrant color and stronge abiotic stress resistance. Their synthesis is generally regulated by MYB transcription factors at transcription level. However, the negative regulations of MYB and their effects on flavonol metabolism are poorly understood. A SG4-like MYB subfamily TF, FtMYB18, containing C5 motif was identified from Tartary buckwheat. The expression of FtMYB18 was not only showed a negative correlation with anthocyanins and PAs content but also strongly respond to MeJA and ABA. As far as the transgenic lines with FtMYB18 overexpression, anthocyanins and PAs accumulations were decreased through down-regulating expression levels of NtCHS and NtDFR in tobacco, AtDFR and AtTT12 in Arabidopsis, FtCHS, FtDFR and FtANS in Tartary buckwheat hairy roots, respectively. However, FtMYB18 showed no effect on the FLS gene expression and the metabolites content in flavonol synthesis branch. The further molecular interaction analysis indicated FtMYB18 could mediate the inhibition of anthocyanins and PAs synthesis by forming MBW transcriptional complex with FtTT8 and FtTTG1, or MYB-JAZ complex with FtJAZ1/-3/-4/-7. Importantly, in FtMYB18 mutant lines with C5 motif deletion (FtMYB18-C), both of anthocyanins and PAs accumulations had recovered to the similar level as that in wild type, which was attributed to the weakened MBW complex activity or the deficient molecular interaction between FtMYB18ΔC5 with FtJAZ3/-4. The results showed that FtMYB18 could suppress anthocyanins and PAs synthesis at transcription level through the specific interaction of C5 motif with other proteins in Tartary buckwheat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qixin Dong
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 46, Xinkang Road, Ya'an, 625014, Sichuan, China
| | - Haixia Zhao
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 46, Xinkang Road, Ya'an, 625014, Sichuan, China
| | - Yunji Huang
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 46, Xinkang Road, Ya'an, 625014, Sichuan, China
| | - Ying Chen
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 46, Xinkang Road, Ya'an, 625014, Sichuan, China
| | - Min Wan
- Department of Biological Science, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, 610101, Sichuan, China
| | - Zixian Zeng
- Department of Biological Science, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, 610101, Sichuan, China
| | - Panfeng Yao
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 46, Xinkang Road, Ya'an, 625014, Sichuan, China
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB-UGent Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Chenglei Li
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 46, Xinkang Road, Ya'an, 625014, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 46, Xinkang Road, Ya'an, 625014, Sichuan, China
| | - Hui Chen
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 46, Xinkang Road, Ya'an, 625014, Sichuan, China
| | - Qi Wu
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 46, Xinkang Road, Ya'an, 625014, Sichuan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Mekapogu M, Vasamsetti BMK, Kwon OK, Ahn MS, Lim SH, Jung JA. Anthocyanins in Floral Colors: Biosynthesis and Regulation in Chrysanthemum Flowers. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186537. [PMID: 32906764 PMCID: PMC7554973 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium) is an economically important ornamental crop across the globe. As floral color is the major factor determining customer selection, manipulation of floral color has been a major objective for breeders. Anthocyanins are one of the main pigments contributing to a broad variety of colors in the ray florets of chrysanthemum. Manipulating petal pigments has resulted in the development of a vast range of floral colors. Although the candidate genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis have been well studied, the genetic and transcriptional control of floral color remains unclear. Despite advances in multi-omics technology, these methods remain in their infancy in chrysanthemum, owing to its large complex genome and hexaploidy. Hence, there is a need to further elucidate and better understand the genetic and molecular regulatory mechanisms in chrysanthemum, which can provide a basis for future advances in breeding for novel and diverse floral colors in this commercially beneficial crop. Therefore, this review describes the significance of anthocyanins in chrysanthemum flowers, and the mechanism of anthocyanin biosynthesis under genetic and environmental factors, providing insight into the development of novel colored ray florets. Genetic and molecular regulatory mechanisms that control anthocyanin biosynthesis and the various breeding efforts to modify floral color in chrysanthemum are detailed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manjulatha Mekapogu
- Floriculture Research Division, National Institute of Horticultural & Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Korea; (M.M.); (O.-K.K.); (M.-S.A.)
| | - Bala Murali Krishna Vasamsetti
- Chemical Safety Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Korea;
| | - Oh-Keun Kwon
- Floriculture Research Division, National Institute of Horticultural & Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Korea; (M.M.); (O.-K.K.); (M.-S.A.)
| | - Myung-Suk Ahn
- Floriculture Research Division, National Institute of Horticultural & Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Korea; (M.M.); (O.-K.K.); (M.-S.A.)
| | - Sun-Hyung Lim
- Division of Horticultural Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Hankyoung National University, Anseong 17579, Korea;
| | - Jae-A Jung
- Floriculture Research Division, National Institute of Horticultural & Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Korea; (M.M.); (O.-K.K.); (M.-S.A.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Zhang H, Gong J, Chen K, Yao W, Zhang B, Wang J, Tian S, Liu H, Wang Y, Liu Y, Du L. A novel R3 MYB transcriptional repressor, MaMYBx, finely regulates anthocyanin biosynthesis in grape hyacinth. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 298:110588. [PMID: 32771147 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
R3-MYBs negatively regulate anthocyanin pigmentation in plants. However, how R3-MYB repressors finely modulate anthocyanin biosynthesis in cooperation with R2R3-MYB activators remains unclear in monocots. We previously identified two anthocyanin-related R2R3-MYB activators (MaMybA and MaAN2) in grape hyacinth (Muscari spp.). Here, we isolated a R3-MYB repressor, MaMYBx, and characterized its role in anthocyanin biosynthesis using genetic and biochemical markers. The temporal expression pattern of MaMYBx was similar to that of MaMybA and MaAN2, and it was correlated with anthocyanin accumulation during flower development. MaMYBx could be activated either by MaMybA alone or by MaMybA/MaAN2 and cofactor MabHLH1, and it suppressed its own activation and that of MaMybA promoters mediated by MaMybA/MaAN2 and MabHLH1. Like MaMybA, MaMYBx interacted with MabHLH1. MaDFR and MaANS transcription and anthocyanin accumulation mediated by MaMybA/MaAN2 and MabHLH1 were inhibited by MaMYBx. Overexpression of MaMYBx in tobacco greatly reduced flower pigmentation and repressed the expression of late structural and regulatory anthocyanin pathway genes. Thus, MaMYBx finely regulates anthocyanin biosynthesis by binding to MabHLH1 and disrupting the R2R3 MYB-bHLH complex in grape hyacinth. The regulatory network of transcriptional activators and repressors modulating anthocyanin biosynthesis is conserved within monocots. MaMYBx seems a potentially valuable target for flower color modification in ornamental plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Han Zhang
- College of Landscape Architecture and Arts, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, PR China; Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Jiaxin Gong
- College of Landscape Architecture and Arts, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, PR China; Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Kaili Chen
- College of Animal Science, Southwest University, Rongchang 402460, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Wenkong Yao
- School of Agronomy, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, Ningxia, PR China
| | - Boxiao Zhang
- College of Landscape Architecture and Arts, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, PR China; Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Jiangyu Wang
- College of Landscape Architecture and Arts, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, PR China; Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Shuting Tian
- College of Landscape Architecture and Arts, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, PR China; Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Hongli Liu
- College of Landscape Architecture and Arts, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, PR China; Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Yanqing Wang
- Life Science Research Core Services, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Yali Liu
- College of Landscape Architecture and Arts, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, PR China; Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Lingjuan Du
- College of Landscape Architecture and Arts, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, PR China; Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Wei ZZ, Hu KD, Zhao DL, Tang J, Huang ZQ, Jin P, Li YH, Han Z, Hu LY, Yao GF, Zhang H. MYB44 competitively inhibits the formation of the MYB340-bHLH2-NAC56 complex to regulate anthocyanin biosynthesis in purple-fleshed sweet potato. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:258. [PMID: 32503504 PMCID: PMC7275474 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02451-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anthocyanins, which have important biological functions and have a beneficial effect on human health, notably account for pigmentation in purple-fleshed sweet potato tuberous roots. Individual regulatory factors of anthocyanin biosynthesis have been identified; however, the regulatory network of anthocyanin biosynthesis in purple-fleshed sweet potato is unclear. RESULTS We functionally determined that IbMYB340 cotransformed with IbbHLH2 in tobacco and strawberry receptacles induced anthocyanin accumulation, and the addition of IbNAC56a or IbNAC56b caused increased pigmentation. Furthermore, we confirmed the interaction of IbMYB340 with IbbHLH2 and IbNAC56a or IbNAC56b via yeast two-hybrid and firefly luciferase complementation assays; these proteins could form a MYB340-bHLH2-NAC56a or MYB340-bHLH2-NAC56b transcriptional complex to regulate anthocyanin biosynthesis by binding to the IbANS promoter rather than the IbUFGT promoter. Furthermore, it was found by a transient expression system in tobacco leaves that IbMYB44 could decrease anthocyanin accumulation. Moreover, the interaction of IbMYB44 with IbMYB340 and IbNAC56a or IbNAC56b was verified. This result suggested that IbMYB44 acts as a repressor of anthocyanin in sweet potato. CONCLUSIONS The repressor IbMYB44 affected anthocyanin biosynthesis by competitively inhibiting the IbMYB340-IbbHLH2-IbNAC56a or IbMYB340-IbbHLH2-IbNAC56b regulatory complex formation. Overall, the present study proposed a novel regulatory network whereby several vital TFs play key roles in regulating anthocyanin biosynthesis, and it provides strong insight into the potential mechanism underlying anthocyanin biosynthesis in sweet potato tuberous roots with purple color.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zeng-Zheng Wei
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009 China
| | - Kang-Di Hu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009 China
| | - Dong-Lan Zhao
- Xuzhou Institute of Agricultural Sciences of the Xuhuai District of Jiangsu Province, Xuzhou, 221131 China
| | - Jun Tang
- Xuzhou Institute of Agricultural Sciences of the Xuhuai District of Jiangsu Province, Xuzhou, 221131 China
| | - Zhong-Qin Huang
- Xuzhou Institute of Agricultural Sciences of the Xuhuai District of Jiangsu Province, Xuzhou, 221131 China
| | - Peng Jin
- Department of Ecology and Environment of Anhui Province, Hefei, 230061 China
| | - Yan-Hong Li
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009 China
| | - Zhuo Han
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009 China
| | - Lan-Ying Hu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009 China
| | - Gai-Fang Yao
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009 China
| | - Hua Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009 China
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Gao J, Sun X, Zong Y, Yang S, Wang L, Liu B. Functional MYB transcription factor gene HtMYB2 is associated with anthocyanin biosynthesis in Helianthus tuberosus L. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:247. [PMID: 32487142 PMCID: PMC7268318 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02463-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tuber color is an important trait for Helianthus tuberosus L. (Jerusalem artichoke). Usually, purple tubers with high anthocyanin content are more nutritious than white tuber. But, the molecular mechanism underlying it is unknown. RESULTS In the current study, high-throughput RNA-sequencing was used to compare the transcriptomes between plants with tubers with red or white epidermis. Compared with the white-skinned tubers of cultivar QY3, anthocyanin biosynthesis structural genes had greater expression in the red-skinned tubers of cultivar QY1, indicating that the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway was activated in 'QY1'; quantitative PCR confirmed this difference in expression. HtMYB2 (Unigene44371_All) was the only MYB transcription factor, homologous to the MYB transcription factor regulating anthocyanin biosynthesis, expressed in the red tuber epidermis of 'QY1'. The anthocyanin concentration in the root, stem, leaf, flower, and tuber epidermis of 'QY1' was higher than in 'QY3', especially tuber epidermis. Correspondingly, HtMYB2 had greater expression in these tissues of 'QY1' than in 'QY3'. The expression of HtMYB2 was associated with anthocyanin accumulation in the different tissues. Overexpression of HtMYB2 activated the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway, accumulating the pigment in leaves of transgenic tobacco, supporting the model that HtMYB2 regulated anthocyanin biosynthesis. Further experiments found that HtMYB2 had the same coding sequence and genomic sequence in 'QY1' and 'QY3', but that there were several single nucleotide polymorphisms and one insertion-deletion (indel) mutation of 21 nucleotides in the promoter region between the two alleles. The deletion of three nucleotides "AAA" made the promoter of 'QY1' predicted to contain one more possible promoter region. A specific primer, based on the indel, could differentiate between cultivars with red or white tuber epidermis. The genetic variation in HtMYB2 was associated with the tuber skin color in a natural population. CONCLUSIONS RNA-seq can successfully isolate the candidate gene (HTMYB2) controlling anthocyanin biosynthesis in purple epidermis of Jerusalem artichoke tuber. HTMYB2 can regulate anthocyanin biosynthesis in plants and is closely related to the formation of purple phenotype in tubers. This study should be useful in understanding the genetic mechanism underlying different tuber skin colors and in breeding new H. tuberosus cultivars with different tuber skin colors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jieming Gao
- Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, China
- Qinghai Province Key Laboratory of Vegetable Genetics and Physiology, Xining, 810016, China
| | - Xuemei Sun
- Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, China
- Qinghai Province Key Laboratory of Vegetable Genetics and Physiology, Xining, 810016, China
| | - Yuan Zong
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, 810001, China
| | - Shipeng Yang
- Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, China
- Qinghai Province Key Laboratory of Vegetable Genetics and Physiology, Xining, 810016, China
| | - Lihui Wang
- Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, China
- Qinghai Province Key Laboratory of Vegetable Genetics and Physiology, Xining, 810016, China
| | - Baolong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, 810001, China.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Li H, Yang Z, Zeng Q, Wang S, Luo Y, Huang Y, Xin Y, He N. Abnormal expression of bHLH3 disrupts a flavonoid homeostasis network, causing differences in pigment composition among mulberry fruits. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2020; 7:83. [PMID: 32528695 PMCID: PMC7261776 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-020-0302-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Mulberry fruits with high concentrations of anthocyanins are favored by consumers because of their good taste, bright color, and high nutritional value. However, neither the regulatory mechanism controlling flavonoid biosynthesis in mulberry nor the molecular basis of different mulberry fruit colors is fully understood. Here, we report that a flavonoid homeostasis network comprising activation and feedback regulation mechanisms determines mulberry fruit color. In vitro and in vivo assays showed that MYBA-bHLH3-TTG1 regulates the biosynthesis of anthocyanins, while TT2L1 and TT2L2 work with bHLH3 or GL3 and form a MYB-bHLH-WD40 (MBW) complex with TTG1 to regulate proanthocyanidin (PA) synthesis. Functional and expression analyses showed that bHLH3 is a key regulator of the regulatory network controlling mulberry fruit coloration and that MYB4 is activated by MBW complexes and participates in negative feedback control of the regulatory network to balance the accumulation of anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins. Our research demonstrates that the interaction between bHLH3 and MYB4 in the homeostasis regulatory network ensures that the fruits accumulate desirable flavonoids and that this network is stable in pigment-rich mulberry fruits. However, the abnormal expression of bHLH3 disrupts the balance of the network and redirects flavonoid metabolic flux in pale-colored fruits, resulting in differences in the levels and proportions of anthocyanins, flavones, and flavonols among differently colored mulberry fruits (red, yellow, and white). The results of our study reveal the molecular basis of the diversity of mulberry fruit colors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Han Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Beibei, 400715 Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Zhen Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Beibei, 400715 Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Qiwei Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Beibei, 400715 Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Shibo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Beibei, 400715 Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Yiwei Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Beibei, 400715 Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Yan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Beibei, 400715 Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Youchao Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Beibei, 400715 Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Ningjia He
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Beibei, 400715 Chongqing, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Hong Y, Li M, Dai S. Ectopic Expression of Multiple Chrysanthemum ( Chrysanthemum × morifolium) R2R3-MYB Transcription Factor Genes Regulates Anthocyanin Accumulation in Tobacco. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:E777. [PMID: 31590246 PMCID: PMC6826627 DOI: 10.3390/genes10100777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The generation of chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum × morifolium) flower color is mainly attributed to the accumulation of anthocyanins. In the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway in chrysanthemum, although all of the structural genes have been cloned, the regulatory function of R2R3-MYB transcription factor (TF) genes, which play a crucial role in determining anthocyanin accumulation in many ornamental crops, still remains unclear. In our previous study, four light-induced R2R3-MYB TF genes in chrysanthemum were identified using transcriptomic sequencing. In the present study, we further investigated the regulatory functions of these genes via phylogenetic and alignment analyses of amino acid sequences, which were subsequently verified by phenotypic, pigmental, and structural gene expression analyses in transgenic tobacco lines. As revealed by phylogenetic and alignment analyses, CmMYB4 and CmMYB5 were phenylpropanoid and flavonoid repressor R2R3-MYB genes, respectively, while CmMYB6 was an activator of anthocyanin biosynthesis, and CmMYB7 was involved in regulating flavonol biosynthesis. Compared with wild-type plants, the relative anthocyanin contents in the 35S:CmMYB4 and 35S:CmMYB5 tobacco lines significantly decreased (p < 0.05), while for 35S:CmMYB6 and 35S:CmMYB7, the opposite result was obtained. Both in the 35S:CmMYB4 and 35S:CmMYB5 lines, the relative expression of several anthocyanin biosynthetic genes in tobacco was significantly downregulated (p < 0.05); on the contrary, several genes were upregulated in the 35S:CmMYB6 and 35S:CmMYB7 lines. These results indicate that CmMYB4 and CmMYB5 negatively regulate anthocyanin biosynthesis in chrysanthemum, while CmMYB6 and CmMYB7 play a positive role, which will aid in understanding the complex mechanism regulating floral pigmentation in chrysanthemum and the functional divergence of the R2R3-MYB gene family in higher plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Hong
- School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35 Tsinghua East Road, 100083 Beijing, China.
| | - Mengling Li
- School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35 Tsinghua East Road, 100083 Beijing, China.
| | - Silan Dai
- School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35 Tsinghua East Road, 100083 Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|