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Baker JG, Summers RJ. Adrenoceptors: Receptors, Ligands and Their Clinical Uses, Molecular Pharmacology and Assays. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2024. [PMID: 38926158 DOI: 10.1007/164_2024_713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
The nine G protein-coupled adrenoceptor subtypes are where the endogenous catecholamines adrenaline and noradrenaline interact with cells. Since they are important therapeutic targets, over a century of effort has been put into developing drugs that modify their activity. This chapter provides an outline of how we have arrived at current knowledge of the receptors, their physiological roles and the methods used to develop ligands. Initial studies in vivo and in vitro with isolated organs and tissues progressed to cell-based techniques and the use of cloned adrenoceptor subtypes together with high-throughput assays that allow close examination of receptors and their signalling pathways. The crystal structures of many of the adrenoceptor subtypes have now been determined opening up new possibilities for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian G Baker
- Cell Signalling, Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK.
| | - Roger J Summers
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
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2
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Rinne MK, Urvas L, Mandrika I, Fridmanis D, Riddy DM, Langmead CJ, Kukkonen JP, Xhaard H. Characterization of a putative orexin receptor in Ciona intestinalis sheds light on the evolution of the orexin/hypocretin system in chordates. Sci Rep 2024; 14:7690. [PMID: 38565870 PMCID: PMC10987541 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-56508-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Tunicates are evolutionary model organisms bridging the gap between vertebrates and invertebrates. A genomic sequence in Ciona intestinalis (CiOX) shows high similarity to vertebrate orexin receptors and protostome allatotropin receptors (ATR). Here, molecular phylogeny suggested that CiOX is divergent from ATRs and human orexin receptors (hOX1/2). However, CiOX appears closer to hOX1/2 than to ATR both in terms of sequence percent identity and in its modelled binding cavity, as suggested by molecular modelling. CiOX was heterologously expressed in a recombinant HEK293 cell system. Human orexins weakly but concentration-dependently activated its Gq signalling (Ca2+ elevation), and the responses were inhibited by the non-selective orexin receptor antagonists TCS 1102 and almorexant, but only weakly by the OX1-selective antagonist SB-334867. Furthermore, the 5-/6-carboxytetramethylrhodamine (TAMRA)-labelled human orexin-A was able to bind to CiOX. Database mining was used to predict a potential endogenous C. intestinalis orexin peptide (Ci-orexin-A). Ci-orexin-A was able to displace TAMRA-orexin-A, but not to induce any calcium response at the CiOX. Consequently, we suggested that the orexin signalling system is conserved in Ciona intestinalis, although the relevant peptide-receptor interaction was not fully elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maiju K Rinne
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, POB 56, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
- Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, POB 66, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Pharmacology, Medicum, University of Helsinki, POB 63, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lauri Urvas
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, POB 56, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Thérapeutique, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Ilona Mandrika
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Riga, Latvia
| | | | - Darren M Riddy
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Australia
| | - Christopher J Langmead
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Australia
| | - Jyrki P Kukkonen
- Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, POB 66, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.
- Department of Pharmacology, Medicum, University of Helsinki, POB 63, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Henri Xhaard
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, POB 56, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.
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Joyce W, Warwicker J, Shiels HA, Perry SF. Evolution and divergence of teleost adrenergic receptors: why sometimes 'the drugs don't work' in fish. J Exp Biol 2023; 226:jeb245859. [PMID: 37823524 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.245859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Adrenaline and noradrenaline, released as hormones and/or neurotransmitters, exert diverse physiological functions in vertebrates, and teleost fishes are widely used as model organisms to study adrenergic regulation; however, such investigations often rely on receptor subtype-specific pharmacological agents (agonists and antagonists; see Glossary) developed and validated in mammals. Meanwhile, evolutionary (phylogenetic and comparative genomic) studies have begun to unravel the diversification of adrenergic receptors (ARs) and reveal that whole-genome duplications and pseudogenization events in fishes results in notable distinctions from mammals in their genomic repertoire of ARs, while lineage-specific gene losses within teleosts have generated significant interspecific variability. In this Review, we visit the evolutionary history of ARs (including α1-, α2- and β-ARs) to highlight the prominent interspecific differences in teleosts, as well as between teleosts and other vertebrates. We also show that structural modelling of teleost ARs predicts differences in ligand binding affinity compared with mammalian orthologs. To emphasize the difficulty of studying the roles of different AR subtypes in fish, we collate examples from the literature of fish ARs behaving atypically compared with standard mammalian pharmacology. Thereafter, we focus on specific case studies of the liver, heart and red blood cells, where our understanding of AR expression has benefited from combining pharmacological approaches with molecular genetics. Finally, we briefly discuss the ongoing advances in 'omics' technologies that, alongside classical pharmacology, will provide abundant opportunities to further explore adrenergic signalling in teleosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Joyce
- Department of Biology - Zoophysiology, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Jim Warwicker
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Function, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
| | - Holly A Shiels
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Steve F Perry
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie Curie, Ottawa, ON, Canada, K1N 6N5
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4
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Gould SL, Winter MJ, Norton WHJ, Tyler CR. The potential for adverse effects in fish exposed to antidepressants in the aquatic environment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:16299-16312. [PMID: 34856105 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c04724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Antidepressants are one of the most commonly prescribed pharmaceutical classes for the treatment of psychiatric conditions. They act via modulation of brain monoaminergic signaling systems (predominantly serotonergic, adrenergic, dopaminergic) that show a high degree of structural conservation across diverse animal phyla. A reasonable assumption, therefore, is that exposed fish and other aquatic wildlife may be affected by antidepressants released into the natural environment. Indeed, there are substantial data reported for exposure effects in fish, albeit most are reported for exposure concentrations exceeding those occurring in natural environments. From a critical analysis of the available evidence for effects in fish, risk quotients (RQs) were derived from laboratory-based studies for a selection of antidepressants most commonly detected in the aquatic environment. We conclude that the likelihood for effects in fish on standard measured end points used in risk assessment (i.e., excluding effects on behavior) is low for levels of exposure occurring in the natural environment. Nevertheless, some effects on behavior have been reported for environmentally relevant exposures, and antidepressants can bioaccumulate in fish tissues. Limitations in the datasets used to calculate RQs revealed important gaps in which future research should be directed to more accurately assess the risks posed by antidepressants to fish. Developing greater certainty surrounding risk of antidepressants to fish requires more attention directed toward effects on behaviors relating to individual fitness, the employment of environmentally realistic exposure levels, on chronic exposure scenarios, and on mixtures analyses, especially given the wide range of similarly acting compounds released into the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie L Gould
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon EX4 4QD, U.K
| | - Matthew J Winter
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon EX4 4QD, U.K
| | - William H J Norton
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, College of Life Sciences, University of Leicester, University Rd, Leicester, LE1 7RH, U.K
| | - Charles R Tyler
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon EX4 4QD, U.K
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5
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Evaluation of Effects of Ractopamine on Cardiovascular, Respiratory, and Locomotory Physiology in Animal Model Zebrafish Larvae. Cells 2021; 10:cells10092449. [PMID: 34572098 PMCID: PMC8466814 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Ractopamine (RAC) is a beta-adrenoceptor agonist that is used to promote lean and increased food conversion efficiency in livestock. This compound has been considered to be causing behavioral and physiological alterations in livestock like pig. Few studies have addressed the potential non-target effect of RAC in aquatic animals. In this study, we aimed to explore the potential physiological response after acute RAC exposure in zebrafish by evaluating multiple endpoints like locomotor activity, oxygen consumption, and cardiovascular performance. Zebrafish larvae were subjected to waterborne RAC exposure at 0.1, 1, 2, 4, or 8 ppm for 24 h, and the corresponding cardiovascular, respiratory, and locomotion activities were monitored and quantified. In addition, we also performed in silico molecular docking for RAC with 10 zebrafish endogenous β-adrenergic receptors to elucidate the potential acting mechanism of RAC. Results show RAC administration can significantly boost locomotor activity, cardiac performance, oxygen consumption, and blood flow rate, but without affecting the cardiac rhythm regularity in zebrafish embryos. Based on structure-based flexible molecular docking, RAC display similar binding affinity to all ten subtypes of endogenous β-adrenergic receptors, from adra1aa to adra2db, which are equivalent to the human one. This result suggests RAC might act as high potency and broad spectrum β-adrenergic receptors agonist on boosting the locomotor activity, cardiac performance, and oxygen consumption in zebrafish. To validate our results, we co-incubated a well-known β-blocker of propranolol (PROP) with RAC. PROP exposure tends to minimize the locomotor hyperactivity, high oxygen consumption, and cardiac rate in zebrafish larvae. In silico structure-based molecular simulation and binding affinity tests show PROP has an overall lower binding affinity than RAC. Taken together, our studies provide solid in vivo evidence to support that RAC plays crucial roles on modulating cardiovascular, respiratory, and locomotory physiology in zebrafish for the first time. In addition, the versatile functions of RAC as β-agonist possibly mediated via receptor competition with PROP as β-antagonist.
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Evdokimovskii EV, Jeon R, Park S, Pimenov OY, Alekseev AE. Role of α2-Adrenoceptor Subtypes in Suppression of L-Type Ca 2+ Current in Mouse Cardiac Myocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22084135. [PMID: 33923625 PMCID: PMC8072751 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarcolemmal α2 adrenoceptors (α2-AR), represented by α2A, α2B and α2C isoforms, can safeguard cardiac muscle under sympathoadrenergic surge by governing Ca2+ handling and contractility of cardiomyocytes. Cardiomyocyte-specific targeting of α2-AR would provide cardiac muscle-delimited stress control and enhance the efficacy of cardiac malfunction treatments. However, little is known about the specific contribution of the α2-AR subtypes in modulating cardiomyocyte functions. Herein, we analyzed the expression profile of α2A, α2B and α2C subtypes in mouse ventricle and conducted electrophysiological antagonist assay evaluating the contribution of these isoforms to the suppression of L-type Ca2+ current (ICaL). Patch-clamp electro-pharmacological studies revealed that the α2-agonist-induced suppression of ICaL involves mainly the α2C, to a lesser extent the α2B, and not the α2A isoforms. RT-qPCR evaluation revealed the presence of adra2b and adra2c (α2B and α2C isoform genes, respectively), but was unable to identify the expression of adra2a (α2A isoform gene) in the mouse left ventricle. Immunoblotting confirmed the presence only of the α2B and the α2C proteins in this tissue. The identified α2-AR isoform-linked regulation of ICaL in the mouse ventricle provides an important molecular substrate for the cardioprotective targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward V. Evdokimovskii
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Science, Institutskaya 3, 142290 Pushchino, Russia; (E.V.E.); (O.Y.P.)
| | - Ryounghoon Jeon
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Center for Regenerative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Stabile 5, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; (R.J.); (S.P.)
| | - Sungjo Park
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Center for Regenerative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Stabile 5, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; (R.J.); (S.P.)
| | - Oleg Y. Pimenov
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Science, Institutskaya 3, 142290 Pushchino, Russia; (E.V.E.); (O.Y.P.)
| | - Alexey E. Alekseev
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Science, Institutskaya 3, 142290 Pushchino, Russia; (E.V.E.); (O.Y.P.)
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Center for Regenerative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Stabile 5, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; (R.J.); (S.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-507-284-9501
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7
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Tong R, Pan S, Pan L, Zhang L. Effects of biogenic amines on the immune response and immunoregulation mechanism in hemocytes of Litopenaeus vannamei in vitro. Mol Immunol 2020; 128:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2020.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Weng X, Liu H, Zhang X, Sun Q, Li C, Gu M, Xu Y, Li S, Li W, Du J. An α 2-adrenoceptor agonist: Dexmedetomidine induces protective cardiomyocyte hypertrophy through mitochondrial-AMPK pathway. Int J Med Sci 2020; 17:2454-2467. [PMID: 33029088 PMCID: PMC7532472 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.47598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims: Dexmedetomidine (Dex) as a highly selective α2-adrenoceptor agonist, was widely used anesthetic in perioperative settings, whether Dex induces cardiac hypertrophy during perioperative administration is unknown. Methods: The effects of Dex on cardiac hypertrophy were explored using the transverse aortic constriction model and neonatal rat cardiomyocytes. Results: We reported that Dex induces cardiomyocyte hypertrophy with activated ERK, AKT, PKC and inactivated AMPK in both wild-type mice and primary cultured rat cardiomyocytes. Additionally, pre-administration of Dex protects against transverse aortic constriction induced-heart failure in mice. We found that Dex up-regulates the activation of ERK, AKT, and PKC via suppression of AMPK activation in rat cardiomyocytes. However, suppression of mitochondrial coupling efficiency and membrane potential by FCCP blocks Dex induced AMPK inactivation as well as ERK, AKT, and PKC activation. All of these effects are blocked by the α2-adrenoceptor antagonist atipamezole. Conclusion: The present study demonstrates Dex preconditioning induces cardiac hypertrophy that protects against heart failure through mitochondria-AMPK pathway in perioperative settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojian Weng
- Department of Anesthesiology and SICU, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Hua Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaodan Zhang
- Department of ICU, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Qianqian Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology and SICU, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Cheng Li
- Department of Anesthesiology and SICU, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Minglu Gu
- Department of Anesthesiology and SICU, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanyifang Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology and SICU, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Shitong Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiwei Li
- Department of Anesthesiology and SICU, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianer Du
- Department of Anesthesiology and SICU, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai, China
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McKinstry-Wu AR, Woll KA, Joseph TT, Bu W, White ER, Bhanu NV, Garcia BA, Brannigan G, Dailey WP, Eckenhoff RG. Azi-medetomidine: Synthesis and Characterization of a Novel α2 Adrenergic Photoaffinity Ligand. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:4716-4728. [PMID: 31638765 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.9b00484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Agonists at the α2 adrenergic receptor produce sedation, increase focus, provide analgesia, and induce centrally mediated hypotension and bradycardia, yet neither their dynamic interactions with adrenergic receptors nor their modulation of neuronal circuit activity is completely understood. Photoaffinity ligands of α2 adrenergic agonists have the potential both to capture discrete moments of ligand-receptor interactions and to prolong naturalistic drug effects in discrete regions of tissue in vivo. We present here the synthesis and characterization of a novel α2 adrenergic agonist photolabel based on the imidazole medetomidine called azi-medetomidine. Azi-medetomidine shares protein association characteristics with its parent compound in experimental model systems and by molecular dynamics simulation of interactions with the α2A adrenergic receptor. Azi-medetomidine acts as an agonist at α2A adrenergic receptors, and produces hypnosis in Xenopus laevis tadpoles. Azi-medetomidine competes with the α2 agonist clonidine at α2A adrenergic receptors, which is potentiated by photolabeling, and azi-medetomidine labels moieties on the α2A adrenergic receptor as determined by mass spectrometry in a manner consistent with a simulated model. This novel α2 adrenergic agonist photolabel can serve as a powerful tool for in vitro and in vivo investigations of adrenergic signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R. McKinstry-Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology & Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 3620 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Kellie A. Woll
- Department of Anesthesiology & Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 3620 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Thomas T. Joseph
- Department of Anesthesiology & Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 3620 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Weiming Bu
- Department of Anesthesiology & Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 3620 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - E. Railey White
- Department of Anesthesiology & Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 3620 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Natarajan V. Bhanu
- Epigenetics Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Benjamin A. Garcia
- Epigenetics Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Grace Brannigan
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Department of Physics, Rutgers University, Camden, New Jersey 08102, United States
| | - William P. Dailey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania School of Arts and Sciences, 231 S. 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Roderic G. Eckenhoff
- Department of Anesthesiology & Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 3620 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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Pimenov OY, Galimova MH, Evdokimovskii EV, Averin AS, Nakipova OV, Reyes S, Alekseev AE. Myocardial α2-Adrenoceptors as Therapeutic Targets to Prevent Cardiac Hypertrophy and Heart Failure. Biophysics (Nagoya-shi) 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s000635091905021x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
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Xu L, Pan L, Zhang X, Wei C. Crustacean hyperglycemic hormone (CHH) affects hemocyte intracellular signaling pathways to regulate exocytosis and immune response in white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Peptides 2019; 116:30-41. [PMID: 31034862 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2019.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant Litopenaeus vannamei CHH (rLvCHH) was obtained from a bacterial expression system and the intracellular signaling pathways involved in exocytosis and immune response after rLvCHH injection (0.2 and 2 μg/shrimp) was investigated in this study. The results showed that CHH contents increased 51.4%-110.2% (0.2 μg/shrimp) and 65.0%-211.3% (2 μg/shrimp) of the control level. And the contents of three biogenic amines in hemolymph presented a similar variation pattern after rLvCHH injection, but reached the highest level at different time points. Furthermore, the mRNA expression levels of membrane-bound guanylyl cyclase (mGC) (1.20-1.93 fold) and biogenic amine receptors, including type 2 dopamine receptor (DA2R) (0.72-0.89 fold), α2 adrenergic receptor (α2-AR) (0.72-0.91 fold) and 5-HT7 receptor (5-HT7R) (1.37-3.49 fold) in hemocytes were changed consistently with their ligands. In addition, the second messenger and protein kinases shared a similar trend and reached the maximum at the same time respectively. The expression levels of nuclear transcription factor (cAMP response element-binding protein, CREB) and exocytosis-related proteins transcripts were basically overexpressed after rLvCHH stimulation, which reached the peaks at 1 h or 3 h. Eventually, the phenoloxidase (PO) activity (37.4%-158.5%) and antibacterial activity (31.8%-122.3%) in hemolymph were dramatically enhanced within 6 h, while the proPO activity in hemocytes significantly decreased (11.2%-62.6%). Collectively, these results indicate that shrimps L. vannamei could carry out a simple but 'smart' NEI regulation by releasing different neuroendocrine factors at different stages after rLvCHH stimulation, which could couple with their receptors and trigger the downstream signaling pathways during the immune responses in hemocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266003, PR China; Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, PR China
| | - Luqing Pan
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266003, PR China; Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, PR China.
| | - Xin Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266003, PR China; Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, PR China
| | - Cun Wei
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266003, PR China; Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, PR China
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12
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Cartography of rhodopsin-like G protein-coupled receptors across vertebrate genomes. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7058. [PMID: 31064998 PMCID: PMC6504862 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33120-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We conduct a cartography of rhodopsin-like non-olfactory G protein-coupled receptors in the Ensembl database. The most recent genomic data (releases 90–92, 90 vertebrate genomes) are analyzed through the online interface and receptors mapped on phylogenetic guide trees that were constructed based on a set of ~14.000 amino acid sequences. This snapshot of genomic data suggest vertebrate genomes to harbour 142 clades of GPCRs without human orthologues. Among those, 69 have not to our knowledge been mentioned or studied previously in the literature, of which 28 are distant from existing receptors and likely new orphans. These newly identified receptors are candidates for more focused evolutionary studies such as chromosomal mapping as well for in-depth pharmacological characterization. Interestingly, we also show that 37 of the 72 human orphan (or recently deorphanized) receptors included in this study cluster into nineteen closely related groups, which implies that there are less ligands to be identified than previously anticipated. Altogether, this work has significant implications when discussing nomenclature issues for GPCRs.
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13
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Alekseev AE, Park S, Pimenov OY, Reyes S, Terzic A. Sarcolemmal α2-adrenoceptors in feedback control of myocardial response to sympathetic challenge. Pharmacol Ther 2019; 197:179-190. [PMID: 30703415 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
α2-adrenoceptor (α2-AR) isoforms, abundant in sympathetic synapses and noradrenergic neurons of the central nervous system, are integral in the presynaptic feed-back loop mechanism that moderates norepinephrine surges. We recently identified that postsynaptic α2-ARs, found in the myocellular sarcolemma, also contribute to a muscle-delimited feedback control capable of attenuating mobilization of intracellular Ca2+ and myocardial contractility. This previously unrecognized α2-AR-dependent rheostat is able to counteract competing adrenergic receptor actions in cardiac muscle. Specifically, in ventricular myocytes, nitric oxide (NO) and cGMP are the intracellular messengers of α2-AR signal transduction pathways that gauge the kinase-phosphatase balance and manage cellular Ca2+ handling preventing catecholamine-induced Ca2+ overload. Moreover, α2-AR signaling counterbalances phospholipase C - PKC-dependent mechanisms underscoring a broader cardioprotective potential under sympathoadrenergic and angiotensinergic challenge. Recruitment of such tissue-specific features of α2-AR under sustained sympathoadrenergic drive may, in principle, be harnessed to mitigate or prevent cardiac malfunction. However, cardiovascular disease may compromise peripheral α2-AR signaling limiting pharmacological targeting of these receptors. Prospective cardiac-specific gene or cell-based therapeutic approaches aimed at repairing or improving stress-protective α2-AR signaling may offer an alternative towards enhanced preservation of cardiac muscle structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey E Alekseev
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Center for Regenerative Medicine, Stabile 5, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Science, Institutskaya 3, Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290, Russia.
| | - Sungjo Park
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Center for Regenerative Medicine, Stabile 5, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Oleg Yu Pimenov
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Science, Institutskaya 3, Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290, Russia
| | - Santiago Reyes
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Center for Regenerative Medicine, Stabile 5, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Andre Terzic
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Center for Regenerative Medicine, Stabile 5, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Si L, Pan L, Wang H, Zhang X. Ammonia-N exposure alters neurohormone levels in the hemolymph and mRNA abundance of neurohormone receptors and associated downstream factors in the gills of Litopenaeus vannamei. J Exp Biol 2019; 222:jeb.200204. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.200204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Effects of ammonia-N (0.05, 2, 10 and 20 mg L−1) on the neuroendocrine regulation of ammonia transport were investigated in Litopenaeus vannamei. The results showed that corticotrophin-releasing hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, dopamine, noradrenaline and 5-hydroxytryptamine concentration in all ammonia-N groups increased significantly between 3-12 h. Cortisol increased significantly between 3-24 h. All hormones except crustacean hyperglycemic hormone were reduced to control levels. mRNA abundance of guanylyl cyclase increased significantly during the experiment. Dopamine receptor D4 and α2 adrenergic receptor mRNA abundance in treatments decreased significantly at the beginning, and eventually returned to the control level, whereas mRNA abundance of 5-HT7 receptor increased significantly only within the first 12 h. Changes of protein kinases (PKA, PKG) mRNA abundance were similar to the patterns of biogenic amines and crustacean hyperglycemic hormone, peaking at 6 h and 12 h respectively, while PKC decreased within 24 h. 14-3-3 protein, FXYD2 and cAMP-response element binding protein mRNA abundance of treatments increased significantly and peaked at 6 h. β-catenin and T-cell factor mRNA abundance increased significantly throughout the experiment and peaked at 12 h. The up-regulation of Rh protein, K+-channel, Na+/K+-ATPase, V-type H+-ATPase and vesicle associated membrane protein (VAMP) mRNA, together with down-regulation of Na+/K+/2Cl− cotransporter mRNA indicated an adjustment of general branchial ion-/ammonia-regulatory mechanisms. Meanwhile, hemolymph ammonia concentration was significantly increased in most ammonia-N exposure groups. Histological investigation revealed the hepatopancreatic damage caused by ammonia-N. The results suggest hormones, biogenic amines and Wnt/β-catenin play a principal role in adapting to ammonia-N exposure and facilitating ammonia transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingjun Si
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266003, PR China
| | - Luqing Pan
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266003, PR China
| | - Hongdan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266003, PR China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266003, PR China
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Zhang L, Pan L, Xu L, Si L. Effects of ammonia-N exposure on the concentrations of neurotransmitters, hemocyte intracellular signaling pathways and immune responses in white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 75:48-57. [PMID: 29407613 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.01.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 01/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The effects of ammonia-N exposure (transferred from 0.07 to 2, 10 and 20 mg L-1) on the mechanism of neuroendocrine-immunoregulatory network were investigated in Litopenaeus vannamei. The results showed that biogenic amines (dopamine, noradrenaline, 5-hydroxytryptamine) concentrations in treatment groups increased significantly within 12 h. The gene expression of guanylyl cyclase increased significantly from 3 h to 24 h. And dopamine receptor D4 and α2 adrenergic receptor gene expression in treatment groups decreased significantly within 12 h, whereas the mRNA expression of 5-HT7 receptor increased significantly within 3 h and reached the peak levels at 6 h. The second messengers (cAMP, cGMP) and Calmodulin (CaM) increased significantly in treatment groups after 3 h. The concentrations of protein kinases (PKA, PKG) shared a similar trend in cAMP and cGMP which were up-regulated and reached the peak value at 6 h, while the PKC decreased within 3 h and arrived at its bottom at 6 h. The nuclear factor kappa-b and cAMP-response element binding protein mRNA expression levels of treatment shrimps increased sharply and reached maximum values at 6 h. The total hemocyte count, phagocytic activity, antibacterial activity in treatment groups decreased dramatically within 48 h. Whereas the phenoloxidase activities slightly up-regulated. Then it was decreased significantly up to 48 h. α2-macroglobulin activity decreased at the first 3 h-stress. Then they up-regulated significantly in 6 h. The results suggest that there are two crucial neuroendocrine substances (biogenic amine and CHH), which play a principal role in adapting to ammonia-N exposure and cause immune response through cAMP-, CaM- and cGMP-dependent pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of CHINA), Ministry of Education, 266003, PR China
| | - Luqing Pan
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of CHINA), Ministry of Education, 266003, PR China.
| | - Lijun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of CHINA), Ministry of Education, 266003, PR China
| | - Lingjun Si
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of CHINA), Ministry of Education, 266003, PR China
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Raczak-Gutknecht J, Frąckowiak T, Nasal A, Kornicka A, Sączewski F, Kaliszan R. Are Alpha-2D Adrenoceptor Subtypes Involved in Rat Mydriasis Evoked by New Imidazoline Derivatives: Marsanidine and 7-Methylmarsanidine? Dose Response 2017; 15:1559325817701213. [PMID: 28491012 PMCID: PMC5405787 DOI: 10.1177/1559325817701213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The imidazoline compounds may produce mydriasis after systemic administration to some species (rats, cats, and mice). In mydriatic activity of imidazolines, α2D-adrenoceptors subtype(s) seems to be involved. In this study, the pupil dilatory effect evoked by 2 newly synthesized imidazoline derivatives—α2-adrenoceptor agonists: marsanidine and 7-methylmarsanidine—was compared. The compounds were tested alone as well as in the presence of α2-adrenoceptor antagonists (nonselective, yohimbine, and selective toward the following α2-adrenoceptor subtypes—α2A-2-[(4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl)methyl]-2,3-dihydro-1-methyl-1H-isoindole maleate (BRL44408), α2B-2-[2-(4-(2-methoxyphenyl)piperazin-1-yl)ethyl]-4,4-dimethyl-1,3-(2H,4H)-isoquinolindione dihydrochloride (ARC239), α2C-JP1302, α2D-2-(2,3-dihydro-2-methoxy-1,4-benzodioxin-2-yl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole hydrochloride [RX821002]). The agonists were studied in male Wistar rats and were administered intravenously in cumulative doses. The antagonistic compounds were given in a single dose before the experiment with marsanidine or 7-methylmarsanidine. Pupil diameter was measured with stereoscopic microscope equipped in green light filter. Marsanidine and 7-methylmarsanidine exerted marked mydriatic effects. BRL44408, JP1302, and ARC239 did not cause significant parallel shift to the right of the dose–effect curves obtained for both imidazolines. In case of yohimbine and RX821002, the marked parallel shifts of dose–response curves were observed, with the antagonistic effects of RX821002 more pronounced. In vivo pharmacodynamics experiment suggests that α2D-adrenoceptor subtype is mainly engaged in mydriatic effects evoked in rats by imidazoline derivatives, in particular by clonidine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Raczak-Gutknecht
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Teresa Frąckowiak
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Antoni Nasal
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
- Antoni Nasal, Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. Gen. J. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Anita Kornicka
- Department of Chemical Technology of Drugs, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Franciszek Sączewski
- Department of Chemical Technology of Drugs, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Roman Kaliszan
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
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Santos MS, Oliveira ED, Santos-Miranda A, Cruz JS, Gondim ANS, Menezes-Filho JER, Souza DS, Pinho-da-Silva L, Jesus ICG, Roman-Campos D, Guatimosim S, Lara A, Conde-Garcia EA, Vasconcelos CML. Dissection of the Effects of Quercetin on Mouse Myocardium. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2017; 120:550-559. [PMID: 27992670 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Quercetin is a plant flavonoid with several biological activities. This study aimed to describe quercetin effects on contractile and electrophysiological properties of the cardiac muscle as well as on calcium handling. Quercetin elicited positive inotropism that was significantly reduced by propranolol indicating an involvement of the sympathetic nervous system. In cardiomyocytes, 30 μM quercetin increased ICa,L at 0 mV from -0.95 ± 0.01 A/F to -1.21 ± 0.08 A/F. The membrane potential at which 50% of the channels are activated (V0.5 ) shifted towards more negative potentials from -13.06 ± 1.52 mV to -19.26 ± 1.72 mV and did not alter the slope factor. Furthermore, quercetin increased [Ca2+ ]i transient by 28% when compared to control. Quercetin accelerated [Ca2+ ]i transient decay time, which could be attributed to SERCA activation. In resting cardiomyocytes, quercetin did not change amplitude or frequency of Ca2+ sparks. In isolated heart, quercetin increased heart rate and decreased PRi, QTc and duration of the QRS complex. Thus, we showed that quercetin activates β-adrenoceptors, leading to increased L-type Ca2+ current and cell-wide intracellular Ca2+ transient without visible changes in Ca2+ sparks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Santana Santos
- Laboratory of Heart Biophysics, Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil
| | - Evaleide Diniz Oliveira
- Laboratory of Heart Biophysics, Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil.,Department of Physiotherapy, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil
| | - Artur Santos-Miranda
- Excitable Membranes Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Jader Santos Cruz
- Excitable Membranes Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Antônio Nei Santana Gondim
- Laboratory of Biophysics and Pharmacology of the Heart, Department of Education, Campus XII, University of the State of Bahia, Guanambi, BA, Brazil
| | | | - Diego Santos Souza
- Laboratory of Heart Biophysics, Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil
| | - Leidiane Pinho-da-Silva
- Excitable Membranes Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Itamar Couto Guedes Jesus
- Cardiomyocyte Intracellular Signaling Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Danilo Roman-Campos
- Department of Biophysics, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Silvia Guatimosim
- Cardiomyocyte Intracellular Signaling Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Aline Lara
- Cardiomyocyte Intracellular Signaling Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Antônio Conde-Garcia
- Laboratory of Heart Biophysics, Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil
| | - Carla Maria Lins Vasconcelos
- Laboratory of Heart Biophysics, Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil
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18
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Adrenoceptors at the Frog Neuromuscular Junction: an Immunohistochemical Study. BIONANOSCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s12668-016-0319-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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19
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Zhao Q, Pan L, Ren Q, Wang L, Miao J. Effect of salinity on regulation mechanism of neuroendocrine-immunoregulatory network in Litopenaeus vannamei. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 49:396-406. [PMID: 26766179 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.12.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The effects of low salinity (transferred from 31‰ to 26‰, 21‰, and 16‰) on the regulation pathways of neuroendocrine-immunoregulatory network were investigated in Litopenaeus vannamei. The results showed that the hormones (corticotrophin-releasing hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone) and biogenic amines (dopamine, noradrenaline, 5-hydroxytryptamine) concentrations in lower salinity groups increased significantly within 12 h. The gene expression of biogenic amine receptors showed that dopamine receptor D4 and α2 adrenergic receptor in lower salinity groups decreased significantly within 12 h, whereas the 5-HT7 receptor significantly increased within 1d. The second messenger synthetases (adenylyl cyclase, phospholipase C) and the second messengers (cyclic adenosine monophosphate, cyclic guanosine monophosphate) of lower salinity groups shared a similar trend in which adenylyl cyclase and cyclic adenosine monophosphate reached the maximum at 12 h, whereas phospholipase C and cyclic guanosine monophosphate reached the minimum. The immune parameters (total hemocyte count, phenoloxidase activity, phagocytic activity, crustin expression, antibacterial activity, C-type lectin expression, hemagglutinating activity) in lower salinity groups decreased significantly within 12 h. Except for the total hemocyte count, all the parameters recovered to the control levels afterwards. Therefore, it may be concluded that the neuroendocrine-immunoregulatory network plays a principal role in adapting to salinity changes as the main center for sensing the stress and causes immune response in L. vannamei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Zhao
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China
| | - Luqing Pan
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China.
| | - Qin Ren
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China
| | - Lin Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China
| | - Jingjing Miao
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China
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20
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Stewart AM, Ullmann JF, Norton WH, Brennan CH, Parker MO, Gerlai R, Kalueff AV. Molecular psychiatry of zebrafish. Mol Psychiatry 2015; 20:2-17. [PMID: 25349164 PMCID: PMC4318706 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2014.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2014] [Revised: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Due to their well-characterized neural development and high genetic homology to mammals, zebrafish (Danio rerio) have emerged as a powerful model organism in the field of biological psychiatry. Here, we discuss the molecular psychiatry of zebrafish, and its implications for translational neuroscience research and modeling central nervous system (CNS) disorders. In particular, we outline recent genetic and technological developments allowing for in vivo examinations, high-throughput screening and whole-brain analyses in larval and adult zebrafish. We also summarize the application of these molecular techniques to the understanding of neuropsychiatric disease, outlining the potential of zebrafish for modeling complex brain disorders, including attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), aggression, post-traumatic stress and substance abuse. Critically evaluating the advantages and limitations of larval and adult fish tests, we suggest that zebrafish models become a rapidly emerging new field in modern molecular psychiatry research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Michael Stewart
- ZENEREI Institute, 309 Palmer Court, Slidell, LA 70458, USA
- International Zebrafish Neuroscience Research Consortium (ZNRC), 309 Palmer Court, Slidell, LA 70458, USA
| | - Jeremy F.P. Ullmann
- International Zebrafish Neuroscience Research Consortium (ZNRC), 309 Palmer Court, Slidell, LA 70458, USA
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - William H.J. Norton
- International Zebrafish Neuroscience Research Consortium (ZNRC), 309 Palmer Court, Slidell, LA 70458, USA
- Department of Biology, College of Medicine, Biological Sciences and Psychiatry, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Caroline H. Brennan
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1-4NS, UK
| | - Matthew O. Parker
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1-4NS, UK
| | - Robert Gerlai
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto at Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Rd N Mississauga, Ontario L5L1C6, Canada
| | - Allan V. Kalueff
- ZENEREI Institute, 309 Palmer Court, Slidell, LA 70458, USA
- International Zebrafish Neuroscience Research Consortium (ZNRC), 309 Palmer Court, Slidell, LA 70458, USA
- Research Institute for Marine Drugs and Nutrition, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524025, China
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21
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Proteomic analysis of ovarian proteins and characterization of thymosin-β and RAC-GTPase activating protein 1 of the giant tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2014; 11:9-19. [PMID: 24946223 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2014.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Revised: 05/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cellular proteomics of total proteins in ovaries of domesticated and wild giant tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) were examined using GeLC-MS/MS. In total, 1638 proteins matched those previously deposited in databases and 1253 (76.50%) of these significantly matched known proteins. Several reproduction-related proteins (e.g. Cdc2, Cyclin B, Cdc25, 14-3-3, thymosin-β and Rac-GTPase activating protein 1) were identified. In addition, the full-length cDNA of P. monodon thymosin-β (PmTmsb; 1084 bp with an ORF of 387 bp and 128 deduced aa) and Rac-GTPase activating protein 1 (PmRacgap1; an ORF of 1881 bp and 626 deduced aa) were further characterized. PmTmsb was constitutively expressed in all tissues. In contrast, PmRacgap1 was more abundantly expressed in gonads than in several non-reproductive tissues (e.g. subcuticular epithelium, hepatopancreas, intestine, pleopods, stomach and thoracic ganglion). The expression levels of PmTmsb and PmRacgap1 in ovaries of wild adult broodstock were significantly greater than those in ovaries of juveniles (P<0.05). However, their expression levels did not vary significantly during ovarian development stages in intact broodstock. However, eyestalk ablation resulted in a significant reduction in PmTmsb expression at stages I and III ovaries (P<0.05), although it did not affect PmRacgap1 transcription significantly at these stages. On the other hand, use of polyclonal antibodies derived from recombinant PmTmsb and PmRacgap1 revealed that levels of both proteins decreased at the late stage (IV) of ovarian development. Our results suggested that PmTmsb and PmRacgap1 may act as negative effectors during ovarian development in P. monodon.
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Structure–function prediction of α2A-, α2B-, and α2C-adrenoceptors using homology model assisted antagonist binding study. Med Chem Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-013-0677-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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23
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Involvement of the α1-adrenoceptor in sleep-waking and sleep loss-induced anxiety behavior in zebrafish. Neuroscience 2013; 245:136-47. [PMID: 23618759 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Revised: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Sleep is a universal phenomenon in vertebrates, and its loss affects various behaviors. Independent studies have reported that sleep loss increases anxiety; however, the detailed mechanism is unknown. Because sleep deprivation increases noradrenalin (NA), which modulates many behaviors and induces patho-physiological changes, this study utilized zebrafish as a model to investigate whether sleep loss-induced increased anxiety is modulated by NA. Continuous behavioral quiescence for at least 6s was considered to represent sleep in zebrafish; although some authors termed it as a sleep-like state, in this study we have termed it as sleep. The activity of fish that signified sleep-waking was recorded in light-dark, during continuous dark and light; the latter induced sleep loss in fish. The latency, number of entries, time spent and distance travelled in the light chamber were assessed in a light-dark box test to estimate the anxiety behavior of normal, sleep-deprived and prazosin (PRZ)-treated fish. Zebrafish showed increased waking during light and complete loss of sleep upon continuous exposure to light for 24h. PRZ significantly increased sleep in normal fish. Sleep-deprived fish showed an increased preference for dark (expression of increased anxiety), and this effect was prevented by PRZ, which increased sleep as well. Our findings suggest that sleep loss-induced anxiety-like behavior in zebrafish is likely to be mediated by NA's action on the α1-adrenoceptor.
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24
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Bayliss A, Evans PD. Characterisation of AmphiAmR4, an amphioxus (Branchiostoma floridae) α₂-adrenergic-like G-protein-coupled receptor. INVERTEBRATE NEUROSCIENCE 2012. [PMID: 23183848 DOI: 10.1007/s10158-012-0145-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about the evolutionary relationship between vertebrate adrenergic receptors and invertebrate octopamine and tyramine receptors. The complexity of the adrenergic signalling system is believed to be an innovation of the vertebrate lineage but the presence of noradrenaline has been reported in some invertebrate species. The cephalochordate, amphioxus (Branchiostoma floridae), is an ideal model organism for studying the evolution of vertebrate GPCRs, given its unique position at the base of the chordate lineage. Here, we describe the pharmacological characterisation and second messenger coupling abilities of AmphiAmR4, which clusters with α₂-adrenergic receptors in a phylogenetic tree but also shares a high sequence similarity to invertebrate octopamine/tyramine receptors in both BLAST and Hidden Markov Model analyses. Thus, it was of particular interest to determine if AmphiAmR4 displayed similar functional properties to the vertebrate α₂-adrenergic receptors or to invertebrate octopamine or tyramine receptors. When stably expressed in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, noradrenaline couples the receptor to both the activation of adenylyl cyclase and to the activation of the MAPKinase pathway. Pharmacological studies with a wide range of agonists and antagonists suggest that AmphiAmR4 functions as an α₂-adrenergic-like receptor when expressed in CHO cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asha Bayliss
- The Inositide Laboratory, The Babraham Institute, The Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
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25
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Duboué ER, Borowsky RL, Keene AC. β-adrenergic signaling regulates evolutionarily derived sleep loss in the Mexican cavefish. BRAIN, BEHAVIOR AND EVOLUTION 2012; 80:233-43. [PMID: 22922609 DOI: 10.1159/000341403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Sleep is a fundamental behavior exhibited almost universally throughout the animal kingdom. The required amount and circadian timing of sleep differs greatly between species in accordance with habitats and evolutionary history. The Mexican blind cavefish, Astyanax mexicanus, is a model organism for the study of adaptive morphological and behavioral traits. In addition to loss of eyes and pigmentation, cave populations of A. mexicanus exhibit evolutionarily derived sleep loss and increased vibration attraction behavior, presumably to cope with a nutrient-poor environment. Understanding the neural mechanisms of evolutionarily derived sleep loss in this system may reveal critical insights into the regulation of sleep in vertebrates. Here we report that blockade of β-adrenergic receptors with propranolol rescues the decreased-sleep phenotype of cavefish. This effect was not seen with α-adrenergic antagonists. Treatment with selective β1-, β2-, and β3-antagonists revealed that the increased sleep observed with propranolol could partially be explained via the β1-adrenergic system. Morphological analysis of catecholamine circuitry revealed conservation of gross catecholaminergic neuroanatomy between surface and cave morphs. Taken together, these findings suggest that evolutionarily derived changes in adrenergic signaling underlie the reduced sleep of cave populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik R Duboué
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY, USA
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26
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Laurila JMM, Wissel G, Xhaard H, Ruuskanen JO, Johnson MS, Scheinin M. Involvement of the first transmembrane segment of human α(2) -adrenoceptors in the subtype-selective binding of chlorpromazine, spiperone and spiroxatrine. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 164:1558-72. [PMID: 21649638 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01520.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Some large antagonist ligands (ARC239, chlorpromazine, prazosin, spiperone, spiroxatrine) bind to the human α(2A) -adrenoceptor with 10- to 100-fold lower affinity than to the α(2B)- and α(2C)-adrenoceptor subtypes. Previous mutagenesis studies have not explained this subtype selectivity. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The possible involvement of the extracellular amino terminus and transmembrane domain 1 (TM1) in subtype selectivity was elucidated with eight chimaeric receptors: six where TM1 and the N-terminus were exchanged between the α(2)-adrenoceptor subtypes and two where only TM1 was exchanged. Receptors were expressed in CHO cells and tested for ligand binding with nine chemically diverse antagonist ligands. For purposes of interpretation, molecular models of the three human α(2)-adrenoceptors were constructed based on the β(2)-adrenoceptor crystal structure. KEY RESULTS The affinities of three antagonists (spiperone, spiroxatrine and chlorpromazine) were significantly improved by TM1 substitutions of the α(2A)-adrenoceptor, but reciprocal effects were not seen for chimaeric receptors based on α(2B)- and α(2C)-adrenoceptors. Molecular docking of these ligands suggested that binding occurs in the orthosteric ligand binding pocket. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS TM1 is involved in determining the low affinity of some antagonist ligands at the human α(2A)-adrenoceptor. The exact mechanism is not known, but the position of TM1 at a large distance from the binding pocket indicates that TM1 does not participate in specific side-chain interactions with amino acids within the binding pocket of the receptor or with ligands bound therein. Instead, molecular models suggest that TM1 has indirect conformational effects related to the charge distribution or overall shape of the binding pocket.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M M Laurila
- Department of Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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Zebrafish: a model for the study of addiction genetics. Hum Genet 2011; 131:977-1008. [PMID: 22207143 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-011-1128-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2011] [Accepted: 12/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Drug abuse and dependence are multifaceted disorders with complex genetic underpinnings. Identifying specific genetic correlates is challenging and may be more readily accomplished by defining endophenotypes specific for addictive disorders. Symptoms and syndromes, including acute drug response, consumption, preference, and withdrawal, are potential endophenotypes characterizing addiction that have been investigated using model organisms. We present a review of major genes involved in serotonergic, dopaminergic, GABAergic, and adrenoreceptor signaling that are considered to be directly involved in nicotine, opioid, cannabinoid, and ethanol use and dependence. The zebrafish genome encodes likely homologs of the vast majority of these loci. We also review the known expression patterns of these genes in zebrafish. The information presented in this review provides support for the use of zebrafish as a viable model for studying genetic factors related to drug addiction. Expansion of investigations into drug response using model organisms holds the potential to advance our understanding of drug response and addiction in humans.
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Verburg-van Kemenade BML, Ribeiro CMS, Chadzinska M. Neuroendocrine-immune interaction in fish: differential regulation of phagocyte activity by neuroendocrine factors. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2011; 172:31-8. [PMID: 21262228 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2011.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2010] [Revised: 01/07/2011] [Accepted: 01/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Coping with physical, chemical and biological disturbances depends on an extensive repertoire of physiological, endocrinological and immunological responses. Fish provide intriguing models to study bi-directional interaction between the neuroendocrine and the immune systems. Macrophages and granulocytes are the main actors in the first and rapid innate immune response. They are resident in different organs and are moreover rapidly recruited and activated upon infection. They act in response to recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) via a repertoire of surface and intracellular receptors by inducing a plethora of defense reactions aiming to eradicate the pathogen. Subsequent production of inflammatory mediators stimulates other leukocytes required to develop an adaptive and specific antibody response. The type of phagocyte reaction will therefore depend on their differentiation state, specific receptor repertoire and their specific location. Apart from these pathogen induced responses, immune reactivity may be modulated by neuroendocrine factors. Over the last years we extensively studied changes in carp stress axis activity and the effect of its end-products on the immune system in an acute stress paradigm. We focus on specific neuroendocrine receptors on leukocytes and their effect on crucial phagocyte activities. We performed identification and functional analyses of different glucocorticoid, opioid and adrenergic receptors on carp phagocytes. Results show that their ligands of neuroendocrine origin may have substantial impact on specific phagocyte functions in a differential way. Inflammatory and microbicidal responses fight pathogens but may be detrimental to the host tissue. Neuroendocrine modulation may regulate inflammation to reach an optimum defense while preventing excessive host cell damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M L Verburg-van Kemenade
- Cell Biology & Immunology Group, Wageningen University, Marijkeweg 40, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Maximino C, Herculano AM. A Review of Monoaminergic Neuropsychopharmacology in Zebrafish. Zebrafish 2010; 7:359-78. [DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2010.0669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Caio Maximino
- Laboratório de Neuroendocrinologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém/PA, Brazil
- Zebrafish Neuroscience Research Consortium
| | - Anderson Manoel Herculano
- Laboratório de Neuroendocrinologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém/PA, Brazil
- Zebrafish Neuroscience Research Consortium
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Panula P, Chen YC, Priyadarshini M, Kudo H, Semenova S, Sundvik M, Sallinen V. The comparative neuroanatomy and neurochemistry of zebrafish CNS systems of relevance to human neuropsychiatric diseases. Neurobiol Dis 2010; 40:46-57. [PMID: 20472064 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2010.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 306] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2010] [Revised: 05/05/2010] [Accepted: 05/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Modulatory neurotransmitters which signal through G protein-coupled receptors control brain functions which deteriorate in degenerative brain diseases. During the past decade many of these systems have been mapped in the zebrafish brain. The main architecture of the systems in zebrafish brain resembles that of the mammals, despite differences in the development of the telencephalon and mesodiencephalon. Modulatory neurotransmitters systems which degenerate in human diseases include dopamine, noradrenaline, serotonin, histamine, acetylcholine and orexin/hypocretin. Although the number of G protein-coupled receptors in zebrafish is clearly larger than in mammals, many receptors have similar expression patterns, binding and signaling properties as in mammals. Distinct differences between mammals and zebrafish include duplication of the tyrosine hydroxylase gene in zebrafish, and presence of one instead of two monoamine oxidase genes. Zebrafish are sensitive to neurotoxins including MPTP, and exposure to this neurotoxin induces a decline in dopamine content and number of detectable tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive neurons in distinct nuclei. Sensitivity to important neurotoxins, many available genetic methods, rapid development and large-scale quantitative behavioral methods in addition to advanced quantitative anatomical methods render zebrafish an optimal organism for studies on disease mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Panula
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, POB 63, FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland.
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Cornil CA, Ball GF. Interplay among catecholamine systems: dopamine binds to alpha2-adrenergic receptors in birds and mammals. J Comp Neurol 2008; 511:610-27. [PMID: 18924139 PMCID: PMC2858410 DOI: 10.1002/cne.21861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Dopaminergic and adrenergic receptors are G-protein-coupled receptors considered to be different based on their pharmacology and signaling pathways. Some receptor subtypes that are members of one family are actually closer in phylogenetic terms to some subtypes belonging to the other family, suggesting that the pharmacological specificity among these receptors from different families is not perfect. Indeed, evidence is accumulating that one amine can cross-talk with receptors belonging to the other system. However, most of these observations were collected in vitro using artificial cell models transfected with cloned receptors, so that the occurrence of this phenomenon in vivo as well as its distribution in the central nervous system is not known. In this study the pharmacological basis of possible in vivo interactions between dopamine and alpha(2)-adrenergic receptors was investigated in quail, zebra finches, and rats. Binding competitions showed that dopamine displaces the binding of the selective alpha(2)-adrenergic ligand, [(3)H]RX821002, in the brain of the three species with an affinity approximately 10-28-fold lower than that of norepinephrine. Dopamine also displaces with an affinity 3-fold lower than norepinephrine the binding of [(3)H]RX821002 to human alpha(h2A)-adrenergic receptors expressed in Sf9 cells. The anatomical distribution of this interaction was assessed in brain slices of quail and rat based on autoradiographic methods. Both norepinephrine and dopamine significantly displace [(3)H]RX821002 binding in all brain nuclei considered. Together, these data provide evidence for an interaction between the dopaminergic and noradrenergic systems in the vertebrate brain, albeit with species variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte A Cornil
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA.
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Larsson TA, Olsson F, Sundstrom G, Lundin LG, Brenner S, Venkatesh B, Larhammar D. Early vertebrate chromosome duplications and the evolution of the neuropeptide Y receptor gene regions. BMC Evol Biol 2008; 8:184. [PMID: 18578868 PMCID: PMC2453138 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-8-184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2008] [Accepted: 06/25/2008] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background One of the many gene families that expanded in early vertebrate evolution is the neuropeptide (NPY) receptor family of G-protein coupled receptors. Earlier work by our lab suggested that several of the NPY receptor genes found in extant vertebrates resulted from two genome duplications before the origin of jawed vertebrates (gnathostomes) and one additional genome duplication in the actinopterygian lineage, based on their location on chromosomes sharing several gene families. In this study we have investigated, in five vertebrate genomes, 45 gene families with members close to the NPY receptor genes in the compact genomes of the teleost fishes Tetraodon nigroviridis and Takifugu rubripes. These correspond to Homo sapiens chromosomes 4, 5, 8 and 10. Results Chromosome regions with conserved synteny were identified and confirmed by phylogenetic analyses in H. sapiens, M. musculus, D. rerio, T. rubripes and T. nigroviridis. 26 gene families, including the NPY receptor genes, (plus 3 described recently by other labs) showed a tree topology consistent with duplications in early vertebrate evolution and in the actinopterygian lineage, thereby supporting expansion through block duplications. Eight gene families had complications that precluded analysis (such as short sequence length or variable number of repeated domains) and another eight families did not support block duplications (because the paralogs in these families seem to have originated in another time window than the proposed genome duplication events). RT-PCR carried out with several tissues in T. rubripes revealed that all five NPY receptors were expressed in the brain and subtypes Y2, Y4 and Y8 were also expressed in peripheral organs. Conclusion We conclude that the phylogenetic analyses and chromosomal locations of these gene families support duplications of large blocks of genes or even entire chromosomes. Thus, these results are consistent with two early vertebrate tetraploidizations forming a paralogon comprising human chromosomes 4, 5, 8 and 10 and one teleost tetraploidization. The combination of positional and phylogenetic data further strengthens the identification of orthologs and paralogs in the NPY receptor family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas A Larsson
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Box 593, 75124 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Xhaard H, Backström V, Denessiouk K, Johnson MS. Coordination of Na+ by Monoamine Ligands in Dopamine, Norepinephrine, and Serotonin Transporters. J Chem Inf Model 2008; 48:1423-37. [DOI: 10.1021/ci700255d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Henri Xhaard
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacy, Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6 A, Turku, FI-20520 Finland
| | - Vera Backström
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacy, Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6 A, Turku, FI-20520 Finland
| | - Konstantin Denessiouk
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacy, Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6 A, Turku, FI-20520 Finland
| | - Mark S. Johnson
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacy, Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6 A, Turku, FI-20520 Finland
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Fabbri E, Chen X, Capuzzo A, Moon TW. Binding kinetics and sequencing of hepatic alpha1-adrenergic receptors in two marine teleosts, mackerel (Scomber scombrus) and anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 309:157-65. [PMID: 18273865 DOI: 10.1002/jez.441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Liver alpha(1)-adrenoceptors (ARs) are demonstrated, or at least hypothesized, in freshwater and brackish-water teleosts, whereas no data are available for marine teleosts. This study evaluates the presence of alpha(1)-ARs in the liver of two marine teleosts, the anchovy Engraulis encrasicolus and the mackerel Scomber scombrus, and examines on a broad scale the possibility that habitats posing different challenges also influence phenotypic trait selection. Binding assays were performed also on liver membranes from the carp Cyprinus carpio as a direct comparison with a freshwater species. Scatchard analysis of [(3)H]prazosin binding to purified liver membranes from anchovy, mackerel and carp resulted in K(d) values of 1.51+/-0.085, 1.26+/-0.098, and 2.61+/-0.22 nM, and B(max) values of 87.4+/-9.12, 77+/-8.29, and 115.22+/-3.31 fmol/mg protein, respectively. Thus, alpha(1)-ARs of the two marine teleosts showed higher [(3)H]prazosin affinity compared with those of the freshwater/brackish-water fish studied thus far, whereas the number of liver binding sites did not differ significantly from that of carp, eel or trout. A preliminary phylogeny based on amino acid sequence analysis indicated the presence of at least an alpha(1A)-AR in mackerel and an alpha(1D)-AR in both anchovy and mackerel. This is the first indication of alpha(1)-AR subtypes in any marine species, but further studies are needed to ascertain the physiological role of these alpha(1)-ARs in these two marine species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Fabbri
- Interdepartment Centre for Environmental Science Research, University of Bologna, Ravenna, Italy.
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Ampatzis K, Kentouri M, Dermon CR. Neuronal and glial localization of alpha(2A)-adrenoceptors in the adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) brain. J Comp Neurol 2008; 508:72-93. [PMID: 18300261 DOI: 10.1002/cne.21663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The alpha(2A)-adrenoceptor (AR) subtype, a G protein-coupled receptor located both pre- and postsynaptically, mediates adrenaline/noradrenaline functions. The present study aimed to determine the alpha(2A)-AR distribution in the adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) brain by means of immunocytochemistry. Detailed mapping showed labeling of alpha(2A)-ARs, in neuropil, neuronal somata and fibers, glial processes, and blood vessels. A high density of alpha(2A)-AR immunoreactivity was found in the ventral telencephalic area, preoptic, pretectal, hypothalamic areas, torus semicircularis, oculomotor nucleus (NIII), locus coreruleus (LC), medial raphe, medial octavolateralis nucleus (MON), magnocellular octaval nucleus (MaON), reticular formation (SRF, IMRF, IRF), rhombencephalic nerves and roots (DV, V, VII, VIII, X), and cerebellar Purkinje cell layer. Moderate levels of alpha(2A)-ARs were observed in the medial and central zone nuclei of dorsal telencephalic area, in the periventricular gray zone of optic tectum, in the dorsomedial part of optic tectum layers, and in the molecular and granular layers of all cerebellum subdivisions. Glial processes were found to express alpha(2A)-ARs in rhombencephalon, intermingled with neuronal fibers. Medium-sized neurons were labeled in telencephalic, diencephalic, and mesencephlic areas, whereas densely labeled large neurons were found in rhombencephalon, locus coeruleus, reticular formation, oculomotor area, medial octavolateralis and magnocellular octaval nuclei, and Purkinje cell somata. The functional role of alpha(2A)-ARs on neurons and glial processes is not known at present; however, their strong relation to the ventricular system, somatosensory nuclei, and nerves supports a possible regulatory role of alpha(2A)-ARs in autonomic functions, nerve output, and sensory integration in adult zebrafish brain.
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Postlethwait JH. The zebrafish genome in context: ohnologs gone missing. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2007; 308:563-77. [PMID: 17068775 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.21137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Some zebrafish genes appear to lack an ortholog in the human genome and researchers often call them "novel" genes. The origin of many so-called "novel" genes becomes apparent when considered in the context of genome duplication events that occurred during evolution of the phylum Chordata, including two rounds at about the origin of the subphylum Vertebrata (R1 and R2) and one round before the teleost radiation (R3). Ohnologs are paralogs stemming from such genome duplication events, and some zebrafish genes said to be "novel" are more appropriately interpreted as "ohnologs gone missing", cases in which ohnologs are preserved differentially in different evolutionary lineages. Here we consider ohnologs present in the zebrafish genome but absent from the human genome. Reasonable hypotheses are that lineage-specific loss of ohnologs can play a role in establishing lineage divergence and in the origin of developmental innovations. How does the evolution of ohnologs differ from the evolution of gene duplicates arising from other mechanisms, such as tandem duplication or retrotransposition? To what extent do different major vertebrate lineages or different teleost lineages differ in ohnolog content? What roles do differences in ohnolog content play in the origin of developmental mechanisms that differ among lineages? This review explores these questions.
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Laurila JMM, Xhaard H, Ruuskanen JO, Rantanen MJM, Karlsson HK, Johnson MS, Scheinin M. The second extracellular loop of alpha2A-adrenoceptors contributes to the binding of yohimbine analogues. Br J Pharmacol 2007; 151:1293-304. [PMID: 17558432 PMCID: PMC2189838 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0707330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Rodent alpha(2A)-adrenoceptors bind the classical alpha(2)-antagonists yohimbine and rauwolscine with lower affinity than the human alpha(2A)-adrenoceptor. A serine-cysteine difference in the fifth transmembrane helix (TM; position 5.43) partially explains this, but all determinants of the interspecies binding selectivity are not known. Molecular models of alpha(2A)-adrenoceptors suggest that the second extracellular loop (XL2) folds above the binding cavity and may participate in antagonist binding. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Amino acids facing the binding cavity were identified using molecular models: side chains of residues 5.43 in TM5 and xl2.49 and xl2.51 in XL2 differ between the mouse and human receptors. Reciprocal mutations were made in mouse and human alpha(2A)-adrenoceptors at positions 5.43, xl2.49 and xl2.51, and tested with a set of thirteen chemically diverse ligands in competition binding assays. KEY RESULTS Reciprocal effects on the binding of yohimbine and rauwolscine in human and mouse alpha(2A)-adrenoceptors were observed for mutations at 5.43, xl2.49 and xl2.51. The binding profile of RS-79948-197 was reversed only by the XL2 substitutions. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Positions 5.43, xl2.49 and xl2.51 are major determinants of the species preference for yohimbine and rauwolscine of the human versus mouse alpha(2A)-adrenoceptors. Residues at positions xl2.49 and xl2.51 determine the binding preference of RS-79948-197 for the human alpha(2A)-adrenoceptor. Thus, XL2 is involved in determining the species preferences of alpha(2A)-adrenoceptors of human and mouse for some antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M M Laurila
- Department of Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics, University of Turku, Itäinen Pitkäkatu 4B, FL-20520 Turku, Finland.
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Amemiya CT, Gomez-Chiarri M. Comparative genomics in vertebrate evolution and development. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 305:672-82. [PMID: 16902957 DOI: 10.1002/jez.a.308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The vast quantities of publicly available DNA sequencing data and genome resources are enabling biologists to investigate age-old problems in biology that were not addressable previously. In this review, we discuss how comparative genomics is practiced and how the data can be used to make biological inferences with respect to vertebrate evolution and development. Examples are taken from the well-known HOX clusters, which are always a high-priority target for genomic analyses due to their inferred role in the evolution of metazoans. In addition, we briefly discuss the application of genomic approaches to problems in comparative endocrinology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris T Amemiya
- Molecular Genetics Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington 98101, USA.
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Guinzberg R, Cortés D, Díaz-Cruz A, Riveros-Rosas H, Villalobos-Molina R, Piña E. Inosine released after hypoxia activates hepatic glucose liberation through A3 adenosine receptors. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2006; 290:E940-51. [PMID: 16352677 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00173.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Inosine, an endogenous nucleoside, has recently been shown to exert potent effects on the immune, neural, and cardiovascular systems. This work addresses modulation of intermediary metabolism by inosine through adenosine receptors (ARs) in isolated rat hepatocytes. We conducted an in silico search in the GenBank and complete genomic sequence databases for additional adenosine/inosine receptors and for a feasible physiological role of inosine in homeostasis. Inosine stimulated glycogenolysis (approximately 40%, EC50 4.2 x 10(-9) M), gluconeogenesis (approximately 40%, EC50 7.8 x 10(-9) M), and ureagenesis (approximately 130%, EC50 7.0 x 10(-8) M) compared with basal values; these effects were blunted by the selective A3 AR antagonist 9-chloro-2-(2-furanyl)-5-[(phenylacetyl)amino][1,2,4]-triazolo[1,5-c]quinazoline (MRS 1220) but not by selective A1, A2A, and A2B AR antagonists. In addition, MRS 1220 antagonized inosine-induced transient increase (40%) in cytosolic Ca2+ and enhanced (90%) glycogen phosphorylase activity. Inosine-induced Ca2+ mobilization was desensitized by adenosine; in a reciprocal manner, inosine desensitized adenosine action. Inosine decreased the cAMP pool in hepatocytes when A1, A2A, and A2B AR were blocked by a mixture of selective antagonists. Inosine-promoted metabolic changes were unrelated to cAMP decrease but were Ca2+ dependent because they were absent in hepatocytes incubated in EGTA- or BAPTA-AM-supplemented Ca2+-free medium. After in silico analysis, no additional cognate adenosine/inosine receptors were found in human, mouse, and rat. In both perfused rat liver and isolated hepatocytes, hypoxia/reoxygenation produced an increase in inosine, adenosine, and glucose release; these actions were quantitatively greater in perfused rat liver than in isolated cells. Moreover, all of these effects were impaired by the antagonist MRS 1220. On the basis of results obtained, known higher extracellular inosine levels under ischemic conditions, and inosine's higher sensitivity for stimulating hepatic gluconeogenesis, it is suggested that, after tissular ischemia, inosine contributes to the maintenance of homeostasis by releasing glucose from the liver through stimulation of A3 ARs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Guinzberg
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apdo. Postal 70159, Mexico City, 04510, Mexico
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Xhaard H, Rantanen VV, Nyrönen T, Johnson MS. Molecular evolution of adrenoceptors and dopamine receptors: implications for the binding of catecholamines. J Med Chem 2006; 49:1706-19. [PMID: 16509586 DOI: 10.1021/jm0511031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We derived homology models for all human catecholamine-binding GPCRs (CABRs; the alpha-1, alpha-2, and beta-adrenoceptors and the D1-type and D2-type dopamine receptor) using the bovine rhodopsin-11-cis-retinal X-ray structure. Interactions were predicted from the endogenous ligands norepinephrine or dopamine and from the binding site and were used to optimize receptor-ligand interactions. Similar binding modes in the complexes agree with a large "binding core" conserved across the CABRs, that is, D3.32, V(I)3.33, T3.37, S5.42, S(A/C)5.43, S5.46, F6.51, F6.52, and W6.48. Model structures and docking simulations suggest that extracellular loop 2 could provide a common attachment point for the ligands' beta-hydroxyl via a hydrogen bond donated by the main-chain NH group of residue xl2.52. The modeled CABRs and docking modes are in good agreement with published experimental studies. Complementarity between the ligand and the binding site suggests that the bovine rhodopsin structure is a suitable template for modeling agonist-bound CABRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henri Xhaard
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacy, Abo Akademi University, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
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Abstract
Ankyrins are membrane adaptor molecules that play important roles in coupling integral membrane proteins to the spectrin-based cytoskeleton network. Human mutations of ankyrin genes lead to severe genetic diseases such as fatal cardiac arrhythmias and hereditary spherocytosis. To elucidate the evolutionary history of ankyrins, we have identified novel ankyrin sequences in insect, fish, frog, chicken, dog, and chimpanzee genomes and explored the phylogenetic relationships of the ankyrin gene family. Our data demonstrate that duplication of ankyrin genes occurred at two different stages. The first duplication resulted from an independent evolution event specific in Arthropoda after its divergence from Chordata. Following the separation from Urochordata, expansion of ankyrins in vertebrates involved ancestral genome duplications. We did not find evidence of coordinated arrangements of gene families of ankyrin-associated membrane proteins on paralogous chromosomes. In addition, evolution of the 24 ANK-repeats strikingly correlated with the exon boundary sites of ankyrin genes, which might have occurred before its duplication in vertebrates. Such correlation is speculated to bring functional diversity and complexity. Moreover, based on the phylogenetic analysis of the ANK-repeat domain, we put forward a novel model for the putative primordial ankyrin that contains the fourth six-ANK-repeat subdomain and the spectrin-binding domain. These findings will provide guides for future studies concerning structure, function, evolutionary origins of ankyrins, and possibly other cytoskeletal proteins.
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Jaakola VP, Vainio M, Sen S, Rehn M, Heimo H, Scheinin M, Goldman A. Intracellularly truncated human alpha2B-adrenoceptors: stable and functional GPCRs for structural studies. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2005; 25:99-124. [PMID: 16149769 DOI: 10.1081/rrs-200068745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
All three alpha2-adrenoceptor subtypes have a long third intracellular loop (3i), which is conserved by overall size and charge-hydrophobic properties but not by amino acid sequence similarity. These properties must be relevant for function and structure, because they have been preserved during hundreds of millions of years of evolution. The contribution of different loop portions to agonist/antagonist binding properties and G protein coupling of the human alpha2B-adrenoceptor (alpha2B-AR) was investigated with a series of 3i truncated constructs (delta3i). We used a variety of agonists/antagonists in competition binding assays. We stimulated alpha2B-AR delta3i with various agonists and measured [35S]GTPgammaS binding in isolated cell membranes with or without antagonist inhibition. We also evaluated the ability of oligopeptides, analogous to the amino and carboxyl terminal parts of 3i, to promote G protein activation, monitored with the [35S]GTPgammaS assay. Our results reveal that the carboxyl end residues of 3i, R360(6.24) to V372(6.36), are important for Gi/Go protein activation. Deletions in regions from G206(5.72) to R245(5.110) altered the binding of some alpha2B-AR agonists, indicating that agonist binding is dependent on the conformation of the 3i domain, possibly through the involvement of G protein interactions. The truncated receptor constructs may be more stable on purification and thus be useful for structural characterization of alpha2B-AR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veli-Pekka Jaakola
- Institute of Biotechnology, Biocenter 3, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Schiöth HB, Haitina T, Ling MK, Ringholm A, Fredriksson R, Cerdá-Reverter JM, Klovins J. Evolutionary conservation of the structural, pharmacological, and genomic characteristics of the melanocortin receptor subtypes. Peptides 2005; 26:1886-900. [PMID: 15985310 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2004.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2004] [Accepted: 11/21/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We have cloned melanocortin receptors (MCRs) from several species of fish. The MC4R and MC5R subtypes arose early in vertebrate evolution and their primary structure is remarkably conserved. Expression and pharmacological characterization of the MCRs in fish has revealed that they bind and respond to melanocortin peptides with high potency. Detailed characterization of the binding properties of the different subtypes suggests that MCRs in early vertebrates had preference for adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) peptides, while the high sensitivity for the shorter proopiomelanocortin (POMC) products, such as the alpha-, beta-, and gamma-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH), has appeared later, perhaps as the MCR subtypes gained more specialized functions. The MCR repertoire shows in general high similarities in their primary structures, while they are however not similar in terms of functional roles. The MCRs serve therefore as an interesting model family to understand the molecular mechanisms of how functions of the genes can diverge during evolution. In this review, we provide an overview of our recent studies on the cloning, expression, pharmacology, 3D modeling, and genomic studies of the MCRs in non-mammalian species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helgi B Schiöth
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Biomedical Centre, Box 593, SE75124 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Ruuskanen JO, Peitsaro N, Kaslin JVM, Panula P, Scheinin M. Expression and function of alpha-adrenoceptors in zebrafish: drug effects, mRNA and receptor distributions. J Neurochem 2005; 94:1559-69. [PMID: 16000146 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2005.03305.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The alpha2-adrenoceptors are G-protein-coupled receptors that mediate many of the physiological effects of norepinephrine and epinephrine. Mammals have three subtypes of alpha2-adrenoceptors, alpha2A, alpha2B and alpha2C. Zebrafish, a teleost fish used widely as a model organism, has five distinct alpha2-adrenoceptor genes. The zebrafish has emerged as a powerful tool to study development and genetics, with many mutations causing diseases reminiscent of human diseases. Three of the zebrafish adra2 genes code for orthologues of the mammalian alpha2-adrenoceptors, while two genes code for alpha2Da- and alpha2Db- adrenoceptors, representing a duplicated, fourth alpha2-adrenoceptor subtype. The three different mammalian alpha2-adrenoceptor subtypes have distinct expression patterns in different organs and tissues, and mediate different physiological functions. The zebrafish alpha2-adrenergic system, with five different alpha2-adrenoceptors, appears more complicated. In order to deduce the physiological functions of the zebrafish alpha2-adrenoceptors, we localized the expression of the five different alpha2-adrenoceptor subtypes using RT-PCR, mRNA in situ hybridization, and receptor autoradiography using the radiolabelled alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonist [ethyl-3H]RS-79948-197. Localization of the alpha2A-, alpha2B- and alpha2C-adrenoceptors in zebrafish shows marked conservation when compared with mammals. The zebrafish alpha2A, alpha2Da, and alpha2Db each partially follow the distribution pattern of the mammalian alpha2A: a possible indication of subfunction partitioning between these subtypes. The alpha2-adrenergic system is functional in zebrafish also in vivo, as demonstrated by marked locomotor inhibition, similarly to mammals, and lightening of skin colour induced by the specific alpha2-adrenoceptor agonist, dexmedetomidine. Both effects were antagonized by the specific alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonist atipamezole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jori O Ruuskanen
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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Ruuskanen JO, Laurila J, Xhaard H, Rantanen VV, Vuoriluoto K, Wurster S, Marjamäki A, Vainio M, Johnson MS, Scheinin M. Conserved structural, pharmacological and functional properties among the three human and five zebrafish alpha 2-adrenoceptors. Br J Pharmacol 2005; 144:165-77. [PMID: 15655522 PMCID: PMC1575993 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0706057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
1. Zebrafish has five distinct alpha(2)-adrenoceptors. Two of these, alpha(2Da) and alpha(2Db), represent a duplicated, fourth alpha(2)-adrenoceptor subtype, while the others are orthologue of the human alpha(2A)-, alpha(2B)- and alpha(2C)-adrenoceptors. Here, we have compared the pharmacological properties of these receptors to infer structural determinants of ligand interactions. 2. The zebrafish alpha(2)-adrenoceptors were expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells and tested in competitive ligand binding assays and in a functional assay (agonist-stimulated [(35)S]GTPgammaS binding). The affinity results were used to cluster the receptors and, separately, the ligands using both principal component analysis and binary trees. 3. The overall ligand binding characteristics, the order of potency and efficacy of the tested agonists and the G-protein coupling of the zebrafish and human alpha(2)-adrenoceptors, separated by approximately 350 million years of evolution, were found to be highly conserved. The binding affinities of the 20 tested ligands towards the zebrafish alpha(2)-adrenoceptors are generally comparable to those of their human counterparts, with a few compounds showing up to 40-fold affinity differences. 4. The alpha(2A) orthologues and the zebrafish alpha(2D) duplicates clustered as close pairs, but the relationships between the orthologues of alpha(2B) and alpha(2C) were not clearly defined. Applied to the ligands, our clustering methods segregated the ligands based on their chemical structures and functional properties. As the ligand binding pockets formed by the transmembrane helices show only minor differences among the alpha(2)-adrenoceptors, we suggest that the second extracellular loop--where significant sequence variability is located --might contribute significantly to the observed affinity differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jori O Ruuskanen
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Turku, Itäinen Pitkäkatu 4 B, Turku FI-20520, Finland
- Turku Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Jonne Laurila
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Turku, Itäinen Pitkäkatu 4 B, Turku FI-20520, Finland
| | - Henri Xhaard
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacy, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Ville-Veikko Rantanen
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacy, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
- Department of Mathematics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Karoliina Vuoriluoto
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Turku, Itäinen Pitkäkatu 4 B, Turku FI-20520, Finland
| | | | - Anne Marjamäki
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Turku, Itäinen Pitkäkatu 4 B, Turku FI-20520, Finland
| | - Minna Vainio
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Turku, Itäinen Pitkäkatu 4 B, Turku FI-20520, Finland
| | - Mark S Johnson
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacy, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Mika Scheinin
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Turku, Itäinen Pitkäkatu 4 B, Turku FI-20520, Finland
- Author for correspondence:
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Xhaard H, Nyrönen T, Rantanen VV, Ruuskanen JO, Laurila J, Salminen T, Scheinin M, Johnson MS. Model structures of α-2 adrenoceptors in complex with automatically docked antagonist ligands raise the possibility of interactions dissimilar from agonist ligands. J Struct Biol 2005; 150:126-43. [PMID: 15866736 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2004.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2004] [Revised: 12/20/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Antagonist binding to alpha-2 adrenoceptors (alpha2-ARs) is not well understood. Structural models were constructed for the three human alpha2-AR subtypes based on the bovine rhodopsin X-ray structure. Twelve antagonist ligands (including covalently binding phenoxybenzamine) were automatically docked to the models. A hallmark of agonist binding is the electrostatic interaction between a positive charge on the agonist and the negatively charged side chain of D3.32. For antagonist binding, ion-pair formation would require deviations of the models from the rhodopsin structural template, e.g., a rotation of TM3 to relocate D3.32 more centrally within the binding cavity, and/or creation of new space near TM2/TM7 such that antagonists would be shifted away from TM5. Thus, except for the quinazolines, antagonist ligands automatically docked to the model structures did not form ion-pairs with D3.32. This binding mode represents a valid alternative, whereby the positive charge on the antagonists is stabilized by cation-pi interactions with aromatic residues (e.g., F6.51) and antagonists interact with D3.32 via carboxylate-aromatic interactions. This binding mode is in good agreement with maps derived from a molecular interaction library that predicts favorable atomic contacts; similar interaction environments are seen for unrelated proteins in complex with ligands sharing similarities with the alpha2-AR antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henri Xhaard
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacy, Abo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6 A, FIN-20520 Turku, Finland
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Jaakola VP, Prilusky J, Sussman JL, Goldman A. G protein-coupled receptors show unusual patterns of intrinsic unfolding. Protein Eng Des Sel 2005; 18:103-10. [PMID: 15790574 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzi004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrinsically unstructured proteins (IUPs) or IUP-like regions often play key roles in controlling processes ranging from transcription to the cell cycle. In silico such proteins can be identified by their sequence properties; they have low hydrophobicity and high net charge. In this study, we applied the FoldIndex (http://bioportal.weizmann.ac.il/fldbin/findex) program to analyze human G protein-coupled receptors and compared them with membrane proteins of known structure and with IUPs. We show that human G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) extramembranous domains include long (>50 residues) disordered segments, unlike membrane proteins of known structure. The predicted disorder occurred primarily in the N-terminal, C-terminal and third intracellular domain regions: 55, 69 and 56% of the human GPCRs were disordered in these regions, respectively. This increased flexibility may therefore be critical for GPCR function. Surprisingly, however, the kinds of residues used in GPCR unstructured regions were different than in hitherto-identified IUPs. The GPCR third intracellular loop domains contain very high percentages of Arg, Lys and His residues, especially Arg, but the percentage of Glu, Asp and Pro is no higher than in folded proteins. We propose that this has structural and functional consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veli-Pekka Jaakola
- Institute of Biotechnology (Biocenter 3), University of Helsinki, PO Box 65, Viikinkaari 1, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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Zikopoulos B, Dermon CR. Comparative anatomy of α2 and β adrenoceptors in the adult and developing brain of the marine teleost the red porgy (Pagrus pagrus, Sparidae): [3H]clonidine and [3H]dihydroalprenolol quantitative autoradiography and receptor subtypes immunohistochemistry. J Comp Neurol 2005; 489:217-40. [PMID: 15984005 DOI: 10.1002/cne.20641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to determine the anatomic distribution and developmental profile of alpha(2) and beta adrenoceptors (AR) in marine teleost brain. Alpha 2 and beta adrenoceptors were studied at different developmental stages by using [(3)H]clonidine and [(3)H]dihydroalprenolol, respectively, by means of in vitro quantitative autoradiography. Furthermore, immunohistochemical localization of the receptor subtypes was performed to determine their cellular distribution. Saturation studies determined a high-affinity component of [(3)H]clonidine and [(3)H]dihydroalprenolol binding sites. High levels of both receptors were found in preglomerular complex, ventral hypothalamus, and lateral torus. Dorsal hypothalamus and isthmus included high levels of alpha(2) AR, whereas pretectum and molecular and proliferative zone of cerebellum were specifically characterized by high densities of beta AR. From the first year of life, adult levels of both AR were found in most medial telencephalic, hypothalamic, and posterior tegmental areas. Decreases in both receptors densities with age were prominent in ventral and posterior telencephalic, pretectal, ventral thalamic, hypothalamic, and tegmental brain regions. Immunohistochemical data were well correlated with autoradiography and demonstrated the presence of alpha(2A), alpha(2C), beta(1), and beta(2) AR subtype-like immunoreactivity. Both the neuronal (perikaryal or dendritic) and the glial localization of receptors was revealed. The localization and age-dependent alterations in alpha(2) and beta AR were parallel to plasticity mechanisms, such as cell proliferation in periventricular thalamus, hypothalamus, and cerebellum. In addition, the biochemical characteristics, distribution pattern, and neuronal or glial specificity of the receptors in teleost brain support a similar profile of noradrenergic transmission in vertebrate brain evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basileios Zikopoulos
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion 71409, Crete, Greece
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Bylund DB. Alpha-2 adrenoceptor subtypes: are more better? Br J Pharmacol 2005; 144:159-60. [PMID: 15655520 PMCID: PMC1575995 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0706060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2004] [Accepted: 10/07/2004] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of an additional duplicated alpha-2 adrenoceptor subtype in the zebrafish raises a pesky nomenclature issue, as well as questions about the functions of the alpha-2 adrenoceptors in the zebrafish and how many alpha-2 receptors does an organism really need.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Bylund
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985800 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5800, USA.
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Moon TW. Hormones and fish hepatocyte metabolism: “the good, the bad and the ugly!”. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2004; 139:335-45. [PMID: 15544959 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2004.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2004] [Revised: 05/31/2004] [Accepted: 06/10/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This short review examines some of my personal experiences with Dr. Peter Hochachka, as a mentor and friend, and how his encouragement led to the research undertaken in my laboratory over the past three decades. Specifically, our work using the fish hepatocyte preparation as a model cell system is reviewed. The hepatocyte is an ideal cellular system that can be used to probe hepatic physiology and biochemistry. The impact of insulin, glucagon and related peptides, and catecholamines is discussed from the perspective of core and diverse functions of these key vertebrate metabolic hormones. Each hormone that operates in fish species was studied in manners similar to that of mammals, but it appears that the role of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) in particular differs substantially from that in mammals. The receptors for each of these fish hormones seem structurally and in some cases functionally quite distinct from those in mammals. Few fish hormone receptor sequences are available, but fish genomists are rapidly adding new sequence information to the existing databases, so our view of the evolution of vertebrate hormone receptors will become clearer very quickly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W Moon
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, PO Box 450, Stn A, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1N 6N5.
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