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Li T, Zhang S, Yao S, Li X, Jia Q, Yuan J, Zhang W, Wang X, Zhang Q. Nonspecific phospholipases C3 and C4 interact with PIN-FORMED2 to regulate growth and tropic responses in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2024; 36:2310-2327. [PMID: 38442314 PMCID: PMC11132888 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koae071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
The dynamic changes in membrane phospholipids affect membrane biophysical properties and cell signaling, thereby influencing numerous biological processes. Nonspecific phospholipase C (NPC) enzymes hydrolyze common phospholipids to release diacylglycerol (DAG), which is converted to phosphatidic acid (PA) and other lipids. In this study, 2 Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) tandemly arrayed genes, NPC3 and NPC4, were identified as critical factors modulating auxin-controlled plant growth and tropic responses. Moreover, NPC3 and NPC4 were shown to interact with the auxin efflux transporter PIN-FORMED2 (PIN2). The loss of NPC3 and NPC4 enhanced the endocytosis and vacuolar degradation of PIN2, which disrupted auxin gradients and slowed gravitropic and halotropic responses. Furthermore, auxin-triggered activation of NPC3 and NPC4 is required for the asymmetric PA distribution that controls PIN2 trafficking dynamics and auxin-dependent tropic responses. Collectively, our study reveals an NPC-derived PA signaling pathway in Arabidopsis auxin fluxes that is essential for fine-tuning the balance between root growth and environmental responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Li
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Shujuan Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Shuaibing Yao
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri-St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63121, USA
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO 63132, USA
| | - Xuebing Li
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Qianru Jia
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, P.R. China
| | - Jingya Yuan
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Wenhua Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Xuemin Wang
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri-St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63121, USA
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO 63132, USA
| | - Qun Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
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2
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Xu M, Tong Z, Jin C, Zhang Q, Lin F, Fang D, Chen X, Zhu T, Lou X, Xiao B, Xu H. Dissection of genetic architecture of nine hazardous component traits of mainstream smoke in tobacco ( Nicotiana tabacum L.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1358953. [PMID: 38779070 PMCID: PMC11109366 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1358953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) use is the leading cause of preventable death, due to deleterious chemical components and smoke from tobacco products, and therefore reducing harmful chemical components in tobacco is one of the crucial tobacco breeding targets. However, due to complexity of tobacco smoke and unavailability of high-density genetic maps, the genetic architecture of representative hazardous smoke has not been fully dissected. The present study aimed to explore the genetic architecture of nine hazardous component traits of mainstream smoke through QTL mapping using 271 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from K326 and Y3 in multiple environments. The analysis of genotype and genotype by environment interaction (GE) revealed substantially greater heritability over 95% contributed mostly by GE interaction effects. We also observed strong genetic correlations among most studied hazardous smoke traits, with the highest correlation coefficient of 0.84 between carbon monoxide and crotonaldehyde. Based on a published high-density genetic map, a total of 19 novel QTLs were detected for eight traits using a full QTL model, of which 17 QTLs showed significant additive effects, six showed significant additive-by-environment interaction effects, and one pair showed significant epistasis-by-environment interaction effect. Bioinformatics analysis of sequence in QTL region predicted six genes as candidates for four traits, of which Nt21g04598.1, Nt21g04600.1, and Nt21g04601.1 had pleiotropic effects on PHE and TAR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manling Xu
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhijun Tong
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biotechnological Breeding, National Tobacco Genetic Engineering Research Center, Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Chengting Jin
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qixin Zhang
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Feng Lin
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Dunhuang Fang
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biotechnological Breeding, National Tobacco Genetic Engineering Research Center, Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Xuejun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biotechnological Breeding, National Tobacco Genetic Engineering Research Center, Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Tianneng Zhu
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiangyang Lou
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Bingguang Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biotechnological Breeding, National Tobacco Genetic Engineering Research Center, Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Haiming Xu
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Takai Y, Hasi RY, Matsumoto N, Fujita C, Ali H, Hayashi J, Kawakami R, Aihara M, Ishikawa T, Imai H, Wakida M, Ando K, Tanaka T. Degradation of glycosylinositol phosphoceramide during plant tissue homogenization. J Biochem 2023; 175:115-124. [PMID: 37827526 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvad080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
A convenient method for the determination of plant sphingolipids (glycosylinositol phosphoceramide, GIPC; glucosylceramide, GluCer; phytoceramide 1-phosphate, PC1P and phytoceramide, PCer) was developed. This method includes the extraction of lipids using 1-butanol, alkali hydrolysis with methylamine and separation by TLC. The amounts of sphingolipids in the sample were determined based on the relative intensities of standard sphingolipids visualized by primulin/UV on TLC. Using this method, we found that almost all GIPCs were degraded in response to tissue homogenization in cruciferous plants (cabbage, broccoli and Arabidopsis thaliana). The decrease in GIPCs was compensated for by increases in PC1P and PCer, indicating that GIPC was degraded by hydrolysis at the D and C positions of GIPC, respectively. In carrot roots and leaves, most of GIPC degradation was compensated for by an increase in PCer. In rice roots, the decrease in GIPCs was not fully explained by the increases in PC1P and PCer, indicating that enzymes other than phospholipase C and D activities operated. As the visualization of lipids on TLC is useful for detecting the appearance or disappearance of lipids, this method will be available for the characterization of metabolism of sphingolipids in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimichi Takai
- Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8513, Japan
| | - Rumana Yesmin Hasi
- Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8513, Japan
| | - Naoko Matsumoto
- Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8513, Japan
| | - Chiho Fujita
- Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8513, Japan
| | - Hanif Ali
- Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8513, Japan
| | - Junji Hayashi
- Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8513, Japan
| | - Ryushi Kawakami
- Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8513, Japan
| | - Mutsumi Aihara
- Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8513, Japan
| | - Toshiki Ishikawa
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Imai
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Natural Science, Konan University, Kobe 658-8501, Japan
| | - Mayuko Wakida
- Department of Sustainable System R&D JTEKT Corporation, Kariya 448-8652, Japan
| | - Kazuya Ando
- Department of Sustainable System R&D JTEKT Corporation, Kariya 448-8652, Japan
| | - Tamotsu Tanaka
- Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8513, Japan
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Sukko N, Kalapanulak S, Saithong T. Trehalose metabolism coordinates transcriptional regulatory control and metabolic requirements to trigger the onset of cassava storage root initiation. Sci Rep 2023; 13:19973. [PMID: 37968317 PMCID: PMC10651926 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47095-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Cassava storage roots (SR) are an important source of food energy and raw material for a wide range of applications. Understanding SR initiation and the associated regulation is critical to boosting tuber yield in cassava. Decades of transcriptome studies have identified key regulators relevant to SR formation, transcriptional regulation and sugar metabolism. However, there remain uncertainties over the roles of the regulators in modulating the onset of SR development owing to the limitation of the widely applied differential gene expression analysis. Here, we aimed to investigate the regulation underlying the transition from fibrous (FR) to SR based on Dynamic Network Biomarker (DNB) analysis. Gene expression analysis during cassava root initiation showed the transition period to SR happened in FR during 8 weeks after planting (FR8). Ninety-nine DNB genes associated with SR initiation and development were identified. Interestingly, the role of trehalose metabolism, especially trehalase1 (TRE1), in modulating metabolites abundance and coordinating regulatory signaling and carbon substrate availability via the connection of transcriptional regulation and sugar metabolism was highlighted. The results agree with the associated DNB characters of TRE1 reported in other transcriptome studies of cassava SR initiation and Attre1 loss of function in literature. The findings help fill the knowledge gap regarding the regulation underlying cassava SR initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nattavat Sukko
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Program, School of Bioresources and Technology and School of Information Technology, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (Bang Khun Thian), Bangkok, 10150, Thailand
| | - Saowalak Kalapanulak
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Program, School of Bioresources and Technology and School of Information Technology, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (Bang Khun Thian), Bangkok, 10150, Thailand.
- School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (Bang Khun Thian), Bangkok, 10150, Thailand.
- Center for Agricultural Systems Biology, Systems Biology and Bioinformatics Research Group, Pilot Plant Development and Training Institute, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (Bang Khun Thian), Bangkok, 10150, Thailand.
| | - Treenut Saithong
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Program, School of Bioresources and Technology and School of Information Technology, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (Bang Khun Thian), Bangkok, 10150, Thailand.
- School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (Bang Khun Thian), Bangkok, 10150, Thailand.
- Center for Agricultural Systems Biology, Systems Biology and Bioinformatics Research Group, Pilot Plant Development and Training Institute, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (Bang Khun Thian), Bangkok, 10150, Thailand.
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5
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Fang Y, Jiang J, Ding H, Li X, Xie X. Phospholipase C: Diverse functions in plant biotic stress resistance and fungal pathogenicity. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2023; 24:1192-1202. [PMID: 37119461 PMCID: PMC10423330 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipase C (PLC) generates various second messenger molecules and mediates phospholipid hydrolysis. In recent years, the important roles of plant and fungal PLC in disease resistance and pathogenicity, respectively, have been determined. However, the roles of PLC in plants and fungi are unintegrated and relevant literature is disorganized. This makes it difficult for researchers to implement PLC-based strategies to improve disease resistance in plants. In this comprehensive review, we summarize the structure, classification, and phylogeny of the PLCs involved in plant biotic stress resistance and fungal pathogenicity. PLCs can be divided into two groups, nonspecific PLC (NPC) and phosphatidylinositol-specific PLC (PI-PLC), which present marked differences in phylogenetic evolution. The products of PLC genes in fungi play significant roles in physiological activity and pathogenesis, whereas those encoded by plant PLC genes mediate the immune response to fungi. This review provides a perspective for the future control of plant fungal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanpeng Fang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural MicrobiologyCollege of Agriculture, Guizhou UniversityGuiyangChina
| | - Junmei Jiang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural BioengineeringMinistry of Education, Guizhou UniversityGuiyangChina
| | - Haixia Ding
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural MicrobiologyCollege of Agriculture, Guizhou UniversityGuiyangChina
| | - Xiangyang Li
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural BioengineeringMinistry of Education, Guizhou UniversityGuiyangChina
| | - Xin Xie
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural MicrobiologyCollege of Agriculture, Guizhou UniversityGuiyangChina
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6
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Chen HC, Huang SC, Chen YF, Kuo CW, Chen YH, Chang MC. Overexpression of OsERF106MZ promotes parental root growth in rice seedlings by relieving the ABA-mediated inhibition of root growth under salinity stress conditions. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:144. [PMID: 36922804 PMCID: PMC10018881 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04136-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Roots are essential for plant growth and have a variety of functions, such as anchoring the plant to the ground, absorbing water and nutrients from the soil, and sensing abiotic stresses, among others. OsERF106MZ is a salinity-induced gene that is expressed in germinating seeds and rice seedling roots. However, the roles of OsERF106MZ in root growth remain poorly understood. RESULTS Histochemical staining to examine β-glucuronidase (GUS) activity in transgenic rice seedlings harboring OsERF106MZp::GUS indicated that OsERF106MZ is mainly expressed in the root exodermis, sclerenchyma layer, and vascular system. OsERF106MZ overexpression in rice seedlings leads to an increase in primary root (PR) length. The phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) is thought to act as a hidden architect of root system structure. The expression of the ABA biosynthetic gene OsAO3 is downregulated in OsERF106MZ-overexpressing roots under normal conditions, while the expression of OsNPC3, an AtNPC4 homolog involved in ABA sensitivity, is reduced in OsERF106MZ-overexpressing roots under both normal and NaCl-treated conditions. Under normal conditions, OsERF106MZ-overexpressing roots show a significantly reduced ABA level; moreover, exogenous application of 1.0 µM ABA can suppress OsERF106MZ-mediated root growth promotion. Additionally, OsERF106MZ-overexpressing roots display less sensitivity to ABA-mediated root growth inhibition when treated with 5.0 µM ABA under normal conditions or exposed to NaCl-treated conditions. Furthermore, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP)-qPCR and luciferase (LUC) reporter assays showed that OsERF106MZ can bind directly to the sequence containing the GCC box in the promoter region of the OsAO3 gene and repress the expression of OsAO3. CONCLUSIONS OsERF106MZ may play a role in maintaining root growth for resource uptake when rice seeds germinate under salinity stress by alleviating ABA-mediated root growth inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Chi Chen
- Department of Agronomy, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shi-Cheng Huang
- Department of Agronomy, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yen-Fu Chen
- Department of Agronomy, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Che-Wei Kuo
- Department of Agronomy, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ying-Hsuan Chen
- Department of Agronomy, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Men-Chi Chang
- Department of Agronomy, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.
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7
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Fan R, Zhao F, Gong Z, Chen Y, Yang B, Zhou C, Zhang J, Du Z, Wang X, Yin P, Guo L, Liu Z. Insights into the mechanism of phospholipid hydrolysis by plant non-specific phospholipase C. Nat Commun 2023; 14:194. [PMID: 36635324 PMCID: PMC9837106 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-35915-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-specific phospholipase C (NPC) hydrolyzes major membrane phospholipids to release diacylglycerol (DAG), a potent lipid-derived messenger regulating cell functions. Despite extensive studies on NPCs reveal their fundamental roles in plant growth and development, the mechanistic understanding of phospholipid-hydrolyzing by NPCs, remains largely unknown. Here we report the crystal structure of Arabidopsis NPC4 at a resolution of 2.1 Å. NPC4 is divided into a phosphoesterase domain (PD) and a C-terminal domain (CTD), and is structurally distinct from other characterized phospholipases. The previously uncharacterized CTD is indispensable for the full activity of NPC4. Mechanistically, CTD contributes NPC4 activity mainly via CTDα1-PD interaction, which ultimately stabilizes the catalytic pocket in PD. Together with a series of structure-guided biochemical studies, our work elucidates the structural basis and provides molecular mechanism of phospholipid hydrolysis by NPC4, and adds new insights into the members of phospholipase family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruyi Fan
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.,Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, 518124, China
| | - Fen Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zhou Gong
- Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Yanke Chen
- Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Bao Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Chen Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zhangmeng Du
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xuemin Wang
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri, St. Louis, MO, 63121, USA.,Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO, 63132, USA
| | - Ping Yin
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Liang Guo
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Zhu Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China. .,Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, 518124, China.
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8
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Hasi RY, Ishikawa T, Sunagawa K, Takai Y, Ali H, Hayashi J, Kawakami R, Yuasa K, Aihara M, Kanemaru K, Imai H, Tanaka T. Nonspecific phospholipase C3 of radish has phospholipase D activity towards glycosylinositol phosphoceramide. FEBS Lett 2022; 596:3024-3036. [PMID: 36266963 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylinositol phosphoceramide (GIPC) is a major sphingolipid in the plasma membranes of plants. Previously, we found an enzyme activity that produces phytoceramide 1-phosphate (PC1P) by hydrolysis of the D position of GIPC in cabbage and named this activity as GIPC-phospholipase D (PLD). Here, we purified GIPC-PLD by sequential chromatography from radish roots. Peptide mass fingerprinting analysis revealed that the potential candidate for GIPC-PLD protein was nonspecific phospholipase C3 (NPC3), which has not been characterized as a PLD. The recombinant NPC3 protein obtained by heterologous expression system in Escherichia coli produced PC1P from GIPC and showed essentially the same enzymatic properties as those we characterized as GIPC-PLD in cabbage, radish and Arabidopsis thaliana. From these results, we conclude that NPC3 is one of the enzymes that degrade GIPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rumana Yesmin Hasi
- Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Sciences, Tokushima University, Japan
| | - Toshiki Ishikawa
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Japan
| | - Keigo Sunagawa
- Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Sciences, Tokushima University, Japan
| | - Yoshimichi Takai
- Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Sciences, Tokushima University, Japan
| | - Hanif Ali
- Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Sciences, Tokushima University, Japan
| | - Junji Hayashi
- Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Sciences, Tokushima University, Japan
| | - Ryushi Kawakami
- Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Sciences, Tokushima University, Japan
| | - Keizo Yuasa
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Setsunan University, Neyagawa, Japan
| | - Mutsumi Aihara
- Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Sciences, Tokushima University, Japan
| | - Kaori Kanemaru
- Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Sciences, Tokushima University, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Imai
- Graduate School of Natural Science, Konan University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Tamotsu Tanaka
- Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Sciences, Tokushima University, Japan
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9
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Ali U, Lu S, Fadlalla T, Iqbal S, Yue H, Yang B, Hong Y, Wang X, Guo L. The functions of phospholipases and their hydrolysis products in plant growth, development and stress responses. Prog Lipid Res 2022; 86:101158. [PMID: 35134459 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2022.101158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cell membranes are the initial site of stimulus perception from environment and phospholipids are the basic and important components of cell membranes. Phospholipases hydrolyze membrane lipids to generate various cellular mediators. These phospholipase-derived products, such as diacylglycerol, phosphatidic acid, inositol phosphates, lysophopsholipids, and free fatty acids, act as second messengers, playing vital roles in signal transduction during plant growth, development, and stress responses. This review focuses on the structure, substrate specificities, reaction requirements, and acting mechanism of several phospholipase families. It will discuss their functional significance in plant growth, development, and stress responses. In addition, it will highlight some critical knowledge gaps in the action mechanism, metabolic and signaling roles of these phospholipases and their products in the context of plant growth, development and stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usman Ali
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Shaoping Lu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Tarig Fadlalla
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Sidra Iqbal
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Department of Agriculture, University of Swabi, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Hong Yue
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Bao Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yueyun Hong
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xuemin Wang
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri-St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63121, USA; Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO 63132, USA
| | - Liang Guo
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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10
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Phosphatidic Acid in Plant Hormonal Signaling: From Target Proteins to Membrane Conformations. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063227. [PMID: 35328648 PMCID: PMC8954910 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells sense a variety of extracellular signals balancing their metabolism and physiology according to changing growth conditions. Plasma membranes are the outermost informational barriers that render cells sensitive to regulatory inputs. Membranes are composed of different types of lipids that play not only structural but also informational roles. Hormones and other regulators are sensed by specific receptors leading to the activation of lipid metabolizing enzymes. These enzymes generate lipid second messengers. Among them, phosphatidic acid (PA) is a well-known intracellular messenger that regulates various cellular processes. This lipid affects the functional properties of cell membranes and binds to specific target proteins leading to either genomic (affecting transcriptome) or non-genomic responses. The subsequent biochemical, cellular and physiological reactions regulate plant growth, development and stress tolerance. In the present review, we focus on primary (genome-independent) signaling events triggered by rapid PA accumulation in plant cells and describe the functional role of PA in mediating response to hormones and hormone-like regulators. The contributions of individual lipid signaling enzymes to the formation of PA by specific stimuli are also discussed. We provide an overview of the current state of knowledge and future perspectives needed to decipher the mode of action of PA in the regulation of cell functions.
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Li L, Li N, Qi X, Bai Y, Chen Q, Fang H, Yu X, Liu D, Liang C, Zhou Y. Characterization of the Glehnia littoralis Non-specific Phospholipase C Gene GlNPC3 and Its Involvement in the Salt Stress Response. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:769599. [PMID: 34956268 PMCID: PMC8695444 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.769599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Glehnia littoralis is a medicinal halophyte that inhabits sandy beaches and has high ecological and commercial value. However, the molecular mechanism of salt adaptation in G. littoralis remains largely unknown. Here, we cloned and identified a non-specific phospholipase C gene (GlNPC3) from G. littoralis, which conferred lipid-mediated signaling during the salt stress response. The expression of GlNPC3 was induced continuously by salt treatment. Overexpression of GlNPC3 in Arabidopsis thaliana increased salt tolerance compared to wild-type (WT) plants. GlNPC3-overexpressing plants had longer roots and higher fresh and dry masses under the salt treatment. The GlNPC3 expression pattern revealed that the gene was expressed in most G. littoralis tissues, particularly in roots. The subcellular localization of GlNPC3 was mainly at the plasma membrane, and partially at the tonoplast. GlNPC3 hydrolyzed common membrane phospholipids, such as phosphotidylserine (PS), phosphoethanolamine (PE), and phosphocholine (PC). In vitro enzymatic assay showed salt-induced total non-specific phospholipase C (NPC) activation in A. thaliana GlNPC3-overexpressing plants. Plant lipid profiling showed a significant change in the membrane-lipid composition of A. thaliana GlNPC3-overexpressing plants compared to WT after the salt treatment. Furthermore, downregulation of GlNPC3 expression by virus-induced gene silencing in G. littoralis reduced the expression levels of some stress-related genes, such as SnRK2, P5SC5, TPC1, and SOS1. Together, these results indicated that GlNPC3 and GlNPC3-mediated membrane lipid change played a positive role in the response of G. littoralis to a saline environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing, China
| | - Naiwei Li
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing, China
| | - Xiwu Qi
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing, China
| | - Yang Bai
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing, China
| | - Qiutong Chen
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing, China
| | - Hailing Fang
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing, China
| | - Xu Yu
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing, China
| | - Dongmei Liu
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing, China
| | - Chengyuan Liang
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing, China
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yifeng Zhou
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing, China
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Sagar S, Singh A. Emerging role of phospholipase C mediated lipid signaling in abiotic stress tolerance and development in plants. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2021; 40:2123-2133. [PMID: 34003316 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-021-02713-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Environmental stimuli are primarily perceived at the plasma membrane. Stimuli perception leads to membrane disintegration and generation of molecules which trigger lipid signaling. In plants, lipid signaling regulates important biological functions however, the molecular mechanism involved is unclear. Phospholipases C (PLCs) are important lipid-modifying enzymes in eukaryotes. In animals, PLCs by hydrolyzing phospholipids, such as phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2] generate diacylglycerol (DAG) and inositol- 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3). However, in plants their phosphorylated variants i.e., phosphatidic acid (PA) and inositol hexakisphosphate (IP6) are proposed to mediate lipid signaling. Specific substrate preferences divide PLCs into phosphatidylinositol-PLC (PI-PLC) and non-specific PLCs (NPC). PLC activity is regulated by various cellular factors including, calcium (Ca2+) concentration, phospholipid substrate, and post-translational modifications. Both PI-PLCs and NPCs are implicated in plants' response to stresses and development. Emerging evidences show that PLCs regulate structural and developmental features, like stomata movement, microtubule organization, membrane remodelling and root development under abiotic stresses. Thus, crucial insights are provided into PLC mediated regulatory mechanism of abiotic stress responses in plants. In this review, we describe the structure and regulation of plant PLCs. In addition, cellular and physiological roles of PLCs in abiotic stresses, phosphorus deficiency, aluminium toxicity, pollen tube growth, and root development are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushma Sagar
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Amarjeet Singh
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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Yang D, Liu X, Yin X, Dong T, Yu M, Wu Y. Rice Non-Specific Phospholipase C6 Is Involved in Mesocotyl Elongation. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 62:985-1000. [PMID: 34021760 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcab069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Mesocotyl elongation of rice is crucial for seedlings pushing out of deep soil. The underlying mechanisms of phospholipid signaling in mesocotyl growth of rice are elusive. Here we report that the rice non-specific phospholipase C6 (OsNPC6) is involved in mesocotyl elongation. Our results indicated that all five OsNPCs (OsNPC1, OsNPC2, OsNPC3, OsNPC4 and OsNPC6) hydrolyzed the substrate phosphatidylcholine to phosphocholine (PCho), and all of them showed plasma membrane localization. Overexpression (OE) of OsNPC6 produced plants with shorter mesocotyls compared to those of Nipponbare and npc6 mutants. Although the mesocotyl growth of npc6 mutants was not much affected without gibberellic acid (GA)3, it was obviously elongated by treatment with GA. Upon GA3 treatment, SLENDER RICE1 (SLR1), the DELLA protein of GA signaling, was drastically increased in OE plants; by contrast, the level of SLR1 was found decreased in npc6 mutants. The GA-enhanced mesocotyl elongation and the GA-impaired SLR1 level in npc6 mutants were attenuated by the supplementation of PCho. Further analysis indicated that the GA-induced expression of phospho-base N-methyltransferase 1 in npc6 mutants was significantly weakened by the addition of PCho. In summary, our results suggest that OsNPC6 is involved in mesocotyl development via modulation of PCho in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xiong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xiaoming Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Tian Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Min Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
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Sun S, Lin M, Qi X, Chen J, Gu H, Zhong Y, Sun L, Muhammad A, Bai D, Hu C, Fang J. Full-length transcriptome profiling reveals insight into the cold response of two kiwifruit genotypes (A. arguta) with contrasting freezing tolerances. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:365. [PMID: 34380415 PMCID: PMC8356467 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03152-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kiwifruit (Actinidia Lindl.) is considered an important fruit species worldwide. Due to its temperate origin, this species is highly vulnerable to freezing injury while under low-temperature stress. To obtain further knowledge of the mechanism underlying freezing tolerance, we carried out a hybrid transcriptome analysis of two A. arguta (Actinidi arguta) genotypes, KL and RB, whose freezing tolerance is high and low, respectively. Both genotypes were subjected to - 25 °C for 0 h, 1 h, and 4 h. RESULTS SMRT (single-molecule real-time) RNA-seq data were assembled using the de novo method, producing 24,306 unigenes with an N50 value of 1834 bp. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis of DEGs showed that they were involved in the 'starch and sucrose metabolism', the 'mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway', the 'phosphatidylinositol signaling system', the 'inositol phosphate metabolism', and the 'plant hormone signal transduction'. In particular, for 'starch and sucrose metabolism', we identified 3 key genes involved in cellulose degradation, trehalose synthesis, and starch degradation processes. Moreover, the activities of beta-GC (beta-glucosidase), TPS (trehalose-6-phosphate synthase), and BAM (beta-amylase), encoded by the abovementioned 3 key genes, were enhanced by cold stress. Three transcription factors (TFs) belonging to the AP2/ERF, bHLH (basic helix-loop-helix), and MYB families were involved in the low-temperature response. Furthermore, weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA) indicated that beta-GC, TPS5, and BAM3.1 were the key genes involved in the cold response and were highly coexpressed together with the CBF3, MYC2, and MYB44 genes. CONCLUSIONS Cold stress led various changes in kiwifruit, the 'phosphatidylinositol signaling system', 'inositol phosphate metabolism', 'MAPK signaling pathway', 'plant hormone signal transduction', and 'starch and sucrose metabolism' processes were significantly affected by low temperature. Moreover, starch and sucrose metabolism may be the key pathway for tolerant kiwifruit to resist low temperature damages. These results increase our understanding of the complex mechanisms involved in the freezing tolerance of kiwifruit under cold stress and reveal a series of candidate genes for use in breeding new cultivars with enhanced freezing tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihang Sun
- Key Laboratory for Fruit Tree Growth, Development and Quality Control, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450009, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Miaomiao Lin
- Key Laboratory for Fruit Tree Growth, Development and Quality Control, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450009, China
| | - Xiujuan Qi
- Key Laboratory for Fruit Tree Growth, Development and Quality Control, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450009, China
| | - Jinyong Chen
- Key Laboratory for Fruit Tree Growth, Development and Quality Control, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450009, China
| | - Hong Gu
- Key Laboratory for Fruit Tree Growth, Development and Quality Control, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450009, China
| | - Yunpeng Zhong
- Key Laboratory for Fruit Tree Growth, Development and Quality Control, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450009, China
| | - Leiming Sun
- Key Laboratory for Fruit Tree Growth, Development and Quality Control, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450009, China
| | - Abid Muhammad
- Key Laboratory for Fruit Tree Growth, Development and Quality Control, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450009, China
| | - Danfeng Bai
- Key Laboratory for Fruit Tree Growth, Development and Quality Control, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450009, China
| | - Chungen Hu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Jinbao Fang
- Key Laboratory for Fruit Tree Growth, Development and Quality Control, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450009, China.
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Yang B, Zhang K, Jin X, Yan J, Lu S, Shen Q, Guo L, Hong Y, Wang X, Guo L. Acylation of non-specific phospholipase C4 determines its function in plant response to phosphate deficiency. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 106:1647-1659. [PMID: 33792991 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Non-specific phospholipase C (NPC) is involved in plant growth, development and stress responses. To elucidate the mechanism by which NPCs mediate cellular functions, here we show that NPC4 is S-acylated at the C terminus and that acylation determines its plasma membrane (PM) association and function. The acylation of NPC4 was detected using NPC4 isolated from Arabidopsis and reconstituted in vitro. The C-terminal Cys-533 was identified as the S-acylation residue, and the mutation of Cys-533 to Ala-533 in NPC4 (NPC4C533A ) led to the loss of S-acylation and membrane association of NPC4. The knockout of NPC4 impeded the phosphate deficiency-induced decrease of the phosphosphingolipid glycosyl inositol phosphoryl ceramide (GIPC), but introducing NPC4C533A to npc4-1 failed to complement this defect, thereby supporting the hypothesis that the non-acylated NPC4C533A fails to hydrolyze GIPC during phosphate deprivation. Moreover, NPC4C533A failed to complement the primary root growth in npc4-1 under stress. In addition, NPC4 in Brassica napus was S-acylated and mutation of the S-acylating cysteine residue of BnaC01.NPC4 led to the loss of S-acylation and its membrane association. Together, our results reveal that S-acylation of NPC4 in the C terminus is conserved and required for its membrane association, phosphosphingolipid hydrolysis and function in plant stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Ke Zhang
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri, St. Louis, MO, 63121, USA
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO, 63132, USA
| | - Xiong Jin
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jiayu Yan
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Shaoping Lu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Qingwen Shen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Lei Guo
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yueyun Hong
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xuemin Wang
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri, St. Louis, MO, 63121, USA
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO, 63132, USA
| | - Liang Guo
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
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Kretynin SV, Kolesnikov YS, Derevyanchuk MV, Kalachova TA, Blume YB, Khripach VA, Kravets VS. Brassinosteroids application induces phosphatidic acid production and modify antioxidant enzymes activity in tobacco in calcium-dependent manner. Steroids 2021; 168:108444. [PMID: 31295460 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2019.108444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BRs) are steroid hormones regulating various aspects of plant metabolism, including growth, development and stress responses. However, little is known about the mechanism of their impact on antioxidant systems and phospholipid turnover. Using tobacco plants overexpressing H+/Ca2+vacuolar Arabidopsis antiporter CAX1, we showed the role of Ca2+ ion balance in the reactive oxygen species production and rapid phosphatidic acid accumulation induced by exogenous BR. Combination of our experimental results with public transcriptomic and proteomic data revealed a particular role of Ca2+-dependent phospholipid metabolizing enzymes in BR signaling. Here we provide novel insights into the role of calcium balance and lipid-derived second messengers in plant responses to exogenous BRs and propose a complex model integrating BR-mediated metabolic changes with phospholipid turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serhiy V Kretynin
- Department of the Molecular Mechanisms of Cell Metabolism Regulation, V.P. Kukhar Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry, The National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 02660, Murmanska str. 1, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Yaroslav S Kolesnikov
- Department of the Molecular Mechanisms of Cell Metabolism Regulation, V.P. Kukhar Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry, The National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 02660, Murmanska str. 1, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Michael V Derevyanchuk
- Department of the Molecular Mechanisms of Cell Metabolism Regulation, V.P. Kukhar Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry, The National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 02660, Murmanska str. 1, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Tetiana A Kalachova
- Department of the Molecular Mechanisms of Cell Metabolism Regulation, V.P. Kukhar Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry, The National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 02660, Murmanska str. 1, Kyiv, Ukraine; Laboratory of Pathological Plant Physiology, Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Prague 6 - Lysolaje, Czech Republic
| | - Yaroslav B Blume
- Institute of Food Biotechnology and Genomics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 04123, Osypovskogo 2a, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Vladimir A Khripach
- Laboratory of Steroid Chemistry, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, The National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, 220141, Kuprevich str., 5, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Volodymyr S Kravets
- Department of the Molecular Mechanisms of Cell Metabolism Regulation, V.P. Kukhar Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry, The National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 02660, Murmanska str. 1, Kyiv, Ukraine.
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Mehta D, Ghahremani M, Pérez-Fernández M, Tan M, Schläpfer P, Plaxton WC, Uhrig RG. Phosphate and phosphite have a differential impact on the proteome and phosphoproteome of Arabidopsis suspension cell cultures. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 105:924-941. [PMID: 33184936 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorus absorbed in the form of phosphate (H2 PO4- ) is an essential but limiting macronutrient for plant growth and agricultural productivity. A comprehensive understanding of how plants respond to phosphate starvation is essential for the development of more phosphate-efficient crops. Here we employed label-free proteomics and phosphoproteomics to quantify protein-level responses to 48 h of phosphate versus phosphite (H2 PO3- ) resupply to phosphate-deprived Arabidopsis thaliana suspension cells. Phosphite is similarly sensed, taken up and transported by plant cells as phosphate, but cannot be metabolized or used as a nutrient. Phosphite is thus a useful tool for differentiating between non-specific processes related to phosphate sensing and transport and specific responses to phosphorus nutrition. We found that responses to phosphate versus phosphite resupply occurred mainly at the level of protein phosphorylation, complemented by limited changes in protein abundance, primarily in protein translation, phosphate transport and scavenging, and central metabolism proteins. Altered phosphorylation of proteins involved in core processes such as translation, RNA splicing and kinase signaling was especially important. We also found differential phosphorylation in response to phosphate and phosphite in 69 proteins, including splicing factors, translation factors, the PHT1;4 phosphate transporter and the HAT1 histone acetyltransferase - potential phospho-switches signaling changes in phosphorus nutrition. Our study illuminates several new aspects of the phosphate starvation response and identifies important targets for further investigation and potential crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devang Mehta
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, 11455 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Mina Ghahremani
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, 116 Barrie St., Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Maria Pérez-Fernández
- Departamento de Sistemas Físicos Químicos y Naturales, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Ecology Area. Faculty os Experimental Sciences. Carretera de Utrera Km 1, Sevilla, 41013, Spain
| | - Maryalle Tan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, 11455 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Pascal Schläpfer
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, ETH Zurich, Universitätstrasse 2, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - William C Plaxton
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, 116 Barrie St., Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - R Glen Uhrig
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, 11455 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E9, Canada
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Zhu J, Zhou Y, Li J, Li H. Genome-Wide Investigation of the Phospholipase C Gene Family in Zea mays. Front Genet 2021; 11:611414. [PMID: 33510773 PMCID: PMC7835795 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.611414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Phospholipase C (PLC) is one of the main hydrolytic enzymes in the metabolism of phosphoinositide and plays an important role in a variety of signal transduction processes responding to plant growth, development, and stress. Although the characteristics of many plant PLCs have been studied, PLC genes of maize have not been comprehensively identified. According to the study, five phosphatidylinositol-specific PLC (PI-PLC) and six non-specific PLC (NPC) genes were identified in maize. The PI-PLC and NPC genes of maize are conserved compared with homologous genes in other plants, especially in evolutionary relationship, protein sequences, conserved motifs, and gene structures. Transient expression of ZmPLC-GFP fusion protein in Arabidopsis protoplast cells showed that ZmPLCs are multi-localization. Analyses of transcription levels showed that ZmPLCs were significantly different under various different tissues and abiotic stresses. Association analysis shown that some ZmPLCs significantly associated with agronomic traits in 508 maize inbred lines. These results contribute to study the function of ZmPLCs and to provide good candidate targets for the yield and quality of superior maize cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiantang Zhu
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhou
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, China
| | - Jiale Li
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, China
| | - Hui Li
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, China
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Scholz P, Anstatt J, Krawczyk HE, Ischebeck T. Signalling Pinpointed to the Tip: The Complex Regulatory Network That Allows Pollen Tube Growth. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E1098. [PMID: 32859043 PMCID: PMC7569787 DOI: 10.3390/plants9091098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Plants display a complex life cycle, alternating between haploid and diploid generations. During fertilisation, the haploid sperm cells are delivered to the female gametophyte by pollen tubes, specialised structures elongating by tip growth, which is based on an equilibrium between cell wall-reinforcing processes and turgor-driven expansion. One important factor of this equilibrium is the rate of pectin secretion mediated and regulated by factors including the exocyst complex and small G proteins. Critically important are also non-proteinaceous molecules comprising protons, calcium ions, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and signalling lipids. Among the latter, phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate and the kinases involved in its formation have been assigned important functions. The negatively charged headgroup of this lipid serves as an interaction point at the apical plasma membrane for partners such as the exocyst complex, thereby polarising the cell and its secretion processes. Another important signalling lipid is phosphatidic acid (PA), that can either be formed by the combination of phospholipases C and diacylglycerol kinases or by phospholipases D. It further fine-tunes pollen tube growth, for example by regulating ROS formation. How the individual signalling cues are intertwined or how external guidance cues are integrated to facilitate directional growth remain open questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Scholz
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences and Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, Justus-von-Liebig Weg 11, D-37077 Goettingen, Germany; (J.A.); (H.E.K.)
| | | | | | - Till Ischebeck
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences and Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, Justus-von-Liebig Weg 11, D-37077 Goettingen, Germany; (J.A.); (H.E.K.)
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Wang X, Liu Y, Li Z, Gao X, Dong J, Yang M. Expression and evolution of the phospholipase C gene family in Brachypodium distachyon. Genes Genomics 2020; 42:1041-1053. [PMID: 32712839 DOI: 10.1007/s13258-020-00973-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phospholipase C (PLC) is an enzyme that hydrolyzes phospholipids and plays an important role in plant growth and development. The Brachypodium distachyon is a model plant of Gramineae, but the research on PLC gene family of Brachypodium has not been reported. OBJECTIVE This study was performed to identify the PLC family gene in Brachypodium and to determine the expression profiles of PLCs under the abiotic stress. METHODS Complete genome sequences and transcriptomes of Brachypodium were downloaded from the PLAZA. The hidden Markov model-based profile of the conserved PLC domain was submitted as a query to identify all potential PLC domain sequences with HMMER software. Expression profiles of BdPLCs were obtained based on the qRT-PCR analysis. RESULTS There were 8 PLC genes in Brachypodium (BdPI-PLCs 1-4 and BdNPCs 1-4). All members of BdPI-PLC had three conserved domains of X, Y, and C2, and no EF-hand was found. All BdNPCs contained a phosphatase domain. BdPI-PLC genes were distributed on Chr1, Chr2 and Chr4, with different types and numbers of cis-regulatory elements in their respective gene promoters. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the genetic relationship between Brachypodium and rice was closer than Arabidopsis. The expression patterns of BdPI-PLC gene under abiotic stresses (drought, low temperature, high temperature and salt stress) were up-regulated, indicated their important roles in response to low temperature, high temperature, drought and salt stresses. CONCLUSIONS This study provides comprehensive information for the study of Brachypodium PLC gene family and lays a foundation for further research on the molecular mechanism of Brachypodium stress adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianguo Wang
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yang Liu
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zheng Li
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiang Gao
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Jian Dong
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Mingming Yang
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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Nakamura Y, Ngo AH. Non-specific phospholipase C (NPC): an emerging class of phospholipase C in plant growth and development. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2020; 133:489-497. [PMID: 32372398 PMCID: PMC7862535 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-020-01199-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Non-specific phospholipase C (NPC) is a novel class of phospholipase C found only in bacteria and higher plants. NPC hydrolyzes major phospholipid classes such as phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) to produce diacylglycerol (DAG) and a corresponding phosphate-containing polar head group. Originally known as a toxin in certain bacteria to invade the host cell, this class of phospholipase has been well-investigated in bacteriology. Since the first discovery of eukaryotic NPC in Arabidopsis in 2005, this emerging class of phospholipase has received greater attention in plant biology in elucidating the biochemical characteristics and physiological function in the context of plant growth regulation and stress response. Particularly in the last few years, there has been significant progress made in understanding the fundamental character of 6 NPC isoforms in Arabidopsis, as well as novel function in other plant models. Now that research with plant NPC is entering into a new phase, this review aims to summarize recent progress in plant NPC along with some future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Nakamura
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, 128 sec. 2 Academia Rd., Nankang, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan.
| | - Anh H Ngo
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, 128 sec. 2 Academia Rd., Nankang, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
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Cai G, Fan C, Liu S, Yang Q, Liu D, Wu J, Li J, Zhou Y, Guo L, Wang X. Nonspecific phospholipase C6 increases seed oil production in oilseed Brassicaceae plants. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 226:1055-1073. [PMID: 32176333 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plant oils are valuable commodities for food, feed, renewable industrial feedstocks and biofuels. To increase vegetable oil production, here we show that the nonspecific phospholipase C6 (NPC6) promotes seed oil production in the Brassicaceae seed oil species Arabidopsis, Camelina and oilseed rape. Overexpression of NPC6 increased seed oil content, seed weight and oil yield both in Arabidopsis and Camelina, whereas knockout of NPC6 decreased seed oil content and seed size. NPC6 is associated with the chloroplasts and microsomal membranes, and hydrolyzes phosphatidylcholine and galactolipids to produce diacylglycerol. Knockout and overexpression of NPC6 decreased and increased, respectively, the flux of fatty acids from phospholipids and galactolipids into triacylglycerol production. Candidate-gene association study in oilseed rape indicates that only BnNPC6.C01 of the four homeologues NPC6s is associated with seed oil content and yield. Haplotypic analysis indicates that the BnNPC6.C01 favorable haplotype can increase both seed oil content and seed yield. These results indicate that NPC6 promotes membrane glycerolipid turnover to accumulate TAG production in oil seeds and that NPC6 has a great application potential for oil yield improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangqin Cai
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri, St Louis, MO, 63121, USA
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St Louis, MO, 63132, USA
| | - Chuchuan Fan
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Sheng Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Qingyong Yang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Agricultural Bioinformatics, College of Informatics, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Dongxu Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Agricultural Bioinformatics, College of Informatics, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Jian Wu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China
| | - Jianwu Li
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri, St Louis, MO, 63121, USA
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St Louis, MO, 63132, USA
- Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450002, China
| | - Yongming Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Liang Guo
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Xuemin Wang
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri, St Louis, MO, 63121, USA
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St Louis, MO, 63132, USA
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23
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Iqbal S, Ali U, Fadlalla T, Li Q, Liu H, Lu S, Guo L. Genome wide characterization of phospholipase A & C families and pattern of lysolipids and diacylglycerol changes under abiotic stresses in Brassica napus L. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 147:101-112. [PMID: 31855816 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Plant phospholipase A (PLA) and C (PLC) families are least explored in terms of structure, diversity and their roles in membrane lipid remodeling under stress conditions. In this study, we performed gene family analysis, determined gene expression in different tissues and monitored transcriptional regulation of patatin-related PLA family and PLC family in oil crop Brassica napus under dehydration, salt, abscisic acid and cold stress. The identified 29 BnapPLA genes and 40 BnaPLC genes shared high similarities with Arabidopsis pPLAs and PLCs, respectively. This study highlighted the expression pattern of BnapPLAs and BnaPLCs in different tissues and their expression in response to abiotic stresses in Brassica napus. The results revealed that several members of BnapPLA3, PI-PLC1/2 and NPC1 were actively regulated by abiotic stresses. Lipid changes at different time points under stress conditions were also measured. Lipid profiling revealed that the level of lysophospholipids and diacylglycerol (DAG) showed a varied pattern of changes under different abiotic stress treatments. The change of lipids correlated with the transcriptional regulation of a few specific members of pPLA and PLC families. Our study suggested that A and C-type phospholipases in Brassica napus may have diverse physiological and regulatory roles in abiotic stress response and tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidra Iqbal
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Department of Agriculture, University of Swabi, Swabi, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Usman Ali
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Tarig Fadlalla
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Qing Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Hongbo Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Shaoping Lu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Liang Guo
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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The dynamic response of the Arabidopsis root metabolome to auxin and ethylene is not predicted by changes in the transcriptome. Sci Rep 2020; 10:679. [PMID: 31959762 PMCID: PMC6971091 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-57161-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
While the effects of phytohormones on plant gene expression have been well characterized, comparatively little is known about how hormones influence metabolite profiles. This study examined the effects of elevated auxin and ethylene on the metabolome of Arabidopsis roots using a high-resolution 24 h time course, conducted in parallel to time-matched transcriptomic analyses. Mass spectrometry using orthogonal UPLC separation strategies (reversed phase and HILIC) in both positive and negative ionization modes was used to maximize identification of metabolites with altered levels. The findings show that the root metabolome responds rapidly to hormone stimulus and that compounds belonging to the same class of metabolites exhibit similar changes. The responses were dominated by changes in phenylpropanoid, glucosinolate, and fatty acid metabolism, although the nature and timing of the response was unique for each hormone. These alterations in the metabolome were not directly predicted by the corresponding transcriptome data, suggesting that post-transcriptional events such as changes in enzyme activity and/or transport processes drove the observed changes in the metabolome. These findings underscore the need to better understand the biochemical mechanisms underlying the temporal reconfiguration of plant metabolism, especially in relation to the hormone-metabolome interface and its subsequent physiological and morphological effects.
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25
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Yuan S, Kim SC, Deng X, Hong Y, Wang X. Diacylglycerol kinase and associated lipid mediators modulate rice root architecture. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 223:261-276. [PMID: 30887532 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Diacylglycerol kinase (DGK) phosphorylates diacylglycerol (DAG) to generate phosphatidic acid (PA), and both DAG and PA are lipid mediators in the cell. Here we show that DGK1 in rice (Oryza sativa) plays important roles in root growth and development. Two independent OsDGK1-knockout (dgk1) lines exhibited a higher density of lateral roots (LRs) and thinner seminal roots (SRs), whereas OsDGK1-overexpressing plants displayed a lower LR density and thicker SRs than wild-type (WT) plants. Overexpression of OsDGK1 led to a decline in the DGK substrate DAG whereas specific PA species decreased in dgk1 roots. Supplementation of DAG to OsDGK1-overexpressing seedlings restored the LR density and SR thickness whereas application of PA to dgk1 seedlings restored the LR density and SR thickness to those of the WT. In addition, treatment of rice seedlings with the DGK inhibitor R59022 increased the level of DAG and decreased PA, which also restored the root phenotype of OsDGK1-overexpressing seedlings close to that of the WT. Together, these results indicate that DGK1 and associated lipid mediators modulate rice root architecture; DAG promotes LR formation and suppresses SR growth whereas PA suppresses LR number and promotes SR thickness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Yuan
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St Louis, MO, 63132, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri, St Louis, MO, 63121, USA
| | - Sang-Chul Kim
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St Louis, MO, 63132, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri, St Louis, MO, 63121, USA
| | - Xianjun Deng
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yueyun Hong
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xuemin Wang
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St Louis, MO, 63132, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri, St Louis, MO, 63121, USA
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26
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Takáč T, Novák D, Šamaj J. Recent Advances in the Cellular and Developmental Biology of Phospholipases in Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:362. [PMID: 31024579 PMCID: PMC6459882 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipases (PLs) are lipid-hydrolyzing enzymes known to have diverse signaling roles during plant abiotic and biotic stress responses. They catalyze lipid remodeling, which is required to generate rapid responses of plants to environmental cues. Moreover, they produce second messenger molecules, such as phosphatidic acid (PA) and thus trigger or modulate signaling cascades that lead to changes in gene expression. The roles of phospholipases in plant abiotic and biotic stress responses have been intensively studied. Nevertheless, emerging evidence suggests that they also make significant contributions to plants' cellular and developmental processes. In this mini review, we summarized recent advances in the study of the cellular and developmental roles of phospholipases in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jozef Šamaj
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
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27
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Tanveer M, Shahzad B, Sharma A, Khan EA. 24-Epibrassinolide application in plants: An implication for improving drought stress tolerance in plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2019; 135:295-303. [PMID: 30599306 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Drought stress is one of most dramatic abiotic stresses, reduces crop yield significantly. Application of hormones proved as an effective drought stress ameliorating approach. 24-Epibrassinolide (EBL), an active by-product from brassinolide biosynthesis increases drought stress tolerance in plants significantly. EBL application enhances plant growth and development under drought stress by acting as signalling compound in different physiological processes. This article discussed potential role of 24-epibrassinolide application and drought tolerance in plants. Briefly, EBL sustains or improves plant growth and yield by enhancing carbon assimilation rate, maintaining a balance between ROS and antioxidants and also plays important role in solute accumulation and water relations. Furthermore, we also compared different EBL application methods and concluded that seed priming and foliar application are more productive as compared with root application method. In conclusion, EBL is very impressive phyto-hormone, which can ameliorate drought stress induced detrimental effects in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsin Tanveer
- School of Land and Food, University of Tasmania, Australia.
| | - Babar Shahzad
- School of Land and Food, University of Tasmania, Australia
| | - Anket Sharma
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, Punjab, India
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28
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Ngo AH, Lin YC, Liu YC, Gutbrod K, Peisker H, Dörmann P, Nakamura Y. A pair of nonspecific phospholipases C, NPC2 and NPC6, are involved in gametophyte development and glycerolipid metabolism in Arabidopsis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 219:163-175. [PMID: 29655284 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipases play crucial roles in plant membrane lipid homeostasis. Nonspecific phospholipase C (NPCs) establish a unique class of phospholipases found only in plants and certain bacteria. Here, we show that two previously uncharacterized NPC isoforms, NPC2 and NPC6, are required for male and female gametophyte development in Arabidopsis. Double mutant plants of npc2-1 npc6-2 could not be retrieved because npc2-1 npc6-2 ovule and pollen development is affected. Genetic complementation, reciprocal crossing and microscope observation of npc2-1/- npc6-2/+ and npc2-1/+ npc6-2/- plants suggest that NPC2 and NPC6 are redundant and are required for normal gametophyte development. Both NPC2 and NPC6 proteins are localized to the plastids. Promoter-GUS assays in transgenic Arabidopsis revealed that NPC2 and NPC6 are preferentially expressed in floral organs rather than in leaves. In vitro enzyme assays showed that NPC2 and NPC6 hydrolyze phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine, but not phosphatidate, being consistent with the reported substrate selectivity of NPCs. The amounts of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol were increased in buds but not in flowers of npc2-1/- npc6-2/+ and npc2-1/+ npc6-2/- plants, presumably due to reduced phospholipid hydrolysis activity in developing flowers. Our results demonstrate that NPC2 and NPC6 play crucial roles in gametogenesis during flower development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anh H Ngo
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
- Molecular and Biological Agricultural Sciences Program, Academia Sinica, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Chen Lin
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
- Molecular and Biological Agricultural Sciences Program, Academia Sinica, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chi Liu
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Katharina Gutbrod
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Bonn, D-53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Helga Peisker
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Bonn, D-53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Peter Dörmann
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Bonn, D-53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Yuki Nakamura
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
- Molecular and Biological Agricultural Sciences Program, Academia Sinica, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
- Biotechnology Center, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan
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Krčková Z, Kocourková D, Daněk M, Brouzdová J, Pejchar P, Janda M, Pokotylo I, Ott PG, Valentová O, Martinec J. The Arabidopsis thaliana non-specific phospholipase C2 is involved in the response to Pseudomonas syringae attack. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2018; 121:297-310. [PMID: 29300825 PMCID: PMC5808806 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcx160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Background and Aims The non-specific phospholipase C (NPC) is a new member of the plant phospholipase family that reacts to abiotic environmental stresses, such as phosphate deficiency, high salinity, heat and aluminium toxicity, and is involved in root development, silicon distribution and brassinolide signalling. Six NPC genes (NPC1-NPC6) are found in the Arabidopsis genome. The NPC2 isoform has not been experimentally characterized so far. Methods The Arabidopsis NPC2 isoform was cloned and heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli. NPC2 enzyme activity was determined using fluorescent phosphatidylcholine as a substrate. Tissue expression and subcellular localization were analysed using GUS- and GFP-tagged NPC2. The expression patterns of NPC2 were analysed via quantitative real-time PCR. Independent homozygous transgenic plant lines overexpressing NPC2 under the control of a 35S promoter were generated, and reactive oxygen species were measured using a luminol-based assay. Key Results The heterologously expressed protein possessed phospholipase C activity, being able to hydrolyse phosphatidylcholine to diacylglycerol. NPC2 tagged with GFP was predominantly localized to the Golgi apparatus in Arabidopsis roots. The level of NPC2 transcript is rapidly altered during plant immune responses and correlates with the activation of multiple layers of the plant defence system. Transcription of NPC2 decreased substantially after plant infiltration with Pseudomonas syringae, flagellin peptide flg22 and salicylic acid treatments and expression of the effector molecule AvrRpm1. The decrease in NPC2 transcript levels correlated with a decrease in NPC2 enzyme activity. NPC2-overexpressing mutants showed higher reactive oxygen species production triggered by flg22. Conclusions This first experimental characterization of NPC2 provides new insights into the role of the non-specific phospholipase C protein family. The results suggest that NPC2 is involved in the response of Arabidopsis to P. syringae attack.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Krčková
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Czech Republic
| | - Daniela Kocourková
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Daněk
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Czech Republic
| | - Jitka Brouzdová
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Czech Republic
| | - Přemysl Pejchar
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Janda
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Czech Republic
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Igor Pokotylo
- The Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Ukraine
| | - Peter G Ott
- Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungary
| | - Olga Valentová
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Martinec
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Czech Republic
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30
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Abstract
Phospholipases are lipolytic enzymes that hydrolyze phospholipid substrates at specific ester bonds. Phospholipases are widespread in nature and play very diverse roles from aggression in snake venom to signal transduction, lipid mediator production, and metabolite digestion in humans. Phospholipases vary considerably in structure, function, regulation, and mode of action. Tremendous advances in understanding the structure and function of phospholipases have occurred in the last decades. This introductory chapter is aimed at providing a general framework of the current understanding of phospholipases and a discussion of their mechanisms of action and emerging biological functions.
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31
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Song J, Zhou Y, Zhang J, Zhang K. Structural, expression and evolutionary analysis of the non-specific phospholipase C gene family in Gossypium hirsutum. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:979. [PMID: 29258435 PMCID: PMC5738194 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-4370-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nonspecific phospholipase C (NPC), which belongs to a phospholipase C subtype, is a class of phospholipases that hydrolyzes the primary membrane phospholipids, such as phosphatidylcholine, to yield sn-1, 2-diacylglycerol and a phosphorylated head-group. NPC plays multiple physiological roles in lipid metabolism and signaling in plants. To fully understand the putative roles of NPC genes in upland cotton, we cloned NPC genes from Gossypium hirsutum and carried out structural, expression and evolutionary analysis. RESULTS Eleven NPC genes were cloned from G. hirsutum, which were found on chromosomes scaffold269.1, D03, A07, D07, A08, D11, and scaffold3511_A13. All GhNPCs had typical phosphoesterase domains and have hydrolase activity that acts on ester bonds. GhNPCs were annotated as phospholipase C, which was involved in glycerophospholipid metabolism, ether lipid metabolism, and biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. These GhNPCs showed differential expression patterns in distinct plant tissues and in response to various types of stress (low-phosphate, salt, drought, and abscisic acid). They also had different types and numbers of cis-element. GhNPCs could be classified into four subfamilies. Four pairs of GhNPCs were generated by whole-genome duplication and they underwent purifying selection. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggested that GhNPCs are involved in regulating key abiotic stress responses and ABA signaling transduction, and they may have various functional roles for different members under complex abiotic stress conditions. Functional divergence may be the evolutionary driving force for the retention of four pairs of duplicate NPCs. Our analysis provides a solid foundation for the further functional characterization of the GhNPC gene family, and leads to potential applications in the genetic improvement of cotton cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiuling Song
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yonghe Zhou
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Juren Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Kewei Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
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32
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Lim GH, Singhal R, Kachroo A, Kachroo P. Fatty Acid- and Lipid-Mediated Signaling in Plant Defense. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2017; 55:505-536. [PMID: 28777926 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-080516-035406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Fatty acids and lipids, which are major and essential constituents of all plant cells, not only provide structural integrity and energy for various metabolic processes but can also function as signal transduction mediators. Lipids and fatty acids can act as both intracellular and extracellular signals. In addition, cyclic and acyclic products generated during fatty acid metabolism can also function as important chemical signals. This review summarizes the biosynthesis of fatty acids and lipids and their involvement in pathogen defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gah-Hyun Lim
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546;
| | - Richa Singhal
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546;
| | - Aardra Kachroo
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546;
| | - Pradeep Kachroo
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546;
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Vermeer JE, van Wijk R, Goedhart J, Geldner N, Chory J, Gadella TW, Munnik T. In Vivo Imaging of Diacylglycerol at the Cytoplasmic Leaflet of Plant Membranes. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 58:1196-1207. [PMID: 28158855 PMCID: PMC6200129 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcx012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Diacylglycerol (DAG) is an important intermediate in lipid biosynthesis and plays key roles in cell signaling, either as a second messenger itself or as a precursor of phosphatidic acid. Methods to identify distinct DAG pools have proven difficult because biochemical fractionation affects the pools, and concentrations are limiting. Here, we validate the use of a genetically encoded DAG biosensor in living plant cells. The sensor is composed of a fusion between yellow fluorescent protein and the C1a domain of protein kinase C (YFP-C1aPKC) that specifically binds DAG, and was stably expressed in suspension-cultured tobacco BY-2 cells and whole Arabidopsis thaliana plants. Confocal imaging revealed that the majority of the YFP-C1aPKC fluorescence did not locate to membranes but was present in the cytosol and nucleus. Treatment with short-chain DAG or PMA (phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate), a phorbol ester that binds the C1a domain of PKC, caused the recruitment of the biosensor to the plasma membrane. These results indicate that the biosensor works and that the basal DAG concentration in the cytoplasmic leaflet of membranes (i.e. accessible to the biosensor) is in general too low, and confirms that the known pools in plastids, the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria are located at the luminal face of these compartments (i.e. inaccessible to the biosensor). Nevertheless, detailed further analysis of different cells and tissues discovered four novel DAG pools, namely at: (i) the trans-Golgi network; (ii) the cell plate during cytokinesis; (iii) the plasma membrane of root epidermal cells in the transition zone, and (iv) the apex of growing root hairs. The results provide new insights into the spatiotemporal dynamics of DAG in plants and offer a new tool to monitor this in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joop E.M. Vermeer
- Section of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), University of Amsterdam, NL-1098XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne-Sorge, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
- Present address: Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zürich, Zürich 8008, Switzerland
| | - Ringo van Wijk
- Section of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), University of Amsterdam, NL-1098XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Section of Plant Cell Biology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), University of Amsterdam, NL-1098XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joachim Goedhart
- Section of Molecular Cytology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), University of Amsterdam, NL-1098XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Niko Geldner
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne-Sorge, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Joanne Chory
- Plant Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Theodorus W.J. Gadella
- Section of Molecular Cytology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), University of Amsterdam, NL-1098XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Teun Munnik
- Section of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), University of Amsterdam, NL-1098XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Section of Plant Cell Biology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), University of Amsterdam, NL-1098XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Cao H, Zhuo L, Su Y, Sun L, Wang X. Non-specific phospholipase C1 affects silicon distribution and mechanical strength in stem nodes of rice. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 86:308-21. [PMID: 26991499 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Silicon, the second abundant element in the crust, is beneficial for plant growth, mechanical strength, and stress responses. Here we show that manipulation of the non-specific phospholipase C1, NPC1, alters silicon content in nodes and husks of rice (Oryza sativa). Silicon content in NPC1-overexpressing (OE) plants was decreased in nodes but increased in husks compared to wild-type, whereas RNAi suppression of NPC1 resulted in the opposite changes to those of NPC1-OE plants. NPC1 from rice hydrolyzed phospholipids and galactolipids to generate diacylglycerol that can be phosphorylated to phosphatidic acid. Phosphatidic acid interacts with Lsi6, a silicon transporter that is expressed at the highest level in nodes. In addition, the node cells of NPC1-OE plants have lower contents of cellulose and hemicellulose, and thinner sclerenchyma and vascular bundle fibre cells than wild-type plants; whereas NPC1-RNAi plants displayed the opposite changes. These data indicate that NPC1 modulates silicon distribution and secondary cell wall deposition in nodes and grains, affecting mechanical strength and seed shattering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huasheng Cao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Lin Zhuo
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yuan Su
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri, St. Louis, Missouri, 63121, USA
| | - Linxiao Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xuemin Wang
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri, St. Louis, Missouri, 63121, USA
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri, 63132, USA
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Hong Y, Zhao J, Guo L, Kim SC, Deng X, Wang G, Zhang G, Li M, Wang X. Plant phospholipases D and C and their diverse functions in stress responses. Prog Lipid Res 2016; 62:55-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Gujas B, Rodriguez-Villalon A. Plant Phosphoglycerolipids: The Gatekeepers of Vascular Cell Differentiation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:103. [PMID: 26904069 PMCID: PMC4751917 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In higher plants, the plant vascular system has evolved as an inter-organ communication network essential to deliver a wide range of signaling factors among distantly separated organs. To become conductive elements, phloem and xylem cells undergo a drastic differentiation program that involves the degradation of the majority of their organelles. While the molecular mechanisms regulating such complex process remain poorly understood, it is nowadays clear that phosphoglycerolipids display a pivotal role in the regulation of vascular tissue formation. In animal cells, this class of lipids is known to mediate acute responses as signal transducers and also act as constitutive signals that help defining organelle identity. Their rapid turnover, asymmetrical distribution across subcellular compartments as well as their ability to rearrange cytoskeleton fibers make phosphoglycerolipids excellent candidates to regulate complex morphogenetic processes such as vascular differentiation. Therefore, in this review we aim to summarize, emphasize and connect our current understanding about the involvement of phosphoglycerolipids in phloem and xylem differentiation.
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Nakamura Y. Function of polar glycerolipids in flower development in Arabidopsis thaliana. Prog Lipid Res 2015; 60:17-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Wang F, Deng Y, Zhou Y, Dong J, Chen H, Dong Y, Wang N, Li X, Li H. Genome-Wide Analysis and Expression Profiling of the Phospholipase C Gene Family in Soybean (Glycine max). PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138467. [PMID: 26421918 PMCID: PMC4589352 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC) hydrolyses phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate to produce diacylglycerol and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate. It plays an important role in plant development and abiotic stress responses. However, systematic analysis and expression profiling of the phospholipase C (PLC) gene family in soybean have not been reported. In this study, 12 putative PLC genes were identified in the soybean genome. Soybean PLCs were found on chromosomes 2, 11, 14 and 18 and encoded 58.8-70.06 kD proteins. Expression pattern analysis by RT-PCR demonstrated that expression of the GmPLCs was induced by PEG, NaCl and saline-alkali treatments in roots and leaves. GmPLC transcripts accumulated specifically in roots after ABA treatment. Furthermore, GmPLC transcripts were analyzed in various tissues. The results showed that GmPLC7 was highly expressed in most tissues, whereas GmPLC12 was expressed in early pods specifically. In addition, subcellular localization analysis was carried out and confirmed that GmPLC10 was localized in the plasma membrane in Nicotiana benthamiana. Our genomic analysis of the soybean PLC family provides an insight into the regulation of abiotic stress responses and development. It also provides a solid foundation for the functional characterization of the soybean PLC gene family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fawei Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Engineering Research Center of the Chinese Ministry of Education for Bioreactor and Pharmaceutical Development, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Yu Deng
- College of Life Sciences, Engineering Research Center of the Chinese Ministry of Education for Bioreactor and Pharmaceutical Development, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Yonggang Zhou
- College of Life Sciences, Engineering Research Center of the Chinese Ministry of Education for Bioreactor and Pharmaceutical Development, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Jinye Dong
- College of Life Sciences, Engineering Research Center of the Chinese Ministry of Education for Bioreactor and Pharmaceutical Development, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Huan Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Engineering Research Center of the Chinese Ministry of Education for Bioreactor and Pharmaceutical Development, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Yuanyuan Dong
- College of Life Sciences, Engineering Research Center of the Chinese Ministry of Education for Bioreactor and Pharmaceutical Development, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Nan Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Engineering Research Center of the Chinese Ministry of Education for Bioreactor and Pharmaceutical Development, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaowei Li
- College of Life Sciences, Engineering Research Center of the Chinese Ministry of Education for Bioreactor and Pharmaceutical Development, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Haiyan Li
- College of Life Sciences, Engineering Research Center of the Chinese Ministry of Education for Bioreactor and Pharmaceutical Development, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
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Singh A, Bhatnagar N, Pandey A, Pandey GK. Plant phospholipase C family: Regulation and functional role in lipid signaling. Cell Calcium 2015; 58:139-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2015.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Revised: 04/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Ruelland E, Kravets V, Derevyanchuk M, Martinec J, Zachowski A, Pokotylo I. Role of phospholipid signalling in plant environmental responses. ENVIRONMENTAL AND EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 114:129-143. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.1016/j.envexpbot.2014.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
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Di DW, Zhang C, Guo GQ. Involvement of secondary messengers and small organic molecules in auxin perception and signaling. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2015; 34:895-904. [PMID: 25693494 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-015-1767-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Auxin is a major phytohormone involved in most aspects of plant growth and development. Generally, auxin is perceived by three distinct receptors: TRANSPORT INHIBITOR RESISTANT1-Auxin/INDOLE ACETIC ACID, S-Phase Kinase-Associated Protein 2A and AUXIN-BINDING PROTEIN1. The auxin perception is regulated by a variety of secondary messenger molecules, including nitric oxide, reactive oxygen species, calcium, cyclic GMP, cyclic AMP, inositol triphosphate, diacylglycerol and by physiological pH. In addition, some small organic molecules, including inositol hexakisphosphate, yokonolide B, p-chlorophenoxyisobutyric acid, toyocamycin and terfestatin A, are involved in auxin signaling. In this review, we summarize and discuss the recent progress in understanding the functions of these secondary messengers and small organic molecules, which are now thoroughly demonstrated to be pervasive and important in auxin perception and signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Wei Di
- Institute of Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 73000, China,
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Pejchar P, Potocký M, Krčková Z, Brouzdová J, Daněk M, Martinec J. Non-specific phospholipase C4 mediates response to aluminum toxicity in Arabidopsis thaliana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:66. [PMID: 25763003 PMCID: PMC4329606 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Aluminum ions (Al) have been recognized as a major toxic factor for crop production in acidic soils. The first indication of the Al toxicity in plants is the cessation of root growth, but the mechanism of root growth inhibition is largely unknown. Here we examined the impact of Al on the expression, activity, and function of the non-specific phospholipase C4 (NPC4), a plasma membrane-bound isoform of NPC, a member of the plant phospholipase family, in Arabidopsis thaliana. We observed a lower expression of NPC4 using β-glucuronidase assay and a decreased formation of labeled diacylglycerol, product of NPC activity, using fluorescently labeled phosphatidylcholine as a phospholipase substrate in Arabidopsis WT seedlings treated with AlCl3 for 2 h. The effect on in situ NPC activity persisted for longer Al treatment periods (8, 14 h). Interestingly, in seedlings overexpressing NPC4, the Al-mediated NPC-inhibiting effect was alleviated at 14 h. However, in vitro activity and localization of NPC4 were not affected by Al, thus excluding direct inhibition by Al ions or possible translocation of NPC4 as the mechanisms involved in NPC-inhibiting effect. Furthermore, the growth of tobacco pollen tubes rapidly arrested by Al was partially rescued by the overexpression of AtNPC4 while Arabidopsis npc4 knockout lines were found to be more sensitive to Al stress during long-term exposure of Al at low phosphate conditions. Our observations suggest that NPC4 plays a role in both early and long-term responses to Al stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Přemysl Pejchar
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, PragueCzech Republic
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43
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Pejchar P, Martinec J. Aluminum ions alter the function of non-specific phospholipase C through the changes in plasma membrane physical properties. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2015; 10:e1031938. [PMID: 26024014 PMCID: PMC4622580 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2015.1031938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The first indication of the aluminum (Al) toxicity in plants growing in acidic soils is the cessation of root growth, but the detailed mechanism of Al effect is unknown. Here we examined the impact of Al stress on the activity of non-specific phospholipase C (NPC) in the connection with the processes related to the plasma membrane using fluorescently labeled phosphatidylcholine. We observed a rapid and significant decrease of labeled diacylglycerol (DAG), product of NPC activity, in Arabidopsis seedlings treated with AlCl₃. Interestingly, an application of the membrane fluidizer, benzyl alcohol, restored the level of DAG during Al treatment. Our observations suggest that the activity of NPC is affected by Al-induced changes in plasma membrane physical properties.
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Key Words
- Arabidopsis thaliana
- BA, benzyl alcohol
- BODIPY
- BODIPY, 4, 4-difluoro-4-bora-3a, 4a-diaza-s-indacene
- BY-2, Bright Yellow 2
- DAG, diacylglycerol
- HP-TLC, high-performance thin-layer chromatography
- MS, Murashige-Skoog
- NPC, non-specific phospholipase C
- PA, phosphatidic acid
- PC, phosphatidylcholine
- PC-PLC, phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase C
- PI-PLC, phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C
- PIP2, phosphatidylinositol 4, 5-bisphosphate
- PLD, phospholipase D
- PM, plasma membrane.
- aluminum toxicity
- benzyl alcohol
- diacylglycerol
- membrane fluidity
- non-specific phospholipase C
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Affiliation(s)
- Přemysl Pejchar
- Institute of Experimental Botany, v. v. i.; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Martinec
- Institute of Experimental Botany, v. v. i.; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Prague, Czech Republic
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Krčková Z, Brouzdová J, Daněk M, Kocourková D, Rainteau D, Ruelland E, Valentová O, Pejchar P, Martinec J. Arabidopsis non-specific phospholipase C1: characterization and its involvement in response to heat stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:928. [PMID: 26581502 PMCID: PMC4631941 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The Arabidopsis non-specific phospholipase C (NPC) protein family is encoded by the genes NPC1 - NPC6. It has been shown that NPC4 and NPC5 possess phospholipase C activity; NPC3 has lysophosphatidic acid phosphatase activity. NPC3, 4 and 5 play roles in the responses to hormones and abiotic stresses. NPC1, 2 and 6 has not been studied functionally yet. We found that Arabidopsis NPC1 expressed in Escherichia coli possesses phospholipase C activity in vitro. This protein was able to hydrolyse phosphatidylcholine to diacylglycerol. NPC1-green fluorescent protein was localized to secretory pathway compartments in Arabidopsis roots. In the knock out T-DNA insertion line NPC1 (npc1) basal thermotolerance was impaired compared with wild-type (WT); npc1 exhibited significant decreases in survival rate and chlorophyll content at the seventh day after heat stress (HS). Conversely, plants overexpressing NPC1 (NPC1-OE) were more resistant to HS compared with WT. These findings suggest that NPC1 is involved in the plant response to heat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Krčková
- Institute of Experimental Botany, The Czech Academy of SciencesPrague, Czech Republic
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, PraguePrague, Czech Republic
| | - Jitka Brouzdová
- Institute of Experimental Botany, The Czech Academy of SciencesPrague, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Daněk
- Institute of Experimental Botany, The Czech Academy of SciencesPrague, Czech Republic
| | - Daniela Kocourková
- Institute of Experimental Botany, The Czech Academy of SciencesPrague, Czech Republic
| | - Dominique Rainteau
- 1ERL Inserm U1157/UMR7203, Faculté de Medecine Pierre et Marie CurieParis, France
| | - Eric Ruelland
- CNRS, UMR7618, Institut d’Ecologie et des Sciences de l’Environnement de ParisCréteil, France
- Université Paris Est, Institut d’Ecologie et des Sciences de l’Environnement de Paris, UPECCréteil, France
| | - Olga Valentová
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, PraguePrague, Czech Republic
| | - Přemysl Pejchar
- Institute of Experimental Botany, The Czech Academy of SciencesPrague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Martinec
- Institute of Experimental Botany, The Czech Academy of SciencesPrague, Czech Republic
- *Correspondence: Jan Martinec,
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Peters C, Kim SC, Devaiah S, Li M, Wang X. Non-specific phospholipase C5 and diacylglycerol promote lateral root development under mild salt stress in Arabidopsis. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2014; 37:2002-13. [PMID: 24689655 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Developing a robust root system is crucial to plant survival and competition for soil resources. Here we report that the non-specific phospholipase C5 (NPC5) and its derived lipid mediator diacylglycerol (DAG) mediate lateral root (LR) development during salt stress in Arabidopsis thaliana. T-DNA knockout mutant npc5-1 produced few to no LR under mild NaCl stress, whereas overexpression of NPC5 increased LR number. Roots of npc5-1 contained a lower level of DAG than wild type, whereas NPC5 overexpressor exhibited an increase in DAG level. Application of DAG, but not phosphatidic acid, fully restored LR growth of npc5-1 to that of wild type under NaCl stress. NPC5 expression was significantly induced in Arabidopsis seedlings treated with NaCl. Npc5-1 was less responsive to auxin-mediated root growth than the wild type. These results indicate that NPC5 mediates LR development in response to salt stress and suggest that DAG functions as a lipid mediator in the stress signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlotta Peters
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri, St. Louis, MO, 63121, USA; Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO, 63132, USA
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Kiba A, Galis I, Hojo Y, Ohnishi K, Yoshioka H, Hikichi Y. SEC14 phospholipid transfer protein is involved in lipid signaling-mediated plant immune responses in Nicotiana benthamiana. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98150. [PMID: 24845602 PMCID: PMC4028302 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously identified a gene related to the SEC14-gene phospholipid transfer protein superfamily that is induced in Nicotiana benthamiana (NbSEC14) in response to infection with Ralstonia solanacearum. We here report that NbSEC14 plays a role in plant immune responses via phospholipid-turnover. NbSEC14-silencing compromised expression of defense-related PR-4 and accumulation of jasmonic acid (JA) and its derivative JA-Ile. Transient expression of NbSEC14 induced PR-4 gene expression. Activities of diacylglycerol kinase, phospholipase C and D, and the synthesis of diacylglycerol and phosphatidic acid elicited by avirulent R. solanacearum were reduced in NbSEC14-silenced plants. Accumulation of signaling lipids and activation of diacylglycerol kinase and phospholipases were enhanced by transient expression of NbSEC14. These results suggest that the NbSEC14 protein plays a role at the interface between lipid signaling-metabolism and plant innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akinori Kiba
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi, Japan
| | - Ivan Galis
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Yuko Hojo
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Kouhei Ohnishi
- Research Institute of Molecular Genetics, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Yoshioka
- Laboratory of Defense in Plant-Pathogen Interactions, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yasufumi Hikichi
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi, Japan
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NPC: Nonspecific Phospholipase Cs in Plant Functions. SIGNALING AND COMMUNICATION IN PLANTS 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-42011-5_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Chen C, Li S, McKeever DR, Beattie GA. The widespread plant-colonizing bacterial species Pseudomonas syringae detects and exploits an extracellular pool of choline in hosts. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 75:891-902. [PMID: 23763788 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Revised: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The quaternary ammonium compound (QAC) choline is a major component of membrane lipids in eukaryotes and, if available to microbial colonists of plants, could provide benefits for growth and protection from stress. Free choline is found in homogenized plant tissues, but its subcellular location and availability to plant microbes are not known. Whole-cell bacterial bioreporters of the phytopathogen Pseudomonas syringae were constructed that couple a QAC-responsive transcriptional fusion with well-characterized bacterial QAC transporters. These bioreporters demonstrated the presence of abundant free choline compounds released from germinating seeds and seedlings of the bean Phaseolus vulgaris, and a smaller but consistently detectable amount of QACs, probably choline, from leaves. The localization of P. syringae bioreporter cells to the surface and intercellular sites of plant tissues demonstrated the extracellular location of these QAC pools. Moreover, P. syringae mutants that were deficient in the uptake of choline compounds exhibited reduced fitness on leaves, highlighting the importance of extracellular choline to P. syringae on leaves. Our data support a model in which this choline pool is derived from the phospholipid phosphatidylcholine through plant-encoded phospholipases that release choline into the intercellular spaces of plant tissues, such as for membrane lipid recycling. The consequent extracellular release of choline compounds enables their interception and exploitation by plant-associated microbes, and thus provides a selective advantage for microbes such as P. syringae that are adapted to maximally exploit choline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiliang Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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Janda M, Planchais S, Djafi N, Martinec J, Burketova L, Valentova O, Zachowski A, Ruelland E. Phosphoglycerolipids are master players in plant hormone signal transduction. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2013; 32:839-51. [PMID: 23471417 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-013-1399-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Revised: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Phosphoglycerolipids are essential structural constituents of membranes and some also have important cell signalling roles. In this review, we focus on phosphoglycerolipids that are mediators in hormone signal transduction in plants. We first describe the structures of the main signalling phosphoglycerolipids and the metabolic pathways that generate them, namely the phospholipase and lipid kinase pathways. In silico analysis of Arabidopsis transcriptome data provides evidence that the genes encoding the enzymes of these pathways are transcriptionally regulated in responses to hormones, suggesting some link with hormone signal transduction. The involvement of phosphoglycerolipid signalling in the early responses to abscisic acid, salicylic acid and auxins is then detailed. One of the most important signalling lipids in plants is phosphatidic acid. It can activate or inactivate protein kinases and/or protein phosphatases involved in hormone signalling. It can also activate NADPH oxidase leading to the production of reactive oxygen species. We will interrogate the mechanisms that allow the activation/deactivation of the lipid pathways, in particular the roles of G proteins and calcium. Mediating lipids thus appear as master players of cell signalling, modulating, if not controlling, major transducing steps of hormone signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Janda
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of Czech Republic, 160 000 Prague, Czech Republic
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Singh A, Kanwar P, Pandey A, Tyagi AK, Sopory SK, Kapoor S, Pandey GK. Comprehensive genomic analysis and expression profiling of phospholipase C gene family during abiotic stresses and development in rice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62494. [PMID: 23638098 PMCID: PMC3640072 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phospholipase C (PLC) is one of the major lipid hydrolysing enzymes, implicated in lipid mediated signaling. PLCs have been found to play a significant role in abiotic stress triggered signaling and developmental processes in various plant species. Genome wide identification and expression analysis have been carried out for this gene family in Arabidopsis, yet not much has been accomplished in crop plant rice. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS An exhaustive in-silico exploration of rice genome using various online databases and tools resulted in the identification of nine PLC encoding genes. Based on sequence, motif and phylogenetic analysis rice PLC gene family could be divided into phosphatidylinositol-specific PLCs (PI-PLCs) and phosphatidylcholine- PLCs (PC-PLC or NPC) classes with four and five members, respectively. A comparative analysis revealed that PLCs are conserved in Arabidopsis (dicots) and rice (monocot) at gene structure and protein level but they might have evolved through a separate evolutionary path. Transcript profiling using gene chip microarray and quantitative RT-PCR showed that most of the PLC members expressed significantly and differentially under abiotic stresses (salt, cold and drought) and during various developmental stages with condition/stage specific and overlapping expression. This finding suggested an important role of different rice PLC members in abiotic stress triggered signaling and plant development, which was also supported by the presence of relevant cis-regulatory elements in their promoters. Sub-cellular localization of few selected PLC members in Nicotiana benthamiana and onion epidermal cells has provided a clue about their site of action and functional behaviour. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE The genome wide identification, structural and expression analysis and knowledge of sub-cellular localization of PLC gene family envisage the functional characterization of these genes in crop plants in near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amarjeet Singh
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Poonam Kanwar
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Amita Pandey
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Akhilesh K. Tyagi
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Sanjay Kapoor
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Girdhar K. Pandey
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India
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